Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 1992 - Mosquitowingbeats.floridamosquito.org/WingBeats/pdfs/Vol3No1.pdfVol. 3, No. 1 Spring 1992 . DIBROM® Concentrate provides fast, consistent knockdown of

of the American Mosquito Control Association by the Florida Mosquito Control Association

Vol 3 No 1 Spring 1992

DIBROMreg Concentrate provides fast consistent knockdown of adult mosquitoes

DIBROM Concentrate will effectively control your large-area mosquito problems whether its residential areas and municishypalities tidal marshes swamps and wOOdshylands or livestock pastures and feedlots

DIBROM is a fast-acting short resid~Ja

organoollosphate insecticide that is proven efective against the most tolerant and resistant strains ot mosquitoes

By using DIBROM as labeled you wor afec fish wildlife or livestock so its e- middotbullr-- 11ally compatible It can easily be c=~l eo oy ground or air and its low cJ~ CE 01 middotate gives significantly more cc emiddotc6e oer tankload

JL middotre looking tor a solution to largeshyamiddotea 110souito control look to DIBROM - - 1-ate Make sure they never get off gr~ud again

DIBROM CONaJITUTE

VALENT

~

Editor Dr Charlie Morris Florida Medical Entomology Laboralory I FASUniversity of florida ~00 91h Stroe~ SE J2962 407 771gt-7200

Photo Editor Alan Cur1 is Vero leach Fl

G raphics Editor Bonnlo K Pattok Vero leach fl

fMCA MAGAZI NE COMMITTE KeUie EtheNlton Gainesvillemiddot FL Thomas Floore Panama City fL David Miller focksonville fL Dr Carlisle Rarhburn a nama City Fl lim Robinson Odessa FL )oe Ruff Panama City Fl Scoll Taylor Titusville IL Sue WhHaker Sarasota FL Neil Wilkinson Fort Myers FL Pete Pederson Ailoone FL

AMCA EDITORIAL BOARD Dr Major Dhillon Riverslcle CA Margarer Parsons Lucas OH Cyrus Lesser Salisbury MD Dr Lewis Nielsen Salt Lake City UT Dr Charlos Apper$Qo ~slc 1gh NG Dr fohn Howard Syracuse NY Dr CheSler Moore Port Collins CO Sally Wagner Saginaw ~l Or- Wa lno Kramer Lincoln iltE James ~1cielly Cape May Courthouse Nl Dr Allee gtrdorson Atlantic Beach NC Or Eth middotani Walker E11st Lansing Ml WiUiom jan)middot Lahaska PA L~cas Terracino Loke Charles LA Kern Walcher Va ldosta GA Dr Bruce Eldridge Oavis GA

FLORIDA MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIAT ION P 0 Bux 11867 facksonvillbull ~-1 32211 90~1143middot4482 FAX 9041743middot6879

190091 Board of Directors PRESIDENT Oscar T Fmiddotultz Savanuh CA PRESIDENTmiddot ELECT Ceorge Wichterrnan Pt Myers PL ViCE PRESIDENT Dr Richard Baker Vero leach fl SECRETARY-TREASURERmiddot Elisabeth Beck

Jacksonville FL IMMEDIATE PAST-PRESIDENT ) Clarke lludson

Or lando PL NW REGIONAL DIRECTOR ]amos Clauson Santa

Rosa Beach FL NE RtGIONAI DIRECTOR loeCash Flagler Beach FL SW REGIONAL DIRECTOR Michael Mahler

Bartowlt SE REGIONAL DIRECTOR Lester Scherebullmiddot Stuart Fl

AME RICAN MOSQUJf O CONTROL ASSOCIA T tON 707 Easl Pr ien Lake Road P 0 flobull ~416 Lake Charlltti LA 706005410 J181474-21ZJ FAX Jt847S94H

1990bull91 Bobullrd of Dircton PRESIDENT Ma tlhew M Yetes Baton Rouge tA PRESIDENT ELRCT Cybullrus R Jnsser Salisbury MD VICE PRESIDENT Or john A Mulrennan j~cksonviUe FL

IRESJDSNT t 9S9 Dr Robert 0 Sjorgren St Pbullul MN PRESIDEN1 1986 judy A Hansen Cape May Coort NJ TRfASURER johnS Billodcaugtlt )anninss LA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR M~rk Vinsand

l-ake Charles LA

RGIONAL DIRECTORS Caoada 1oith Evan~ Edmonton AL North Atlantic Thomas Cbullndeleni Barnegat N) MidmiddotAilantic Or Nolan H Newton Raleigh NC Soulh Allanlic Marlin G liyatt Charleston Hgts SC North Central Sally Wagner Sagbullnaw Ml South Centbullmiddotal Dr Dan Sprenger Houston TX West Central Keith Wagstaff Midvale UT Nor1h Pacipoundic Peter DeChant Portland OR South Pa cillc D Fred Beams S~nla iPa CA Latin AmericanmiddotCaribbean Or Marco f Suarez

San J11an PR

of the American Mosquito Control A ssociation by the Florida Mosquito ControJ Association

Volume 3 Number 1 Spring 1992

CONTENTS Program Profiles Regulations Tackle Waste-tire Issues bull 5 by Dr Aon Gettman and Bill Porker

Mosquitoes ore not the primary reason to regulate waste-tires but the implementoshyUon of Lire regulotiollS con significantly impact both negatively and positively the distribution of and efforts to control tin~breeding mosquitoes

Field Forum Controlling Tigers in Tire Piles bull 8 by Guy M Faget Paul Pedrew and Matthew Yates

Do you wish you hod the time to evaluate ways to control mosquitoes in waste-tire piles Well perhaps you can toke advantage of the results of the evaluations presented in this edition of Field Forum

LeHers Dear Charlie bull 9 More an Slick 50 and Electronic DropJet Analysis

Biosynops is The Inland Floodwater Mosquito Aedes vexans bull bull 10 by Dr Susan Palchick

A vexatious mosquito is one that causes distress agitation irritation and annoyance by petty provocation Besides being o term that describes the US Congress it optJy fits the mosquito that takes its name from the very term Here is a capsule summary by a person who has the vexing job of trying to control this beast on its home turf

Chern line Mosqui to La ric ides in the 90s- Sta tus Quo bull bull 11 by Dr Carlisle B Rathburn Jr

In on earlier Chemline Carr flathburn outlined the dismoJ future of mosquito adulticides Here is his sequel on larvicides in themiddot 90s-a much brighter picture

On the Books The Pesticide I ndustry a nd Regulation bull H by John M Johnson and George W Ware

This first edition of our legal column On the Books is on excerpt by Solly Wagner from the first 26 pages of the PESTJCJOE LITIGATION MANUAL o document that addresses the legal issues related to pesticides It may well be required reading for any mosquito control program faced with legal battles

Field Forum Giveaway 18

This is the first edition of our contest to give owoy $25 each Issue for he best operamiddot tiona mosquito contiol idea submitted by readers Think about it You may hove a better mousetrap or time or money-saving ideo Lhon you think Even if you dont win the money take solace in knowing that others might benefit from your ideo

Pest As ides 20 by Donald R Johnson fr D Keith McE Kevan

We all know the answers to the laypersons questions on the biology and control of mosquitoes But how do you answer the question Where does the nome mosquito come from Here is some advice on this issue

