Vocabulario Ingles

Vocabulario de Inglés Técnico

Vocabulario del Capítulo 4 Replies to enquiries

1. Adaptability : Ability to be used for more than one purpose; adaptable; adapt.

2. Balance : Remainder.

3. Bargain : Something obtained at a price below its value; negotiate a price.

4. Become effective : Begin to operate.

5. Bulk purchase : Buying in large quantities.

6. Call on: To visit.

7. Consignment: goods packed together and sent from seller to buyer.

8. Condensation: drops of liquid forming, due to heat.

9. Contract Supplies: large quantities ordered under contract.

10. Demand : Number of orders.

11. Discount: Reduction in price allowed by the seller.

12. Draft: An order for payment, drawn up by a bank.

13. Entail : To cause, involve.

14. Evidently: Clearly, obviously.

15. Excessive: Too much.

16. Expendable: short lived, not durable.

17. The fashionable trade: business in high quality clothes.

18. Firm for five days: open for five days.

19. Firm order: definite order.

20. Grant: To allow.

21. If Stocks are cleared : If all goods are sold.

22. If you could see your way to increasing : if you agree to increase.

23. In stock : Available, ready for delivery.

24. In strict Rotation : In the very same order in which they arrive.

25. Keep pace with : Produce fast enough to meet. De acuerdo a la demanda.

26. Knowhow : Specialized knowledge, expertise.

27. Libera l: Generous.

28. Lines: Products, or groups of products.

29. Negotiate: discuss (terms, conditions)

30. Ousted : Taken the place of.

31. Overstocking: Ordering more than can be sold.

32. Premises: Buildings or offices where a business is carried on.

33. Pro-forma invoice : Invoice enabling a customer to see how much a consignment will cost.

34. Promote a product : Make the public aware of a product.

35. Prospective : potential.

36. Range : Selection of different products.

37. Replenish: Replaced what has been consumed.

38. Robust: Strong.

39. Sales Literature: advertising material.

40. Settlement : Payment.

41. Sustain : To keep up, maintain.

42. Withstand : Resist.

43. Working to capacity : Fully occupied.

44. Trade terms : prices paid by the dealer.

45. Transparencies : pictures projected onto a screen.

46. Ultra -lightweight: very light in deed.

47. Vintages: wines from grapes of particular years.

48. Well up to: at least as good as.

49. Without any obligation: free form any need to buy.

50. Withstand: resist.

51. Working to capacity: fully occupied.

Vocabulario del Capítulo 5 Orders and Execution of orders

52. Alternative : Another possibility.

53. Bear in mind: Remember, consider.

54. Content: Proportion, percentage.

55. Contents: what is contained in something.

56. Discretion: Judgment.

57. Extend: To make longer or larger, extension, extensive.

58. Indent: Order, one of a series of orders from a regular customer.

59. In the right frame of mind : Contented, in a good mood.

60. Keen competition : Hard Competition.

61. Keen price : Competitive price.

62. We are keen to help you : we are eager to help you.

63. Keep it for further reference : keep it so we can consult it later.

64. Match : Be similar to, harmonize with.

65. Observance of : paying attention to; acting in accordance with.

66. Pending: Awaiting

67. Reject: To refuse to accept.

68. Seconds: Goods which cannot be sold as perfect

69. Slump : Rapid fall.

70. Substitute : alternative offered if the article ordered is not available.

71. Vouch for : To express confidence in.

Vocabulario del Capítulo 7 Invoicing and Accounting

72. Discrepancy: error, disagreement.73. Carriage: freight, cost of transport.74. Warrant : justify, entitle us to.75. To query: to question, raise a question.76. To waive: to cancel, to overlook.77. Clerical error: office error.78. Outstanding: unpaid.79. Current liability: present debt, last account.80. 60 d/s: 60 days after sight.81. Meet: pay.82. Punctually met : paid when due.83. Without responsibility: no responsibility can be accepted.84. Overbuying: buying more than they can pay for.85. Kept: (in this case) paid promptly.

Vocabulario del Capítulo 9 Banking and payments in foreign trade

86. Current Account: the account into which a client pays his trading receipts and on which he draws his checks. No interest is paid on a current account.

