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STRAND A: A New Generation of School Reform: What Does It Mean for Special Education? Session 2: "College and Career Ready Standards: The
Common Core and Students With Disabilities."
Visual Tools for Teaching College /Career-Readiness Standards
Edwin Ellis, Ph.D. Professor, Special Education, The University of Alabama [email protected] (205) 394-5512
For example…Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain.
1. Some of the College / Career Readiness standards are really complex
1. Some of the College / Career Readiness standards are really complex
For example…Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.
1. Some of the College / Career Readiness standards are really complex
RL.2.2. Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.
RL.3.2. Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or moral and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the text.
RL.3.9. Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters (e.g., in books from a series).
RL.4.2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.RL.4.9. Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics (e.g., opposition of good and evil) and
patterns of events (e.g., the quest) in stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures.RL.5.2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text, including how characters in a story or
drama respond to challenges or how the speaker in a poem reflects upon a topic; summarize the text.RL.6.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a
summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.RL.7.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an
objective summary of the text.RL.8.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including
its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text.RL.9-10.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text,
including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
RL.11-12.2. Determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to produce a complex account; provide an objective summary of the text.
RL.11-12.9. Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature, including how two or more texts from the same period treat similar themes or topics.
Summarizing & Explaining Key Ideas, Messages &
Themes
Each category has a scope and sequence
2. Attempting to teach grade-level standards when critical prerequisite skills haven’t been gradually developed over a series of years.
1. Some of the College / Career Readiness standards are really complex
RL.2.2. Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.
RL.3.2. Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or moral and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the text.
RL.3.9. Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters (e.g., in books from a series).
RL.4.2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.RL.4.9. Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics (e.g., opposition of good and evil) and
patterns of events (e.g., the quest) in stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures.RL.5.2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text, including how characters in a story or
drama respond to challenges or how the speaker in a poem reflects upon a topic; summarize the text.RL.6.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a
summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.RL.7.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an
objective summary of the text.RL.8.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including
its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text.RL.9-10.2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text,
including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
RL.11-12.2. Determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to produce a complex account; provide an objective summary of the text.
RL.11-12.9. Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature, including how two or more texts from the same period treat similar themes or topics.
Summarizing & Explaining Key Ideas, Messages &
Themes
2. Attempting to teach grade-level standards when critical prerequisite skills haven’t been gradually developed over a series of years.
Trying to teach this…
When very little of this has been previously addressed
Extensive research visual tools are very powerful devices for teaching these thinking & communication skills
Let’s say you are attempting to teaching this standard…Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content: Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying data and evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both claim(s) and counterclaims in a discipline-appropriate form and in a manner that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level and concerns.
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
Define the issueWHAT is the issue?WHO should be concerned about the issue? Why?WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
Whether to raise the speed limit on interstatesEverybody that travels or buys goods shipped via highwaysPres. Carter ordered slower speed-limits due to gas shortage
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
Whether to raise the speed limit on interstatesEverybody that travels or buys goods shipped via highwaysPres. Carter ordered slower speed-limits due to gas shortage
Establish a clear position on the issueMy position is…
The speed limit should be lowered to 65mph on interstates
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
The speed limit should be lowered to 65 on interstates
Whether to raise the speed limit on interstatesEverybody that travels or buys goods shipped via highwaysPres. Carter ordered slower speed-limits due to gas shortage
Back-up position with reasons & supporting factsWeakest reason 1stStrongest reason last
Slower speed = less gas “greener” + less travel & shipping costs
Safer at lower speeds Slower speed = less wrecks = less deaths
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
The speed limit should be lowered to 65 on interstates
Whether to raise the speed limit on interstatesEverybody that travels or buys goods shipped via highwaysPres. Carter ordered slower speed-limits due to gas shortage
Slower speed = less gas “greener” + less travel & shipping costs
Safer at lower speeds Slower speed = less wrecks = less deaths
Acknowledge the opposition’s positionOpposition’s position is….
We should raise the speed limit to 75 or 80, not lower it!
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
The speed limit should be lowered to 65 on interstates
Whether to raise the speed limit on interstatesEverybody that travels or buys goods shipped via highwaysPres. Carter ordered slower speed-limits due to gas shortage
Slower speed = less gas “greener” + less travel & shipping costs
Safer at lower speeds Slower speed = less wrecks = less deaths
We should raise the speed limit to 75 or 80, not lower it!
Tell why opposition’s position is incorrectReason opposition might give…Why this reason is faulty…
Cars made safer now 105,000 fatal car accidents last yearPeople won’t speed as much ifspeed limit is higher
Research: Drivers ave. speed = 15-20 mphover limit no matter what speed limit is
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
The speed limit should be lowered to 65 on interstates
Whether to raise the speed limit on interstatesEverybody that travels or buys goods shipped via highwaysPres. Carter ordered slower speed-limits due to gas shortage
Slower speed = less gas “greener” + less travel & shipping costs
Safer at lower speeds Slower speed = less wrecks = less deaths
We should raise the speed limit to 75 or 80, not lower it!