The Florida Mosquilo Control Association has not tested any of the producls advertised or referred to in this publicashylion nor has il verified any of the stalements made in any of the advertisements or articles The Association does not warrant expressly or implied llgte poundit ness of bullny producl adverllilted or the suUability of any adlce or stalements contained herein

1 992 Florida Mosq uito Conlro1 Assocla lion All rights reserved ReprQduction in whole or part for educational purshyposes Is permiUed without permission with proper citation

WlNG BEATS Published quarterly as the offidal publica liltgtn of the Florida Mosquito Control A$sodation and I he American Mosquito Control Associalion This publica ion Is in I ended to keep all inlerested part ies informed on maishylers as lhey relate to mosquito contml pa rliltularly in the United States

E DITORIAL Address aU correspondence regarding technical edHorial mailers l Dr Charlie Morris Editor Wing Beals magnine Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory IFASmiddotUnlversily ~r Florida 200 9 lh St SE vera Beach FL 32962 telephone 407778middot7200 FAX 407778middot7205

A DV E RTISE M ENTS Address all rorrespondenre regardingadverliscments to Mrs Debra Tarver Ollldoot Tech Inc 1499 Morning Dove Road Tallahassee FL 904668-2352

ltBOUT T HE GOVER A U LV generator with an oxtension tube to putlhc nO~zle above potential roadsdc oonmiddottargots such as people and school buses See Field Forum Giveaway for additional informal ion (Photo by Alan Curtis)

There is a group of larvicides that combine all the qualities youre looking for today Its the ALTOSID0 full line of mosquito control products Biorational ALTOSID

larvicides give you consistent performance without harming non-target organisms And because our larvicides exploit the mosquito s own biology resistance has never been encountered

With a range of formulations

bull OSl

re our larvicides go where you need them while giving impressive residual activity and controlling a vast number of mosquito species And considering that ALTOSID

larvicides save you time labor and equipshyment costs this is one form of control

that firs easily into your budget All of which means that now you can fight mosquitoes with the full force of nature

ZfWtbulloo

for more informohon coli 1middot800middot2A8middot7763 1992 Zoecon Vedolt Monogemenl Oivion is o dijsion ol Zoecon Corporation o Sandoz Company 12200 Denton Driw Dollos Texos 75234 AlTOSID is o trodemorkol Sandoz Ud Alway read the Iobei before using the pltoducl

Program Profiles

~ Gettman amp Parker

Regulations Tackle Waste-tire Issues

Mosquito workers are aware that automobile and truck tires make exshycellent habitats for the immatures of numerous container-inhabiting species In Florida the native Eastern Theehole Mosquito Aedes triseriatus and the exotic species Aedes oegypti Aedes olbopictus and Aedes bahamenshysis are all commonly found in tires It is also not uncommon to find Culex quinquefasciotus and Culex nigripalpus in tires Waste tires are a problem for other reasons as well Because they dont degrade and are known to float to the surface of a landfill they are a problem waste The cost of processing waste tires into usable products is greater than the value of the products and even processing tires into pieces suitable for burying has its cost

Landfills and other processing facilities have to collect a fee to offset this cost Some haulers avoid the fees by dumping illegally Some illegal dump sites are of mammoth proporshytions and in Florida these piles usualshyly support large populations of one or more mosquito species and can do so throughout the year Finally fires in large tire piles are difficult to control produce abundant smoke and break some of the rubber down into a synshythetic crude oil which can pollute ground and surface waters

As part of Floridas effort to promote recycling slow the growth of landfills and reduce pollution a comprehensive solid-waste bill including provisions for waste tires was enacted in 1988 This legislation empowers the Departshyment of Environmental Regulation (DER) to regulate the storage transporshytation processing and disposal of waste tires Briefly no one is allowed to have more than 1000 tires except at a solid-waste management facility or a waste-tire processing facility

Transporters are required to register each truck used to haul tires with the DNR dump only at approved locations and maintain records of where they got the tires and where they put them Processors with fixed site facilities are allowed to have over 1000 waste tires in storage but must comply with storage standards set by rule

Landfills are allowed to collect as many tires as are brought in but must have the tires on hand processed every 90 days Landfills are allowed to bury tires that have been cut into eighths or smaller pieces Most landfills have the tires shredded to a four square inch size which they can use as daily cover

The DER is also involved in eliminating the states large illegal tire sites If a site owner is unable or unshywilling to abate his site the DER can gain possession of the site through the court process and remove the tires and

seek recovery of the cost The Legislature established the

waste-tire account which is funded by a waste-tire fee of $100 collected on each new tire sold at retail This fee which is shown as a separate line item on the customers invoice finances the program The dealer is allowed to charge a fee for the disposal of the customers waste tire and most charge $100 to $200 for that purpose The waste-tire fee provides about $12 million per year Of tiUs 45 goes to the counties 40 is used to clean up large tire sites and 13 is for research projects The remaining 2 of the fund is for administrative costs The followshying is a more detailed account of these activities

The grants to counties arc made on a per capita basis and are being used for subsidizing tipping charges at landshy

Continued on page 6

A waste-tire pile in the Green Swamp region of Polk County Florida less than 25 miles from Walt Disney World and south Orlando that contains on estimated 45 million tires (Photo by Charlie Morris)

WfNG BEATS SPRING 1992 5

Continued from page 5

fills paying private firms to shred tires purchasing shredders and financing research Counties are free to pool their fu nds in a joint project with other counties In addition funds may be usshyed to cover processing costs for waste tires acquired during amnesty days a program that allows people to bring their waste tires to collection sites without charge This program aids in reducing the number of tires and mosshyquitoes from the environmenl

The DER has inventoried the known illegal waste tire sites and prioritized them based upon the threat posed to public health and to the environment Stabilization and abatement activities are proceeding at the two highest priority sites and will start at other priority sites as the DER gains possesshysion and control of tJ1ose sites The largest tire site in the state is located in the Green Swamp area of Polk County less than 20 miles from Orlanshydo and Walt Disney World It contains an estimated 45 million tires Polk County under a contract with DER provides 24 hour security at this site to prevent further accumulation of tires deter arson and detect fires A well has been dug at the site to provide fire fighting water should that he necessary Waste Management was awarded the contract for shredding tires to break the pile into 16 sections each separated by a 50 foot wide fire lane This will involve shredding 1175000 tires and stacking the shreds on site This stabilization is nearly completed and will cost $806000 The abatement of this site is expected to take about two more years

A second waste-tire site in an urban area less than 20 miles northwest of Orlando is also being abated This s ite which contains just over 1 million tires has 24 hour security mosquito control and fire fighting arrangements providmiddot ed by Orange County under a DER contract The shredding contractor Inshytegrated Tire Co started shredding in August 1991 and is expected to take sblt months to complete tl1e job These tires are being shredded for fuel and shipshyped by rail to a power plant in South Dakota

6 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

The research and demonstration projects with waste tires are mostly use oriented A central Florida cement kiln has been contracted to substitute whole and shredded tires for some of the coal used in their process The inshyformation gained from this will be useful to other cement kilns who want to use tires as fuel

Contracts are being negotiated with the University of Florida to determine both the suitability of using tire shreds in domestic septic fields and the chemical characteristics that will determine if some other potential uses are safe Another contract is being negotiated with a firm that will proshyduce crumb rubber by a cryogenic process The cryogenic process uses lishyquid nitrogen to freeze the tires and hammermHls to shatter the rubber The crumb rubber particles produced are up to 14 inch maximum dimension and down to fine powder 1 n this proshycess differential contraction causes the steel to break away from the rubber Crumb rubber is used primarily as a filler in molded rubber products where it can reduce the amount of new rubshyber needed without degrading the proshyduct The Flprida DOT has developed a rubberized asphalt binder that will use finely powdered (80 mesh) rubber to enhance the resilience and life span of roads Mechanically ground rubber because it is more angular may be more suited to this use than cryogenically ground

