Visual vocab

Visual Vocab

Unit 5Andrew Shaw

AP Bio 5th

Codon

Sequences of

three

nucleotides

DNA sequence

chromatogram. 3 of the

bases equal one codon.

Elongation

A cycle in which

the polypeptide is

elongated by 1

amino acid per

cycle.

Elongation adds 1

amino acid

Exon

Exons are the DNA

bases that are

transcribed into

mRNA and

eventually code for

amino acids in the

proteins

Exons are the

bases being

copied

Frame Shift Mutation

a genetic mutation

caused by indels

(insertions or

deletions) of a

number of

nucleotides that is

not evenly divisible

by three from a

DNA sequence Sickle cell anemia is caused by a frame shift mutation

Helicase

They are motor

proteins that move

directionally along

a nucleic acid

phosphodiester

backbone, separat

ing two nucleic

acid strandsDoes this count…

Initiation

Initiation involves

the small subunit of

the ribosome

binding to the 5'

end of mRNA with

the help of

initiation factors

(IF). Initiator proteins

break the bonds

between the base

pairs

Intron

Long segments of

nucleotides that

have no coding

information

Sequence of human

T intron 7 DNA

Ligase

an enzyme that

can catalyse the

joining of two large

molecules by

forming a new

chemical bond

DNA “glue”

Missense Mutation

a point mutation in

which a single

nucleotide is

changed, resulting

in a codon that

codes for a

different amino

acid[ this can render the resulting

protein nonfunctional. Such

mutations are responsible

for diseases such as

Epidermolysis bullosa

mRNA a molecule of RNA

that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis RNA Protein

Synthesis Model

Mutagens

is a physical or

chemical agent that

changes the genetic

material, usually

DNA, of an organism

and thus increases

the frequency of

mutations above the

natural background

level.

The Teenage

Mutant Ninja Turtles

were mutated by a

mutagen

Nonsense Mutation

point mutation in a

sequence of DNA

that results in a

premature stop

codon

Sickle cell anemia

is caused by a

nonsense mutation

Nuclease

an enzyme

capable of

cleaving the

phosphodiester

bonds between

the nucleotide

subunits of nucleic

acids

The enzyme DNA

nuclease checks

all the pairs in the

DNA chain for any

mistakes

Point Mutation

a type of mutation

that causes the

replacement of a

single base

nucleotide with

another nucleotide

of the genetic

material,

Polymerases

primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription.

RNA Polymerase

Polyribosomes

a cluster of

ribosomes linked

together by a

molecule of

messenger RNA

and forming the

site of protein

synthesis

Primary Transcript

an RNA molecule

that has not yet

undergone any

modification after

its synthesis

Primase

an enzyme

involved in the

replication of DNA

Promotor

a region of DNA

that facilitates the

transcription of a

particular gene

Redundancy(in DNA)

DNA that contains

repeated

sequences at each

end called terminal

repeats

Replication

biological process

that occurs in all

living organisms

and copies their

DNA

Semiconservative model

the mechanism by

which DNA is

replicated in all

known cells.

Spliceosome

a complex of

snRNA and protein

subunits that

removes introns

from a transcribed

pre-mRNA (hnRNA)

segment

TATA Box

is a DNA sequence

that indicates the

point at which a

genetic sequence

can be read and

decoded.

Telomerase

a

ribonucleoprotein

that is an enzyme

which adds DNA

sequence repeats

Termination

Eukaryotes initiate

DNA replication at

multiple points in

the

chromosome, so

replication forks

meet and

terminate at many

points in the

chromosome

Terminator

section of genetic

sequence that

marks the end of

gene or operon on

genomic DNA for

transcription.

Transcription

Transcription is the

process of creating

a complementary

RNA copy of a

sequence of DNA

Transcription Factors

is a protein that

binds to specific

DNA

sequences, thereb

y controlling the

flow (or

transcription) of

genetic

information from

DNA to mRNA

Translation

the cell uses

messenger RNA to

produce proteins

Translocation

Chromosomal translocation, that is a chromosomal segment is moved from one position to another, either within the same chromosome or to another chromosome.

Transformation the genetic

alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane

tRNA

an adaptor

molecule composed

of RNA, typically 73

to 93 nucleotides in

length, that is used in

biology to bridge the

four-letter genetic

code (ATCG) in

messenger RNA

Wobble

a non-Watson-

Crick base pairing

between two

nucleotides in RNA

molecules