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Vit a Def in Tooth Germ

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  • 8/3/2019 Vit a Def in Tooth Germ

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    http://jdr.sagepub.com/Journal of Dental Research

    http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/13/1/39The online version of this article can be found at:

    DOI: 10.1177/00220345330130010301

    1933 13: 39J DENT RESPaul E. Boyle

    Manifestations of Vitamin-A Deficiency in a Human Tooth-Germ : Case Report

    Published by:

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    On behalf of:

    International and American Associations for Dental Research

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    - Feb 1, 1933Version of Record>>

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    MANIFESTATIONS OF V I T A M I N - A DEFICIENCY IN AHUMAN TOOTH-GERM'C A S E R E P O R T

    PAUL E . B O Y L E , D . M . D .D e p a r t m e n t s o f P a t h o l o g y o f t h e C h i l d r e n ' s H o s p i t a l a n d t h e H a r v a r d M e d i c a l S c h o o l , a n d

    D e p a r t m e n t o f O p e r a t i v e D e n t i s t r y o f t h e H a r v a r d D e n t a l S c h o o lN u m e r o u s p a p e r s h a v e a p p e a r e d i n t h e m e d i c a l a n d d e n t a l l i t e r a t u r ec o n c e r n i n g e f f e c t s o f s y s t e m i c d i s e a s e o n t h e s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e t e e t h .C o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s , r i c k e t s , a n d t h e e x a n t h e m a t o u s d i s e a s e s o f c h i l d -

    h o o d h a v e b e e n m o s t c o m m o n l y m e n t i o n e d a s t h e c a u s e o f h y p o p l a s t i ct o o t h - f o r m a t i o n . T h e p o s s i b l e r 6 l e o f v i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y i n t h ep r o d u c t i o n o f s u c h d e f e c t s i n t h e t e e t h i s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p r e s e n tr e p o r t .H y p o p l a s i a , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e c a u s a t i v e f a c t o r , o c c u r so n l y i n t h o s e t e e t h i n w h i c h e n a m e l a n d d e n t i n a r e b e i n g l a i d d o w nd u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e d i s e a s e p r o c e s s . I n t h e h u m a n t h e p e r m a n e n ti n c i s o r s , f i r s t m o l a r s , a n d c u s p i d s , a n d t h e t e m p o r a r y s e c o n d - m o l a r s ,a r e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y i n v o l v e d . T h e l e s i o n s a r e b i l a t e r a l l y s y m -m e t r i c a l , a n d o c c u r a l o n g t h e i n c r e m e n t a l l i n e s i n b o t h e n a m e l a n dd e n t i n . T h e s u b j e c t i s w e l l r e v i e w e d a n d s u m m a r i z e d i n a r e c e n tr e p o r t b y K a r n o s h ( 1 ) . H y p o p l a s t i c t o o t h - d e f e c t s s i m i l a r t o t h o s eo c c u r r i n g i n t h e h u m a n h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d i n l a b o r a t o r y a n i m a l s b yv a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s . E r d h e i m ( 2 ) h a s r e p o r t e d t h e e f f e c t s o f p a r a -t h y r o i d e c t o m y , a n d S c h o u r a n d V a n D y k e ( 3 ) o f h y p o p h y s e c t o m y , o nt h e t e e t h o f r a t s . T h e e f f e c t s o f r a c h i t o g e n i c d i e t s h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e db y M c C o l l u m a n d h i s c o - w o r k e r s ( 4 ) o n t h e t e e t h o f r a t s ; b y K l e i n ( 5 )o n t h e t e e t h o f r a t s a n d s w i n e ; a n d b y M. M e l l a n b y ( 6 ) o n t h e t e e t ho f d o g s , r a b b i t s , a n d r a t s . T h e e f f e c t s o f d i e t s d e f i c i e n t i n v i t a m i n C ,o n t h e t e e t h o f g u i n e a p i g s , h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l b y H o j e r( 7 ) , a n d b y W o l b a c h a n d Howe ( 8 ) .

