Vol I Test Bank Ch 1-2

Chapter 1What is Psychology?

(Corresponds to Prologue and Chapter 1 in Myers Text; NOTE that page numbers on this do NOT correspond to the Myers text)

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study ofa) behavior and mental processes.b) diagnosis and treatment of behavioral disorders.c) conscious and unconscious mental processes.d) the mind.

ANS: a DIFF: 1 PG: 1-4 TYPE: R OB: 1

2. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describesa) behaviorism. c) psychology.b) psychoanalysis. d) clinical psychology.

ANS: c DIFF: 1 PG: 1-4 TYPE: R OB: 1

3. Eduardo DeLeon is engaged in scientific research involving the study of behavior and mental processes. DeLeon is aa) psychotherapist. c) psychiatrist.b) psychoanalyst. d) psychologist.

ANS: d DIFF: 1 PG: 1-4 TYPE: A OB: 1

4. When a psychologist tells a client to use mental imagery in an attempt to help the person cope with a problem, she is attempting to reach which goal of psychology?a) describe c) predictb) explain d) control


5. A satisfactory theory of alcohol addiction should allow us to predicta) the types of individuals who are at risk for developing this problem.b) what type of intervention is successful for recovery.c) both a and b.d) none of the above.

ANS: c DIFF: 3 PG: 1-4 TYPE: C OB: 1

6. An educational psychologist who advises teachers on how to establish classroom discipline is applying which of the following goals of psychology?a) prediction c) explanationb) control d) description

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ANS: b DIFF: 2 PG: 1-4 TYPE: A OB: 2

7. An unsatisfactory psychological theory of thirst would nota) be able to predict when people will or will not drink.b) be able to describe age-related drinking behavior.c) both a and b.d) none of the above.


8. A conception of apparent relationships among observed events definesa) science. c) prediction.b) theory. d) the school of psychology.

ANS: b DIFF: 1 PG: 1-5 TYPE: R OB: 1

9. When a psychologist forms conclusions regarding a client's chance of recovery, he is attempting to reach which goal of psychology?a) description c) predictionb) explanation d) control

ANS: c DIFF: 2 PG: 1-4 TYPE: A OB: 1

10. Psychologists seek to formulate principles of human behavior through research such asa) studies of memory disorders. c) introspection.b) surveys and experiments. d) insight.

ANS: b DIFF: 2 PG: 1-5 TYPE: C OB: 6

W 11. Which of the following is not true of psychological theories?a) Theories make assumptions about behavior.b) Theories explain behavior and mental processes.c) Predictions are derived from theories.d) Theories are always discarded as new observations are made.

ANS: d DIFF: 2 PG: 1-5 TYPE: R OB: 3

12. The clinical psychologist's aim in applying prediction and control principles to a client's behavior is toa) decide the treatment.b) help the client meet his or her goals in treatment.c) allow the client a narrow range of options for his or her behavior.d) use a database to formulate a treatment for the client.


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13. Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she performs her job according to the protocol, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward. Applying the principles of learning theory to the direct modification of human conduct is referred to asa) pure research. c) psychoanalysis.b) basic research. d) the practice of psychology.

ANS: d DIFF: 2 PG: 1-5 TYPE: C OB: 6

14. The results of ________ research in the study of the perceptual development of infants and lower animals is often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.a) pure c) controlledb) basic d) action

ANS: a DIFF: 3 PG: 1-5 TYPE: C OB: 6

15. Applied research is research undertakena) with humans.b) with lower animals.c) for its own sake.d) to find solutions to specific problems.


16. The difference between pure and applied research is the difference betweena) prediction and control.b) practice and theory.c) research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems.d) application and explanation.