The administrative funds are used to operate the program Waste tire collecshytors are required to register their trucks in order to haul waste tires over the roads There are 750 firms who have registered over 1600 trucks for hauling tires Some of these are retailers who want to be sure where their tires go some are waste haulers and some are tire jockeys who sort the waste tires to find those that can be sold as used tires or casings to be retreaded Trailers are not registered so there is no way to know how many are used for tires One firm operates 150 trailers which are leased to retailers all over the state When a trailer is filled with waste tires it is pulled to the firms processing facility in central Florida where the tires are shredded It is an interesting irony that while this firms activity is

reducing a mosquito habitat it clearly aided the natural southward spread of Aedes albopictus

Firms registering to haul waste tires pay a fee of$25 00 per truck registered or they may register ilieir entire fleet for $25000 They are required to file an annual report and renew their registration each year During the year they are required to maintain records of where the tires came from and where they went These records are available for audits or investigations for three years Registrations can be revokshyed for illegal dumping Tire retailers and others needing tires removed from their property are required to contract only with registered carriers In early 1991 police in Jacksonville posing as unregistered waste-tire collectors apshyproached 50 tire retailers and offered to haul tires for 40 cents each Five tire dealers were arrested for accepting the proposition during that sting operation

In the case of waste tires bound for out-of-state destinations the Florida DER contacts the appropriate enshyvironmental regulatory agency having jurisdiction in the area of the alleged destination As a consequence of these com munications these offices have developed a network that aids in reducing illegal dumping Thousands of Florida-produced waste tires have been transported to Georgia and Alabama and disposed in accordance with the laws of those states but some have been dumped illegally although the laws are more liberal and cheaper to comply with

The DER has identified several other problem areas concerning waste tire transporters Penalties are often insufshyficient to deter repeat violators Some transporters move their base of operashytions frequently and are difficult to locate A few have even tried to register using non-existent addresses Even unscrupulous operators will often register as waste tire collectors so that they can do business with reputable auto repair shops and tire dealers The dealers who are required to use only registered collectors pay for transporshytation and proper disposal the tires get dumped and the operator pockets the money The Litter Law has been a

Continued on page 7

Conrmued from page 6

useful tool in fighting this type of acshytivity This law makes the commercial dumping of tires (or any other solid waste) in any quantity a felony Sheriffs Deputies and Game and Freshwater Fish Officers have been acshytively pursuing these criminals

~nother illegal practice is to rent a warehouse fill it with tires and then leave Since no permit is required for indoor storage of waste tires this is difshyficult to control The landlord -is- stuck with the cost of removing the tires in order to make his property rentable again Prosecutors have had some sucshycess with the charge that filling a warehouse with tires is disposal not storage if there is no definite plan for removal of the tires

In summary it is clear that Floridas waste tire regulations are producing positive changes Most of the 15 million waste tires produced each year are being properly used or disposed many old tires are being removed from the environment and some of the spoilers are being prosecuted

Mosquito production is reduced when unnecessary tire piles are removshyed and necessary tire piles are kept small Disposal of chopped tires in a landfill eliminates the fire hazard and mosquito habitat but takes expensive landfill space Using tire shreds for daishyly cover in a landfill saves the space but gives the shreds a low value A higher value can be attained where tires are used as fuel Even higher values can be realized when the rubber is used for its unique physical and chemical proshyperties as in rubber modified asphalt Sound long-term solutions are being sought because waste tires wont just roll away on their own

Dr Alan Gettman studied the impact of two recently inmiddot troduced exotic mosquitoes in Florida at the University of Floridas Medical Entomology Lab in Vero Beach He is now with the State of Rhode Island as Coordinator of the Office of Mosquito Abatement Governmiddot ment Center Wakefield Rhode Island 02879 401middot277-6151

Mr Bill PaJker manages Floridas waste-tire program for the Florida Department of Enshyvironmental Regulation

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WING BEATS SPRING 1992 7

Field Forum Controlling Tigers Tire Piles

bull Ill

Paget Perdew amp Yates

Since 1986 the presence of the Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes olbopicshytus has added a degree of difficulty to mosquito control in many areas of the eastern United States Not only is this pest now widespread in the urban enshyvironment having replaced Aedes aegypti in many cities its daytime biting habits make the adult stage imshypossible to control by conventional adulticiding With this in mind the East Baton Rouge Louisiana Mosquito Abatement amp Rodent Control (EBRshyMARC) program sought to implement control measures against the larval stage of this mosquito

Discarded automobile and truck tires are the most frequent larval habitat of Ae aJbopictus Not only is there an abundance of these breeding sites they are difficult to empty of water as anyone who has attempted to do so knows J n East Baton Rouge Parish discarded tires ate conunonly found in piles ranging from a few to several thousand Piles of 50-100 tires are most common At present we have mapped over 60 tire piles that breed Ae albopicshytus and each year we find 20 to 30 new piles almost all of which breed mosshyquitoes We needed a cost-effective method to provide high levels of conshytrol with some residual effect

To that end we elected to make an efficacy and cost comparison of using Rti granules (Vectobac Greg ) Bti lishyquid (Vectobacreg) and Altosidreg pellets

THE TARGETS

Approximately one pound of granules were applied in about five minutes to a pile of 50 tires using a military surplus backpack blower We felt an aerosol of Bti liquid would have the greatest penetrating capabilishyty particularly in large piles where

8 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

some tires would be difficult to reach with granules or pellets Therefore we used a LECO P1 ULV handfogger to apply approximately one ounce of the liquid formulation to a 500-tire pile This treatment also took about five minutes For both Bti treatments 24-hour posttreatment larval mortalishyty was measured in both inner and outer tires of the piles

Three groups of five tires were selected for Altosid pellet treatments One pellet was added to each tire in one group two peliets were added to each tire in the second group and the third group was left untreated as an exshyperimental control Each week pupae were taken from the three groups and observed for mortality and adult emergence failure Although we had to add the pellets by hand to get the treatshyment level we wanted a backpack blower can be used to treat larger piles

THE RESULTS

All three formulations were effective The Bti granuals provided 100 pershycent control in all tires regardless of location in the pile The liquid also gave 100 percent control in tires on the outside of the pile and 90 pershycent but still acceptable control in tires in the center Both forshytnulations provided control for 7-10 days One Altosid pellet per tire gave 100 percent control for eight weeks Two pellets per tire exshytended th e complete control period to 11 weeks and at 15 weeks we were still

getting 80 percent control

COST EFFECTIVENESS

A single application of the granular Bti cost $141 per tire pile the liquid cost $243 per tire pile Over a full Louishysiana mosquito season (April through October for Ae albopictus) the treatshyment cost for an average size tire pile would be approximate $23 using either of these two larvicides since weekly and biweekly retreatment would be necessary A single application of Altosid pellets applied to a typical tire pile with a backpack blower not by hand would cost about $583 inshycluding the cost for those pellets which do not land in tires Hand treatments in small tires would be much cheaper With 12 to 15 weeks of control providshyed by a single treatment the seasonal cost for Altosid would be only $1163 per tire pile roughly half of what it costs to use Bti These costs include only chemical not the time equipment