Cars made safer now 105,000 fatal car accidents last year
speed limit is higher no matter what speed limit is
End by re-stating your position & summarizing the most important reason why
End by re-stating your position and summarizing the most important reason why
Establish a clear position on the issue
Back-up the position with reasons and supporting facts (weakest reason 1st, strongest reason last)
Acknowledge the opposition’s position
Tell why the opposition’s position is incorrect (their strongest reason 1st, their weakest reason last)
My position is…
Opposition's position is…
REASON Supporting facts
REASON Supporting facts
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
WHO should be concerned about the issue? WHY?
WHAT is the issue?
WHEN did the issue emerge? Why then?
REASON opposition might give… Why this reason is faulty…
Whether to raise the speed limit on interstatesEverybody that travels or buys goods shipped via highwaysPres. Carter ordered slower speed-limits due to gas shortage
The speed limit should be lowered to 65 mph on interstatesSlower speed = less gas “greener” + less travel & shipping
costsSafer at lower speeds Slower speed = less wrecks = less
deaths
We should raise the speed limit to 75 or 80, not lower it!
Cars made safer now 105,000 fatal car accidents last yearPeople won’t speed as much ifspeed limit is higher
Research: Drivers ave. speed = 15-20 mphover limit no matter what speed limit is
Interstate Speed Limits An important issue that concerns everyone is whether
the speed limit on interstate highways should be raised. It affects everyone, even children too young to drive and elderly people too old to drive. This is because so many people travel on the interstates, both as drivers and as passengers. It even affects people who never go on the interstate because the speed limit affects the price of goods in terms of their transportation costs. Long ago, President Carter ordered that the speed limit be dropped to 55 miles per hour. This has been raised back to 70 mph on most interstates, but this may not be the ideal speed.
Personally, I think the speed limit should be lowered to 65 mph on interstates. Slowing down just a few miles an hour can save this country a lot of gas because slower speeds burn less gas. Not only will people save at the gas pump, they will save in the grocery store as well because it will not require as much money to ship items if truckers go a little slower.
Most importantly, however, slightly slower speeds can save thousands of lives. According to the National Insurance Council, dropping the speed limit just 5 mph can save as many as 35,000 lives per year. The bottom line is that we are all safer if we all slow down just a little. Slower speeds mean less wrecks and that means less deaths.
There are many people who would like to see the speed limit increased to 75 or even 80 mph on the interstates. They argue that, now that cars have air bags and other safety features, they are a lot safer than they once were and thus are safer to drive at higher speeds. However, according to Laws.com (http://accident.laws.com/fatal-accidents), 105,000 people died in auto-accidents last year. While cars may be safer, that doesn't make them completely safe.
Consider this standard…Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme or topic from Ovid or the Bible or how a later author draws on a play by Shakespeare).
Extensive research visual tools are very powerful devices for teaching these thinking & communication skills
…and THIS?
RL.9-10.9 Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme or topic from Ovid or the Bible or how a later author draws on a play by Shakespeare).
RL.9-10.9 Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme or topic from Ovid or the Bible or how a later author draws on a play by Shakespeare).
COMMON THEMES IN LITERATUREThe Individual in Society
* Society & a person's inner nature are always at war.* Social influences determine a person's final destiny.
* Social influences can only complete inclinations formed by Nature.* A person's identity is determined by place in society.
* An individual is essentially alone & frightened even among people.* Good triumphs over evil; man is inherently good (or evil).
An Individual's Relation to the Gods* The god(s) are benevolent & will reward humans for overcoming
evil & temptation.* The gods mock the individual & torture him or her for presuming to
be great.* The gods are jealous of & constantly thwart human aspiration to
power & knowledge.* The gods are indifferent toward human beings & let them run their
undetermined course.* There are no gods in whom people can place their faith
The Individual in Nature* Nature is at war with each of us & proves our vulnerability.
* People are out of place in nature & need technology to survive.* People are destroying nature & themselves with uncontrolled
technology.
Human Relations* Marriage is a perpetual comedy bound to fail.
* Marriage is a relationship in which each partner is supported & enabled to grow.
* An old man marrying a young woman is destined to be a cuckold.* Parents should not sacrifice all for a better life for their children.
* There are few friends who will make extreme sacrifices.* Love always has a big price.
Growth and Initiation* A child must go through a special trial or series of trials before
maturing.* Adulthood is often established by an abrupt, random crisis, sometimes
at an unusually early age.* Aspects of childhood are retained in all of us, sometimes hindering
growth, sometimes providing the only joy in later life.* Everyone must face a crisis of confidence or identity.* Humans respond to trauma in different ways.* Everyone has a destiny that must be searched for.* One has control (or no control) over his/her destiny.* One’s significance must be searched for.* Incompetence can only be overcome with confidence.* Spirituality must be intentionally searched for and developed.