17. Research using computers to understand artificial intelligence is considered __________ research.a) pure c) longitudinalb) applied d) none of the above

ANS: a DIFF: 2 PG: 1-5 TYPE: A OB: 6

W 18. Dr. Langer is treating a college student for depression in his private practice. Most likely Dr. Langer is a(n) __________ psychologist.a) counseling c) educationalb) school d) clinical


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19. Jean, a divorced mother with two children, married Harry, a widower with a teenage daughter. From the onset of her relationship with Harry, Jean had difficulty in relating to the daughter. Once married, the family problems between stepmother and stepdaughter became exacerbated. Who might be consulted?a) a developmental psychologist c) a counseling psychologistb) an educational psychologist d) a psychiatric social worker


20. Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a(n) __________ psychologist.a) clinical c) schoolb) counseling d) educational


21. School psychologists are employed by school districts toa) develop achievement and aptitude tests.b) identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning.c) assess the development of children in the school system.d) develop instructional methods for teachers to employ.


22. Interpretation of a client's symptoms is to a clinical psychologist as the development of an achievement test is to a(n) __________ psychologist.a) social c) educationalb) developmental d) personality


23. Dr. Kendall is interested in the effects of teacher style (warm and supportive versus formal and objective) on the learning of mathematics by sixth graders. Most likely, Dr. Kendall is a(n) __________ psychologist.a) educational c) schoolb) personality d) experimental


24. __________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.a) Biocultural c) Developmentalb) Personality d) Social


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25. The study of human traits and characteristics is of interest to __________ psychologists.a) clinical c) communityb) personality d) social


W 26. __________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.a) Community c) Forensicb) Personality d) Social


27. A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits, introversion and extraversion, was probably formulated by a __________ psychologist.a) developmental c) behavioralb) personality d) clinical


28. How the individual is affected by the group and the effects of the individual on the group are the concerns of __________ psychologists.a) clinical c) communityb) sociological d) social


29. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?a) experimental c) consumerb) organizational d) human factors


30. The design of the instrument layout of a new helicopter was carried out by industrial engineers in consultation with __________ psychologists.a) consumer c) industrialb) experimental d) human factors


31. After an advertising campaign with a catchy jingle failed to generate sales for a new shampoo, the advertising director hired Faith Broadside to analyze the defective campaign and to propose an alternative approach. Faith is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.a) consumer c) organizationalb) social d) human factors


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32. As much as she tried to lose weight, Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss. Accordingly, she made an appointment to consult with Dr. Richman, a __________ psychologist.a) clinical c) human factorsb) counseling d) health


33. Club NoFat, a fitness center, introduced a new program that linked diet to the exercise program and was looking for someone to run the program. The club's director especially wanted to hire someone with a background in stress management in the control of health problems. Most likely, she was looking for a(n)a) personal trainer. c) health psychologist.b) sports psychologist. d) aerobics instructor.


34. The __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related to heart disease, cancer and diabetes.a) clinical c) counselingb) health d) forensic


35. Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a "near-death" experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is calleda) insight. c) recovered memory.b) self-revelation. d) introspection.


36. Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology calleda) functionalism. c) behaviorism.b) psychoanalysis. d) structuralism.


37. Under the school of structuralism, an analytic study of objective sensations and subjective feelings is accomplished through the method calleda) conditioning. c) introspection.b) psychoanalysis. d) insight.


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38. The very first psychological laboratory was established bya) Wilhelm Wundt. c) Charles Darwin.b) William James. d) Gustav Fechner.


39. What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt's contribution from other contributions to psychology?a) He wrote the first textbook of psychology.b) He defined psychology as the science of behavior.c) He established psychology as a laboratory science.d) He studied insight in lower animals.


40. Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was toa) break down conscious experience into basic elements.b) focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior.c) analyze the relation between sensory stimuli and behavior.d) determine the functions of conscious experience.


41. Structuralism defined experience in terms ofa) behavioral tendencies and habits.b) the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes.c) the functions of consciousness.d) sensations, feelings, and mental images.


W 42. Functionalism was established bya) G. Stanley Hall. c) John Watson.b) Wilhelm Wundt. d) William James.


W 43. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?a) The mind is composed of discrete elements.b) Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.c) The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.d) Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.


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44. The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is calleda) functionalism. c) structuralism.b) behaviorism. d) psychoanalysis.


45. A functionalist would agree with which of the following statements?a) Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.b) Consciousness is a continuous process.c) Both a and b.d) None of the above.


46. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.a) more intelligentb) better adapted to the environmentc) more conscious of their surroundingsd) better at problem solving


47. The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behaviora) were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.b) were part of the unconscious.c) led the individual to self-knowledge.d) assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.


