Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Mukku Mav ID : 1000989621 Email : [email protected] Under the guidance of Dr. K. R. Rao.

INFORMATION HIDING IN H.264

Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Mukku

Mav ID : 1000989621

Email :

[email protected]

Under the guidance of Dr. K. R. Rao

Acronyms

• AVC - Advanced Video Coding• DCT - Discrete Cosine Transform• EPT - Embedding Position Template• MB - Macro Block • MPM - Most Probable Mode• RDO - Rate Distortion

Optimization• HBQ- Hidden Bit Quantity• BRI - Bit Rate Increase

Contents:

Introduction to H.264

Introduction to Intra frame Prediction in

H.264

Algorithm for Information Hiding

Watermark embedding and Extraction

Experimental Results

References

Introduction to H.264/AVC

Fig. 1: H.264 hybrid video encoder [4].

Intra-frame Prediction in H.264/AVC [17]

Intramode Prediction (Cont.)

• Rate Distortion

Optimization (RDO)

• Most Probable Mode

(MPM):

min {Adj I4 blocks modes}

Fig. 2: Intra-prediction for I4-block: (a) current block and its neighboring pixels;(b) nine prediction directions for I4-block [12].

9 Prediction modes of I4 block

Fig 3: 4×4 intra prediction modes [11]

Fig 4: Prediction blocks, 4×4 modes 0−8 [17]

Example of prediction modes for an I4 block

Fig 5: Intra 16×16 prediction modes [5]

Information Hiding Algorithm

Fig. 6. Block diagram for inf hiding using intraprediction approach [12].

Mapping Rules for Watermarking

Fig 7: The mapping rules for watermark embedding [12].

• Odd modes (1,3,5,7) are mapped to bit ‘1’.

• Even modes (0,2,4,6,8) are mapped to bit ‘0’.

• Q1, Q2, Q3 are the bit information of the 3 I4 MBs.

• Eg. W=00, Q1=0, Q2=1, Q3=1 then according to the mapping rule the 1st block has to change it’s mode from even to odd.

• And then RDO is used for mode selection.

Embedding position templates (EPT)

Fig. 8. Embedding position templates [12].

Watermark Extraction

Fig 9: Block diagram of watermark detection process [12]

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

TEST SEQUENCES USED

Fig 9: Test Sequences

Properties of the test sequences

EMBEDDED IMAGE

Fig 10: 50×37 resolution hiding image

RESULTS

Future Work

The efficiency of information hiding capacity can be improved by exploiting inter prediction mode or by choosing some other effective part in H.264 . Also this information hiding algorithm concept can be implemented in HEVC. Currently research is going on for HEVC.

References• [1] JVT Draft ITU-T recommendation and final draft international

standard of joint video specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264-ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC), March 2003, JVT-G050 available on

http://ip.hhi.de/imagecom_G1/assets/pdfs/JVT-G050.pdf

• [2] T.Wiegand et al, “Overview of the H.624/AVC Video Coding Standard”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.13, No.7, pp. 560-576, Jul. 2003.

• [3] G.J.Sullivan et al, “Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1649–1668, Dec. 2012.

• [4] Y.Tew and K.S.Wong, “An Overview of Information Hiding in H.264/AVC Compressed Video,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 305-319, Feb 2014.

• [5] I.E. Richardson, “The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard”, 2nd edition, Wiley publications, 21 May, 2010.

• [6] T.A. Lin, S.Z. Wang, T.M. Liu and C.Y. Lee, “An H.264/AVC decoder with 4x4-block level pipeline,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 91–101, Feb. 2009.

• [7] Y.M. Huang, J.J. Leou, and M.H. Cheng, “A Post Deblocking Filter for H.264 Video,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2007.

Refences (cont.)• [8] X.Li et al., “A generalization of LSB matching,” IEEE Signal Process.

Lett., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2009. • [9] I.E.Richardson, “The H.264 Advanced Video Compression

Standard”, 2nd Edition, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2010.• [10] Feng Pan et al, “Fast Mode Decision for Intra Prediction”, ISO/IEC

JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6, JVT 7th Meeting Pattaya II, Thailand, 7-14, Mar 2003.

• [11] C.S. Kim et al, “Fast Intra-Prediction Model Selection for H.264 Codec”, Integrated Media Systems Center and Department of Electrical Engineering. Available on

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.2.4112&rep=rep1&type=pdf

• [12] G.Yang et al, "An information hiding algorithm based on intra-prediction modes and matrix coding for H.264/AVC video stream," AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol.65, no.4, pp.331-337, Mar 2010.

• [13] Hu Y et al, “Information hiding based on intra prediction modes for H.264/AVC”, In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo., pp. 1231–1234, Aug 2007.

• [14] J.Camenisch et al, “Modified matrix encoding technique for minimal distortion steganography”, 8th International Workshop, IH 2006, LNCS 4437, pp. 314-327, Jul. 2007.

References (cont.)• [15] S.K. Kapotas et al, “Real time data hiding by exploiting the

IPCM macroblocks in H.264/AVC streams”, Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, Vol.4, No.1, pp.33-42, Mar 2009.

• [16] S. Li, “Detection of Information Hiding by Modulating Intra Prediction Modes in H.264/AVC”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), volume 2, pp. 0590-0593, Jan 2013.

• [17] PPT slides on “Fast Intra-Prediction Mode Selection for H.264”, by H.Zhang et al. Available online on: http://mathcs.slu.edu/~fritts/pres/spie05_IVC_h264_fast_mode_sel_pres.pdf

• [18] E. Izquierdo et al., “Introduction to the Special Issue on Authentication, Copyright Protection, and Information Hiding”, IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 8, p.p. 729-731, Aug. 2003.

• [19] B. Girod, “Video streaming with SP and SI frames”, In Proc. Visual Communication Image Processing, Information Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Mar. 2005.

• [20] S. Kapotas and A. Skodras, “Real time data hiding by exploiting the IPCM macroblocks in H.264/AVC streams,” J. Real-Time Image Process., vol. 4, pp. 33–41, Oct. 2009.

• [21] C. Chang et al., “Hiding secret data in images via predictive coding,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 691–705, