VISHWAKARMA YOJNA A Project Report Submitted by UDAY TEJANI (100070109030) In fulfillment of the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad December-2013 BVM Engineering College ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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VISHWAKARMA YOJNA
A Project Report
Submitted by
UDAY TEJANI (100070109030)
In fulfillment of the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
December-2013
BVM Engineering College
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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CERTIFICATE
Date:11/12/2013
This is to certificate that the dissertation entitled “VISHWAKARMA YOJNA ON
VILLAGE NAPAD VANTO” has been carried out by UDAY TEJANI
(100070109030), under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Engineering (7th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad during academic year 2013-2014
Guides:
Prof. G.K.SHARMA DR. B.R.PAREKH
Head of
Electrical Engineering Dpt.
BVM Engineering Collage
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indented to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad for providing
us such opportunity to work under Vishwakarma Yojna to get real work experience and
applying our technical knowledge in the development of Villages.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Akshai Agrawal, Hon’ble Vice
Chancellor, Gujarat Technological University-Ahmedabad, for his encouragement and
support during project work.
We express our sincere thanks to all the members of Department of Technical
Education for appreciating and acknowledging our work. Especially thanks to
Registrar, Gujarat Technological University and team of Gujarat Technological
University for their unconditional support during the project work.
We express our sincere thanks to DDO, TDO, Sarpanch and staff members of NAPAD
VANTO village for providing us with requisite data whenever we approached them.
Especially our thanks are to all villagers and stake holders for their support during
Survey.
An act of gratitude is expressed to our guide Prof.G.K.SHARMA, Nodal Officer, BVM
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KHEDA for their invaluable guidance, constant inspiration
and his actively involvement in my dissertation work. We therefore, take this
opportunity for expressing our deep gratitude and sincere thanks to them without
whose help and cooperation, it might not been possible for us to produce this project
work in the present form..
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ABSTRACT:
Today world is growing rapidly and the living standards of society are improving
due to development in each and every field. Due to evolution of new technologies
world has become small. Anand is among the most developed city of Gujarat .
Napad vanto is one of village of Anand district. It is essential that development
must be indicated at village level for growth of the state and nation.
The preliminary survey was carried out and data has been collected to assure
the problem of the village. It is observed that the village is facing the problem and
basic amenities like children's play ground , hospital , general market for agricultural
product along with lake of important facility like solid waste disposal and drainage
facility.
The efforts are made to suggest the remedies to tackle the problem and house
hold solution at preliminary level. It is also intended to carry out detailed survey for the
betterment of the village at large scale.
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INDEX:
CHAPTER NO. DISCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 General 7
1.2 Need of study 8
1.3 Study area 8
1.4 Objective of study 10
1.5 Scope of study 10
1.6 Methodology 11
1.7 Chapterization 13
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 14
2.1 Various definitions 14
2.2 Government norms 15
2.3 Approach 16
3. SOLAR STREET LIGHT DESIGNINING 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Component required for solar street
light
22
3.3 Types of Solar street light 23
3.4 Table shown dimensions of road 23
3.5 final required no. of solar street light 26
4. ESTIMATION AND COASTING 27
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Type 1 S.S.L. Costing 27
4.3 Type 2 S.S.L. Costing 28
4.4 Total Estimated cost of S.S.L. 28
4.5 Design Life 28
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4.6 Installation Cost 29
4.7 Maintenance 30
5. AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL 31
5.1 Introduction 31
5.2 Basic Concepts & Overviews 32
5.3 Components Used 33
5.4 Explanation of Components 34
5.5 Working 36
5.6 Advantages 37
6 SOLAR CROP DRYER 39
6.1 Introduction 39
6.2 Solar wall for agricultural application 45
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LIST OF FIGURES:
FIG NO. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
1.1 Village map 8
1.2 Methodology 11
2.1 Rural development component and
objective
15
4.1 Light bill of Sarpanchoffice 27
5.1 Street light condition 31
5.2 Circuit diagram 33
5.3 IC 555 Diagram 35
6.1 Solar crop dryer 39
6.2 Construction of solar crop dryer 41
6.3 Trogh dryer 42
6.4 Tunnel dryer 42
6.5 Belt dryer 43
6.6 Solar wall system 44
6.7 Agricultural application of solar dryer 45
6.8 Agricultural application of solar dryer 46
LIST OF TABLES:
TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION OF TABLES PAGE NO.
