Visual effects and graphics specifications for TV

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Visual Effects

&

Motion Graphics

3

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• Special Effects help in telling the story.

• If the video doesn’t open

pls click here

https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=P5_Msrdg3Hk

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• They should not stand out glaringly

• https://www.yo

utube.com/watc

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• Special Effects are so common today that

we don’t see them as artificial.

• This is a

matte

painting on

the studio

wall.

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• The earliest machines for regular Video effects

for broadcast TV shows were switchers.

• Analog TV switchers led to hybrid switchers

such as Panasonic’s AG-MX70

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Effects with Switcher

Switchers are not only Video Mixers

They have inbuilt Special Effects

Generators (SEG) too

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• We have seen some of the readymade effects possible

with switchers

• They are

Superimposition, or Super

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• Keying

• Chroma Key

• Wipe

• Split Screen

• Spotlight Effect

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• Masking/overlapping any electronic image area

with another electronic image/signal is known

as Keying

• The Background is

added by Keying

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• Internal Keying

• When the base signal/image feed is

broken/overlapped by a negative space, i.e. the

Key Signal.

• This is done by two knobs on the switcher

machine

• Clipper/Clip Control changes the brightness of

the masked/clipped area.

• Gain Control varies the signal strength Background Signal Foreground Signal cuts a hole and

fills with same signal quality

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• External Keying

• Uses three signals

• Background/Base Signal

• Hole Cutting Signal

• Foreground/Filling Signal

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• Matte Key

• If the cut-out portion of the title is filled

in by solid colors, grays, contours or

shadows, it is Matte Key

• Matte Key can be in Edge Mode, Drop

Shadow Mode, or Outline Mode

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• Chroma Key

• A special type of matte key where a uniform

color background is totally replaced/Keyed

Out

• The Keyed out portion is filled in by a second

signal – live feed or CGI or predetermined

background

• We shall come back to this topic if we have

time

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Some More Switcher Effects

Wipe

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• Soft Wipe

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• Diamond Wipe

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• Split Screen

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• Spotlight Effect

• check the spotlight around the person’s face

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• Digital Video Effects (DVE)

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• Scaling

• Where you can change the magnification of the

frame. We do that all the time in VLC.

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• Stretching

• Where the frame itself is stretched, oro

shrunk.

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• Repositioning/ Positionoing of Squeezed-

Zoomed Image

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• Perspective Distortion

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• Mosaic

Where the image is broken into uniform, discrete, tiles.

This is to blur part of the image for censor purpose. Or

for transition.

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• Posterization

Where only certain colors, or tones, are

used to show the picture.

• https://www.youtu

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• Solarization

• A blending of the potive and the negative

image

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• Motion Effects

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• Snapshots

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• Rotation and Bounce Effects

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• Fly Effect

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• Cube Spin

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• Multi-Images

• There are different types of Multi-image effects. All

of them are ways to put more than one image screen

in the final screen.

• One type of Multi-image

is the Secondary Screen

• Each individual is in his

or her own frame. Their

frames are tilted to each

other creating the illusion

that they are talking to

each other.

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• Multi-images

• Echo

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• Optical Effects

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• Reflections

• Reflections, as a form of Optical FX, have

a long history in visual storytelling

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• Star Filter

• Point light sources show up as stars

when this filter is used on camera lens

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• Diffusion Filter

• Face, or part of the frame, becomes softerr, hazier,

creating a dreamlike effect when this filter is used on

lens

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• Diffusion Filter

• Sometimes, a glass smeared thinly with vaseline may be

placed in the filter mattebox

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• Defocus & Refocus

If the image background is too defocused,

some actor or prop may change and you

won’t notice, until the background comes

back to focus again!

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• Mechanical Effects

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• Fire

• Fire-machines, which operate

on the principle of gas burner,

are used.

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• Flicker

• Flicker of fire or even matchbox can

be produced by the use of a dimmer

connected to a single halogen light.

• For a big set, more controlled, flicker,

a flickerbox is used.

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• Rain

• Rain-machines are used for artificial,

controlled rain

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• Fog

• Fog machines are used for creating fog effect. They

have successfully replaced dry ice

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• Snow

• Snow machines are used to create

snow-effect with foam

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• Lightning

• Old school model is to use positive

and negative carbon electrodes.

• Lightning means very high

illumination, very short-duration,

bluish light

• High-luminosity flashlights are

modern-day solution.

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• Blast

• Normally miniature sets are used for TV/Low

budget movie blasts

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• Wind

• Fans with propeller-type blades are used

for creation of wind in the big sets

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TV Graphics -

Specifications

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• TV Graphics specifications means

• Standards for recording and viewing images and

texts

• Not maintaining the standards would cause wrong

image, or no image at all

• Excessive brightness/white, too less

brightness/black, and oversaturated colors are

called illegal signal values in TV.

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• Terms to remember

• Aspect Ratio (AR)

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• Terms to remember

• Aspect Ratio (AR)

Aspect ratio is the image shape. Ratio of

the width and the height of the frame.

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Or 4:3

Aspect Ratio

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4 : 3

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4 : 3

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• Terms to remember

• Aliasing

• When a pattern is wrongly

represented, it is called

aliased.