87. Deposit Account: surplus funds from the current account are held in this, and receive interest.

88. Interest: the charge or profit due for lending money.89. Loan: Money lent, lend, borrow. Lender, borrower. Banks lend to their customers.

Customers borrow from their banks.90. Cheque: an order in writing from a person to his bank to pay on demand a certain sum to a

named person.91. Bill of exchange: an order in writing from one person to a bank or to another person, to

pay on demand or at a given date, a certain sum to the person named in the bill.92. Letter of credit: an arrangement with a bank by means of which a buyer guarantees

payment to a seller on fulfillment by the seller of certain agreed conditions.93. Draft: a document use to draw money from a source. Sometimes used to refer to the

money itself.94. Banker’s draft: a draft or cheque drawn by one bank on another.95. Banker’s transfer: transfer of money from the bank account of a debtor to the bank

account of his creditor by order of the debtor.96. Overdraft : a debit balance on the bank customer’s current account.97. Security: a document of value given as cover for a loan.98. Trustee: person appointed to protect the interests and property of a person unable to do

so for himself.99. Executor: person appointed to carry out the wishes of another person deceased.

Vocabulario: terminology of drafts

100. Acceptance: an accepted bill; the act of accepting.101. Agent: any person who acts, under authority, for another person.102. Beneficiary: the person benefiting by a draft.103. Clean B/E: a bill of exchange without documents.104. Clean B/L: a bill of lading for goods in good condition.105. Commission: a charge made on a percentage basis for services.106. Copies: reproductions of a document.

107. Correspondent: sometimes this term is used for a bank which acts as an agent for another bank.

108. Days of grace: 3 days extra in which to settle a time bill.109. Defaulter: a person who fails to pay a debt.110. Documentary Draft: a B/E attached to shipping documents.111. Domiciliation: the depositing of a bill by a drawee with a bank for payment when due.112. Drawerlee: a drawer is the person who draws a bill; a drawee is the person drawn upon.113. Due date: the date by which a bill must be paid.114. Dues: another word for money due for services.115. Endorse: to sign a document (cheque, bill) passing rights in it to another person.116. Evidence: to prove; to show proof.117. Expire (to): to come to an end; to be no longer valid.118. Extend (to): to make a document valid for a longer period.119. Honour (to): to pay bill when due; to fulfill an obligation or meet liability.120. Indemnify (to): to compensate a person or free him from liability.121. Irrevocable Credit: a credit which cannot be cancelled.122. Letter of hypothecation: a letter given by an exporter to a bank when money is lent

against goods shipped.123. Negotiate (to ): to sell, or to discount a bill.124. Payerlee: payer- one who pays; payee – one who receives.125. Present (to): to send a B/E to the drawee for payment.126. Proceeds: the money received from a sale.127. Prosecute (to): to take legal action against a person when law is transgressed.128. Protection: please pay when due.129. Protest (to): to notify publicly the non-payment of a B/E so that legal action can be taken.130. Re-imburse (to): pay back money spent by a person on one’s behalf.131. Remit (to): to send money.132. Renew (to): to issue again; extend; make valid again.133. Security: documents or valuables given as cover for loan.134. Stamp duty: tax payable on certain documents.135. Sue (to ): to take legal action for non-payment.136. Surrender (to): to hand over, or give up, documents.137. Valid: effective; in order; having force.

Vocabulario: INSURANCE TERMS

138. Insurers: name given to the people who undertake to indemnify the insured.139. Insured: owners of the goods, whether sellers or buyers, who pay what is called a

premium to the insurers.140. Underwriters: another word to call insurers; to underwrite the proportion of the

indemnification they are prepared to bear.141. Floating Policy: policy that covers a large quantity of goods for a fairly long period.142. Open Cover: a procedure of insurance by which there is a rather arrangement between

the insurer and the insured.143. Cover note: is a small document issued by the insurance agents to their customers, to tell

them that their goods are insured.144. Premium: name given to the sum of money paid by the firm insuring its goods, and it is

quoted as a percentage.