1.1 Norms of garden 9
2.1 Rural development program 16
3.1 Table shown data of road width & length 23
3.2 Table shown total no. of S.S.L. required 24
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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL :
Around 70% of the State's population is living in rural areas. People in
rural areas should have the same quality of life as is enjoyed by people living in
sub urban and urban areas. On account of poverty, unemployment, poor and
inadequate infrastructural facility has caused migration of the rural people to urban.
Hence, created slum in these region consequently social and economic tension
has resulted in urban areas. Hence, rural Development which is concerned with
economic growth and social justice, improvement in the living standard of the rural
people by providing adequate and quality social services and minimum basic
needs becomes essential.
The present strategy of rural development mainly focuses on provision of
basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative program of wage
and self-employment. For economic improvement of local people The above goals
will be achieved by various program being implemented creating partnership with
communities, non-governmental organizations, community based organizations,
institutions.
The Government's policy and program have laid emphasis on poverty,
generation of employment and income opportunities and provision of infrastructure
and basic facilities to meet the needs of rural poor.
As a measure to strengthen the grass root level democracy, the
Government is constantly endeavoring to empower Panchayat Raj Institutions in
terms of functions, powers and finance.
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1.2 NEED OF STUDY:
The basic need of rural development program is to alleviate poverty and
unemployment through
Creation of basic social and economic infrastructure
provision of training to rural unemployed youth
providing employment to marginal Farmers/Labourers
By this Vishwakarma yojna project government want technical solution of
the problem of villages at the engineering point of view. In this project the common
problem of village are solved by the engineering students.
1.3 STUDY AREA:
Figure1 General Information:
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Table number 1
Literacy Rate 75%
Sex Ratio 952 Females per 1000 Males
Population Density 653 persons per sq. Km
Population 14260 (As per 2011 Census)
District Headquarter Anand
Area 845 ha
Average Rainfall 500-1000 mm
Temperature 15 ° Centigrade (Minimum)
45 ° Centigrade (Maximum)
Geographical Location: 22*29’00.51’’ North (Latitude)
72*59’25.45’’ East (Longitude)
Current scenario :
The village Napad vanto is situated in Anand district. The population of
village is 14260 as per 2011. In village bus station is available but there is no
facility of railway station. The nearest railway station is 13 km far in anand. In
village there is availability of bituminous roads. There is also availability of Banking
systems and co-operative sectors like Doodhmandli, Seva Sahkari, co-operative
society, etc. There is availability of education systems like anganwadi, primary,
secondary to higher secondary without science field. There is no availability of
sewage systems, storm water drainage, solid waste management and general
public toilet facility. Gen. Market, is not available in village and they require General
Market immediately. Play garden is available but in not good condition. Community
hall infrastructure is in progress. There is also no availability of non-conventional
sources. The village is not so developed at now and it is the important village of
this taluka as per population, so it requires development as soon as possible.
There is availability of 2 overhead tank with 100000 ltr capacity each. There is also
availability of Ro water system for drinking water. There is also availability of gram
panchayat with adequate facility
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1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:
Rural development aims at improving rural people’s livelihoods in an
equitable and sustainable manner, both socially and environmentally, through better
access to assets (natural, physical, human, technological and social capital), and
services, and control over productive capital (in its financial or economic and political
forms) that enable them to improve their livelihoods on a sustainable and equitable
basis.
Main objectives are,
To suggest the suitable technical solution of problem.