    I A i d e d b y a g r a n t f r o m t h e M i l t o n F u n d o f H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y .3 9

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    P A U L E . BOYLE

    C h a n g e s o w i n g t o d e f i c i e n c y i n v i t a m i n A , i n t h e t e e t h o f r a t s , h a v ea l s o b e e n r e p o r t e d b y W o l b a c h a n d Howe ( 9 ) . T h e r a t e o f g r o w t h o ft h e t e e t h w a s d e s c r i b e d a s b e i n g g r e a t l y d i m i n i s h e d o r c o m p l e t e l ya r r e s t e d . H i s t o l o g i c a l l y , a t r o p h y o f t h e e n a m e l o r g a n w a s n o t e d , t h eh i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d e p i t h e l i u m h a v i n g b e e n r e p l a c e d b y a n a r r o w l a y e ro f s t r a t i f i e d , n o n - k e r a t i n i z i n g e p i t h e l i u m . T h e o d o n t o b l a s t s a l s os h o w e d m a r k e d r e d u c t i o n i n s i z e a n d l o s s o f t h e i r n o r m a l e p i t h e l i o i da r r a n g e m e n t . D u r i n g a t r o p h y t h e o d o n t o b l a s t s c o n t i n u e d t o f o r ma n i r r e g u l a r , p o o r l y c a l c i f i e d d e n t i n m a t r i x . T h e o d o n t o b l a s t s o c c a -s i o n a l l y b e c a m e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h i s m a t r i x , g i v i n g i t a n a p p e a r a n c es o m e w h a t s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f b o n e . No s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e do n t h e human t o o t h - g e r m d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f v i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y .B l o c k ( 1 0 ) h a s r e p o r t e d t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e f u l l y e r u p t e d t e e t h i n as e r i e s o f s i x t y - f o u r b l i n d c h i l d r e n h a v i n g a h i s t o r y o f x e r o p h t h a l m i ai n i n f a n c y . N i n e t e e n c a s e s h a v i n g s h o w n e v i d e n c e o f a d v a n c e dr i c k e t s , t h e t o o t h d e f e c t s c o u l d n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d s p e c i f i c o f a n y o n ed e f i c i e n c y d i s e a s e . I n s i x c a s e s , t h e t e e t h w e r e n o r m a l ; i n t w e n t y -f o u r , i n w h i c h t h e p e r m a n e n t m o l a r s w e r e d e f e c t i v e , t h e i n c i s o r s w e r en o r m a l . He c o n c l u d e d t h a t , i n m a n , d e f i c i e n c y i n v i t a m i n A h a sn o s p e c i f i c i n j u r i o u s e f f e c t o n t h e f o r m a t i o n a n d c a l c i f i c a t i o n o f t h et e e t h .

    T h e c a s e t o b e d e s c r i b e d w a s e n c o u n t e r e d a m o n g t h e r o u t i n e p o s t -m o r t e m e x a m i n a t i o n s a t t h e C h i l d r e n ' s H o s p i t a l . D u r i n g t h e p a s tt w o y e a r s , a s e c t i o n o f t h e m a n d i b l e c o n t a i n i n g t h e p e r m a n e n t f i r s t -m o l a r s h a s b e e n r e m o v e d a t a u t o p s y f r o m e a c h o f f i f t y - s i x c a s e s o fc o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s a n d n u t r i t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e . E i g h t i n s t a n c e s o fc o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s a r e t h e s u b j e c t o f a f o r t h c o m i n g r e p o r t . S t u d yo f t h e s e c a s e s , a n d o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e s u b j e c t , h a s m a d e u s c e r t a i nt h a t t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e t o o t h g e r m d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s r e p o r t w e r e n o td u e t o s y p h i l i s . T h e r e i s a d i v i s i o n o f o p i n i o n a s t o t h e e t i o l o g i c a lf a c t o r i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f h y p o p l a s t i c t e e t h i n c o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s .S o m e i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e h e l d t h a t t h e l o c a l p r e s e n c e o f T r e p o n e m a p a l -l i d u m i n t h e t o o t h f o l l i c l e w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e l e s i o n s o b s e r v e d ;o t h e r s , t h a t a n o n - s p e c i f i c s y s t e m i c f a c t o r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m a l n u t r i -t i o n w a s t h e e s s e n t i a l i n f l u e n c e . T h i s s u b j e c t w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n af o r t h c o m i n g r e p o r t . T h e h i s t o l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s i n t h e e n a m e l o r g a ni n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e a r e r e f e r a b l e t o a n u t r i t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e , a n d a r en o t d u e t o t h e g e n e r a l o r l o c a l e f f e c t s o f T r e p o n e m a p a l l i d u m .

