Vitamin C 3

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Newly Discovered

Health Benefits of

VIT MIN C

Vitamin C is rapidly finding new applications in protecting

against endothelial dysfunction, high blood pressure, and the

blood vessel changes that precede heart disease.

A dditional

research is discovering that vitamin C can be helpfiil in pre-

venting asthma/ protecting against cancer,^ and supporting

healthy blood sugar levels in diabetics. ^

While often taken for granted, vitamin C is a critical supple-

ment in your program to improve cardiac health and avoid

degenerative diseases. >>

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NEWLY DISCOVERED HEALTH BENEFITS OF VITAMIN C

Vitamin CBreakthroughs in

Cardiovascular Health

One of the most intensely studied areas of vita-

min C benefits is in the area of cardiovascular health.

Researchers are finding that vitamin C impacts several

aspects of cardiac health, ranging from blood pressure to

endothelial health. P erhaps it's not surprising that as the

relationship between oxidative damage, inflammation,

and atherosclerosis becomes increasingly investigated

by science, vitamin

C

is seen as a key protective element

against many aspects of cardiovascular disease.

For years, scientists have warned us against the

dangerous buildup of plaque that can lead to a heart

attack or stroke. Research ers are investigating the pos-

sibilities that vitamin C may play a role in reducing

our risk of plaque buildup.

In the early stages of atherosclerosis, white blood

cells called monocytes migrate and stick to the walls of

the endothelium. Once this process begins, our vessel

walls begin to thicken and lose their elasticity, which

paves the way for atherosclerosis.

Interestingly, Biitish re sea rche rs studied the effects of

vitamin C supplementation (250 mg/day) on this adhe-

sion process in 40 healthy ad ults.' Before the study, sub-

jects with low pre-supplementation levels of vitamin C

had 30% gi-eater monocyte adhesion than normal, put-

ting them at higher risk for atherosclerosis. Impressively,

after six weeks of supplementation, the rate of this dan-

gerous mon ocyte adh esion actually fell by 37%.

The researchers went on to demonstrate that the

sam e small dose of vitamin C was able to norma lize

a molecule that white blood cells use to adhere to the

endothelium.'* The findings indicated that through

supplementation with vitamin C, scientists were able

to regulate how specific genes produce vital proteins,

thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease at

the molecular level.

Building on this important work, scientif ic

re.searchers in 2005 studied the impact of antioxidant

supplementation on degenerative aort ic stenosis , an

age-associated h eart valve disorder that h as an inflam-

ma toiy component.*^ The scientists studied 100 patien ts

wi th mi ld- to-modera te aor t ic s tenos is , randomly

assigning 41 of them to receive vitamins C (1,000 mg/

day) and E {400 IU/day), 39 to receive vitamin C only

(1,000 mg/day), and 20 to serve as untreated controls.

Both supplemented groups experienced significant

reductions in levels of several important adhesion

molecules, potentially reducing further inflammatory

damage to the heart valves.

And just as vitam in

C

helps preserve vascu lar integ-

rity, it is also proving beneficial in combating other

risk factors for endo thelial dysfunction and cardiov as-

cular disease.

Lipid Profiles Blood Pressure

and Body Mass Index

Most people have leamed to pay at tention to th

amount and kinds of fats and cholesterol in the

blood (lipid profiles), their blood pressure, and the

body mass index (BMI), the most meaningful me

sure of how weight and health are related. This grou

of parameters not only influences endothelial fim

tion but is instrumental in laying down atheroscl

rotic plaque, helping set the stage for atheroscleros

Data from just the past few years reveal that vitami

C plays an important role in helping to prevent suc

a scenario.

In 2000, British researchers reported a six-mont

double-b lind stud y of vitamin C 500 mg/day v ersu

placebo in 40 men and women, aged 60-80 years. ' Th

study was a crossover design in which subjects too

the assigned pills for three months, stopped them fo

one week, and then reversed their assignments fo

another three months; this is a parliculai-ly stron

study design because it helps to eliminate individu

differences. T he results were impressive daytime sy

tolic blood pressure dropped by an average of 2 mm

Hg, with the greatest drop seen in subjects who ha

the highest initial pressure s. Wom en in the study als

had a m odest increase in their beneficial h igh-densit

lipoprotein (HDL) levels. The authors concluded tha

these effects might contribute to the reported ass

ciation between higher vitamin C intake and lowe

risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke.