Continued on page 9

_c CJ5LS associated with

0-fE-DATION

- -pound ~ree formulations provid---~~ control the Altosid pellets

ar the most economical for middot seasonal basis for small to -~f s12e piles In large but less

lkk 50 - to be or not to continued

pound bull ~r Goldstein _ _ ietter dated October 22 1991

~t==~5ed concern because I had ~Ged your technical people for

_e

~ middot ~ hat generated my article in -= ~ =-=~ flot So Slick- somiddot Summer ~ structured with advice and

=- of a Petrolon Incorporated _ or yfr Rober t (Bob) Thompshy

~-iapendent Distributor S10 _ncan Ave Amite Louisiana

__ - ~r Thompson was appraised - middot=-s procedure and agreed with -= mocol before initiation of the _ ~hompson also advised me = -op3r treatment procedure for - - J=uct Slick so

-aph excluded) ~-ns hat you are ready to claim -- ancement of performance as ~~nts as a result of your product =- -opound0 It also seems that you wish 3im any lack of benefit or _ -= 1mpact with the statement -oecfic percentage of increase is

C~- assured S was not designed to damage

common piles the Bti especially the liquid fo rmulation which as a aerosol penetrates the tire pile more effectiveshyly should provide better control and be more economical to use than the solid formulation of either Bti or Altosid

As a result of these evaluations the EBRMARC p rogram treats small to moderate size piles only twice a year with Altosid granules and piles with several hundred tires with Bti liquid

Guy M Faget Paul Perdew and Matthew Yates are the Biologist Deputy Director and Director respectively of the East Baton Rouge Mosquito Abatement and Rodent Control program PO Box 1471 Baton Rouge Louisiana 70821 504356middot3297 For those-of you who did not read page 3 Matt is also the outgoing president of the AMCA

Dear Charlie bull bull bull

your product It was designed to tell me if I wanted to use your product Presently my answer is no

[two paragraphs excluded]

Paul E Perdew Deputy Director East Baton Rouge Parish Mosquito Abateshyment amp Rodent Control

Electronic Droplet Analysis

Dear Mr Floore In response to your expression of inshy

terest for information pertinent to softshyware useful in droplet size determinashytion (Electronic Droplet Analysis Wing Beats Vol 2 No4) please refer to the paper A Basic Program For The Analysis Of ULV Insecticide Droplets by Roy K Sofield and Robert Kent that appeared in the Operational And Scientific Notes section of Mosquito News in 1984 (Vol 44 No 1) The authors include in their paper the BASIC program upon which Tony DiEdwardds is based

Access to the variables that comprise the BASIC program should prove valuable to anyone who is familiar

with or was intrigued by the version addressed in your article For your inshyformat ion enclosed is a reprint of the So field and Kent paper Thanks foT the interesting and informative column I enjoyed it

James R McNelly Entomologist Cape May County New Jersey Mosshyquito Extermination Commission

POSITION ANNOUNCEMENT The Monroe County Mosquito

District is taking applications for an En tomologist Minimum qualificat ions inc lude a Bachelors of Science Degree in Entomology preferably with operational experience in mosshyquito control and disease vector surveillance and control

For further information conshytract Lois Ryan Director (305296-2482) Monroe County Mosquito Control District S224 Junior Co llege Road Stock Island Key West ltlorida 33040

WING BEATS SPRING 1992 9

Dr Susan Palchicks Biosynopsis of The Inland Floodwater Mosquito

Importancemiddot Aedes vexans is a major pest species

in North America and portions of Europe and Russia Most mosquito abatement districts in the midwestern US were formed to manage this imshyportant nuisance species It can be both an urban and rural nuisance species It becomes infected in nature with many arboviruses including equine encephalitis California group and Flanders viruses It is important in the transmission cycle of Tahyna virus in central Europe and some encephalitis viruses in North American and the Orient Aedes vexshyans is also a vector of dog heartworm

Geographic Distribution

Aedes vexans is one of the most widely distributed species of mosshyquitoes in the world It occurs in southern Canada and all of the United States including Alaska and Hawaii In Europe it is common in tlood plains of rivers in France Germany and Czechoslovakia It is also found in western Africa east Asia and much of the Pacific rim from Japan to Samoa

Adult Description

The female is brown to grayish Narshyrow white bands occur on most tarsal segments and medially notched white bands occur on the surface of the abshydoTllinal segments The proboscis has predominantly dark scales as do the wings

Larval Habitat

Aedes vexans uses a variety of habitats including temporary and semi-permanent ground pools irshyrigated pastues inundated floodplains of rivers and streams grassy rain pools flooded river bottoms and roadshyside ditches

10 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

Aedes vexans

Associated Species Because of its use of a variety of

oviposition sites its long breeding season and widespread geographic occurrence Ae vexans larvae are associated with many species of floodshywater Aedes and Psorophora mosshyquitoes as well as Culex and Culiseta species

Oviposition

Eggs are laid in the soil just above standing water in ground depressions that are subject to reflooding Emshybryonated eggs can withstand drought cold and premature Hooding for long periods Large numbers of eggs will survive for two years and small numbers of eggs may survive for as long as four years Like other floodshywater mosquitoes eggs of Ae vexans require a reduction of dissolved oxshyygen caused by decay of organic matshyter before hatching thus assuring the newly hatched larvae of a food supply

Larval Behavior During the mosquito breeding

season periodic flooding and drying of larval habitats favor the synshychronous hatching of successive broods Larvae are usually found in prodigious numbers Densities as high as 5000 to 20000 larvae per square foot of surface area or 500 larvae per pint have been reported

Flight and Migration

Aedes vexans exhibits several kinds of flight behavior After emergence adults exhibit localized random movements about breeding sites However mass movement or migrashytion of adults of both sexes over distances of 50-200 miles have been reported Aedes vexans also exhibits a creeping migration of individuals

either towatd the horizon and a gltgt of city lights or following a line canopy vegetation As with some citeshyfloodwater mosquitoes dispersal froshybreeding sites is influenced by loc=shyterra1n wind speed and direction

Ul(lodfceding Aedes vexans is a persistent biteshy

Feeding may take place o n~middot ~ temperatures ranging from 60 to soc Large domestic animals especially ceshytle are predominant hosts howeve man is readily attacked by this agmiddot gressive mosquito Aedes vexans -~ most active in early evening unh_ about midnight both in open anc wooded places however females wiL opportunistically attack hosts themiddot move adjacent to their resting habila during the day especially on cloudy days or in shaded places Aedes vexshyans is usually a pest out of doors however it has been reported to freshyquently enter houses and othe buildings especially in late summer or warm humid nights Although som~ adults may survive fo r more than 100 days most adults live for about tv middoto weeks on the average

Mole (left) and female of Aedes vexans Drovbull ing by Prickett

Dr Palchick is the Aedes Proshygram M anager for the MetroshyIOlitan Mosqui to Control District St Paul Minnesota

Chemline

~ Cnrlisel B Rathburn Jr

Mosquito Larvicides The 90s - Status Quo

bull In

SEW LARVICIDE fORMULATIONS

We are going into the 90s with essentially the same larvicides as were ~middotailable in the 80s with only a few adshyJitional formulations The big news is he reactivation of DIMI LINreg DiOubenzuron) by Uniroyal Chemical Company Uniroyal has a 24(c) label for use in California and FlQrida for this much maligned but excellent insect growth regulator

