Chapter 8 Spa ti al Attent i on Di so rd e rs in Developmental Dyslexi a: Towards the Prevention of Read i ng Acqu is ition Deficits Andrea Facoetti Developmental dyslexia and phonological de coding Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a Ileurobiological disorder (see Habib, 2000; Demonet & Reilhac, 2012 in the present book for reviews) characterized by difficulties in reading acquisition despite adequate intelligence, conventional education, and motivation (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). It is widely believed that impaired phonologi- cal processing characterizes individuals with DD (see RanlUs, 2003; Vellutino et aI., 2004; Shaywitz & Shaywitz, 2005; Gabrieli, 2009 for reviews). Thus children and adults with DD display poor phonological awareness, slow lexical retrieval, and poor phonological short- term memory. These phonological deficits interfere with one of the most critical skills for successful reading acquisition, that is, phonological decoding (e.g. Ziegler et aI., 2003; Ziegler & Goswami, 2005). Phonological decoding is based on letter-to-sound conver- sion, allowing children to make the connection between novel letter strings and words that are already stored in their phonological (spoken word) lexicon (Share, 1995). Efficient phonological decoding requires accurate auditory representations at the phoneme level (e.g. Harm & Seidenberg, 1999; Perry et aI., 2007). Since Italian letter- to-sound orthogra- phy is particularly regular, phonological decoding is crucial for learning to read. Nevertheless, it is also essential for learning to read in more irr egular letter-to-sound orthographies, such as English (Share, 1995). Devel opmental dyslexia and auditory processing Many studies have sought to explain impaired phonological skills in terms of lower-level deficits, with special reference to sensory and aHentional auditory processing. They indi- cate that au ditory deficits impair speech perception, whic h, in turn, affects grapheme-to- phoneme mapping and phonological s hort - term memory (Ramus, 2003). Indeed, developmental deficits that affect speech perception do increase the risk of language and literacy problems. Recent biobehavioural evidence supports the idea that individuals with DD and/or with specific language impairment (SU) are impaired in their perception
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Chapter 8
Spatial Attention Disorders in Developmental Dyslexia Towards the Prevention of Reading Acquisition Deficits
Andrea Facoetti
Developmental dyslexia and phonological decoding Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a Ileurobiological disorder (see Habib 2000 Demonet amp
Reilhac 2012 in the present book for reviews ) characterized by difficulties in reading
acquisition despite adequate intelligence conventional education and motivation
(American Psychiatric Association 1994) It is widely believed that impaired phonologishy
cal processing characterizes individuals with DD (see RanlUs 2003 Vellutino et aI 2004
Shaywitz amp Shaywitz 2005 Gabrieli 2009 for reviews) Thus children and adults with DD
Facoetti A Ruffino M Gori 5 Rigoni A Benassi M Bolzani R et al (2010c) On the relationship
between magnocellular pathway and automatic attentional orienling evidences from developmentalshy
dyslexia jOllnzal nfVision 10 281
Ferretti G Mazzotti S amp Brizzolara D (2008) Visual scanning and reading ability in normal and
dyslexic children Behavioral Neurology 19 87-92
Fisher JH (1905) Cae of congenital word blindness (Inability to learn to read) Ophthalmological
Review 24 315- 18
134 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Franceschini S Gori S Ruffino lvI Pedrolli K amp Facoetti A (2012) A causal link between visual
spatial attention and reading acquisition ClIrrellt Biology 221-6
Franceschini S Corradi N Ruffino M Gori S Giancsini T amp Faeoett A (2010) Atypical local
perception precedence in preschoQler poor readers Perception 3979
Fritz JB Elhilali M David SY amp Shamiddotmma SA (2007) Auditory attention focusing the searchlight
on sound ClIrrent Opinion ill NeurobiQlogy 17437-55
Gabrieli JD (2009) Dyslexia a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience Sciellce 325280-3
Gayan J amp Olson RK (2001) Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and
phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Developmental Nell rop_ych ology 20 483-507