Researchers in South Carolina conducted a 200

study of

3

patients with a mean age of 62 years, wh

were randomly assigned to take 500, 1 000 or 2,00

mg of vitaminCdaily for eight m onth s. ' This researc

group actually found a drop in both systolic (4.5 mm

Hg) and diastolic (2.8 mm Hg) blood pressure ove

the course of supplem entation, al though there was n

change in blood lipid levels. Interestingly, this stud

found no differences between the groups taking th

various doses, though the number of subjects wa

small and a larger study might have demonstrate

important dose-related differences.

Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumferenc

correlate well with risk for cardiovascular disease

and diabetes.

A

landmark 2007 study from nutri t io

ists at the University of Arizona exp lored the relation

ships between vitamin

C

levels, body m ass index, an

waist circumference. '^In 118 sede ntaiy non-smok in

adults , 54% of whom were classif ied as obese an

24% overweight by BMI standards, lower vi tamin

levels were significantly correlated with higher BM

percentage of body fat , and waist circumferenc

Wom en with hig her vitamin C levels also had h ighe

levels of the fat-suppressing hormone, adiponecti

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This remarkable study demonstrated a vital relation-

ship between vitamin levels and obesity-related risk

factors for cardiovascular disease.

Vascular Stiffness and Coagulation

The development of atherosclerosis involves dys-

function of the vascular endothelium. As plaque

accumulates and as vessel walls thicken, blood ves-

sels become increasingly

stiff

making them less able

to participate in blood pressure control and to deliver

appropriate amounts of blood flow. Endothelial dys-

function increases the tendency for arterial block-

age due to a blood clot, or thrombosis. Like several

oth er athero genic chan ges, these effects are related

to the impact of free-radical damage.'^ Vitamin C's

antioxidant characteristics are showing great power

in reducing or even reversing some of these oininous

vascular changes.

Medical researchers explored the impact of vita-

min C supp lem ents on both arte rial stiffness and

platelet aggregation (an important early step in clot

form atio n). They provided vitamin C in a single

2,000 mg oral dose, or placebo, to healthy male volun-

teers. Just six hours after supplementation, measures

of arteria l stiffness decrea sed by 10% in the supple-

mented group, and platelet aggregation (as stimulat-

ed chemically) by 35%, with no changes at all seen

in the placebo group. As the authors point out, this

impressive im pact of vitamin C even in healthy sub-

jects m ay imply an even greater effect in patients with

atherosclerosis or cardiovascu lar risk factors, and that

vitamin

supplementation might prove an effective

therapy in cardiovascular disease.

Many other studies have further advanced our

und erstan ding of how vitamin C might reduce ath-

erosclerosis risk factors. '^ '^ '^ Finnish researchers

studied 440 adults aged 45-69 years with elevated

total serum cholesterol.' Subjects took daily doses of

just 500 mg slow-release vitam in C and 272 IU vita-

min E and were followed for six years for evidence

of progression of atherosclerotic changes in blood

vessels. The chief study outcome was the

intuna-me-

dia thickness,

or IMT (an indicator of stroke risk) of

the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain.

Sup plem entatio n w ith vitam ins C and E significantly

decreased the rate of IMT increase over the six-year

period by26%.Importantly, this effect was even larger

in people with low baseline vitamin

levels and those

with pre-existing plaques in their coronary arteries.

In other words, supplementation seemed to provide

the greatest benefit to those with the greatest need.

This study shows that supplementation with vitamin

C slows down the progression of stroke-inducing

atherosclerosis.

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is a potent antioxi-

dant with increasingly diverse uses in health

promotion and disease prevention.

Every step in the progres sion of atherosclero sis

can benefit from the antioxidant power of vita-

min C, from preventing endothelia dysfunc tion

and altering lipid profiles and coa gulation fac-

tors to preventing blood vessel changes that can

lead to strokes and other vascular catastrophes.

Vitam in C supplemen ts reduce cellular DNA

damage that is the vital first step in cancer

init iat ion and also reduce the inf lamm atory

changes that allow a malignant cell to grow

into a dangerous tu mor.