As additional formulation of the well-established larvicide Bacillus thurshyingiensis var israelensis has also been recently introduced ACROBEreg an American Cyanamid formulation of Bti is being evaluated in many locashytions particularly in aerial applicashytions The recommended application ates for Aerobe are 025 to 20 pints per acre in sufficient water to provide through coverage of the target area The dosage is dependent on the type of area and water

Another formu ltion of B ti although not new is SKEETALreg which is now manufactured by Enshytotech Inc a division of Novo Nordisk Bio ind ustrials Inc of Danbury Connecticut

Abbot t received final registration apshyproval form the EPA in August 1991 for its VectoLex Greg form ulation of Bacillus sphaericus However they have put p lans to introduce the product onshyhold for economic reasons

PPMZoecon also recently introducshyed a new methoprene formulation callshyed Altosid XR Extended Residual Briquetsreg This formulation of methoprene is recommended for up to 150 days control primarily as a preflood t reatment for Aedes and Psorophora species at a rate of 1 brishyquet per 200 square feet and for Culex Culiseta and Anopheles species at a rate of 1 briquet per 100 square feet of

breeding area Preliminary studies in the northeast US suggest Altosid XR may also be a good larvicide for the d ifficult-to-control Conquillettidia pershyturbans in certain situations If so the material may also be effective against Mansonia larvae

Two other larvicides relatively new to the mosquito control market are Bonidereg a formulation of 98- percent m ineral oil ma rketed by Bonide Proshyducts of Yorkville New York and RD 20reg a formulation of benzyle amshymonium chlor ide marketed by RD and Associates of Pamona Claifornia Both of these form ulations have given good larval control however there is great concern over the high initial toxshyicity and residual effects to non-target organisms of the benzyl a mmonium chloride formulation Therefore use of this latter formulation shoufd be discouraged until more is known of its effects on non-targets

In addition to these new larvicides several manufactures or formulators are currently working on others so exshypect to see more new mosquito larshyvicides in the near future

DISCONTINUED LARVICIDE FORMULATIONS

Very few larvicide labels have been discontinued recently Most noteworshythy were the loss of two organophoshysphate insecticides Baytexreg (fenthion) was wlthdrawn by the Mobay Corporashytion because of extensive additional in-middot fo rmation requirements by the EPA This information required the developshyment of populatio n census and measurement techniques terrestrial feed studies to delineate the impact of Baytex sprays on avian mammal and aquatic organisms and an unusually large number of residue collection proshygrams The extensive time necessary to conduct the studies and the high cost

ofthe studies required to generate the requir ed envi ronmental impact inforshymation was estimated to be in excess of two years and three million dollars a figure Mobay felt was not justi fied by sales of less than 15 million dollars per year

Dow-Elanco recently formed by a merger of Dow Chemical Co and Elanco (Eli Lilly and Company)middot also canceled all mosquito larvicide uses of Dursbanreg (Chlorpyrifos) because of similar reasons including poor sales

CU RRE NT LARVICIDE LABELS

Most mosquito larvicides in use toshyday are continued without change Although there have been changes in the labels of several larvicides most were minor and had to do with refineshyment of labeled dosages and the reworshyd ing of some label language required by EPA The latter had to do specificalshyly with the use of more cautious general statements

Concerning Bti prod ucts the EPA is still pushing for a standard chemical method fo r measuring Bt i potency which would replace the bioassay methods currently used To keep abreast of these and other label changes users should consult the manuafacturer or formulator of the particular product This information is provided in the table accompaning this article Con tinued on page 12

Dr Carr Rathburn now retired was the Director of Mosquito Control Reseanh at the Florida Department of Health amp Rehabilitative Sermiddot vices John A Mulrennan Sr Research Laboratory in Panama City DQting his 32 years he published nearly 100 scientific papers on chemical control

WING BEATS SPRING 1992 11

Continued from page 11

Lable Recommendations of Mosquito Larvicides Toxicant

I Trade Name Manufacturer I Recommended Dosage

Formulator Rate

B t iZ Aerobe American Cyanamid 025-20 pintsacre

Bactimos WP PBI Gordon 2-12 ouncesacre

Bactimos P PBI Gordon 2-8 poundsacre

Bactimos G PBI Gordon 4-10 poundsacre

Bactimos B SummitPB I Gordon 1 per 100 square fee t

Bactimos Granuals Clarke M C Products 4-10 poundsacre

Skeetal FC EntotechNovo Nordisk 05-20 pintsacre

Teknar HPD PPMZoecon 025-10 pintsacre

Vetobac 12 AS Abbott Laboratories 025-20 pintsfacre

I Vectobac G Abbott Laboratories I 25-5 poundsacre

Vectobac CG Abbott Laboratores 25-10 poundsacre

Methoprene Altosid ALL PPMZoe con 3-4 fluid ouncesacre

Altosid Briquets PPMZoecon 1 per 100 square feel

Altosid Pellets PPMZoecon Vi-10 poundsacre

AJtosid XR PPMZoecon It per 200 square feet

Altosid SG3 PPMZoecon 8-10 poundsacre

Duplex3 PPMZoecon 2-16 fluid ouncesacre

Thmephos Abate 4E Ame rican Cyanamid 05-15 fluid ou ncesacre

Abate 1SG American Cyanamid 5-20 poundsacre

Abate 2CG American Cyanamid 25-25 poundsacre

Abate 5CG American Cyanamid 2-10 poundsacre

1 Skeeter Abate Clarke M C Products 5-20 poundsacre

5 Skeeter Abate Clarke M C Products 4-10 poundsacre

Abate 5 Tire Treat Clarke M C Products 1 pound per 100 sq feet

Abate 5 Pel1ets Clarke M C Products 4-10 poundsacre

Pyrethrins Pyrenone MC Fairfield American 1 per 100 squa re feet

Oils Surfactants etc Arosurf MSF Sherex Chemical 02-05 gallonsacre

Bonide Bonide Products 1-5 gallonsacre

GB-1111 Witco-Golden Bear 3-5 gallonsacre

GB-1356 Witco-Golden Bear 3-5 gallonsacre

RD 20 R D amp Associates I 007-013 ouncesacre

1 Not all marketed formulations are included 2 BaciJius thuringiensis var israeJensis 3 User-prepared formulation

12 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

On the Books

$ Johnson amp Wade

The Pesticide Industry and Regulation

The following information was exshycerpted from the PESTICIDE LITIGAmiddot TION MANUAL 19921 published by Clark Boardman Callaghan It provides a historical guide to United States pesticide regulation which may be useful as a ready reference for readers

HISTORICAL GUIDE TO PESTICIDE REGULATION

1906 - Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act

1910 - The Insecticide Act of 1910 1938 middot Federal Food Drug and

Cosmetic Act of 1938-replaced and repealed the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

1947- Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRAJ This Act repealed the Insecticide Act of 1910

19 72 - Massive revisions to FIFRA- middot by the Federal Envirorunental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 (FEPCA)

1978 - FIFRA amended primarily to remedy voids left by the 1972 revisions

1988 - FIFRA amend ments of 1988 1990 - Farm Bill of 1990-made

minor amendments to FI FRA

Yet to Come

1 Bush plan to add specific cancer risk provisions to FIFRA

2 EPA intends to review all inert inshygredients by 1997

CURRENT REGULATIONS

The USEPA is the federal agency responsible for registering pesticides regardless of the use pattern ie hershybicides fungicides etc This agency has approximately 743 physiologically active ingredients registered and in production Of these 200 are conshysidered major active ingredients manufactured in quantity Of the 734 active ingredients approximately 196 are herbicidec 184 are nsectidde ~1

are fungicides and nematicides 34 are rodenticides and 179 are disinfectants The registration of these active ingremiddot dients and the regulation on each use is assigned to EPA The EPAs authorishyty for this awesome responsibility begins w ith the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1947 (FIFRA) In order to better understand FIFRA we need a historical perspecshytive The short history which follows helps explain regulation as we know it today