Vocabulario: Capitulo 11. Complaints and replies to complaints

145. Awkward: difficult, inconvenient.146. Bulk: the goods delivered in a sale by sample; the majority, most of the goods.147. Check up: to see is everything is all right.148. Cope with: to manage, but always with some difficulty.149. Dispose of: to get rid of; to sell150. Finish: the completed surface of the article or material.151. Item: used only to refer to something in a list, in a catalogue.152. Line: the kind of material or article dealt in or made, the kind of business.153. Missing: what is not there but should be.154. Pilferage: Petty theft.155. Replacement: In the case of breakage or wrong delivery another consignment of the

goods ordered is sent to take place of the broken, damaged or wrongly delivered goods.156. Staff: the employees.157. Substantial: Big, large.158. Take for granted: to presume.159. Texture: structure of material, thickness, weave of fabric.160. Viewpoint: point of view.

Vocabulario: Types of documents

161. User Manual: It tells you how a piece of equipment Works.162. Lette r: A paper communication which goes by email.163. Memo : An internal message usually from one person to a group of people.164. Sales Brochure : It gives information about the company’s products165. Sales Report : It contains figures on how much money people have spent on the

company’s products in, for example, a month.166. Fax: A message sent by facsimile machine.167. Contract: A legal Agreement between two parties.168. Invoice: The paper which tells you how much you must pay when you buy something

from a company.169. Order form: A paper which fill in when you want to buy something from a company.170. Annual Report: A document which tells you about the company’s performance over the

year, including the accounts for the year.171. Mailshot: It tells possible customers, for example, about new product or service.172. Newsletter: It tells people – Usually people outside the company – about the life

organization.173. In-house magazine: It tells people - Usually people inside the company – about the life

organization.174. Minutes : A report of a meeting.175. Agenda: A list of things to discuss at a meeting.176. Catalogue: A list of things sold by a company.177. Directory: A book with list of telephone numbers or other information.

ECONOMIC TERMS178. Central Bank: The principal national banking authority.179. Exchange Rate: The value of national currency against other currencies.180. Inflation: A measure of retail price increases.181. Interest Rates: The annual cost of borrowing money from a Bank.182. Invisible Earnings: Income in foreign currency for services such as banking, insurance,

tourism

183. Manufacturing industry: The part of the economy that makes products and changes raw materials into products.

184. National Debt: The total amount of money that a government owes.185. Public sector borrowing requirement: The money a government needs to borrow to pay

for what it does.186. Public spending: Government Spending.187. Service sector: The part of the economy that does not make goods. Also known as the

tertiary sector.188. Training: Education and skills development for young people and the unemployed.189. Unemployment Rate: The number, or percentage of people out of work.

Financial planning terms190. Break-even point : is the amount of sales a company needs to cover all costs.191. Gross Profit Margin: is the profit the business makes before costs are considered.192. Profitability: shows how a business might make profits. 193. Turnover: is the total amount of sales, before costs are deducted.194. Core activity: is the main product or service which the business provides.195. Setting-up costs: are the costs involved in creating a new business196. Overhead s: are the normal costs of a business, which do not change if production rises.197. Net Profit Margin: is a calculation of profit after deducting the cost of sales and

overheads.198. Cost of sales: are all the costs directly associated with producing the products.199. Selling costs: are all costs directly concerned with getting customers to bye products and

moving them to the customer.

Financial Documents:

200. Profit and Loss Account: a formal description of income and costs for a time period that has finished.

201. Balance Sheet: a formal description of a company’s financial position at a specified moment.

202. Cash Budget: a plan of cash income and cash spending for a specific period of time.203. Share certificate: a document which represents a part of the total stock value of a

company and which shows who owns it.204. Tender: a formal letter with an offer to supply goods or services, containing a description

of the project, including costs, materials, personnel, time plans, etc.205. Business plan: a description of the ways a new business hopes to make money, showing

possible income and expenditure.206. Insurance certificate: a document which states that a named person has paid for

protection against accidental loss or damage of goods or property.207. Letter of credit: an official notification from a bank that it will lend money to a customer.

MARKETS TERMS

208. Expansion: getting bigger, growth.209. Opportunity: chance to do something.210. Previously: before.211. Unprofitable: not making any money.212. Passenger: someone who travels in a car, train, boat or plane.213. Average: typical or usual.