Vitam in C supplements enhance the health-

promoting effects of exercise and reduce

exercise-induced oxidative damage.

Vitam in C supplem ents also dramatically com -

bat the oxidative damage caused by smoking

and exposure to tobacco sm oke.

In respiratory cond it ions, vitam in C supple-

ments help avert or shorten the duration of

common colds and may mit igate the risk of

serious respiratory co ndit ions like asthma.

Vitam in C suppleme nts can speed the clear-

ance ofthe stomach disease-causing bacterium

eli Obacter

pylor and cut the risk of gastric

cancer it causes.

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NEWLY DISCOVERED HEALTH BENEFITS OF VITAMIN C

Maximizing Healthy Lifestyle Choices

In ou r efforts to re duc e the risk of heart dise ase, reg-

ular exercise plays an important part in maintaining

a healthy lifestyle. The increased delivery of oxygen-

rich blood to tissues is a vital part of the process

but it can also produce destructive free radicals. '^

Clearly, the solution is no t to stop exercising Rather,

a series of recent studies shows how supplementation

with vitaminCcan m itigate free-radical da ma ge from

intense exercise.

British researchers evaluated the effects of just two

weeks of modest vitamin C supp leme ntation (200 mg

twice daily) on the recovery from an unaccustomed

bou t of exercise.'** Eight healthy men were given eithe r

a placebo or vitamin

C

supplem entation each day, and

after 14 days performed a 90-minute-Iong runnin g test.

The supplemented group had less muscle soreness,

better muscle function, and lower blood levels of the

oxidative stress-induced molecule maiondialdehyde.

And although both groups experienced post-exercise

elevations in levels of the inflammatory cytokine inter-

leukin-6, increases in the supplemented group were

smaller than in the placebo recipients. The scientists

concluded that p rolonged vitamin C supplementa-

tion has some modest beneficial effects on recovery

from unaccustomed exercise.

^*^

Timing

is critical,

however. When the researchers repeated their study

with sub jects who took vitamin C only

after

exercise,

no benefit was seen.''^

Oxidative stress du ring exercise induces significant

changes in proteins, producing compounds known as

protein carbonyls.^'^ Measuring levels of protein car-

bonyls is therefore a useful indicator of oxidation.^'

Exercise scientists at the University of North Carolina

studied the impact of vitamin

C

supplementation (500

or 1,000 mg/day for two weeks) compared with place-

bo on oxidative stress indicators in 12 healthy men.^^

As expected, exercise acutely reduced total blood lev-

els of antioxidants in both groups. Levels of protein

carbon yls increase d by nearly four-fold in the placeb o

group, w hile vi taminCrecipients experienced little or

no elevation. This vital study demonstrates that vita-

min C can protect aga inst exercise-induced prote in

oxidation in a dose-dependent fashion.

Muscle soreness after exercising can be a big dis-

incentive to continue on a healthy fitness program.

That's why the subse quen t findings of that UNC group

are so im portan t . The scientists gave vitamin C sup-

plements (3,000 mg/day) or placebo to a group of 18

healthy men for two weeks before and four days after

performing 70

r

epe tition s of an elbow extension exer-

cise.^^ Not suiprisingly, considerable muscle soreness

ensued, but it was significantly reduced in the sup-

plemented group. The release of creatine kinase, an

indicator of muscle damage, was also at tenuated wit

vitamin C, compared with the placebo group. Bloo

levels of natural antioxidants fell significantly in pl

cebo subjects, while vi tamin C supplem entation com

pletely prevented this change. Results such as thes

suggest that the supplemented group would be muc

more enthusiastic about exercising the next day

Minim izing Unhealthy Lifestyle Choices

Vitamin C may offer important protective benefi

for smokers and those who are passively exposed t

tobacco smoke.

Smoking has been linked with elevated levels o

C-reactive (CRP) protein, an inflammatory marke

linked with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseas

s

Life Extension

reade rs know, it is crucial to m onito

your CRP levels through regular blood testing and t

keep your CRP under control in order to limit cardi

vascular problems. Fortunately, vi tamin C has bee

shown to play a role in helping to combat excessiv

CRP levels.