The Insecticide Act (1910) was inshytended to prevent consumer fraud and to promote and protect legitimate manufacturing It did not regulate in the modern sense and other than peripherally did not seek to protect the public health or the environment This statute prohibited the manufacture or transportation of adulterated or misbranded pesticides within the United States or its territories It also provided the first rudimentary labeling requirements for pesticides The act was in force for 37 years but really did not have many compounds to regulate The two leading pesticides of the day were Paris green and lead arsenate

The Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) repealed and replaced the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and its enactment caused an important connection between drug regulation and pesticide law which still exists today In 1938 Congress recognized that foods could be harmshyful if they contained pesticide residues and tJ1e FFDCA was charged with keeping pesticide tainted foods off tJ1e market It was then necessary to develop tolerance standards Between 1938 and 1947 when FIFRA was enacted only one tolerance standard had been developed The tolerance establishment procedures had bemrlflt ponde rous and umOrkal e -gt- ~ middot re id j bull 1opne- middot ~= j

technology prior to and during World War II Pesticide development can be traced directly to DUf and Dr Paul Mullers work Dr Muller was a Swiss entomologist and earned the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1948 The next two decades truly became research decades as far as pesticide developshyment was concerned

Interestingly development of FIFRA in 1947 came not from environmenmiddot talists but primarily from users and manufacturers This act expanded the reach of pesticide laws to cover rodenshyticides and herbicides Two grea~ strides were made by FIFRA It mad it unlawful to sell pesticides which ha not been registered with the Dept o Agriculture and it required specific labeling and packaging information with each pesticide The greatesl legacy of this early version was the compilation of an accurate inventory of pesticides being sold The Act wa~ not str uctured to deal directly vit- protecting the public health Theseshyconcerns were left primarily with the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Ac

An amendment known as the ~1il~ Amendment (1951) was passed Thi~ amendment set tolerance provisi(h~ and required health and safety dam -x be analyzed before a pesticide couldmiddot~ used on a food crop Although the b~ did not purport to amend FIFRA ~~ drafters intent was clearly stated ~ anticipated that in the usual c~i registration of a new economic po-s would be withheld pending issu~~ of the tolerance These conse~-= views provide evidence 1hat =shyvironmenta1 concerns had not taken organized form Rachel Cs Silent Spring in 192 =p~ea~ to 11~ ~ gensis G~ -iS rlo= -

-to-- o- pcridda regulation from u- Je-gtannenl of Agriculture to the le bull =nmiddotmiddotimnmental Protection AgenshyQi his v-as due to a study whkh inshy_ ~reci that the Department of middotpculture did more to facilitate -iikide use than to regulate it About - J ~ time the DDT controversy was in -uice and this caused FIFRA to be Tnp letely overhauled by the Federal L1ironmental Pesticide Control Act of s -~ (FEPCA) Because of FEPCA =-t-- now became an environmental gt~atute as we know it today Manufacshymiddot - -ers were now required to ~nonstrate that a product could be -~ed without unreasonable adverse efshyocls on the environment Highlights eluded new registration procedures nd reregistration of existing ~t icides regulated the use of usticides for the first time and made a crime to use pesticides in a manshy~e inconsistent with the label it classified pesticides into restricted and _restricted categories Under this aw system restricted-use pesticides ~uld only be used by certified apshy~lticators There were many complaints ~the early days and these complaints

-ere addressed in the corrective __mendments of 1978 Some of these ssues were a more complete definishyton of pesticide use inconsistent with s label and revision of unrealistic -eregistration timetables The most 5~ificant change was the clarification ~= the role of state agencies in pesticide -egulation In 1978 Congress added -vo more sections which gave the ~rates primary enforcement power

though substanHal progress had Jsen made by EPA in the regulation of middotmiddotater fish or shellfish whether it had outstanding data requirements or middotmiddotmiddothether worker exposure was likely he lists were to be published as follows List A on Feb 22 1989 List B ~n May 25 1989 List C on July 24 989 and List D on October 24 1989

Phase 2-Registrant is required to totify the EPA within 3 months if it inshybullended to seek reregistration The --egistrant was further required to ~tpply a li st of data supporting registration and identify any missing J r inadequate data A commitment to upply any additional data needed for

I

reregistration was also required This system was designed to weed out those manufacturers not willing to commit necessary resources to reregister If the above stipulations are not met the EPA is authorized to cancel registrations Suspensions are also authorized if adeshyquate progress is not made and this was designed expressly to prevent foot-dragging

Phase 3-Registrant is required to submit data as stipulated in Phase 2 summaries of studies relied upon for reregistration data showing adverse efshyfects of a pesticide and a certification that the applicant has access to the raw data the summaries were prepared from Also required is a commitment to complete any outstanding data gaps All this material must be submitted within 12 months of listing of a pesticide under Phase 1

Phase 4-EPA begins its own review of registrants Phase 3 material EPA makes independent evaluation of data to identify data gaps It may request any raw data identified by a registrant

Continued on page 16

What is the PESTICIDE LITIGAshyTION MANUAL

This book is called a manual because it is intended to be used as one It was written for litigators whetler they replesent plaintiffs or defendants and is designed to be a reference work for them on both the legal and technical l$sues that freshyquently arise in pesticide litigation The book js organized in two parts Part 1 cover the major legal issues that arise in pesticide cases and Part I provides technical reference material

Although clients do not always realize it it is often difficult for lawyers to become familiar with the he~ly regulated pesticide Industry 1b help with that process we have inshycluded in Part J an overview of the pesticide industry a history of pesticide regulations and chapterlt on present pesticide laws Later in Part II we have included much mme detailed information about specific types of pesticides This information should go a long way toward helpshying a lawyer deal more confrdently with h~s client or conversely his opponent

(Taken from the Introduction)

London Aire Model18-20 ULV Aerosol Generator

A totally reenglneered state of l he art ~ generator the Model18-20 makes mosquito control more efficbullent and convenient than ever before It has an 18 Hp engine designed for maximum output even at vehicle speeds of 20 miles per hour

bull Qubulle1e1 Oper~ho~

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WING BEATS SPRING 1992 15

Continued fmm page 15

This review must be completed by the EPA in stages ending thirty-three months after the publication of List D If the EPA determines the data is inshysufficient to support reregistration the registrant has forty-eight months to cure unless an extension of not more than two years is granted

Phase 5-After all the data is submitshyted the EPA has one year to review it under Phase 5 to make final decisions on reregistration

In addition to the reregistration proshyvisions the 1988 amendments include new storage and disposal reshyquirements These provisions can inshyclude data for safe disposal of a parshyticular pesticide or may stipulate disposal and transportation informashytion on pesticide labels Of great significance is that the EPA adshyministrator is instructed to issue new regulations by the end of 1991 to conshytrol the disposal of pesticide conshytainers These regulations are to adshydress the increasing concern of groundwater contamination by imshyproperly d isposed of pesticides