    4 0

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    TOOTH GERM: VI T A M I N - A D E F I C I E N C Y

    A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s h o u l d b e made o f t h e c o n s t a n t i n t e r e s t a n dh e l p f u l c r i t i c i s m o f D r . S . B . W o l b a c h , a n d o f t h e s e v e r a l memberso f h i s d e p a r t m e n t w h o s e c o o p e r a t i o n h a v e m a de p o s s i b l e t h i si n v e s t i g a t i o n .

    CXSE REPORTi s t o r t a n z d c . v a m i n l t i o n z . S . W. i n f a n t ; 3 2 - m o n t h s o l d ; b o r n o n e m o n t hp r e m a t u r e l y . P a t i e n t , 6 1 p o u n d s ( 2 . 9 k g . ) a t b i r t h ; b r e a s t f e d f o r t h r e e

    a

    b

    d

    fg

    F m G . 1 . M E S r o - BCCXL CUSP OF P J R M I A N L . N T F I R S T A 0 I L A R OF T A V - 0 o O N T I I S - O L D INFANTS t r u c t u r e s shown a r e e s s e n t i a l l y n o r m a l f o r t h i s a g e .a . O u t e r e n a m e l e p i t h e l i u m . b , S t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m . c , S t r a t u m i n t e r m e d i u m a n d

    a m e l o b l a s t s . d , A r t e f a c t . e , E n a m e l . f , D e n t i n . g , P r e - d e n t i n . H e m a t o x y l i n a n de o s i n ; X 5 0 .w e e k s ; t h e n d i e t c h a n g e d t o c o n d e n s e d m i l k a n d w a t e r f o r t h r e e w e e k s .V o m i t e d on t h i s d i e t ; o n e o f w h o l e m i l k a n d d e x t r o - m a l t o s e s u b s t i t u t e d .C o n t i n u e d t o v o m i t a n d l o s e w e i g h t u n t i l t i m e o f a d m i s s i o n t o h o s p i t a l a ta g e o f 3 ' m o n t h s . O n e - h a l f t e a s p o o n f u l o f c o d - l i v e r o i l g i v e n d a i l y s i n c ef o u r w e e k s o l d , a n d t w o t e a s p o o n s o f o r a n g e j u i c e s i n c e e i g h t w e e k s

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    PAUL E . BOY L Eo l d . On a d m i s s i o n t o h o s p i t a l : p a t i e n t p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d a n d n o u r i s h e d .S n u f f l e s a n d m a c u l o - p a p u l a r r a s h p r e s e n t . X - r a y e x a m i n a t i o n : f i n e m o t -t l i n g o f c r a n i a l b o n e s , a n d v e r y m a r k e d , i r r e g u l a r , s u b - p e r i o s t e a l n e w - b o n ef o r m a t i o n a l o n g s h a f t s o f a l l l o n g b o n e s ; a l s o s o m e i r r e g u l a r s e r r a t i o n a t

    b

    d

    1 c , . 2 . HIGH MAGNIFICATION OF OUTLINED A M u x \ I N f i g . 1a , D e n t i n . 4 , P r c - d e n t i n . c , O d o n t o b l a s t s . d , C e l l s o f d e n t a l p u l p . e , E I n a m e l .

    f , T o m e s ' p r o c e s s e s p u l l e d f r o m e n a m e l . g , A m e l o b l a s t s . I , S t r a t u m i n t e r m e d i u m .i , S t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m . "H & E ' ; " X 6 0 0 .m e t a p h y s e a l m a r g i n s . C l i n i c a l d i a g n o s i s : c o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s . P a t i e n td i e d t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s a f t e r a d m i s s i o n t o h o s p i t a l .P o s t - m o r t e m i e x a m i i i n a c t i o n ( A - 3 1 - 1 3 ) . P o s t m o r t e m e x a m i n a t i o n madef i v e h o u r s a f t e r d e a t h . D i a g n o s i s o f c o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s c o n f i r m e d . S p l e e n ,l i v e r , a n d p a n c r e a s f i b r o s e d . B o n e s : w i d e l a y e r o f c a l c i f i e d c a r t i l a g e ;m o d e r a t e i r r e g u l a r i t y o f o s t e o c h o n d r a l j u n c t i o n s ; a n d w i d e z o n e o f p e r i -