Geiger G Lettvin JY amp Fanhle M (1994) Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading
a controlled experiment Vision Research 34 J223-33
Geiger G Cattaneo c Galli R Pozzoli U Lorusso ML Facoetti A et al (2008) Wide and
diffuse perceptual modes characterized dyslexics in vision and audition PerceptiOll 37 1745-64
Gormley Jr WT Philips D amp Gayer T (2008) Preschool programs can boost school readiness
Science 320 1723-24
Goswami U (2003) Wlly theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs
Trends ill Cognitive Science 7 534-40
Goswami U Thomson J Rimiddotchardson u Stainthorp R Hughes D Rosen S et al (2002)
Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia A new hypothesi s Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the Ullited StMes ofAmerica 9910911-16
Goswami U Wang I-IL Cruz A Fosker T Mead N amp Huss M (2011) Language-universal
sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia English Spanish and Chinese JOllmal ofCognitive Nellrosciel1ce 23325-37
Griinling c Ligges M Huonker R Klingert M Mentzel HT Rzanny R et al (2004) Dyslexia
the possible benefit of multimodal int egration of fMRI- and EEG-data Journal ofNeural TranslI1ission 111 951-69
Habib M (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia an overview and working
hypothe~is Braitl 1232373-99
Hallgren B (950) Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness) a clinical and genetic study Acta Psychiatrica mid Ncwmiddotology Supplemellt 65 1-2R7
Hari R amp RenvaIl H (2001) Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia Trends in Cogn itive Sciellce 5 525-32
Hari R Remall H amp Tanskanen T (2001) Left minineglect in dyslexic adults Brain 124 1373- 80
Harm MW amp Seidenberg MS (1999) Phonology reading acquisition and dyslexia insights from
Jones MW Branigan HP amp Kelly M L (2008) Visllal deficits in developmental dyslex ia
rela tionships between non -lingllistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading
Dyslexia 14 95-115
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2008 ) Visual deficits in pre-readears at familial risk for dyslcxia Visioll Research 48 2835-9
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2009) Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal
stream functioning NeulOps)chologia 47 3174--8 J
p
Rm
RC
Ro
Ruf
R Ui
Sh
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
Facoetti A Ruffino M Gori 5 Rigoni A Benassi M Bolzani R et al (2010c) On the relationship
between magnocellular pathway and automatic attentional orienling evidences from developmentalshy
dyslexia jOllnzal nfVision 10 281
Ferretti G Mazzotti S amp Brizzolara D (2008) Visual scanning and reading ability in normal and
dyslexic children Behavioral Neurology 19 87-92
Fisher JH (1905) Cae of congenital word blindness (Inability to learn to read) Ophthalmological
Review 24 315- 18
134 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Franceschini S Gori S Ruffino lvI Pedrolli K amp Facoetti A (2012) A causal link between visual
spatial attention and reading acquisition ClIrrellt Biology 221-6
Franceschini S Corradi N Ruffino M Gori S Giancsini T amp Faeoett A (2010) Atypical local
perception precedence in preschoQler poor readers Perception 3979
Fritz JB Elhilali M David SY amp Shamiddotmma SA (2007) Auditory attention focusing the searchlight
on sound ClIrrent Opinion ill NeurobiQlogy 17437-55
Gabrieli JD (2009) Dyslexia a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience Sciellce 325280-3
Gayan J amp Olson RK (2001) Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and
phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Developmental Nell rop_ych ology 20 483-507
Geiger G Lettvin JY amp Fanhle M (1994) Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading
a controlled experiment Vision Research 34 J223-33
Geiger G Cattaneo c Galli R Pozzoli U Lorusso ML Facoetti A et al (2008) Wide and
diffuse perceptual modes characterized dyslexics in vision and audition PerceptiOll 37 1745-64
Gormley Jr WT Philips D amp Gayer T (2008) Preschool programs can boost school readiness
Science 320 1723-24
Goswami U (2003) Wlly theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs
Trends ill Cognitive Science 7 534-40
Goswami U Thomson J Rimiddotchardson u Stainthorp R Hughes D Rosen S et al (2002)
Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia A new hypothesi s Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the Ullited StMes ofAmerica 9910911-16