In 1989 and 1990 attempts were again made to add more controversial provisions to the statutory fTamework Proposals were made to amend the food safety provisions of FIFRA and the FFDCA to add new provisions pershytaining to groundwater contamination and to tighten controls on the export of pesticides Although these proposals were all defeated FIFRA was amendshyed by the 1990 Farm Bill The new Far m Bill amendments to FIFRA are relatively minor but the bill did add important r ecord keeping reshyquirements for certified applicators on their use of restricted pesticides

Pesticide regulation has come a long way since 19o6 and more is yet to come The Bush Administration has submitted a plan to add specific cancer r isk p rovisions to FIFRA and the EPA has announced its intention to review all inert ingredients in pesticides by 1997

This excerpt was made by Salshyly A Wagner Director Saginaw County Mosquito Abatement Commission 211 Congress St ree t Saginaw Michigan 48602 517755-5752

16 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

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Field Forum Giveaway Charlie D Morris PhD

At the end of the Field Forum columil in the last issue of Wing Beats we announced a new feature Field Forum Giveaway A $25 prize was offered for the best idea in the operational mosshyquito control category Best was determined by our cr13ck (maybe crack pot is better) team (does one person make a team) after spending countless seconds (more than 10) comparing the pros and cons of each entry usshying a sophisticated system not unlike the one used to judge art Do you like it 1 do I think Nonetheless here are the finalists for this issue

Ballistic Briquets

Have you attended a regional state or AMCA meeting and participated in Zoecons Briquet toss for big money Winning these contests is a supshyplemental income for some folks There is probably more than the one person I know in Florida who pracshytices just for these tournaments Soshymeone should speak to his boss dont you think Well if you enjoy briquet tossing or more to the point you use Altosid briquets in your larviciding program you may want to try what Buddy Grucela Superintendent of the North Hampton County Pennsylvashynian Mosquito Control program and his staff use to get 30-day briquets to distance parts of breeding sites-a sling shot Buddy was a baseball pitshycher in high school so he was very good at throwing briquets far distances with accuracy Well time eroded Buddys abilities so he went to the mechanical arm a Marksman 3041 Sportsman sling shot It is now stan-

18 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

dard equipment for his larviciders and they claim they can shoot a briquet up to 50 yards He didnt say with what kind of accuracy but if his crew is like my Florida friend with too much time on his hands they practiced and learn how to make it go exactly where they want

Small Scale Fish Farm

Rearing and maintaining mosquitoshyeating fish can take on gargantuan proportions and is often thought of as an luxury that small programs cant do for lack of staff money or space Think again Barbara Wilder of Richmond County Georgia Mosquito Control has learned to rear and maintain Gamshybusia affinis in the basement of the health department building using nothing more than four barrels and a pump and filter system As Director

Electric bird-excluder of Ramsey and Cavier

Cheryl Turner wrote 1Fish are not a new idea but it just proves any little ole place can do big league things Cheryl middotis middota big -Atlanta Braves fan Sorry about the Series Cheryl

Electric Bird-Excluder

Mosquito-eating fish are an excellent biocontrol tool used by most modern mosquito control programs large and small (see above) While many proshygrams catch fish in the field and transfer them to mosquito breeding sites this can be illegal without pershymits in some states such as Florida where wildlife managers are concernshyed about the transport of exotic pest species Other programs purchase their fish This can be expensive at prices like $18 a pound Often the most desirable method to incorporate

Continued on page 19

Continued from page 18

fish into a program is by on-site rearing Fish can be maintained in barrels casket crypts (Im not kidding here) other conshytainers concrete-bottom pools or earshythen ponds Ponds may be constructed specifically for mosquitofish or themiddot fish may be reared in isolated natural or man-made ponds When rearing fish in large ponds the large number of fish become very attractive to fish-eating birds Glenn County California Mosshyquito Abatement District had this proshyblem and spend many frustrating hours trying to keep the birds primarily comshymon and snowy egrets from decimating the Gambusia affinis stock in a 5-acre series of three milk-processing wastewater ponds They tried unsucshycessfully noise cannons scarecrows and limited use of plastic bird netting The netting was too expensive not to menshytion being a logistic nightmare to cover the entire area

Finally Richard Ra msey Manager and Jack Cavier Jr Assistant Manager of the District along with the help of Louis Lee District Supervisor of the US Dept of Agriculture Animal Damage Control hit on a solution perhaps one you can use-electric fencing

Although they could have gotten a permit to destroy the birds the group decided not to kill any birds if at all possible This meant they could not use weed-chopper type controller units which would likely kill some birds and as it turned out melt the fencing wire they ended up using They spent less than $600 to construct a barrier around two of the three ponds Some of the material was surplus property The essential items are a Red Dozerreg conshytroller box and Red Snapperreg polyester fence wire

Portions of the fence were made into gates that are swung out of the way for seining mosquitofish with large nets Richard or Jack will be happy to send you the details of the system including parts list (1 hope) You can reach them at PO Box 1156 Willows CA 95988

916934-4025 The fencing has been inshystalled around all three ponds and it works great Using the current market price of $1800 per pound they estimate they have saved in the neighborhood of $50000 in fish- all for a $600 dollar investment-nice neighborhood The repelling system also has the wholeshyhearted approval of nearly all the local fish and wildlife interest groups There is one group that objects-the local egret population

Rain Gauge Security

Any good mosquito control program monitors rainfall some monitor snowfall (with skis mulled cider and trail mi x) Not many use as many rain gauges as Cameron Parish Louisianas Mosquito Abatement District No 1 of Creole Louisiana does Being mostly rural very low and wet much of ihe year Director Don Menard has 50 sites where he monitors rain with glassmiddottubed gauges To prevent breakage from cows and horses rubbshying on the posts the gauges are nailed to and to prevent theft Don switched out the fHmsy metal holders that come with the gauges with short pieces of 34 inch schedule 20 PVC pipe They paint them green or brown to blend in with the environment It works so well that now Dons staff cant even find them (just kidding) Just think what a great excuse io buy a portable Loran unit Of course other clistricts may want to paint them black and white to blend in with the Holsteins or use camouflage spray paint WHAT The PVC holders wont rust and are strong enough to withstand even the itchiest cow without the glass breaking Thanks Don

Shoot Over Their Heads

One difficulty of dispensing Dibrom with truck-mounted ULV units in residential areas is that the nozzle of

standard ULV machines is about headshyheight to an adult and some pit bulls More than one program has had to negotiate the problem created by an inshyattentive driver that failed to shut off the machine when turning at busy inshytersections or meeting tall on-coming vehicles such as school buses or trains (whoops wrong turn) and filled soshymeones face or vehicle with insecshyticide Not good Indian River Mosshyquito Control District of Vero Beach Floridas solution is the extension nozshyzle shown on the cover of this issue of Wing Beats It consists of a blower (any model will do) fitted with Curtis Dyna extension tubes and nozzles For details check with Alan Curtis Enshytomologist with the Indian River Mosshyquito Control District PO Box 670 Vero Beach FL 32961-0670 407562-2393 I know some of you reader have made modifications to ULV equipment for the same and other reasons Please drop us a line and photo so we can share your idea with the rest of the industry

And the winner is

for theimiddotr humanitarian engineershying solution that solved a problem and netted an 81300 percent return on investment-the Electric Bird Excluder-Richard Ramsey and Jack Cavier of Glenn Cmmty California Mosquito Abatement District How would you guys like to manage my inshyvestments Where is Port Folio anyway Congratulations Dick and Tack The check is in the mail