    4 2

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    F i G . 3 . V I T A M I N A D E i F I C I T I N C Y C A S E . T i p O F I D I S T O - B U C C A L C U S P OF P E R M A N L E N TF I R S T - M O L A R

    A t r o p h i c e n a m e l o r g a n , w i t h d e g e n e r a t i n g a m e l o b l a s t i c l a y e r , w e l l s h o w n . N o t e a l s os m a l l c a p o f e n a m e l , g r a n u l a r c a l c i f i c a t i o n o f d e n t i n e n d i n g a b r u p t l y a t l i m i t s o f e n a m e ld e p o s i t i o n , a n d w i d t h o f p r e - d e n t i n .

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    - D tJE ; .

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    F I c . 4 . M E S I O - B U C C A L C U S P OF P E R M A N F I N T F I R S T - M O L A R OF V I T A M I N AD E F I C I E N C Y C A S E

    S e c t i o n c u t b e l o w t i p o f c u s p i n r e g i o n l a c k i n g e n a m e l d e p o s i t . A r e a s m a r k e d i ns q u a r e s s h o w n i n h i g h e r m a g n i f i c a t i o n i n f i g s . 5 - 8 .

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    4 4 P A U L E . BOYLEs t e a l , p r o l i f e r a t i v e p e r i o s t i t i s . B o n e m a r r o w : f i b r o s e d a n d i n f i l t r a t e dw i t h c h r o n i c i n f l a m m a t o r y - c e l l s . I n a d d i t i o n , e v i d e n c e o f u n s u s p e c t e dv i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y d e m o n s t r a t e d . E p i t h e l i u m o f t r a c h e a , a n d o f p e l v i so f k i d n e y , r e p l a c e d b y k e r a t i n i z i n g , s t r a t i f i e d , s q u a m o u s e p i t h e l i u m . E p i -t h e l i u m o f e n a m e l o r g a n r e p l a c e d b y n o n - k e r a t i n i z i n g , s t r a t i f i e d e p i t h e l i u m .M l a t n d i b l e a n d t o o t h g e r m . X - r a v e x a m i n a t i o n o f s e c t i o n o f m a n d i b l er e m o v e d a t a u t o p s y : m a r k e d p e r i o s t i t i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n o t h e r b o n e s .e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - * 6UX-m,EXP0at . X < iI ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4~~ -. _ _-7* ~ s.A.*

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    F f u . 5 . A R J A I O F f i g . 4a 1 , S m a l l b l o o d v e s s e l s i n l o o s e c o n n e c t i v e - t i s s u e a b o v e t o o t h g e r m , s h o w i n g p e r iv a s c u l a r i n f l a m m a t o r y - c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n . b , L a y e r o f s t r a t i f i e d e p i t h e l i a l - c e l l s r e p l a c i n go u t e r e n a m e l - e p i t h e l i u m , s t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m a n d s t r a t u m i n t e r m e d i u m . c , D e g e n e r a t i n ga m e l o b l a s t s . d , G r a n u l a r c a l c i f i c a t i o n o f d e n t i n . e , W X i d e p r e - d e n t i n . f , O d o n t o b l a s t s .g , D e n t a l p u i p . " E L & E ' ; " X 1 1 2B e g i n n i n g c a l c i f i c a t i o n i n m e s i a l a n d b u c c a l c u s p s o f p e r m a n e n t f i r s t m o l a r .No c a l c i f i c a t i o n i n d i s t a l , o r d i s t o - l i n g u a l , c u s p . M i c r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o no f t o o t h g e r m : p r e s e n c e o f b e g i n n i n g - c a l c i f i c a t i o n i n m e s i a l a n d b u c c a lc u s p s c o n f i r m e d . Enamel c a p s m a l l , b u t o t h e r w i s e n o t u n u s u a l ( f i g . 3 ) .E n a m e l o r g a n s t r i k i n g l y a t r o p h i e d . A m e l o b t a s t s r e c o g n i z a b l e o n l y w h e r ee n a m e l f o r m a t i o n l a c k i n g - a t s i d e s o f t o o t h g e r m , a n d b e t w e e n c u s p s o n

    by guest on October 8, 2011 For personal use only. No other uses without permission.jdr.sagepub.comDownloaded from