To suggest improvement of basic facility like solid waste management, drainage
facility etc. and amenities like garden , community hall etc.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY:
The study may lead to improvise the scope of region in various
front.
Improve living standard of rural people by helping them develop their skill and
subsequently by assisting them in implementing income generating activities in
close coordination and cooperation with national and international
organizations.
Improve the physical infrastructural facilities, social infrastructural facilities such
as public latrine blocks and garden
Develop the tourism business, sectors like doodhmandli, seva Sahkari, co-
operative society, etc. There is availability of education systems like anganwadi,
primary, secondary to higher secondary and also availability of vocational
courses. There is no availability of sewage systems, storm water drainage, solid
waste management and general public toilet facility. The Community Hall,
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Garden, Gen. Market, Play Ground are not available in village and they require
General Market immediately. There is also no availability of non-conventional
sources. The village is not so developed at now and it is the main village of this
taluka, so it requires development as soon as possible.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The hierarchy for the study is shown as per the flow chart below:
Fig1.2 Methodology
Study Objective
Literature Review
Govt. &
Local
Offices
Data Collection
Subjective Data
Field Survey
Analysis of Data
Proposals
Findings
Local scale proposals Village level proposals
Proposals
Phase 2
Phase 1
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1.7 CHAPTERIZATION:
1. Introduction:-
2. Literature review:-
3.Study area profile:-
4.Data collection:-
5.Data analysis:-
6.Planning proposal:-
7.Conclusion and future scope of study:-
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CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 VARIOUS DEFINITIONS:
URBAN AREA: An urban area is characterized by higher population density and in
comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities or towns, but the term
is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages.
For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows:
1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town
area committee, etc.
2. All other places which satisfy the following criteria:
1. A minimum population of 5,000,
2. At least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-
agricultural pursuits; and
3. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
RURAL AREA: Rural areas are also known as 'Countryside' or a 'village' in India. It
has a very low density of population. In rural area people practice agriculture for their
livelihood. Town with a maximum population of 15,000 is considered rural in nature.
The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines ‘rural’ as follows:
An area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer,
Villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board,
A minimum of 75% of male working population involved in agriculture and allied
activities.
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It is generally said that the rural areas house up to 70% of India’s population.
Rural India contributes a big chunk to India’s GDP by way of agriculture, self-
employment, services, construction etc.
RURBANISATION: Rurbanisation generally refers to the process of improving the
quality of life and economic well being of people living in relatively isolated and less
populated areas. Rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of
land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. The need for rural
communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more
focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for
agricultural or resource based businesses. Education, entrepreneurship, physical
infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural
regions. Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced
economic development strategies.
URBAN DEVOLOPMENT: Urban development (urban, city, and town planning) is a
technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land and design
of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the
orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research
and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy
recommendations, implementation and management.
2.2 GOVERNMENT NORMS:
In some cases, "town" is an alternate name for "city" or "village" (especially a
larger village). Sometimes, the word "town" is short for "township". In general,
today towns can be differentiated from townships, villages on the basis of their
economic character, in that most of a town's population will tend to derive their
living from manufacturing industry, commerce, and public service rather
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than primary industry such as agriculture or related activities.
The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban
development, and migration of city-dwellers to villages have further
complicated the definition of towns, creating communities urban in their
economic and cultural characteristics but lacking other characteristics of urban
localities.
It is apparent that the small and medium towns would have to play a critical role
in future urbanization policy of the State. In order to play this role, the towns
need to be economically viable units. The basic question here is not only of
economic regeneration, as in case of cities, but one of economic generation.
There has been a major shift in structural economy of rural areas which were
pushing rural people to the nearby urban centers. In the light of the above, role
of small and medium towns assume a critical position in equitable distribution
of the rural population. Throughout the state, these small and medium towns
have developed mainly as administrative centers. They were not equipped to
provide a strong economic role. With a view to reduce the migration of
population from rural areas to major urban areas; to generate employment by
creating resource generating ventures in the Small and Medium Towns of the
State and also to provide sufficient infrastructure facilities in these towns so
that their hinters land is served better Financing.