WEB TERMS

214. Shift : move.215. Media: television, radio, magazines, newspapers, internet, etc.216. Alternatives: different options or choices.217. Forecasters: people who say what they think will happen in the future.218. Overtake: be more than.219. Declined: got smaller, went down.

MARKETING PLANNING TERMS:

220. Domestic Market: the market consisting of the country where a company is based and no other countries.

221. Threats: factors which may have a negative effect on company performance, but which are outside the company’s control and are indentified during analysis of marketing performance and prospects.

222. Franchise: a contract which allows another company to make your product and states the terms of payment

223. Pirating: the action of making illegal duplicates of copyright material.224. Multinational: a large company with subsidiaries in many different countries.225. Weaknesses: factors which probably negative effect on company performance are within

the company’s control and are identified during an analysis of marketing performance and prospects.

GLOSSARY226. Advertising agency: a company that creates advertisements and plans an advertising

campaign.227. Advertising schedule: shows the topics planned for forthcoming issues of a magazine or

newspaper.228. Art director: the person responsible for the design and production of an advertisement.229. Banner ad: an online advertisement at the top, bottom, or side of a website, containing a

link to another website.230. Benchma r king : comparing a product, service, or company to others in order to establish

a standard.231. Billboard: a large outdoor advertisement, often appearing alongside roads or city

centres.232. Blanket family name: a company uses a blanket family name when all its products

contain the same name.233. Brand equity: the value of a brand.234. Brand loyalty: a strong consumer preference for one brand.235. Brand Values: the values according to which a company makes its decisions related to

that brand.236. Break-even point : the point at which the volume of revenues equals the company’s total

expenses.237. Bulk discount: it is given to customers buying a large amount.238. Branding: the process of giving a product or service a specific identity239. Buzz: to get people talking about a product240. Captive product pricing: charging a high amount for an item that complements a low-cost

item.241. Cash discount: a discount offered for payment in cash.242. Circulation: the number of readers a publication reaches.

243. Copywriter: the person who writes the text for advertisements.244. Corporate Identity: The identity of a company as formed by its name, logo, slogan and

the language used by the company to describe itself.245. Demographic information: information such as age, gender and income.246. Direct Marketing: marketing directly to the customer using letters, leaflets, catalogues,

door-to-door selling. (telemarketing)247. Distribution channel: the route a company uses to distribute its goods.248. Economy pricing: pricing items very low to encourage sales.249. Field research: market research done outside the company using observation or surveys

with questionnaires.250. Focus Group: is a small group of people brought together to answer market research

questions.251. Generic: products without a brand name.252. Geographical pricing: pricing items according to where they are being sold.253. Giveaway: an item, such as a pen or key chain that prominently features the company’s

logo.254. Going rate: the average cost of a product or service.255. Hypermarket: a huge store containing all the features of a supermarket.256. To launch: introduce something onto the market in an attention-getting way.257. Market Research: process of learning about what products and services people want and

what price they’re willing to pay.258. Market segment: a group of consumers that share a similar buying behavior.259. Market share: the percentage of the total market held by a given company.260. Marketing plan: a detailed plan describing how a product or service will be marketed.261. Media Mention: an item about a company in a newspaper, magazine, online publication,

on television, or on the radio.262. 4 Ps: Product, price, placement and promotion. Must be considered in every marketing

professional.263. Penetration price: pricing something very low to gain market share.264. Placement: refers to the distribution channels through which a product is sold.265. Premium prices: pricing product or service high in order to establish it as a luxury item.266. Press release: a short text distributed o journalists giving information on a product, event

or person.267. Price: the amount of money a product or service costs.268. Price skimming: the practice of charging a high price for a product or service that only

your company offers.269. Price war: a competition between companies to offer the lowest prices.270. Product endorsement: a positive comment by a satisfied customer.271. Product life cycle: consists of four stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline.272. Product line: a related series of items sold by a company.273. Product portfolio: all the products sold by a company. (product mix)274. Promotional discount: a temporary discount offered on a product to encourage sales.275. Psychographic information: information on a consumer’s lifestyle, beliefs and values.276. Public relations officer: a public relations officer creates and maintains good relations

between his or her organization and the public.277. Rate sheet: a sheet listing the prices for advertising in a magazine, newspaper or on a

website.278. Rebranding: creating a new brand identity for a product or service.279. Recommended retail price: the selling price suggested by the manufacturer.280. Respondent pool: the people to whom a survey or questionnaire is sent.