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    TOOTrH GERM: VI T A M I N - A D E F I C I E N C Y

    o c c l u s a l s u r f a c e ( J i g . 4 ) . T o w a r d c e n t e r o f c u s p , w h e r e e n a m e l n o r m a l l yp r e s e n t , a m e l o b l a s t s d e g e n e r a t e d s c a r c e l y r e c o g n i z a b l e ( J i g . 5 ) . P r o c e s ss t a r t e d p r o b a b l y w i t h a p p e a r a n c e o f c l e a r s p a c e s b e t w e e n a m e l o b l a s t s .M a n y o f c e l l n u c l e i d i s p l a c e d . S i m i l a r c l e a r - s p a c e s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e na m e l o b l a s t i c l a y e r a n d d e n t i n i n d e l i c a t e m e s h - w o r k o f c e l l p r o c e s s e s , w h i c har

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    F I G c . 6 . A R I x A I I o F f i g . 4a , C o n n e c t e t i s s u e w i t h i n f l a m m a t o r y c e l l s . b , L a y e r o f e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s . c , X m e l o -b l a s t s . d , ( G r a n u l a r c a l c i f i c a t i o n o f d e n t i n . e , C a p i l l a r y l o o p i n p r e - l e n t i n . f , O d o n t o -b l a s t s . g , D e n t a l p u l p w i t h i n f l a m m a t o r y c e l l s . "H & E ; " X 4 5 0 .r a n f r o m a m e l o b l a s t s a n d a p p a r e n t l y t e r m i n a t e d i n d e n t i n . A l o n g m e s h e so f c e l l p r o c e s s e s w e r e s c a t t e r e d f a i r l y n u m e r o u s n u c l e i ; m o s t , p y k n o t i c( f i g . 6 ) . A t s i d e s o f c u s p s , w h e r e d e n t i n f o r m a t i o n not f a r a d v a n c e d , h i s t o -l o g i c a l p i c t u r e e s s e n t i a l l y n o r m a l . A m e l o b l a s t s a s s u m i n g c o l u m n a r f o r m ;n u c l e i s i t u a t e d t o w a r d b a s e o f c e l l ; b a s e m e n t membrane s e p a r a t e d a m e l o -

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    P A U L E . BOYLEp l a s t i c l a y e r f r o m c e l l s o f s t r a t u m i n t e r m e d i u m ( f i g . 7 ) . S m a l l a r e a o fs t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m j u s t d i s t a l t o d e n t i n f o r m a t i o n o n m e s i a l c u s p . T h i sn o r m a l l y d e l i c a t e s t r u c t u r e o b s c u r e d b y i n f i l t r a t i o n o f l y m p h o c y t e s a n d

    F I G . 7 . AREA I I I OF f i g . 4S t r u c t u r e s i n s a m e o r d e r a s i n f i g . 5 . N o t i c e n o r m a l a r r a n g e m e n t o f a m e l o b l a s t s( r i g h t ) . A t l e f t , i n s t e a d o f e n a m e l n o r m a l l y p r e s e n t , a m e l o b l a s t s h e r e d e g e n e r a t e ; c l e a rs t a i n i n g - s p a c e s b e t w e e n c e l l s , a n d b e t w e e n a m e l o b l a s t i c l a y e r a n d d e n t i n . M e s h w o r ko f c e l l p r o c e s s e s a n d p y k n o t i c n u c l e i a l s o w e l l s h o w n . C o m p a r e w i t h n o r m a l i n f i g . 2 ."H & E ; " X 4 5 0 .

    l a r g e m o n o n u c l e a r p h a g o c y t e s . P h a g o c y t e s a p p e a r e d d i s t e n d e d b y h o m o -g e n e o u s e o s i n - s t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l . O u t e r e n a m e l - e p i t h e l i u m : n o r m a l - a p p e a r -