Goswami U Wang I-IL Cruz A Fosker T Mead N amp Huss M (2011) Language-universal
sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia English Spanish and Chinese JOllmal ofCognitive Nellrosciel1ce 23325-37
Griinling c Ligges M Huonker R Klingert M Mentzel HT Rzanny R et al (2004) Dyslexia
the possible benefit of multimodal int egration of fMRI- and EEG-data Journal ofNeural TranslI1ission 111 951-69
Habib M (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia an overview and working
hypothe~is Braitl 1232373-99
Hallgren B (950) Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness) a clinical and genetic study Acta Psychiatrica mid Ncwmiddotology Supplemellt 65 1-2R7
Hari R amp RenvaIl H (2001) Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia Trends in Cogn itive Sciellce 5 525-32
Hari R Remall H amp Tanskanen T (2001) Left minineglect in dyslexic adults Brain 124 1373- 80
Harm MW amp Seidenberg MS (1999) Phonology reading acquisition and dyslexia insights from
Jones MW Branigan HP amp Kelly M L (2008) Visllal deficits in developmental dyslex ia
rela tionships between non -lingllistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading
Dyslexia 14 95-115
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2008 ) Visual deficits in pre-readears at familial risk for dyslcxia Visioll Research 48 2835-9
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2009) Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal
stream functioning NeulOps)chologia 47 3174--8 J
p
Rm
RC
Ro
Ruf
R Ui
Sh
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
Facoetti A Ruffino M Gori 5 Rigoni A Benassi M Bolzani R et al (2010c) On the relationship
between magnocellular pathway and automatic attentional orienling evidences from developmentalshy
dyslexia jOllnzal nfVision 10 281
Ferretti G Mazzotti S amp Brizzolara D (2008) Visual scanning and reading ability in normal and
dyslexic children Behavioral Neurology 19 87-92
Fisher JH (1905) Cae of congenital word blindness (Inability to learn to read) Ophthalmological
Review 24 315- 18
134 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Franceschini S Gori S Ruffino lvI Pedrolli K amp Facoetti A (2012) A causal link between visual
spatial attention and reading acquisition ClIrrellt Biology 221-6
Franceschini S Corradi N Ruffino M Gori S Giancsini T amp Faeoett A (2010) Atypical local
perception precedence in preschoQler poor readers Perception 3979
Fritz JB Elhilali M David SY amp Shamiddotmma SA (2007) Auditory attention focusing the searchlight
on sound ClIrrent Opinion ill NeurobiQlogy 17437-55
Gabrieli JD (2009) Dyslexia a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience Sciellce 325280-3
Gayan J amp Olson RK (2001) Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and
phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Developmental Nell rop_ych ology 20 483-507
Geiger G Lettvin JY amp Fanhle M (1994) Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading
a controlled experiment Vision Research 34 J223-33
Geiger G Cattaneo c Galli R Pozzoli U Lorusso ML Facoetti A et al (2008) Wide and
diffuse perceptual modes characterized dyslexics in vision and audition PerceptiOll 37 1745-64
Gormley Jr WT Philips D amp Gayer T (2008) Preschool programs can boost school readiness
Science 320 1723-24
Goswami U (2003) Wlly theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs
Trends ill Cognitive Science 7 534-40
Goswami U Thomson J Rimiddotchardson u Stainthorp R Hughes D Rosen S et al (2002)
Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia A new hypothesi s Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the Ullited StMes ofAmerica 9910911-16
Goswami U Wang I-IL Cruz A Fosker T Mead N amp Huss M (2011) Language-universal
sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia English Spanish and Chinese JOllmal ofCognitive Nellrosciel1ce 23325-37
Griinling c Ligges M Huonker R Klingert M Mentzel HT Rzanny R et al (2004) Dyslexia
the possible benefit of multimodal int egration of fMRI- and EEG-data Journal ofNeural TranslI1ission 111 951-69
Habib M (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia an overview and working
hypothe~is Braitl 1232373-99
Hallgren B (950) Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness) a clinical and genetic study Acta Psychiatrica mid Ncwmiddotology Supplemellt 65 1-2R7