281. Response rate: the percentage of people who respond to a questionnaire or a direct marketing campaign.

282. Retail store: a store where private individuals shop.283. Slogan: a short, memorable sentence used to advertise a company product.284. Target market: the group to which a company intends to sell.285. Telemarketing: marketing by means of telephone calls.286. User profile: customer information stored electronically, especially for online shoppers.287. USP : unique selling proposition, states the unique benefit of buying or using a product.288. Vehicle ad: an advertisement placed on a bus, train or automobile.289. Wholesaler: a company which distributes manufacturer’s products to retailers and other

distributors. They don’t usually sell to the end-users directly.

Business Strategy Terms

290. Strategy: is a plan291. Grow: to increase in wealth, size or importance.

292. Expansion Strategy: planned policies to make a company bigger or more successful.

293. Acquisition : to buy another company or part of a company.

294. Takeover: gaining control of a company by buying more of its shares than anyone else.

295. Joint Venture: Two or more companies or individuals with the intention of working

together.

296. Consortium: is a group of people or firms who have agreed to co-operate with each

other.

297. Join Forces : to work together in order to achieve a common aim.

298. Merge/merger: Merger is the joining together of two separate companies or

organizations so that they become one.

299. Global Reach: ability to have customers in many different parts of the world.

300. Local Partner: companies based in foreign countries with whom they form a partnership

in order to help them to start doing business in that country.

International Trade Terms301. Free Trade: to buy and sell goods without any financial restrictions such as taxes.

302. Exports: goods sold to another country and sent there.

303. Imports: products or raw materials bought from another country for use in your own

country.

304. Invisible exports/imports: services such as banking, insurance and tourism.

305. Balance of payments: is the difference between the payments it makes to other

countries for imports and the payments it receives from other countries for exports.

306. Exchange Rate: the amount of another country’s currency that you get in exchange for

it.

307. Protectionism: policy some country’s have of helping their own industries by putting a

large tax on imported goods or by restricting imports in some other way.

308. Tariff: is a tax that a government collects on goods coming into a country.

309. Customs duty: are taxes that people pay for importing and exporting goods.

310. Quota: is an official limit on the minimum or maximum number of something.

311. Domestic Market : is the market which exists within a particular country.

312. Open Market: where the goods are advertised and sold to anyone who wants to buy

them.

313. World Trade Organization: is an international organization that encourages and

regulates trade between its member states. Abbreviation WTO.

GLOSSARY OF SELECTED BUSINESS TERMS

314. Account: a record of financial item, usually in a journal or ledger

315. Accountant: person who keeps or adjusts accounts

316. Accounts receivable: revenue money that a company expects to come in.

317. Acronym: a word formed by the first letters of a series of words. For example: IBM for

International Business Machines.

318. Ad: Abbreviated form of the word advertisement.

319. Advertising Agent: a person responsible for promoting the sale of goods and services

offered by a company.

320. Appraise: to evaluate.

321. Arbitration: a settlement between two business parties usually management and the

employees union.

322. Assembly line: an arrangement, often in a factory, where employees are designated a

specific task in the process of putting together a certain product.