2.3 APPROACH:
EMPHASIZING ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT:-
The concept of sustainability in development planning emerged
preliminary as a result of global concern for environmental and
ecological protection and natural resources conversation, over
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exploitation of which has played havoc in highly urbanized and
industrialized regions generally, and urban and metropolitan nodes of
concentrated economic activities particularly both in developed and
developing countries.
In as developing country like India, there exist a vast differential level
both in respect of physical infrastructural and social-economic
development between the urban metropolitan and rural areas leading
to highly indicators of quality of life, infrastructure availability,
economic activities and employment opportunities as also income
levels.
Unlike the Urban area the concept of sustainability in the rural context
would therefore need to lay strong emphasis on economic
sustainability and development on sustain basis rather than on purely
environment connotation of sustainability as relevant to large urban
concentration. This is imperative in rural development planning, in
order to achieve not only diversification of rural economy but also
enable balanced and integrated regional development.
As above, rural areas and settlement development should not be
viewed just incidental to the program for urban industrial growth for
developing economy but as an essential program for providing
economic development and infrastructures inputs for diversifying
,traditionally farm based economy as a imperative for employment
generation and upgrading the overall quality of life
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COMPONENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT:-
components
Objective
Fig2.3 Rural development Component and objective
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NEED FOR HOLISTIC APPROCH:-
In view of close interdependence and complimentary of rural and
urban areas of production, distribution and consumption of goods and
services, intensity of which increases with relative proximity and
physical and function linkage , it is neither logic nor pragmatic to view
rural area development in isolation from their urban counterparts.
Planning for rural areas should essentially be viewed as Planning for
economic development through diversification of the resources base
external input wherever necessary and providing physical, social and
economic infrastructure. This call for a strong regional planning
approach directed at integrating economic development at area
wherein both rural and counterpart urban development flow from an
overall All-Wide development framework and policies
This emphasizes the need to establish a comprehensive process
framework for area planning taking district as a universally
recognized. A real unit wherein development plans and program
could be effectively operationalzed.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA:-
Tabel 2 RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Plan Period Programmers Year of
Introduction
I FYP. Community development Programmers, national
extension services
1952
1953
II FYP. Khadi and village industries Programmed, Co-
operative movement.
1957
1958
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Intensive Agricultural district Programmers 1960
III FYP. Intensive agricultural areas Programmers, High
yielding variety Programmed.
1962
1966
Annual Plan,
1966
Farmer’s tanning and education Programmed 1966
Annual Plan,
1967
Rural Works Programmers 1967
Annual Plan,
1969
Rural Man Power Programmers 1969
IV FYP. Drought prone Areas Programmed,
Crash Scheme For Rural Employment,
Small Farmers Development agency,
Tribal Area Development Programmed
Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programmed,
Minimum Needs Programmed,
Command Area Development Programmed
1969
1970
1971
1972
1972
1972
1974
V FYP. Hill Area Development Programmed,
Food for Work Programmed,
Desert Development Programmed
1975
1977
1977
VI FYP. Trains Rural Youth for Self Employment,
Integrated Rural Development Programmed,
National Rural Employment Programmed,
Prime Minister New Twenty Point Programmed,
Development of Woman and Children in Rural
Areas.
1979
1980
1980
1980
1983
VII FYP. Earlier Programmed have been continued with
increased outlays and sharper focus LAND
REFORMS
1985
Annual plan
1992
Jawaharlal Rojagar Yojna 1990
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VIII FYP. Indira Awash Yojna,
Million Wells Scheme,
Employment Assurance Scheme
1992
1992
1993
IX FYP. Basic Minimum Services Programmed 1997
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CHAPTER-3 SOLAR STREET LIGHT DESIGNING:
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In village total 132 numbers of solar street light used.