• Blurring the wrong

representation to cheat the

eye is called anti-aliasing

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• Terms to remember

• Color Compatibility

Whether all colors are truly reproduced in an old

B&W TV

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• Terms to remember

• Essential Area/Active Area/Safe Area/Safe Title Area

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• Terms to remember

• Essential Area/Active Area/Safe Area/Safe Title Area

• If image or text is

outside the safe area,

that may not be visible

in all old analog TVs,

and may lose

sharpness, color and

contrast in modern

digital TVs.

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• Terms to remember

• Scanning Area

• Scanning area is the area for

the visual frame which was

recorded in the camera.

• The whole frame recorded

may not be truthfully visible

in the TV.

• The TV safe area is also

known as the Essential Area

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• Terms to remember

• Scanning Area

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• This happens if the text is outside

the TV safe area

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• PAN AND SCAN

• The active area is modified from its original version to

fit the screen

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• Letterbox:

The right way to

do it

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• Don’t buy, rent or download films that are not in their original

version

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• You are not watching the film that the filmmakers/TV

Producers really shot!

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• NAHI!!!!

• OH, YEAH!

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• Terms to remember

• Character Generator (CG)

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• Information Density and Readability

• In other word, Clutter

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• Information Density and Readability

• A properly structured screen makes

impact, as well as give maximum info at

the same time

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• Information Density and Readability

• Keep all graphics and text within the safe

area

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• Information Density and Readability

• Choose fonts that have a blod and clean

contour.

• Thin, serif fonts have a tendency to break

up when keyed in.

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• Information Density and Readability

• Limit information to the minimal at a

time

• If it is crawling text, the speed must be

slow

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• Information Density and Readability

• Keep all lettering in Bold

• Don’t keep text on a busy video

background!

Don’t!!

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• Color

• Here, we are talking about the color of

light, and not the color of paints!

• Light itself is invisible, and

colors created in the brain

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• Grayscale

• It represents the brightness showing range of a

signal, and the receiver/TV

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• Warm/High Energy and Cool/Low Energy

Colors

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Colours of different sources

Daylight Tungsten Bulb

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COLOUR SYSTEMS - Addictive System

The primary colours of Additive Colour Wheel – RED – GREEN - BLUE

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The Additive Colour Wheel

The secondary colours of Additive Colour Wheel

Magenta – Cyan - Yellow

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The Subtractive System

The primary colours of Subtractive Colour Wheel

Magenta – Yellow - Cyan

Photographs, magazines and other objects of nature such as an apple; create color by subtracting or absorbing certain wavelengths of color

while reflecting other wavelengths back to the viewer. This phenomenon is called subtractive color.

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• Color

• You can pinpoint any color by the

combination of its

Hue

Saturation

Brightness

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The Basic Components of Colour

Hue

Brightness

Saturation

What colour is “candy apple red”

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DESATURATION of colours by adding the

complementary hue

Partially desaturated colours of RED by adding white/black/cyan

Tint and Shade are sometimes used to indicate the desaturation

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Any of the colour can be described in terms of

Hue, Brightness & Saturation

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Brightness vs Saturation

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Contrast and Affinity - Hue

Contrast of Hue

Affinity of Hue

Single Colour - Green

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Contrast and Affinity – Brightness/Tonal range of colours

Affinity – all dark reds

Contrast

Bright & Dark blue

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Contrast and Affinity – Saturation

Contrast – Greys and

saturated red

Affinity – All colours

desaturated

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Warm & Cool Colours

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Extension – Colour extension deals with a colour's brightness and

physical proportion in relation to other colours.

Extension – Yellow the brightest saturated colour and Blue/Magenta the Darkest.

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Interactions of colours – Josef Albers demonstrated how colours

appear changed in hue, brightness or saturation when placed next

to each other.

The susceptible colour – the colour that will appear to change

The neighbor – the colour or tone that will activate the change in

the suceceptible colour

Interactions of colours

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Interactions of colours occurs when white or black is placed next

to a colour. But the results vary depending upon the proportions.

When cyan is surrounded by white, it looks darker than when the

same cyan is surrounded by black

The figure below shows the Bezold effect.

These kinds of colour interactions are called simultaneous contrast,

because they occur within a single picture or shot

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Complementary Colours – the second type of colour interactions

involve complementory colours. When complementary colours

are placed to next to each other their saturation increases.

As the proportion of the complementary colours changes, the larger colour

becomes less susceptible. And the smaller colour becomes more susceptible.

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Simultaneous Contrast – The orange within blue appears more

saturated than the same orange within the yellow.

Both susceptible oranges are in the picture at the same time

The same interaction can be created from shot to shot, which is called SUCCESSIVE

CONTRAST. In successive contrast only the second colour is susceptible to change.

After seeing a predominantly 'reddish' shot, the following 'cyanish' shot will appear more

saturated.

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Analogous Colours – the third type of colour interactions states that

when analogous colours are placed to next to each other,

they appear to push apart or seperate.

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Successive Contrast demo – red after image.

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Colour Schemes based on Colour Wheel

One hue

Red

Complementary

Blue - Orange

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Split-Complementary

Cyan> - Orange-RedMgenta

Three way Split – Three

equidistant colours in the wheel

Blue – Red - Green

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Four way split – Equidistant

four hues at the wheel

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The Colour Script

Colour script for the entire

production – cool desaturated

colours

Colour script for each act of

the story

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Colour script for each shot

within four sequences