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    T O O T H G ER M: VI TA MI N- A D EF I CI E NC Y 4i n g c e l l s c l u m p e d i n l a r g e m a s s e s ( f i g . 8 ) . E x c e p t i n g t h i s s m a l l a r e a ,s t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m c o m p l e t e l y a b s e n t . W h e r e e n a m e l o r d e n t i n m a t r i xp r e s e n t : o v e r l y i n g a m e l o b l a s t s b a c k e d b y l a y e r o f s q u a m o u s e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s .D e n t i n v e r y d e f e c t i v e l y c a l c i f i e d . A b n o r m a l l y s m a l l g l o b u l e s o f c a l c i u ms a l t s d e p o s i t e d o n l y u n d e r a r e a s w h e r e e n a m e l w a s ( o r s h o u l d n o r m a l l y

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    F I G . 8 . A R L E A I V O F f i g . 4a , L o o s e c o n n e c t i v e - t i s s u e a n d i n f l a m m a t o r y c e l l s a b o v e t o o t h g e r m . b , C l u m p e d

    c e l l s o f o u t e r e n a m e l - e p i t h e l i u m . c , S t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m w i t h i n f l a m m a t o r y - c e l l i n f i l t r a -t i o n . d , S t r a t u m i n t e r m e d i u m . e , A m e l o b l a s t s . f , O d o n t o b l a s t s . g , P r e - d e n t i n . "H& i t " ; X 4 5 0 .h a v e b e e n ) d e p o s i t e d ( j i g . 3 ) . P r e - d e n t i n m a t r i x s e v e r a l t i m e s n o r m a lw i d t h ; i n n u m e r o u s a r e a s , p e n e t r a t e d b y s m a l l c a p i l l a r i e s ( j i g . 6 ) . I n o t h e rp l a c e s , a t r o p h i c c e l l s o f o d o n t o b l a s t i c l a y e r i n c o r p o r a t e d i n p r e - d e n t i n .O d o n t o b l a s t s r e d u c e d i n s i z e , a n d m a ny n u c l e i p y k n o t i c . D e n t a l p u l p :s c a t t e r e d , c h r o n i c , i n f l a m m a t o r y - c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n ; o t h e r w i s e n o t u n u s u a l .

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    PAUL E . B O Y L E

    COMMENTM e t a p l a s i a o f t h e e p i t h e l i u m i n t h e t r a c h e a , p e l v i s o f t h e k i d n e y ,

    a n d e n a m e l o r g a n , p l a c e t h i s i n a g r o u p o f v i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y c a s e s ,w h i c h , a t t h e C h i l d r e n ' s H o s p i t a l i n B o s t o n , a r e t h e s u b j e c t o f ar e p o r t t o b e p u b l i s h e d f r o m t h e P a t h o l o g y L a b o r a t o r y o f t h a t H o s -p i t a l . T h e t o o t h g e r m s w e r e n o t e x a m i n e d i n a p r e v i o u s c a s e o fk e r a t o m a l a c i a r e p o r t e d b y W i l s o n a n d D u B o i s ( 1 1 ) . T h e l e s i o n so b s e r v e d i n t h e t o o t h g e r m , i n t h e c a s e r e p o r t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r ,a r e n o t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f r i c k e t s . T h e r e w a s d e f i n i t e e v i d e n c e o f c o n -g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s i n t h e m a n d i b l e a s w e l l a s i n o t h e r o r g a n s a n d t i s s u e so f t h e b o d y . D i f f u s e a n d p e r i v a s c u l a r , c h r o n i c , i n f l a m m a t o r y - c e l li n f i l t r a t i o n w a s o b s e r v e d i n t h e d e n t a l p u l p a n d i n t h e l o o s e c o n n e c t i v e -t i s s u e a b o u t t h e t o o t h g e r m . T h e r e w a s a l s o m a r k e d p e r i o s t i t i s w i t hp e r i o s t e a l b o n e p r o l i f e r a t i o n i n t h e m a n d i b l e . T h e t y p e o f a t r o p h yo f t h e e n a m e l o r g a n a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f c a l c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e d e n t i n c a n -n o t , h o w e v e r , b e e x p l a i n e d o n t h e b a s i s o f c o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s .A t r o p h y o f t h e a m e l o b l a s t s , w i t h c y s t f o r m a t i o n i n t h e s t e l l a t e r e t i c u -l u m a n d i n f l a m m a t o r y - c e l l i n f i l t r a t i o n o f t h e e n a m e l o r g a n o f t h e h u -m a n , h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n c a s e s o f c o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s b y C a v a l l a r o( 1 2 ) , R d m e r ( 1 3 ) , a n d o t h e r s . T h e l o s s o f s t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m , a t r o p h yo f t h e e n a m e l - f o r m i n g c e l l s w i t h l i t t l e e v i d e n c e o f i n f l a m m a t i o n a n dn o n e o f n e c r o s i s , a n d t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d e p i -t h e l i u m b y a n u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s q u a m o u s t y p e o f e p i t h e l i u m , a r ec o l l e c t i v e l y d e f i n i t e p h e n o m e n a o f v i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y .