Only 25 percentage of them in working condition and 75 persentage is in off
condition.
So that solve this problem we can using solar street light.
3.2 Component require for solar street light:
1) LED lamp
2) Solar plate
3) Battery
4) Pole and cables
3.3 We can use two types of solar street light:
1) Type 1 S.S.L(11W LED Light)
2) Type 2 S.S.L(20W LED Light)
3.4 Table shown dimensions of the road:
Sr
No Road
Length
Of
Road (M)
Type of road Width of road
(M)
1 A B arterial 450 Bitumine road 7.5
2 C D (arterial) 113 Bitumine road 5.7
3 E F (arterial) 173 Bitumine road 5
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4 G H (arterial) 485 Bitumine road
5.5
5 I J (subarterial) 160
C.C Road
5.5
6 K L (subarterial) 113 C.C Road 3
7 M N (subarterial) 115 C.C Road 4.5
8 O P (subarterial) 158 C.C Road 3
9 Q R (subarterial) 30 C.C Road
4
10 S T (subarterial) 94 C.C Road 4.5
11 U V (subarterial) 95 C.C Road 6.5
12 W X (subarterial) 95 C.C Road 4.5
13 Y Z (subarterial) 95 C.C Road 4.5
14 AA AB (subarterial) 94 C.C Road 4.5
15 AC AD (subarterial) 58 C.C Road 6
16 AE AF (subarterial) 58 C.C Road 6
17 A B (arterial) 20 C.C Road 5
18 C D (arterial) 60 C.C Road 4.4
19 E F (arterial) 90 C.C Road
5.2
20 G H (arterial) 42 C.C Road 3.7
21 I J (subarterial) 42 C.C Road 3.7
22 K L (subarterial) 25 C.C Road 10
23 M N (subarterial) 50 C.C Road
4
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Sr
No Road
Length Of
Road (M)
Activities
Near
Road
Width
of road
(M)
Remarks No of
SSL
1 A B
(arterial) 450
Dena
bank,houses,ta
mple
7.5 More light 22
2 C D
(arterial) 113
Refaral
hospital,houses 5.7 More light 5
3 E F
(arterial) 173 Houses,tample 5 More light 9
4 G H
(arterial) 485
Gujarati
primary
school,houses,t
emple
5.5 More light 24
5
I J
(subarteri
al)
160
police
station,mamlen
der aczucuti
mezestri,jan
seva
kandre,houses
5.5 normal light 8
6
K L
(subarteri
al)
113 Houses 3 normal light 6
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7
M N
(subarteri
al)
115 Houses,tample 4.5 normal light 5
8
O P
(subarteri
al)
158 Houses 3 normal light 8
9
Q R
(subarteri
al)
30
gram
panchayat,wate
r tank,houses
4 normal light 1
10
S T
(subarteri
al)
94 Houses 4.5 normal light 4
11
U V
(subarteri
al)
95 houses 6.5 normal light 5
12
W X
(subarteri
al)
95 houses 4.5 normal light 5
13
Y Z
(subarteri
al)
95 houses,temple 4.5 normal light 5
14
AA AB
(subarteri
al)
94 houses 4.5 normal light 4
15
AC AD
(subarteri
al)
58 houses 6 normal light 3
16
AE AF
(subarteri
al)
58 houses 6 normal light 3
17 A B
(arterial) 20 houses 5 normal light 1
18 C D 60 houses 4.4 normal light 3
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(arterial)
19 E F
(arterial) 90 houses 5.2 normal light 4
20 G H
(arterial) 42 houses 3.7 normal light 2
21
I J
(subarteri
al)
42 houses 3.7 normal light 2
22
K L
(subarteri
al)
25 houses 10 normal light 1
23
M N
(subarteri
al)
50 houses 4 normal light 2
TOTAL:-132
TYPE-1:- 86
TYPE-2:- 46
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CHAPTER 4 ESTIMATION AND COSTING:
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
Govt / private In government building 24 hours electricity is
available. But in village 75% area get full electricity
but in other area less than 12 hours electricity is
available.