323. Assets: what a company owns as well as cash.

324. Attachment: enclosure with a letter.

325. Audiovisual: Material used in giving presentation. Can be film, projector, VCR, charts, etc.

326. Backlog: an accumulation of work not done.

327. Back order: an order not yet filled.

328. Baronial envelopes: business envelopes with a window for the address.

329. Bill: to send an account to be paid.

330. Billboard: a large signboard to advertise a product.

331. Bonds: certificates that yield interest after a specified date.

332. Bonus: a supplement to a salary.

333. Buy: purchase, acquire.

334. Bookkepping : keeping records of business transactions.

335. Bottleneck: a slowdown in the production process.

336. Branch: subsidiary of a parent company.

337. Brand name: the label identifying a product with a company.

338. Break even: to have revenues equal to costs.

339. Briefcase: attach.

340. Brochures : pamphlets, leaflets.

341. Canvassing letters : letters aimed at soliciting funds.

342. Certified Check : a check that guarantees payment.

343. Complimentary closing: a courteous expression before signing of in a letter.

344. Conglomerate: a large corporation composed of several different industries.

345. Consumers: people who will bye products for personal use.

346. Controller: person in charge of expenditures or finances for a business.

347. Cover letter: letter that accompanies a resume.

348. Creditor : a person who lends money.

349. Currency: money used in a particular country

350. Custom made: made to order.

351. Cutbacks: reductions in expenses.

352. Deficit: the amount that represents more losses than profits.

353. Discount: a reduction in a previously determined price.

354. Disks : used to store computer programs.

355. Distributor: an agent who brings the products from the manufacturer to the retailer.

356. Enclosures: documents included in the same envelope as the main document.

357. Entrepreneur: a business investor.

358. Executive secretary: secretary in a top management sector.

359. Expand: to spread out or extend: to become greater.

360. Expense account: a record of money spent.

361. Extension number : a phone connected to the main line.

362. Facilities: buildings, special rooms.

363. Fee: amount charged for a service.

364. Field : a specialized area of work.

365. Figures: in accounting numbers.

366. File: an orderly arrangement of papers.

367. Financial statement: an abstract of financial account.

368. Firm: a business company.

369. Flexible hours: changeable hours.

370. Flip chart: a large board made up of sheets of papers for writing on while giving

presentations.

371. Fringe benefits: extras after salary. For example car expenses and dental care.

372. Fund-raising: a campaign to obtain money from various sources.

373. Funds: available money.

374. Gain: increase, increment, win.

375. Goals: plans for the future.

376. Goods: products.

377. Grievances: complains about unfair treatment.

378. Growth potential: the possibility for a company to expand.

379. Hard sell: pressured sells technique.

380. Headline: a title.

381. Hire: to employ, engage the services of someone for pay.

382. Improve: make or become better, advance.

383. Inventory: a list of items a company has in stock.

384. Invoice: a list of goods or services together with the charges.

385. Job description: written description of the duties of a certain job.

386. Job lot: a group of products manufactured at the same time.

387. Joint venture: two or more companies unite for a specified business transaction.

388. Justification: a report in which expenses are accounted for.

389. Keyboard: a set of keys, as on a typewriter or computer.

390. Know-how: acquired knowledge about a certain field.

391. Land-office business: a business that is growing very quickly.

392. Layout: the design.

393. Leading company: a top company.

394. Leaflets: brochures or pamphlets.

395. Leasing business: a business that rents out equipment.

396. Ledger: a special book to keep a record of expenses.

397. Letterhead: the name of a company, address and logo on business letters.

398. Liabilities: money a company owes.

399. Lose: miss, mislay, drop, be reduced.

400. Marketing representative: a person hired by a company to increase its business activities

through sales and advertising.

401. Market price: what people are willing to pay for an item.

402. Merchandise: products to be sold.

403. Merge: to unite, join, combine.

404. Middleman: an agent, usually between the manufacturer and the retailer.

405. Morale: attitude, either positive or negative.

406. Mortgage: money borrowed from a bank to buy land or buildings.

407. Multinationals: corporations that have branches in several countries around the world.

408. Overstock: to have more products on the shelves than you are able to sell.

409. Overtime work: working more than regular hours.

410. Overworked: to work beyond one’s capacities or job description.

411. Pallets: platforms on which to load merchandise.

412. Personnel: all the people who work in a company.

413. Policy: principle or polities within an organization.

414. Post-dated check: a bank check that is written out for payment on a future date.

415. Postscript: a note added after a writer has signed a letter.

416. Printer: machine attached to a computer to render the data on paper.

417. Procedure: a particular way of doing something, the sequence of steps to be followed.

418. Promote: to increase the sales of a product through various marketing techniques.

419. Proposal: an offer or plan presented for acceptance.

420. Public relations: a set of actions taken in order to crate a favorable image of an

organization or company.