W 48. John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study ofa) stream of consciousness.b) unconscious mental processes.c) measurable behavior.d) sensation, feelings, and mental images.


49. John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.a) behaviorism c) structuralismb) functionalism d) psychoanalysis


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50. John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all excepta) mental processes. c) consciousness.b) behavior. d) feelings and thoughts.


51. B. F. Skinner made major contributions toa) structuralism. c) behaviorism.b) functionalism. d) Gestalt psychology.


52. Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner's perspective the treat would be considered aa) bribe. c) reinforcer.b) stimulus. d) control.


53. B. F. Skinner studied learning in lower animals through the method ofa) reinforcement. c) introspection.b) insight. d) trial and error.


W 54. The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termeda) psychoanalysis. c) structuralism.b) functionalism. d) Gestalt psychology.


55. Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is toa) psychotherapy. c) perception.b) adaptation to the environment. d) habit.


56. Psychoanalysis is to unconscious processes as behaviorism is toa) perception c) sensation.b) learning. d) introspection.


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57. For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter ofa) trial and error.b) insight and understanding.c) rote practice and repetition.d) habit and environmental adaptation.


58. Watson and Skinner had one objective in common--the a) treatment of disorders.b) acquisition of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement.c) use of mental imagery.d) discovery of unconscious conflicts.


59. While historians rank __________ as the most significant figure in the history of psychology, popular culture places __________ at the top of its list of psychologists.a) John Watson; William James c) Wilhelm Wundt; William Jamesb) William James; Sigmund Freud d) Wilhelm Wundt; Sigmund Freud


W 60. The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior isa) psychoanalysis. c) functionalism.b) humanism-existentialism. d) Gestalt psychology.


61. At the center of psychodynamic theory of human motivation isa) insight. c) behavior.b) the unconscious. d) introspection.


62. Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method ofa) scientific inquiry. c) self-knowledge.b) introspection. d) psychotherapy.


63. Freud's technique of psychotherapy is calleda) reality therapy. c) psychoanalysis.b) insight therapy. d) behavior therapy.


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64. That people are motivated to satisfy unconscious urges and to avoid guilt feelings at the same time is an assumption ofa) psychodynamic theory. c) behaviorism.b) the humanistic-existential approach. d) Gestalt psychology.


65. Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology?a) Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior.b) Learning is the basis of behavior.c) Humans are potentially good.d) The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts.


66. __________ oriented psychologists use techniques such as CAT scans, PET scans, and electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts, emotions, and behavior.a) Cognitively c) Behaviorallyb) Developmentally d) Biologically


67. Dr. Levy studies the influences of hormones in determining maternal behavior and sexual behavior in rats. Levy is most probably aa) Gestalt psychologist. c) biological psychologist.b) behavioral psychologist. d) psychoanalyst.


W 68. The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the __________ perspective.a) biological c) cognitiveb) behavioral d) developmental


69. Which of the following is a mental process and not directly observable?a) PET scan c) mental imageryb) salivary response d) heart rate


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70. Cognitive psychologists would be least interested ina) mental representations. c) perception.b) memory. d) behavior in social settings.


71. Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studyinga) animal learning and motivation.b) human thinking and memory.c) genetic and hormonal effects on behavior.d) introspection and behavioral disorders.


72. Software is to a computer's hardware as mental processes are toa) the brain. c) sensations.b) perceptions. d) thoughts.


73. Neural processing is to the biological perspective as information processing is to the __________ perspective.a) developmental c) learningb) psychodynamic d) cognitive


74. In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a marked increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. He concluded that there was increased interest in the __________ perspective.a) behavioral c) biologicalb) psychodynamic d) cognitive


75. The humanistic-existential perspective unites __________ and __________ as central principles to its approach.a) brain; behavior c) mental processes; consciousnessb) self-fulfillment; free choice d) culture; values


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76. Lydia Corfield, a humanistic-existential psychotherapist, is most likely to make which of the following statements to her clients about their objectives for therapy?a) We will uncover the unconscious ideas that are at the source of your disorder.b) We will lay out a program to extinguish your disordered behavior and condition

appropriate behavior.c) You will explore your perceptions and thoughts in order to discover who you really

are.d) You need to identify the ethnic and social and environmental factors that may be at

the root of your mental disorder.