Researchers in Berkeley evaluated the impact o

antioxidant supplementation on blood levels of CR

in both active and passive smokers.'^' ' They studie

160 healthy adults who were actively or passivel

exposed to cigarette smoke and randomly assigned t

receive placebo, vitamin C (515 mg/day). or an ant

oxidant mixture (including vitamins C, E, and lipoi

acid). Subjects in the vitamin C group un denv ent

significant 24% reduction in their plasma CRP co

centrations, while neither of the other groups showe

a significant change. This remarkable result provide

strong sLipport for chro nic sup plem entatio n with vit

min C. whether or not you smoke.

Smoking causes cancer in part by directly dama

ing DNA, which is a vital first step in the onset of can

cer. In study ing the effect of vitam in

C

supplements o

reducing DNA damag e in blood cells, Danish research

ers gave relatively low doses (500 mg/day) of vitam in

as plain-release or slow-release tablets combin ed wit

vitamin E (182 mg/day), or placebo, for four weeks t

a group of male smokers.^^ The slow-release formul

tion of vitaminCreduced the num ber of DNA damag

sites m easu red in white blood cells just four a nd eigh

hours after a single tablet, a positive result that wa

still evident at four weeks. The plain-release tablet

also exerted a protective effect at four hours, sugges

ing benefits of long-term vitamin C supplementatio

in minimizing DNA damag e.

Once DNA is damaged, however, smoking induce

pro-inflammatoi7 changes that can allow a malignan

cell to become a dangerous tumor as well as causin

blood vessel damage associated with atherosclerosi

Vitamin C supp lem entation is a logical appr oach t

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NEWLY DISCOVERED HEALTH BENEFITS

OF

VITAMIN

C

Vitamin

and

the

Importance

of Antioxidants

Oxidative damage and the resultant inflam-

matory changes are now known to lie at the root

of most common chronic conditions in humans,

such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.^ ''^ '^

Although for many years it was thought that tissue

ischemia (lack of oxygen-rich blood) caused the

damage from acute conditions such as myocardial

infarction {heart attack) and stroke, today we recog-

nize instead that it is the sudden

restoration

of vital

oxygen and the consequent production of reactive

oxygen species that wreak major havoc on surviving

tissue. This so-called ischervia reperfusioninjury is

also now recognized as a critical factor in brain in-

jury following bleeding and head trauma.

Reactive oxygen species are harmful in other

ways as wellthey contribute to the DNA damage

that is the first step in converting healthy cells into

malignant cancers^ and they impair many of th e

checks and balances inherent in our immune sys-

tems, rendering us potentially vulnerable to dead-

ly infections and their consequences.^^ Finally,

healthy lifestyle choices such as exercise '* and

unhealthy activities such as smoking and excessive

alcohol consumption'''^''^^ produce reactive oxygen

species that must be controlled to prevent tissue

injury. Scientists studying all of these conditions are

rapidly developing a strong appreciation for vitamin

C's powerful potential as a preventive and often

therapeutic supplement.

While vitamin C is generally considered safe

and wcll-tolerated, a fewwords of caution apply.

Individualswho have certain hematologic disorders

suchasthalassemia, anem ia,orglucose-6-phosphate

deficiency should consult a physician before supple-

menting with vitaminC,asshould preg nant ornurs-

ing women.

Summary

Modern scienceisnow eagerly embracing vitamin

C s enorm ous potentialas an antioxidant capable of

preventing and, in some cases, reversing a hostof

human

ills.

Helping tom aximize the beneficial effects

of exercise while minimizing

the

impact

of

destruc-

tive toxins like tobacco smoke, vitamin

C

also acts

at

the most fundamental levels

to

prevent endothelial

changes that leadloatherosclerosis, while also block-

ing harmful

DN

degradation that triggers malignant

change

and

sets

the

stage

for

cancer.And

as

scientis

learn still more about

the

vital role ofoxidative

dam

agein diseases ranging from asthma tostomach a

men ts, vitamin

Cs

importance isgrowing literally

b

the

day.

There is nodoubt that future research wi

uncover even m ore astonishing findingson thehealt

benefitsofvitamin C.

Ifyouhave any questions on the scientific

content of this article, please call a Life Extension

Health Advisor at 1-800-226-2370.

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