Life & Death* Enjoy life now, for the present moment, because we all die too soon.* By the time we understand life, there is too little left to live.* Death is part of living, giving life its final meaning.* Death is the ultimate absurd joke on life.* There is no death, only a different plane or mode of life without
physical decay.* Without love, death often appears to be the only alternative to life.* Life is a circle.
Alienation* An individual is isolated from fellow human beings and foolishly tries
to bridge the gaps.* Through alienation comes self-knowledge.* Modern culture is defective because it doesn't provide group ties.
RL.9-10.9 Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme or topic from Ovid or the Bible or how a later author draws on a play by Shakespeare).
Common themes in literature
THEME
SOURCE MATERIAL ADAPTED STORY
Evidence of themeHow author adapted that idea when composing a new story
Evidence of themeHow author adapted that idea when composing a new story
1st Reason + evidence why I think the story is about the topic(s)
CONCLUSION: What is important to understand about the topic(s)?
2nd Reason + evidence why I think the story is about the topic(s)
Select the topic(s) that best matches what the story was about
The Outsiders
The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton is a book about what happens to two teenagers as they are growing up. Ponyboy is 15 and Johnny is 14. The book is basically about “coming of age,” and “loss of innocence.’ Both of these topics are pretty similar. “Coming of age” stories are about what happens when children change into young adults. Ponyboy and Johnny face problems like being in gangs, and dealing with girls and school. When they were children, they didn’t worry about these things much. Now that they are teenagers, reality kicks in and they have to deal with them.
Ponyboy and Johnny join a gang called “Greasers.”To be really accepted, they have to do bad thingsand act really tough. At the same time, they want to be good and improve their lives, so they face a lot of tough choices. Their parents are either dead or deadbeat, so they don’t get much help from them. Both Ponyboy and Johnny “come of age” because they realize they’re on their own and have to deal with these problems.
“Coming of Age” theme applies to my life. The story about the innocent girls getting bombed at church makes me think of the crazy people who come to a school and kill a bunch of innocent children and teachers. I guess I “came of age” when I realized that you are never ever really completely safe anywhere, and that crazy mean people can come from nowhere.
The Watsons Go to Birmingham Christopher Paul Curtis
Coming of Age
Coming of age is what happens when you realize you are growing up and start thinking about who you are, what the world is really like, and acting more mature.
At first, Byron is a bully. He makes fun of everybody and doesn’t care what happens to others or how he makes them feel. After killing a bird just to be mean, he feels sorry he killed it and cries. Then he buries it. This shows that he is beginning to realize how bad he is and wants to change (pg. 82-85). He is starting to grow up. .
Kenny is really upset about the church bomb and goes to Byron for help. Rather than teasing Kenny, Byron helps him think about and better understand what happened, and he tries to make Kenny feel better (pg. 196-200). This is a big change from the days when he was teasing everybody and being a bully.
ACTIONS the group wants people to take related to this topic
Evidence
Conclusion: What’s important to understand about this?
Inclusion or omission of infoChoices author makes to include or omit specific info about a topic can reflect bias
A reporter may express opinion (approval, ridicule, etc.) via tone of voice used when discussing the topic
Tone
Placement of infoThe position in a report (beginning, middle, end) that an idea is presented may cause people to view its importance differently.
Word choiceThe choice of words an author uses to describe something (gathering vs. mob) or name something / someone (child vs. brat); use of words that express positive / negative value.
BalanceDegree that author explains different sides or views of topic
ImpartialityDegree that author’s opinion about topic is obvious vs. neutral
Picture / video selection / captionsHow something / someone appears in a picture or video, as well as picture captions or video narrations, can dramatically sway perceptions
Substantiation of infoDegree that author provides multiple-sources of information in the report that can be independently verified
Exaggerating the characteristics of something/ someone often reflect bias.
Exaggeration Title Title’s wording may reflect the author’s opinion about the topic
Evidence of Author BiasAnalyzing text, forming & expressing opinions
DURING the heart of the lessonTeacher - guided reading/writing/note-taking routines using VTsPeer-assisted routines using VTsIndependent work routines using VTs
BEFORE the lessonUse VTs as advance organizers routinesUse VTs to review & activate background knowledge routinesUse VTs to pre-teach vocabulary routines
END of the lessonReflective review routines using VTsProject-based Learning routines using VTs
So how well does this stuff work? Extensive research validates use of visual tools… * Reading comprehension* Vocabulary acquisition* Writing fluency & ideation* Content-area learning
Large N quantitative studies (true- & quasi-experimental designs) Qualitative studies Program Evaluations
Typical measures include…General performance on high-stakes testsPerformance in specific skills (writing) and vocabularyDepth / Breadth / Accuracy of new content knowledgeSocial validity (teacher & student satisfaction)Fidelity & factors that affect it
Results consistently show that …FAR better than “business as usual” (control groups)Significantly better than generic graphic organizersTeachers and students HIGHLY value them
Visual Tool Resources designed for teaching CCS Standards