77. Cathy was a very successful real estate agent. At age 36 she decided to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past 2 years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?a) psychodynamic c) humanistic-existentialb) social-cognitive d) developmental


78. Critics of the humanistic-existential perspective might argue that psychology must confine itself toa) conscious mental processes. c) biologically related processes.b) subjective experience. d) observable events.


79. In comparison with traditional psychoanalysis, neoanalysts place less emphasis ona) conscious choice. c) scientific research.b) unconscious processes. d) psychotherapy.


80. Dr. Cooper treats her patients by exploring their unconscious conflicts using dream analysis. Self-direction and conscious choice are not part of the therapeutic intervention. Dr. Cooper's theoretical approach isa) humanistic-existential. c) psychoanalytic.b) social-cognitive. d) neoanalytic.


81. The notion that bizarre or atypical thoughts are expressions of unconscious processes was proposed bya) Sigmund Freud. c) William James.b) Erik Erikson. d) Jean Piaget.


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82. __________ psychologists take the position that learning is essential in describing, predicting, controlling, and explaining behavior.a) Neoanalytic c) Developmentalb) Behavioral d) Biological


83. Unconscious processes, dream analysis and sexual and aggressive impulses are ideas less likely to be used by which perspective?a) psychoanalytic c) both a and bb) behavioral d) none of the above


84. Both social-cognitive theorists and behaviorists adhere to the __________ perspective.a) humanistic-existential c) neoanalyticb) learning d) developmental


85. Five-year-old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a birdhouse. Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in hand, tapping the workbench. Todd's behavior is best described by which perspective?a) social-cognitive c) socioculturalb) behavioral d) neoanalytic


86. A distinction between behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives is that the former emphasizes __________, and the latter emphasizes __________ in learning.a) reinforcement; observation c) brain processes; social processesb) conditioning; development d) introspection; self-determination


87. Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective, is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females?a) Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women.b) Condition positive emotional responses to women.c) Uncover the unconscious conflicts in the approach and avoidance of women.d) Prescribe that he take anti-anxiety medication before going out with a woman.


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W 88. The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.a) sociocultural c) psychoanalyticb) humanistic-existential d) social-cognitive


89. Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Maloff is a __________ psychologist.a) psychoanalytic c) socioculturalb) behavioral d) school


90. Which of the following is not likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?a) alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groupsb) racial biasc) gender rolesd) color perception


91. Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men's attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.a) humanistic c) industrialb) sociocultural d) personality


92. Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish simultaneously or sequentially impedes or enhances intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.a) psychoanalytic c) gestaltb) humanistic d) sociocultural


93. The sociocultural perspective is concerned with thea) issues of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.b) behavior of society.c) makeup of social and cultural organizations.d) influence of a group on the behavior of the individual.


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94. Membership in an ethnic group is defined bya) genetic variables.b) cultural heritage, language, and common history.c) socioeconomic status and political identity.d) attitudes, values, and religion.


95. The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology and the author of The Animal Mind wasa) Christine Ladd-Franklin. c) Anna Freud.b) Margaret Floy Washburn. d) Mary Whiton Calkins.


96. His research on the negative effects of school segregation on African American children was cited by the United States Supreme Court when it overturned the "separate but equal" school doctrine in 1954.a) Glibert Havens Jones c) Martin Luther King, Jr.b) Kenneth B. Clark d) J. Henry Alston


97. Christine Ladd-Franklin pursued a career in psychology and formulated a theory ofa) visual constancies. c) attitudes.b) color vision. d) animal behavior.


98. Empirical research must be supported bya) evidence. c) common sense.b) reference to authority. d) deductive reasoning.


99. The scientific method allows us toa) support popular opinion. c) justify our values.b) maintain traditions. d) test ideas and refine knowledge.


100. _______ invented the use of the correlational method so there would be a mathematical way to study the relationship between variables.a) Sir Frances Drake c) Sir Frances Galtonb) Charles Darwin d) Galileo


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101. A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.a) observation c) theoryb) scientific method d) hypothesis


W *102. Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?a) Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.b) Viewing TV violence may influence children's behavior.c) Both a and b.d) None of the above.