Hari R amp RenvaIl H (2001) Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia Trends in Cogn itive Sciellce 5 525-32
Hari R Remall H amp Tanskanen T (2001) Left minineglect in dyslexic adults Brain 124 1373- 80
Harm MW amp Seidenberg MS (1999) Phonology reading acquisition and dyslexia insights from
Jones MW Branigan HP amp Kelly M L (2008) Visllal deficits in developmental dyslex ia
rela tionships between non -lingllistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading
Dyslexia 14 95-115
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2008 ) Visual deficits in pre-readears at familial risk for dyslcxia Visioll Research 48 2835-9
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2009) Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal
stream functioning NeulOps)chologia 47 3174--8 J
p
Rm
RC
Ro
Ruf
R Ui
Sh
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
tem ha
neural
started
cortica
ters an norma
that th
to be reo
ing on
readiuc
wOTkin
tude of just wil
Exist umque
the GU
serioU
scienli
tiOJ1 ~
et aI
has al COTlH
134 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Franceschini S Gori S Ruffino lvI Pedrolli K amp Facoetti A (2012) A causal link between visual
spatial attention and reading acquisition ClIrrellt Biology 221-6
Franceschini S Corradi N Ruffino M Gori S Giancsini T amp Faeoett A (2010) Atypical local
perception precedence in preschoQler poor readers Perception 3979
Fritz JB Elhilali M David SY amp Shamiddotmma SA (2007) Auditory attention focusing the searchlight
on sound ClIrrent Opinion ill NeurobiQlogy 17437-55
Gabrieli JD (2009) Dyslexia a new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience Sciellce 325280-3
Gayan J amp Olson RK (2001) Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and
phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Developmental Nell rop_ych ology 20 483-507
Geiger G Lettvin JY amp Fanhle M (1994) Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading
a controlled experiment Vision Research 34 J223-33
Geiger G Cattaneo c Galli R Pozzoli U Lorusso ML Facoetti A et al (2008) Wide and
diffuse perceptual modes characterized dyslexics in vision and audition PerceptiOll 37 1745-64
Gormley Jr WT Philips D amp Gayer T (2008) Preschool programs can boost school readiness
Science 320 1723-24
Goswami U (2003) Wlly theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs
Trends ill Cognitive Science 7 534-40
Goswami U Thomson J Rimiddotchardson u Stainthorp R Hughes D Rosen S et al (2002)
Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia A new hypothesi s Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the Ullited StMes ofAmerica 9910911-16
Goswami U Wang I-IL Cruz A Fosker T Mead N amp Huss M (2011) Language-universal
sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia English Spanish and Chinese JOllmal ofCognitive Nellrosciel1ce 23325-37
Griinling c Ligges M Huonker R Klingert M Mentzel HT Rzanny R et al (2004) Dyslexia
the possible benefit of multimodal int egration of fMRI- and EEG-data Journal ofNeural TranslI1ission 111 951-69
Habib M (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia an overview and working
hypothe~is Braitl 1232373-99
Hallgren B (950) Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness) a clinical and genetic study Acta Psychiatrica mid Ncwmiddotology Supplemellt 65 1-2R7
Hari R amp RenvaIl H (2001) Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia Trends in Cogn itive Sciellce 5 525-32
Hari R Remall H amp Tanskanen T (2001) Left minineglect in dyslexic adults Brain 124 1373- 80
Harm MW amp Seidenberg MS (1999) Phonology reading acquisition and dyslexia insights from
Jones MW Branigan HP amp Kelly M L (2008) Visllal deficits in developmental dyslex ia
rela tionships between non -lingllistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading
Dyslexia 14 95-115
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2008 ) Visual deficits in pre-readears at familial risk for dyslcxia Visioll Research 48 2835-9
Kevan A amp Pammer K (2009) Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal
stream functioning NeulOps)chologia 47 3174--8 J
p
Rm
RC
Ro
Ruf
R Ui
Sh
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
150 1m the pag
tem ha
neural
started
cortica
ters an norma
that th
to be reo
ing on
readiuc
wOTkin
tude of just wil
Exist umque
the GU
serioU
scienli
tiOJ1 ~
et aI
has al COTlH
visual
local
chlight
nee
f3-507
d ing
fi
la
II
o
n
SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA I 135
Kinsey K Rormiddotc M Hans n P Richardson A amp Stein J (2004) t-lagnocdlular mediated
visual-spatlal attention and reading ability Nellroreport 15 2215- 18
Ladavas E Umilta C amp Mapclli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslCoxia Ncuropsychologia 35 1075-85
Lallier M Tainturier M J Dering R Donnadieu S Valdois S Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evid ence for amodaJ sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia Nellropsyrhologia 48 4 125- 35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD D rislane FW amp Galaburda AM (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evidence fo r a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the National Academy o(Scicnccs of United States ofA merica 88 7943-7
tvlartelli M Di FiLippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia jOllrnal of Vision 9 1- 18
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaen e S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusiform gyrus Trellds ill Cogl1itive Science 7 293-9
Menghini D Finzi A Benassi M Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli 5 et al (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developlilental dyslexia a comparative study
Neuropsyclzolugia 48 863- 72
Montani V Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublexical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pam m er K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2084) Symbol-string sensitivity and childrens
reading Brain 6- Langwlge 89 601-10
Peili DG (2008) Crowding A cortical constraint on object recognition Current Opiniol1 in
Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BmiddotF (2006) From single to multiple deticit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pemet e Anderssn J Paulesu E amp D emonet JF (2009) When ail hypotheses are right a multifocal
accounf of dyslexia J-hol1al1 Bmil1 A1appil1g 30 2278-92
Perry e Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) N ested incremental modehng in th e development of
computational theories The CDP+ model of reading aloud Psychological Review 114273- 315
Plaza M amp (ohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual altention in early
reading and sp_c1ling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) Th e time course of CQmpetition for attention Attention
is initially labile journal ofExperimelltal Psychology Human Pcrception and Performance 28 1149-62
Pugh KR Mend W E Jenner AR Kats L Prost Sj Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading diGability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation ami Developmental Disabilities Research Rcvh1vs 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfun ction Current Opilion in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
joumal ofCogl1itive Neuroscience 14757- 68
Reynolds JH amp Heeger DJ (2009) The normalization model of attention Neurol 61168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrdevant visual information
in dyslexia Bmir 130 771- 85
Ruffino tv1 Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Giovagnoli S Menghini D et al (2010a) Attcntional
engagem ent deficits in dyslexic children NellropsyciJologia 48 3793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 Franceschini S amp Facoett i A (2010h) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
exclusion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perccption 39 80
Shamma SA amp Micheyl e (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currcnt Opi1lio1l Neurobiology 20 361-6
1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in
reading and language disorders CIlTent Opinion ill Neurobiology 10482-6
Ziegler JC amp Goswami U (2005) Reading acquisition developmental dyslexia and skilled reading
across languages A psycholinguistic grain size theory Psychological Bulletin 1313-29
Zieglb Je Perry C Wyatt AM Ladner D t Schulte-Korne G (2003) Developmental dyslexia in
different languages Language-specific or universal lotlnal Ofpound1)crimental Child Psychology 86169-93
Ziegkr JC Pech-Georgel C George F Alario Fx Lorenzi C (2005) Deficits in speech perception
predict language learning impairment Proceedings of the National Academy ofScicnces ofthe United States ofAmerica 2714110-15
Ziegler JC Pech-Georgel C George F amp Lorenzi C (2009) Speech perception in noise deficits in
dyslexia Developmental Scicnce 12 732-45