Road/ street light Available in working condition.
Electricity in government
buildings/ school/ Hospitals.
Full electricity is available in government building like
panchayat building , school, sub station.
Fig 4.1. Light bill of sarpanch Gram panchayat.
4.2TYPE 1 S.S.L.:
Power and type of Lamp: 11W LED LIGHT
Cost of one solar street light set at current price is Appx. Rs. 23,625/-
Total number of SSL required = 86
Total Cost = Number of LED street lights x Cost of one set of SSL
= Rs.86 x 23,625
= Rs. 23,31,750/-
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4.3 TYPE 2 S.S.L.:
Power and type of Lamp: 20W LED LIGHT
Cost of one solar street light set at current price is Appx. Rs. 33,600/-
Total number of SSL required = 46
Total Cost = Number of LED street lights x Cost of one set of SSL
Total Cost = Rs.46 x 33,600
= Rs. 15,45,600/-
4.4 TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF S.S.L. PROJECT:
Cost for Type-1 SSL + cost for Type-2 SSL
= Rs. 23,31,750+15,45,600
= Rs.38,77,350 /-
4.5 DESIGN LIFE:
25year
4.6 INSTALLATION COST:
Appx. Rs. 38,77,350 /-
4.7 MAINTENANCE:
- Solar plate to be replaced after 25 year.
- LED lamp to be replaced after 10 year & its cost appx. Rs.4000 .
- Battery to be replaced after 8-9 year & its cost appx. Rs.4000-6000 .
- Pole need to be painted every three year to prevent corrosion.
Sr.
No.
Name of
Company
Working temp.
range
Dimension
(L x W x H)
Apx.
Weight Capacity Life
1 Motoma -40 to 60 C 485x172x240mm 45kg 12V,150Ah 8 year
2 Matrix -20 to 55 C 350x166x179mm 21kg 12V,65Ah 5-7year
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Table.2.6
CONCLUSION:
As per problem observed in rural area preventive measures are
suggested. Implementation of improvement will reduce problem in area
and improve standard of living of village people. This can be resulted in
improving social and economic effect of rural area on economy of the
country and it may result in more efficient use of infrastructure. By caring
out the vishwakarma yojna project work, We came to know that if a
proper planning and guidance is provided youth can change the
complete scenario of village.
3 Leadhoo -30 to 50 C 485x172x241mm 45kg 12V,100Ah 9year
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CHAPTER 5 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL:
5.1 Introduction:
Figure 5.1 street light condition
• Sometime street light is remain on when the sun light is available due to many
energy loss.
• Sometime street light is remain off when the sun light is not available due to this
people do not get enough light.
• We require person for on-off the street light.
5.2 Basic Concept and overview:
This circuit uses popular timer I.C 555. It is connected as comparator with 6 pin
connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin2 is
lower than 1/3rd the level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes
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low(0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage pin of pin -2
is enough to change the level of output (pin 3) from 1 to 0 and from 0 to 1.
The output has only two states high and low and cannot remain in any
intermediate state. Its is powered by a 9v battery for portable use.
The circuit is economical in power consumption. Pin 4,6 and 8 is connected to
the positive and pin 1 is grounded.
To detect the present of an object we have used LDR which is a special type of
resistance whose value depends upon the brightness of light which is falling on
it. It has a resistance of about 1M ohms when in total darkness; but a resistance
of only about 5 K ohms when illuminated. It responds to a large part of light
spectrum.
We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and a 50K variable
resistance connected in series.
We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance, so more voltage
we get from this divider when LDR gets light and low voltage In darkness. This
divided voltage is given to Pin 2 of the I.C 555.
Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in britghtness
and falls below 1/3rd of the supply voltage in darkness. Sensitiveness can be
adjusted by this variable resistance.
As soon as LDR gets dark, the voltage of PIN 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply
voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED which is connected to the output gets
activated.