103. A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess thata) becomes a selection factor in research.b) is accepted if it is popular.c) can be tested by gathering evidence.d) provides an operational definition.


104. If a doctor concludes from evidence that having yearly physical exams helps people stay healthy but has not considered the risk of a selection factor bias, the doctor may ignore the possibility thata) healthy people may schedule exams more often than others.b) some people have better genes than others.c) people who are sick often go to the doctor often.d) hypochondriacs do the same thing.


105. As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you don't have evidence. This approach is consistent with your use ofa) common sense. c) good economic decisions.b) personal experience. d) the scientific method.


106. When the results of an experiment are published, it is important to include details as to how the evidence was collected and evaluated. This allows other scientists to __________ the research.a) read c) selectb) replicate d) experience


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107. In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents thea) ideas of the researcher. c) target population. b) commonsense views of the times. d) theory in question.


108. A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.a) sample c) teamb) group d) all of the above


109. If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.a) replicate c) generalizeb) speculate d) sample


110. Research samples often __________ women and minority groups.a) over represent c) sampleb) select d) under represent


W *111. In a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.a) random sample c) stratified sampleb) selection sample d) free sample


112. If 12% of the population is African American, what percentage of a stratified population would be African American?a) all but 12% c) 12%b) 24% d) 9%


113. Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?a) Yes, because public education is available to all children.b) No, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and

economically diverse than the nation as a whole.c) No, because they are nothing like the average American child.d) Yes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.


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114. The bias stemming from the likelihood that those who offer to participate in certain kinds of surveys differ systematically from those who are less likely to volunteer is known asa) selection factors. c) self-selection.b) volunteer bias. d) stratified selection.


115. __________ are information we collect about individuals or small groups.a) Anecdotes c) Surveysb) Journals d) Case studies


116. Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.a) controversial c) stratifiedb) rare d) random


W 117. The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people.a) case study c) experimentalb) scientific d) survey


118. One explanation for the failure of a survey to predict events is that the survey participants do not __________ the general population.a) influence c) representb) select d) limit


119. Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use the __________ method.a) observational c) experimentalb) case study d) survey


120. An advantage of survey research is thata) it is less subject to volunteer bias.b) it allows you to get in-depth information.c) it allows you to have a large sample size.d) it allows you to work in a lab.


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121. A disadvantage of survey research is __________. For example, people tend to overrate behaviors like church attendance and proper hygiene.a) inaccurate self-report c) that people are too honestb) too much detail d) too few survey companies


W 122. In __________, researchers study behavior where it actually happens, or "in the field."a) experiments c) naturalistic observationsb) correlational research d) case studies


123. Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees by means of the __________ method.a) case study c) surveyb) naturalistic observation d) experimental


124. You are interested in studying whether preschool boys engage in more aggressive play than preschool girls. You decide to watch children playing in a day care setting. You are using the __________ method.a) case study c) cause-effect b) interview d) naturalistic observation


125. If you want to be certain that the behavior of interest to your research is as natural as possible, you will want to use a(n)a) laboratory procedure. c) naturalistic observation.b) expert interviewer. d) validity scale.


126. Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize __________ during naturalistic observation.a) experimenters' expectationsb) the time involvedc) inaccurate reportingd) interference with the behaviors being observed


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127. You decide to observe the behavior of children in day care. A few days before you are to start data collection you go to the center and sit quietly to the side of the room. When the children speak to you, you respond as little as possible. You area) probably not very good with children.b) not going to get good data if you do not interact.c) attempting to be unobtrusive.d) trying to warm up the children so that they notice you.


128. In your laboratory you observe the mating behavior of animals. Your research might be flawed ifa) you are not unobtrusive enough.b) the behavior in the lab is different from the behavior in the natural habitat.c) you don't ask the right questions.d) you rely on a checklist.


129. By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another trait or characteristic.a) correlational c) experimentalb) statistical d) survey


130. A correlation coefficient is a numbera) that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.b) presenting the average relationship.c) representing a location on the normal curve.d) indicating the percentile of a score.