    T h e s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s i n t h e o r g a n s a f f e c t e d b y v i t a m i n - A d e f i -c i e n c y v a r i e s i n i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s o f t h e s a m e s p e c i e s . T h e r e a r ea l s o v a r i a t i o n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s p e c i e s o f a n i m a l s a l r e a d y s t u d i e d ,i . e . , r a t ( 9 ) , g u i n e a p i g ( 1 4 ) , a n d m a n ( 1 1 ) . I n t h e r a t , a t r o p h y o f t h ee n a m e l o r g a n h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d a s a l a t e m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f v i t a m i n - Ad e f i c i e n c y . I f t h i s i s a l s o t r u e o f t h e h u m a n , a n e x p l a n a t i o n m a y b es o u g h t i n t h i s f a c t f o r t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f n o r m a l t e e t h i n s i x p a t i e n t so f B l o c k ' s s e r i e s o f c h i l d r e n who s u f f e r e d f r o m x e r o p h t h a l m i a d u r i n gt h e p e r i o d o f t o o t h f o r m a t i o n a n d c a l c i f i c a t i o n . H i s 6 4 c a s e s w e r em o s t , i f n o t a l l , o f t h e s u r v i v o r s o f 3 6 8 c a s e s o f k e r a t o m a l a c i a o c c u r r i n gi n Denmark f r o m 1 9 1 2 t o 1 9 2 0 . T h e c a s e s t h a t s u r v i v e d w o u l d p r e -s u m a b l y b e l e s s l i k e l y t o s h o w p e r m a n e n t d e f e c t s a s a r e s u l t o f l a t em a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f v i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y . I t h a s l o n g b e e n known t h a t

    4 8

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    T O O T H GERM: VITAMIN-A DEFICIENCY

    a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f c a s e s o f c o n g e n i t a l s y p h i l i s d o n o t m a n i f e s t d e n t a ls t i g m a t a . T h e e x a n t h e m a t o u s d i s e a s e s l i k e w i s e l e a v e t h e i r m a r k o nt h e t e e t h o f r e l a t i v e l y f e w o f t h e c h i l d r e n a f f e c t e d . T h e f a c t t h a tf i f t y - e i g h t o f B l o c k ' s s i x t y - f o u r x e r o p h t h a l m i a p a t i e n t s s h o w e d h y p o -p l a s t i c t o o t h - d e f e c t s , o n l y n i n e t e e n o f w h i c h m i g h t b e r e f e r r e d t or i c k e t s , d o e s n o t s e e m t o j u s t i f y h i s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t v i t a m i n - A d e f i -c i e n c y i n m a n h a s n o s p e c i f i c e f f e c t o n t h e f o r m a t i o n a n d c a l c i f i c a t i o no f t h e t e e t h .