421. Qualified prospect: a potential client.

422. Questionnaire: a form distributed to the public to collect data for a study.

423. Quota: a predetermined amount of items to sell.

424. Raise: an increase in earnings.

425. Rate: the amount of something in comparison with units of something else; the price or

value; cost of particular service, commodity.

426. Real state: buying and selling land and buildings.

427. Receipt: a written acknowledgement that something has been received.

428. Resume: a curriculum vitae; a summary of work experience and education.

429. Retailer: One who sells to the consumer.

430. Rooting: the path a product travels from the manufacturer to the retailer.

431. Sales pitch: a high-pressure sales talk aimed at closing a sale with a client.

432. Sales rep: sales representative.

433. Salutation: how you address someone in a letter.

434. Savings account: Money in a bank that yields interest.

435. Seminar: a short intensive training session.

436. Schedule: a list of times of events and proposed activities.

437. Share: parts of equal value into which the capital stock of a company or corporation is

divided.

438. Shareholders: persons who own shares in a corporation or company.

439. Shareholding program: program to allow employees to receive shares in the company

and to benefit from the company’s profits.

440. Shift: working hours –9 -5, 4-12, or 12-8, for example.

441. Ship: Transport goods.

442. Stockbroker: an agent in the buying and selling of stocks and bonds.

443. Subject line: line in a business letter that indicates what the topic is.

444. Subordinate: below another person in rank, importance, or power.

445. Subsidy: money given to help corporations, usually by governments.

446. Supervisor: manager.

447. Supplies: materials and equipment necessary for running a business.

448. Survey: a study made through the analysis of questionnaires.

449. Time sheet: form to fill in the hours you worked.

450. Tip: useful information.

451. Top dollar: the highest price you can get for an item.

452. Train: to develop skills or gain knowledge.

453. Trends: tendencies, what is popular at the time; current styles.

454. Union: an organization of workers for mutual aid and protection, especially in their

relations with the employers; labor union.

455. Wages : salary.

456. Warranty: a guarantee.

457. Weaken: reduce the strength.

458. Wholesale: the selling of goods in large quantities and usually at lower prices, usually to

retailers.

459. Word processing: a computer program for writing documents.

460. Write copy: to write an ad

461. Revenue : is income that a company receives from its normal business activities.

462. Supply : provide; reserve of goods.

463. Timetable : calendar, schedule, program.

464. Worthwhile : useful, valuable, worthy.

465. Price cut : a reduction of the price.

466. Back us up : assist, support.

467. Drawback : disadvantage, difficulty, inconvenient.

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1. IMF: International Monetary Fund

2. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

3. PSBR: Public Sector Borrowing Requirement

4. GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

5. EU: European Union

6. GNP: Gross National Product

7. OECD: Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development

8. ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations

9. IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

10. WWF: World Wildlife Fund

11. UN: United Nations

12. WHO: World Health Organization

13. GDP: Gross Domestic Product

14. VAT: Value Added Tax

15. PLC: Public Limited Company

16. Ltd: Limited

17. & Co.: and company

18. CWO: Cash With Order

19. COD: Cash on Delivery

20. C.I.F.: Cost, Insurance, Freight.

21. PAYE: Pay As You Earn

22. P/e ratio: price/earnings ratio

23. P & L account: Profit and Loss Account

Invoicing and Accounting Abbreviations

24. Dr.: Debit

25. Cr.: Credit

26. A/C: account

27. c/f: carried forward.

28. b/f: brought forward

29. Bal.: balance

30. c.w.o.: cash with order,

31. N/C: no charge.

Otras abreviaciones

32. FYI: For Your Information

33. CEO: Chief Executive Officer

34. VP: Vice President

35. HR: Human Resources

36. R&D: Research and Development

37. AGM: Annual General Meeting

38. ASAP: As Soon As Possible

39. n/a: not available

40. PA: Personal Assistant

41. OK: All right

VAS: VALUE ADDED SERVICE

D/P:Documents against payment

D/A: Documents against acceptance