131. You design a test of intelligence. On the theory that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.a) an experimental method c) the correlational methodb) a test-retest method d) naturalistic observation


132. Which represents the strongest correlation?a) +.97 c) +.09b) -.90 d) -.99


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133. Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health?a) -0.78 c) 0b) +1 d) +0.98


W 134. Which of the following is reported as a negative correlation?a) studying and GPAb) stress and healthc) studying and academic achievementd) intelligence and academic achievement


135. Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?a) salary and years of education c) studying and GPAb) age and incidence of illness d) all of the above


136. In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a (an) __________ correlation.a) positive c) invalidb) dubious d) negative


137. A correlation of -.90 between two sets of test scores indicates that people who earned high scores on the first test generally earned __________ scores on the second.a) high c) lowb) average d) reliable


138. There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school.a) perfect c) positiveb) negative d) weak


139. Which of the following is the weakest negative correlation?a) 0 c) -.92b) -.34 d) -.57


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140. The preferred method for asking questions about cause and effect relationships isa) observation. c) an experiment.b) correlation. d) a case study.


141. In an experiment, a group of participants generally receives a __________. For example, they may receive a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature.a) dependent variable c) random effectb) treatment d) consequence


142. If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine isa) the treatment. c) unethical.b) the control. d) the dependent variable.


143. For which of the following variables could a cause effect relationship be found?a) alcohol consumption and aggression c) exercise and stress reliefb) caffeine and hyperactivity d) all of the above


*144. In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.a) dependent variable c) placebob) independent variable d) intervening


145. If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.a) dependent c) hypothesisb) independent d) correlated


146. The experimental group participants in an experiment receivea) the independent variable.b) the dependent variable.c) no treatment.d) the same treatment as the control subjects.


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*147. Dr. Devries wants to study the TV viewing habits of children at Oakbridge Elementary School. He selects 50 students to participate in his research. In this case all the children attending Oakbridge Elementary School would be considered thea) population. c) representative group.b) sample. d) none of the above.


148. The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are calleda) independent variables. c) dependent variables.b) treatments. d) controls.


*149. In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive behavior would be thea) treatment. c) control variable.b) independent variable. d) dependent variable.


150. An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction is conducted. The goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise.a) cause of c) treatment forb) correlate of d) effect of


151. Subjects in experimental groups receive __________ in an experimental design.a) debriefing c) the treatmentb) conditions d) the answers


152. Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group.a) self-selected c) controlb) random d) treatment


153. You volunteer to participate in a research experiment. You participate in a variety of test procedures and interviews. Later, however, you learn that another group of participants had an experimental treatment that you and members of your group did not have. This is because youa) were disqualified. c) were in the control group.b) failed earlier tests. d) were in the treatment group.


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154. Blind and double-blind procedures are one way to control for the effects of __________ in experimental research.a) expectations c) chance factorsb) high costs d) confounding variables


155. Examples of a __________ would be the use of a "sugar pill" instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing.a) confederate c) treatmentb) placebo d) bias


156. The purpose of the use of a placebo is to control for the __________ of research participants.a) suspicions c) fearsb) expectations/beliefs d) cooperation


157. Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.a) blind to c) unconscious ofb) indifferent to d) singled out for


158. Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently, experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is toa) remind them of the importance of the research.b) debrief them.c) be sure they understand ethics.d) use the double-blind technique.


159. In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained the real treatment.a) single blind c) confoundedb) double-blind d) debriefed


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160. The Food and Drug Administration requires __________ before it will allow the marketing and sale of new drugs.a) double-blind studies c) surveysb) psychological testing d) patient approval


161. When Lang demonstrated the belief that one has consumed alcohol influenced aggression, he demonstrated that controlling for __________ does influence the outcome of research.a) alcohol c) aggressionb) experimenter bias d) expectations


162. When you use procedures like placebos and double-blind conditions, you are attempting to set up __________ for factors that would make your experimental findings questionable.a) controls c) selectionsb) treatments d) cases


163. In psychological research ethical standards ensure that psychologists do not undertake research methods or treatments that are _______.a) harmful c) anxiety provokingb) deceptive d) all of the above


164. Ethical standards in research allow us to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern abouta) applied science. c) public approval.b) unimpeded progress. d) dignity and human welfare.