Zorzi M (2005) Computational models of reading In G Houghton (Ed) Conncctionist modcls ill cogshynitive pSychology pp 403~H London Psychology Press
Zorzi M Barbiero C Facoetti A Lonciari I Carroni M Montico M Bravar L George F Pechshy
George C amp Ziegler J (2012) Extra-Large Letter Spacing Improves Reading in Dyslexia
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmcrica in press
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1135 SPATIAL ATTENTION DISORDERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
Kinsey K Rose M Hansen PRichardson A amp Stein J (2004) Magnocellular mediated
visual-spa tial attention and reading ability Nelroreport 152215-18
Ladavas E Umilta c amp Mapelli D (1997) Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word
reading Evidence from neglect dyslexia Neu7Opsyc1iOlogia 351075-85
Lallier M Iainturier iVJ Dering BDonnadieu 5 Yaldois 5 Thierry G (2010) Behavioral and
ERP evidence for amodal sluggish attentional shifting in developmental dyslexia NeufOpsychologia 484125-35
Livingstone MS Rosen GD Drisbne FW amp Gabburda AJv (1991) Physiological and
anatomical evid_ence for a l11agnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proceedillgs of the Natiollal Academy ofSciences o(United States ofAmerica 88 7943-7
Martelli rv Di Filippo G Spinelli D amp Zoccolotti P (2009) Crowding reading and developmental
dyslexia journal ofVision 9 l-J 8
McCandliss BD Cohen L amp Dehaene S (2003) The visual word form area expertise for reading in
the fusifOTl11 gyrus Trellds ill Cognitive Sciellce 7293-9
venghini D Finzi A Benassi N Bolzani R Facoetti A Giovagnoli S et a (2010) Different
underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia a comparative study
Nellropsychologia 48 863-72
Montani Y Facoetti A amp Zorzi M (2010) Crowding effect in lexical and sublcxical recognition
Perception 39 148
Pammer K Lavis R Hansen P amp Cornelissen PL (2004) Symbol-string sensilivity and childrens
reading Brain amp Language 89 601-10
Pelli DG (2008) Crowding A cm-tical constraint on object recognition Currcnt Opinion in Neurobiology 18445-51
Pennington BF (2006) From single to mUltiple deficit models of developmental disorders Cognition 101385-413
Pernet c Anderssn J Paulesu E amp Demonet JF (2009) Vhen all hy-potheses are right a m ultifocal
accounf of dyslexia HIman Brain iI-lopping 30 2278-92
Perry c Ziegler Je amp Zorzi M (2007) Ncsted incremental modding in the development of
computational theories The CD P+ model ofreading aloud Psychological Review 114273-315
Plaza M amp Cohen E (2006) The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early
reading and spelling Dyslexia 1367-76
Potter Me Staub A amp OConnor DH (2002) The time course of competition for attention Attention
Pugh KR Mend WE lenner AR Kats L Frost SJ Lee JR et al (2000) Functional
neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia) Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6 207-13
Ramus F (2003) Developmental dyslexia specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor
dysfunction Current Opiniol1 in Neurobiology 13212-18
Renvall H amp Hari R (2002) Auditory cortical responses to speech-like stimuli in dyslexic adults
jOtlrnal afCognitive Neuroscience 14757-68
Reynolds JH amp H eeger DJ- (2009) The normalization model of attention Neuroll 61 168-85
Roach NW amp Hogben JH (2007) Impaired filtering of behaviourally irrelevant visual information
in dyslexia Brain l3U 771-85
Ruffino M Trussardi AN Gori S Finzi A Ciovagnoli 5 Menghini D et al (2010a) Attentional
engagement deficits in dyslexic children NeliropsycilOlogia 483793-801
Ruffino M Gori 5 FranceschiniS amp Facoetti A (2010b) Developmental dyslexia Perceptual noise
excl usion deficit or spatial attention dysfunction Perceptiol1 39 80
Sharn ma SA amp Micheyl C (2010) Behind the scenes of auditory perception Currellt Opinion Neu robiology 20 361-6
136 I VISUAL ASPECTS OF DYSLEXIA
Share DL (1995) Phonological recoding and self- teaching Sine qua non of reading acquisition
Cognition 55151-218
Shaywitz SE amp Sha)~tz BA (2005) Dyslexia specific reading disability Biological Psychiatry 571301-9
Sieroff E Pollatsek A amp Posner M (1988) Recognition of visual letter strings following injury to the
posterior visual spatial attention system Cognitive Neuropsychology 5 427-49
Sperling AJ Lu ZL Manis FR amp Seidenberg MS (2005) Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in