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Figure 5.2 circuit diagram
5.3 COMPONENTS USED:
1. 9V Battery with strip
2. Switch
3. LDR( Light Depending Resistance)
4. IC N.E 555 with base.
5. LED
6. Variable resistance of 50 kohms
7. PCB
8. IC 555
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5.4 Explanation of components
1. Battery: For 9v power supply we can use 6 pcs dry cell or 6F22 single piece
battery.
2. Switch: Any general purpose switch can be used as circuit breaker.
3. L.D.R : It is a special type of resistance whose value depends upon the
brightness of light which falls on it. It has a resistance of about 1 M ohm
when in total darkness, but a resistance of about 5K ohms when brightness
is applied. It responds to a large part of energy spectrum.
4. LED: A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It
can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of this
characteristic diode are used to transform of rectify Ac to Dc. Diode has two
connections: Anode and cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematic
with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the
triangle points towards that cathode. The anode of course is at the opposite
end. Current flows from the anode to the cathode. Light emitting diodes or
LEDS differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage is applied, they emit
light. This light can be Red, Green, Yellow, Orange, Blue of infrared. LEDs
are used as indicator, transmitter etc. The Led never burns out like a regular
lamp. And requires many times less current./
5. Variable resistance: A resistance is one of the most common electronics
components. A resistance is a device that limits current. The current limiting
ability or resistance is measured in ohms. With variable resistors, you adjust
a resistance by adjusting a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper across the actual
resistance element. By changing the amount of resistance in between the
wiper connection and the connections to the resistor element, you can
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change the resistance. Resistors ar rated by their power handling capacity.
This is the amount of heat the resistance can take before it is destroyed.
6. PCB: With the help of a Printed Circuit Board, it is easy to assemble circuits
with neat and clean end products. PCB is made up of backlight with surface
pasted with copper track lay out. For each components leg, hole is made.
Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.
7. IC 555:
Figure 5.3 IC 555
PIN NAME PURPOSE
1 GND Ground, low level ( 0 V )
2 TRIG OUT rises and interval start, when this input
falls below ½ of ctrl voltage.
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5.5 Working :
When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decrease which
results in increase of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555
IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt,which compares between the input
voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage.
When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set
low.Since in brightness,input voltage rises so we obtain no positive
voltage at output of pin 3 to drive or LED,besides in poor light
condition we get output to energize.
3 OUT This output is given to approx. 1.7v below +Vcc
or GND.
4 RESET A timing interval may be reset by driving this
input to the ground. But the timing does not
begin again until RESET rises above appox.
0.7 V. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR
5 CTRL “control “ access to internal voltage driver( by
default 2/3Vcc
6 THR The internal ends when the voltage at THR is
greater than at CTRL.
7 DIS Open collector output may discharge a
capacitor between intervals .In phase with
output
8 Vcc POSitive supply voltage is usually between 3
and 15 volts.
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5.6 Advantages of automatic street light control
• Reduce the power loss.
• Quick operation.
• High performance.
• Reliability .
• Extra person not required.
• Circuit is very simple.
• Life of lamp is increase.
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CHAPTER 6 SOLAR CROP DRYER:
6.1Introduction
No matter what drying process is used, the basic principle is that water is drawn
from within the item to be dried, up to its surface and then removed from the
surface. How quickly this happens, and how much energy is required, depends
on three things:
1) The type of material being dried (how dense it is, how much moisture it
contains, etc.),
2) The volume, temperature and moisture content of the air passing over the
“wet” material, and
3) The initial and desired final moisture contents of the material.
Whether being used in conjunction with an existing system, or as the sole
source of heat, SolarWall solar panels can be easily configured to deliver
sufficient heat to correctly and efficiently complete the task at hand. Whether
batch type or continuous, solar air heating can be added to most existing dryer
system types
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Figure 6.1 solar crop dryer
1) How it works
i) Perforated metal cladding panels are affixed to a roof; in areas where snow
accumulation is a problem, the minimum slope should be 45° to allow the snow to
slide off. Equator facing slopes are the best, but other orientations are suitable, too.
