Visual impairement ppka

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Special MethodsIn Teaching Individuals with

Visual Impairment

Reported by:Loraine B. EstaBeed – Sped III

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What is visual impairment?

• Visual impairment is a physical loss of useful vision.

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The Structure of the Eye

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Classifications Of Visual Impairment

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Classifications Of Visual Impairment

1. For educational purposes1.1 Totally blind1.2 Low vision

2. Kinds and types of blindness2.1 According to age onset

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1. For Educational Purposes

1.1 Totally blind

- very little or no vision perception at all

- Visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye

- braille

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1. For Educational Purposes

1.2 Low vision

- better visual perception

- can read large print or regular print under special conditions

- remaining visual acuity of 20/70 in the better eye

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2. Kinds and Types of Blindness

2.1 According to age onset

2.1.1 Congenitally Blind

- born blind- impairment is

present at birth

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2. Kinds and Types of Blindness2.1 According to age onset

2.1.2 Consequently Blind- Acquired blindness

before age 5- may have no

experience on visual imagery

- may have retained very little including color

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2. Kinds and Types of Blindness

2.1 According to age onset

2.1.3 Adventitiously Blindthose who lost

vision from 6 years or above

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Common Eye Conditions

Refractive, Directive and Receptive Parts

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* Refractive Part1. Myopia (Nearsightedness)

• The result of the eyeball being too long

• The lens is too far from the retina

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*Refractive Part2. Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

• The result of the eyeball being too short

• The lens is too close on the retina

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*Refractive Part3. Cataract • The result of the

opacity of the crystalline lens

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* Refractive Part4. Astigmatism • Refractive error resulting

from an irregularity of the cornea or lens of the eye

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*Refractive Part5. Glaucoma • Cause damage to the eye due

to increased pressure from accumulation of aqueous fluid

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*Protective Part1. Trachoma • Serious form of

conjunctivitis or pink eye

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* Directive Part

1. Strabismus (cross eyes)

• Failure of both eyes to direct gaze simultaneously at the same object

• Faulty muscle coordination

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*Directive Part2. Nystagmus • Rapid and voluntary

movement of the eyeball• Can occur as a secondary

characteristic of a variety of visual disorders and brain injury

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*Directive Part3. Amblopia ex Anopsia

• Dimness of vision due to disuse of the weak eye from improper muscle balance

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Causes

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Causes of Blindness

• Prenatal Causes• Perinatal Causes• Postnatal Causes

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Causes of BlindnessPrenatal Perinatal Postanatal

• Viral diseases • Traumatic experience during delivery

• Diseases/aliments

• Toxic conditions • Anoxia or loss of oxygen during delivery

• Accident/injuries

• Blood incompatibility

• Heavy sedation • Other causes

• Congenital malformation

• Retrolental fibroplasia (RFL)

• Exposure to radiation

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Characteristics

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Physical Social & Emotional Intellectual/Learning

• Absence of eyeball • Tends to be extremely dependent

• Lack of normal visual stimulation may retard growth

• Discolored eyes • Inferior • Some visually impaired children may begin to talk later than the sighted

• Severe cross eyes • Fearful • Those who have talent and interest in music may show exceptional ability in this area.

• Excessive involuntary movement

• Unduly sensitive

• Poor posture and unnatural gait

• Easily discouraged /Frustrated

• Restriction in mobility and spatial orientation

• Self conscious

• Easily Embarassed

Characteristics of Visually Impaired

Children

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Characteristics of Visually Impaired Children

Other distinctive Characteristics:

1. Groping2. Wearing dark glasses3. No eye to eye contact

4. Slow in moving5. Use of cane

6. Sensitive to sound and smell7. Cannot read printed materials

8. Color and light blindness

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Visual Acuity Test

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Visual Acuity Test

• A visual acuity test is an exam that determines how well a person can see the details of a word or symbol from a specific distance away.

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Visual Acuity Test

• Different types are:

Snellen TestRandom E’s/Tumbling E ChartBroken Ring ChartAllen ChartTeller Acuity CardsOptokinetic Drum

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Visual Acuity Test• Snellen Chart • Tumbling E Chart

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Visual Acuity Test• Broken Ring

Chart• Teller Acuity

Cards

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Visual Acuity Test• Lea Grating • Optokinetic

Drum

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Program Models

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Program ModelsA. The Residential School ModelB. The Self-contained Classroom ModelC. The Resource Room ModelD. The Itinerant Or Teacher Consultant

ModelE. Early Childhood ModelF. Special Education CenterG. Homebound Instruction

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Special Equipment And Materials

Tactual Aids, Auditory Aids and Auditory Aids

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Tactual Aids• Braille Writer

• Slate and Stylus

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Tactual Aids• Raised-line Drawing

Boards• Abacus

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Tactual Aids• Cubarithm Slate • Raised-line Paper

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Tactual Aids• Templates and Writing

Guides• Braille Books

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Auditory Aids• Cassette Tape Recorders • Talking Boards

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Optional Aids (for partially sighted)

• Eyeglasses

• Magnifiers • Telescopic Aids

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Educational Support Services

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1. Opthalmologist

• Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis & treatment of all defects and diseases of the eye.

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2. Optometrist

• Licensed, non-medical practitioner who measures refractive errors and eye muscles disturbances.

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3. Orientation and Mobility Specialist

• Teaches students to familiarize themselves with new surroundings to travel independently.

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4. Parents

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Special Methods

Individualization, Concreteness, Multisensory Instruction Approach,

Additional Stimulation & Self-Activity

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1. Individualization

• Special Classes should be kept small 6 to 8 pupils (elementary) up to about 12 (later on)

• Only one blind child in an integrated class

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2. Use of Concrete Objects and Experiences• By touch, blind children gain actual

knowledge of the objectsShapeSizeWeightHardnessSurface qualitiesPliabilityTexture

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2. Use of Concrete Objects and Experiences• Listening/hearing is a medium

of social contact–A source of descriptive information–Provides a sense-giving clue to the

PresenceLocationCondition of objects

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2. Use of Concrete Objects and Experiences

• Concreteness in teaching helps the child to avoid falling into a pattern of unreality and verbalism which may prevent his realistic awareness of the world and its social and economic demands upon him.

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3. Unified Multisensory Instruction Approach

• A blind child gains many impressions by:HearingSmellingFeeling air currentsTemperature changesTouching objects or parts of them

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3. Unified Multisensory Instruction Approach

• A blind child is presented with “units of experience” such as that of a grocery store, post office or farm.

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4. Additional Stimulation

• The teacher of a blind child must provide him with opportunities for experiences which he cannot gain on his own.

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5. Self – Activity (Learning by Doing)

• They need hands-on experiences. We know that everyone learns best by active involvement with ideas, and the same is true for students with visual impairments.

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Quotes of the Day #QOTD

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Thank you for listening!