Thanks to all of you who submitted ideas If yours didnt make this issue dont fret yet it may make it next time

Well thats the first issue of Field Forum Giveaway We have another $25 bucks ready for the next issue if we get enough entrants All you need is an idea an envelope a stamp and are not afraid of being made light ofin printworldwide

WING BEATS SPRING 1992 19

Pest Asides

Why Mosquito johnson Er McE Kevan

Our word mosquito may have had its origin in ancient India Some 3500 years ago around 1500 BC the Atharva Veda used the word makko for mosquito This eventualshyly evolved to the word masaka of classical Sanskrit

The Ro mans used the word musca for fly which in Spanish now is mosca lhillips in 1583 acshycording to the Oxford English Dicshytionary referred ~o an annoying ki nd of flie the Spaniards call musketas The word later became musquito in English The ending ito indicates thte diminutive form hence little fly Before 1900 the word mosquito was a somewhat amshybiguous term because it frequently was used in England for a variety of small Diplera with the words Culex or gnat designating the mosquito of today

The word also is associated with Aedes oegypti J B Robineau-Desvoidy in 182 described a mosquito in Cuba and gave it the scientific name Culex mosquito (which later was shown to be a synonym of Ae aegyptiJ

The word mosquito became stanshydardized in English around 1900 or 1901 after Ronatld Ross in India working with malaria and Walter Reed in Cuba working with yellow fever both used the word and focusshyed attention on mosquitoes by proving conclusively that they transmit these diseases Now of course the term is used for all species of the family Culicidae

Reprinted from Why Mosquito by Donald R j[ohnson Mosquito News 1965 Volume 25 page 349

gtt -

20 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

Mosquitoes have undoubtedly been referred to by almost every traveller to the Caribbean Thus Thomson (1589) relating to the year 1555 says of the city of Santo Domingo in Hispaniola (in modern times Ciudad Trujillo Dominican Republic) The countrey is most part of the yere very hot amp very ful of a kind of flies or gnats with long bils which do pricke amp molest the people very much in the night when they are asleepe in pricking their faces and hands and othe r parts of their bodies that lie W1Couered amp make them to swel wonderfully Hawks (15899379) writing in 1572 of his earlier stay in Vera Cruz on the Mexshyican Gulf coast says This towne is inclined to many kinde of diseases by reason of the great heat and a certei ne gnat or flie which they call a mosquito w hich biteth both men and women in

Mosquito tennis

their sleepe and as soone as they are bitten incontinently the flesh swelleth as though they had bene bitten with some venimous worme And this musmiddot quito or gnat doth most follow such as are newly come into the countrey Many there are that die of this anshynoyance Do we have here one of the earliest inklings that mosquitoes can ca rry fatal diseases This has been igshynored by the medical profession Philips (1589) one of Sir John Hawkins men who was 23 years a prisoner of the Spaniards writing of the year 1568 also refers in this third chapter to the discomforts caused by Muskitos or Tequanies From Mid-eighteenth-century entomology and helminthology in the West Indes Dr James Grainger by D Keith McE Kevan J Soc Biblphy nat Hist (1977)8(3) 193-222

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RESEARCH

During the week of September 28 1992 the second in a series of workshops designed to bring interested persons up-to-date on current salt marsh management and research findings will be held in Vero Beach FL As with the first workshop held in 1988 a collection of presentation abstracts will result from the conshyference We welcome reshyquests to present a paper at this upcoming meeting For additional informashytion please c9ntact Douglas Carlson (Indian River Mosquito Control District 407 562middot2393) or Jorge Rey (Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory 407 778-7200)

22 SPRING 1992 WING BEATS

I r KILLS -~ MOSQUITO-~ NOTTH~J ~ ENVIRONMENt Arosu rf MSF a biodegradable spray is the wise environ mental choice to control mosquitoes II slightly changes the surface Characteristics ol water Just enough to keep mosquito larvae and pupae I rom firmly at lac ling The water wets their breathing structures-and the)idrown

Arosurl MSF is the only registered non-petroleum based product lor kllling lflosquito larvae and pupae-effectively controlling these stages in more than 25 species Its invisible on the water (No oil sheen or odc1r) And it has lillie or no effect on olher animal lite or plants vbu can even spray it on potable-water sources

Wi1h recommended dosages Arosurt MSF costs less to use than petroleum oils Its also cost-competitive with bacterial -control agents and grOWih regulators To learn how il cart work tor you write or calt

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Quality IS Economy US DISTRIBUTORS

ADAPCO INC 1555 Howell Stench Ad See 81 Winter Park FL 32789

RELIABLE LABS 8060 Tollord Way Sandy UT 84092 Phone 80 middot942middot 1685 Phone 407middot644middot6292

B amp G CHEMICAL amp EQUIPMENT CO INC P 0 Box 540428 Dallas TX 75354 Phone 214middot357middot574 1

CLARKE MOSQUITO CONTROL PRODUCTS P 0 Box 72288 Roselle ll 60172 Phone 708-894middot2000

NORTHEAST VECTOR MANAGEMENT INC P 0 Box 754 Freehold NJ 01na Phone 201-431middot9563

ZANUS CORPORATION 1259 El Cemino Real Sullo 134 Menlo Park CA 94025 Phone 415-591middotn83

COANBElT CHEMICAl COMPANY

PO Box 410 McCoollt NE 69001 Phone 308-345-5057

INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS

ENVIROTECH INTERNATIONAL

P 0 Box 8489

Delhi 110052 bull INDIA

IltEM-SAN INC

P 0 Box 727

Oakville Ongtario l6J SC 1 CANADA

LABOAATOAI EMILIANI

INDUSTRIA CHIMICA AFFINI

V1a Appeonmo 457 47100 Forll middot ITAlV

TAAOEOUEST INC

5 1ltronp1111dsens Geoe

St Thomas USVl 001102

C RUODUCK PTV LrO

93 Howard Street

Noren Melbourne

3051 bull AUSTRAliA

WEll COME

SINGAPORE

PTE LTD

33 Duality Road Singapore 22111

WELLCOME

ENVIRONMENTAl

HEALTH

Ravens lane Berklemsted Hons

HP4 20V

UNITED KINGDOM

LOWNDES ENGINEERING CO INC 125 BLANCHARD ST I PO BOX 4amp8 VALDOSTA GEORGIA 31tl01

PHONE (912) 242-3361 TWX 810-786-5861 CABLE middot LECO VALO FAX (912) 242-87113

CYTHIONreg and ABATEreg Mosquito control

that keeps peace with people and

the environment Today Mosquito Control Professionals must be public relations specialists and ecologists along with their other skills

Science and Industry are providing more tools and concepts while the public and government are asking more questions You have to be sharp to be a career mosquito professional We salute and support your dedication

Responsible mosquito control requires environmentally sensitive applicators and selective insecticides The mosquito control industry traditionally provides careful needed application American Cyanamid in turn proudly supplies and supports your efforts

You can continue to rely on CYTHIONreg ULV and ABATEreg for your mosquito control I PM programs They are tough on mosquitoes but gentle to the environshyment Continue to use them wisely

THE WORLD NEEDS

reg1 Registered Trademarls of Amerlcan MOSQUIO CONTROLtrade Cyanamid Company 7190 1 1

AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL co Outdoor Tech Inc 1499 Morning Dove Rd Tallahassee FL 32312

NonmiddotProfi t Org US Postage

PAID Tallahassee FL Permit No 407