Walls can also work well if the roof is not suitable.
ii) To get the most free heat possible from your solar roof panels, as much of the
roof should be covered as possible. Maximum efficiency and heat gains can be
realized by placing panels over every roof surface – even going around obstacles and
openings. If photovoltaics (PV) are being considered, the PV panels simply get placed
over the transpired solar collector panels.
iii) When SolarWall solar heating/solar drying panels are affixed to the roof (or wall),
a gap is left between the metal cladding and the roof surface. The metal panels are
heated by the sun’s rays shining on the dark metal cladding. Thanks to fans which
create negative pressure in the roof space/cavity, the heated air passes
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through the small perforations in the cladding and then travels to the nearest fan or
blower intake. The air flows in such as way as to help simplify balancing and ensures
that no solar heat is lost. Note: All driers have fans; SolarWall simply ties into that fan,
bringing air that has been warmed before it hits the burner.
2) How big a gap is needed between roof and cladding?
The ambient temperature and material being dried will dictate the heat gain needed
from the solar collector panels in any given application. How much the temperature
rises in the SolarWall panels depends on the volume of air per square foot (or meter)
moving through the panel. Individual needs can be worked out in advance by
SolarWall engineers so that the optimal amount of paneling is added, and the right
amount of space is left between the roof surface and the cladding. On average,
though, the gap is about 8” (20 cm).
3) Mounting the panels
It is best to mount the SolarWall panels on the roof, either with twin solar roofs or with
a single roof mount (depicted in the typical connection details).
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Figure 6.2 construction of solar crop dryer
4) When a commercial dryer or heater is also being used
On sunny days, the increase in air temperature ranges from 20ºC to 30ºC (36ºF to
54ºF); in some cases though, even more heat gain may be needed and a dryer is
needed with the SolarWall panels acting as pre-heaters. When SolarWall panels are
being used in conjunction with a dryer (new or existing), it’s essential that there be a
means of modulating the flame so that…
a) the burner can be turned down (or off) when the panels are producing enough
solar heat, or
b) the burner can be turned up to top up the solar heat when it’s cloudy or very cold
outside.
The SolarWall system works equally well with trough driers, tunnel driers, belt driers
and drum driers.
Trough Dryer: Is typically used for crops such as tea, nuts, and cocoa beans
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Figure 6.3 trough dryer
• Tunnel Dryer: Is most often used for drying products such as fruit and fish which
have a higher initial moisture content.
Figure 6.4 Tunnel dryer
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• Belt or Drum Dryer: Used for coffee, seeds, etc.
Figure 6.5 belt dryer
5) To recap
• Perforated, dark, metal cladding is placed on as much roof surface as possible.
Air is warmed by the sun, and is drawn in through the holes. This pre-heated air
is drawn into ducting and, if necessary, has its temperature boosted by a
supplementary burner, before being used for crop or process drying. Yes, it is as
simple as it sounds.
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6.2 Solar Wall for Agricultural Applications
Agricultural and agri-food operators consume tremendous quantities of energy
which represent a sizable proportion of their total input costs. Rising energy
prices has been putting downward pressure on agricultural incomes, which is
why solar energy represents a tremendous opportunity for the agricultural
sector. SolarWall systems can be used for both animal barns and
for agricultural crop drying.
Figure 6.6 solar wall system
Solar Wall systems have been used on hundreds of agricultural and animal
buildings for poultry ventilation, hog ventilation, and other forms of livestock
ventilation. Animal barns not only need to maintain a very warm indoor air
temperature (up to 85 F is common), but they also require continual ventilation
air. This typically produces enormous heating bills, especially considering that
many farms and nurseries use propane to heat the incoming air. (And
maintaining proper ventilation is crucial in the production process because
clean air is so essential to the health of the animals.)