    T h e e n a m e l o r g a n o f t h e c o n s t a n t l y - g r o w i n g i n c i s o r o f t h e r a t c o n -t a i n s n o s t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m . T h e a l m o s t c o m p l e t e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o ft h i s s t r u c t u r e i n t h i s c a s e , a t a p e r i o d o f t o o t h f o r m a t i o n w h e n i t n o r -m a l l y c o n s t i t u t e s b y f a r t h e l a r g e s t p a r t o f t h e e n a m e l o r g a n , i s t h e r e -f o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g . I f s i m i l a r c h a n g e s t a k e p l a c e i n t h es t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m o f t h e m o l a r o f t h e r a t ( o r o t h e r a n i m a l s ) , a s t u d y o ft h e r e p a i r p h e n o m e n a m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d t o s h e d s o m e l i g h t o n t h ef u n c t i o n o f t h i s l i t t l e u n d e r s t o o d s t r u c t u r e . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o fa t r o p h y o f t h e s t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m , t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e t o o t h g e r m i nt h i s c a s e a r e p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h o s e d e s c r i b e d b y W o l b a c ha n d Howe ( 9 ) i n t h e t o o t h g e r m o f t h e r a t i n v i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y .S u m m a r y . T h e h i s t o l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s i n t h e t o o t h g e r m o f a3 2 - m o n t h - o l d i n f a n t h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d . A t r o p h y o f t h e e n a m e lo r g a n , w i t h c e s s a t i o n o f e n a m e l f o r m a t i o n , w a s n o t e d . T h e h i g h l ys p e c i a l i z e d e n a m e l - f o r m i n g c e l l s , a n d t h e s t e l l a t e r e t i c u l u m , w e r er e p l a c e d b y a n o n - k e r a t i n i z i n g l a y e r o f s q u a m o u s e p i t h e l i u m . T h ed e n t i n was d e f e c t i v e l y c a l c i f i e d . T h e p r e - d e n t i n w a s a b n o r m a l l yw i d e a n d s h o w e d c a p i l l a r y a n d c e l l i n c l u s i o n s .C o n c l u s i o n . V i t a m i n - A d e f i c i e n c y may b e t h e c a u s e o f t o o t hh y p o p l a s i a i n t h e h u m a n .REFERENCES T O LITERATURE

    ( 1 ) K A R N O S H , L . J . : A r c h i v . D e r m . S y p h . , 1 3 : 2 5 , 1 9 2 6 .( 2 ) E R D u E I M , J . : R a c h i t i s a n d E p i t h e l k 6 r p e r c h e n . D e n k s c h r . d . k . A k a d . d . W i s -s e n s c h . M a t h . - N a t u r w . K I . , 9 0 : W i e n , 1 9 1 4 .( 3 ) S C H O U R , I . , AND VA N D Y K E , H . B . : J . D e n t . R e s . , 1 1 : 8 7 3 , 1 9 3 1 .( 4 ) M C C O L L U M , E . V . , E T A L . : B u l l . J o h n s H o p k i n s H o s p . , 3 3 : 2 0 2 , 1 9 2 2 .( 5 ) K L E I N , H . : J . Am. D e n t . A s s o c . , 1 8 : 8 6 6 , 1 9 3 1 .( 6 ) M E L L A N B Y , M . : I b i d . , 1 7 : 1 4 5 6 , 1 9 3 0 .( 7 ) H O J E R , A . : A c t a P a e d i a t . ( s u p p . ) , 3 : 8 , 1 9 2 4 ; 6 : 1 8 0 , 1 9 2 7 .( 8 ) W O L B A C H , S . B . , AND H o w E , P . R . : A r c h i v . P a t h . , 1 : 1 , 1 9 2 6 .

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    50 PAUL E . BOYLE( 9 ) W O L B A C H , S . B . , AND H o w F , , P . R . : J . E x p . M e d . , 4 2 : 7 5 3 , 1 9 2 5 .( 1 0 ) B L O c K , C . E . : A m . J . D i s . C h i l d . : 4 2 , 2 6 3 , 1 9 3 1 .( 1 1 ) W I L S O N , J . R . , A N D D u B o i s , R . O . : I b i d . , 2 6 : 4 3 1 , 1 9 2 3 .( 1 2 ) C A V A L L A R O , J . : D e n t a l C o s m o s : 5 0 : 1 1 6 1 , 1 3 2 5 , 1 9 0 8 ; 5 1 : 1 6 , 1 5 6 , 1 9 0 9 .( 1 3 ) R 6 X E R , O . : H a n d b u c h d e r s p e z i e l l e n p a t h o l o g i s c h e n A n a t o m i e u n d H i s t o l o g i e ;

    H e n k e a n d L u b a r s c h , 4 : 1 7 6 , 1 9 2 8 .( 1 4 ) W O L B A C H , S . B . , A N D H O W E , P . R . : A r c h i v . P a l k . : 5 : 2 3 9 , 1 9 2 8 .

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