165. Your textbook makes an ethical critique of the Lang studies because the participantsa) lacked informed consent.b) were not debriefed.c) electrically shocked a person with a heart condition.d) were deceived.


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166. The purpose of an __________ is to review research studies and help researchers consider the areas of potential harm in their proposed studies.a) ethics review committee c) global communicationsb) grant-writing techniques d) electronic methods


167. __________ procedures allow participants to review the demands of a research project before they participate and give them an opportunity to choose not to participate.a) Ethical review c) Informed consentb) Debriefing d) Confidentiality


168. Psychologists and other researchers must protect and respect the privacy of research participants. This concern recognizes the requirement fora) informed consent. c) confidentiality.b) ethics. d) scientific progress at all costs.


169. When research cannot be carried out with human subjects, researchersa) must abandon those issues. c) rely on theoretical models.b) often rely on volunteers. d) often use animals.


170. Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regardinga) abuses of animals in laboratories.b) attachment in monkeys.c) regulation of eating and eating disorders.d) social evolution.


171. The benefits of animal researcha) are obvious to everyone.b) must justify the harm that might be done to an animal.c) can never justify the loss of the animal's right to freedom.d) cannot be demonstrated.


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172. As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. As a scientist, youa) fight the use of animal models by your colleagues.b) understand the value of animal research and promote ethical standards.c) know that these models are unjustified.d) realize that ethical animal models are never uncomfortable for the animal.


173. Critical thinking is associated witha) skepticism. c) disbelief.b) respect. d) contrariness.


174. Amy listened to the salesperson describe the qualities of a well-known sport utility vehicle that she was considering buying. She asked about the gas mileage, road stability, and frequency of repairs. The salesperson assured her that this model had the best record in its class on all of the variables. She checked the salesperson's answers against the ratings in a consumer's guide and brought the discrepancies to his attention. We can say that Amy isa) feisty. c) argumentative.b) skeptical. d) a know-it-all.


175. After the political debate, Nikki went to the town hall to find out which candidate's claims were best supported by the government documents on file there. Nikki can be described asa) a difficult person. c) a critical thinker.b) cynical about politicians' claims. d) prone to argue.


176. A form of reasoning characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments definesa) critical thinking. c) rational mental processes.b) point and counterpoint. d) self-interest.


177. Which of the following is not a principle of critical thinking?a) Be skeptical.b) Examine the definitions of terms.c) Examine the assumptions of premises.d) Consider the credentials of the authority.


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178. In terms of principles of critical thinking, the statement "Intelligence is genetically based" needs to be examined as to itsa) assumptions or premises. c) oversimplification of the question.b) definition of intelligence. d) all of the above.


179. The tendency to believe a generalized (but phony) personality report is called the ________.a) Barnstorm effect c) Fortune teller effectb) Social context effect d) Barnum effect


180. Psychologists and other scientists consider astrology to be a _________.a) reliable technique c) pseudoscienceb) legend d) valid measure of personality


FILL IN THE BLANK

1. __________ are formulations of apparent relationships among observed events.

ANS: Theories DIFF: 1 PG: 1-5 TYPE: R OB: 1

2. __________ research has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has been characterized as research for its own sake.

ANS: Pure DIFF: 1 PG: 1-5 TYPE: R OB: 1

3. __________ psychologists attempt to define human traits.

ANS: Personality DIFF: 1 PG: 1-7 TYPE: R OB: 2

4. Being skeptical and examining the assumptions or premises of arguments are important aspects of __________ __________ skills.

ANS: critical thinking DIFF: 1 PG: 1-35 TYPE: R OB: 8

5. Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called __________.

ANS: structuralism DIFF: 1 PG: 1-9 TYPE: R OB: 3

6. William James wanted to investigate the purpose of behavior and mental processes and established the __________ school of psychology.

ANS: functionalist DIFF: 1 PG: 1-10 TYPE: R OB: 3

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7. __________ believe psychologists must limit their investigations to observable, measurable events like people's actions.

ANS: Behaviorists DIFF: 2 PG: 1-11 TYPE: C OB: 3

8. According to __________ psychologists, perceptions are more than the sums of their parts.

ANS: Gestalt DIFF: 1 PG: 1-12 TYPE: R OB: 3

9. The psychological approach that emphasizes __________ processes is called psychoanalysis.

ANS: unconscious DIFF: 1 PG: 1-13 TYPE: R OB: 3

10. __________ psychologists are likely to use CAT scans, PET scans and MRI's in their research.

ANS: Biological DIFF: 1 PG: 1-16 TYPE: R OB: 4

11. The __________ perspective focuses on memory, language, and decision-making skills.

ANS: cognitive DIFF: 1 PG: 1-16 TYPE: R OB: 4

12. A __________ is a specific statement that indicates the relationship between 2 factors that is tested through research.

ANS: hypothesis DIFF: 1 PG: 1-23 TYPE: C OB: 6

13. To demonstrate the validity of one researcher's experimental conclusions a _________ study should be conducted.

ANS: replication DIFF: 2 PG: 1-24 TYPE: C OB: 6

14. The participants in an experiment are called the __________ and must represent those to whom the results will be generalized.

ANS: sample DIFF: 2 PG: 1-24 TYPE: C OB: 6

15. Jean Piaget based his theory on the __________ __________ research method.

ANS: case study DIFF: 1 PG: 1-27 TYPE: R OB: 6

16. __________ research methods usually involve asking for general information from a large number of individuals.

ANS: Survey DIFF: 2 PG: 1-27 TYPE: C OB: 6

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17. The only research method that can determine whether a cause-effect relationship exists between 2 factors is called an __________.

ANS: experiment DIFF: 1 PG: 1-29 TYPE: R OB: 6

18. The __________ variable in an experiment is also referred to as the treatment.

ANS: independent DIFF: 1 PG: 1-30 TYPE: R OB: 6

19. Studies in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know who has obtained the treatment are called ________ ________ studies.

ANS: double-blind DIFF: 1 PG: 1-31 TYPE: R OB: 6

20. Individuals must provide __________ __________ before they participate in research.

ANS: informed consent DIFF: 2 PG: 1-33 TYPE: R OB: 7

TRUE AND FALSE

1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes.

ANS: F DIFF: 1 PG: 1-4 TYPE: R OB: 1

2. A theory is a formulation of apparent relationships among observed events.

ANS: T DIFF: 1 PG: 1-5 TYPE: R OB: 1

3. Pure research has immediate application to personal or social problems because it is designed to find solutions.


4. Clinical psychologists are equivalent to psychiatrists.


5. Introspection was the scientific research approach used by the structuralist school of psychology.

ANS: F DIFF: 2 PG: 1-9 TYPE: C OB: 3

6. William James was the founder of functionalism.

ANS: T DIFF: 1 PG: 1-10 TYPE: R OB: 3

7. Gestalt psychologists focus on perception which makes their approach similar to behaviorism.

ANS: F DIFF: 2 PG: 1-12 TYPE: C OB: 3

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8. Correlations can be used to determine cause effect relationships between variables.

ANS: F DIFF: 2 PG: 1-28 TYPE: A OB: 6

9. In an experiment, the population must be representative of the sample.


10. The independent variable is the cause in an experiment.

ANS: T DIFF: 3 PG: 1-30 TYPE: C OB: 6

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Compare and contrast the schools of structuralism and functionalism.

PG: 1-9 & 10

2. How would a behaviorist and a psychoanalyst differ in their explanations of the causes of alcoholism?

PG: 1-14

W 3. Which psychological perspective would agree with this statement? Explain why. “Depression is the result of negative thinking that results in negative memories that lead to a negative outlook.”

PG: 1-16

4. Design an experiment to assess the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability. Be sure to include a hypothesis, variables and groups in your discussion.

PG: 1-23 & 30

5. Describe three of the ways in which critical thinking can be applied to the study of human behavior and mental processes.

PG: 1-35 & 36

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Vol I Test Bank Ch 1-2

Documents

unconscious

case studies

human factors

naturalistic

informed consent

wilhelm wundt

african american

mental processes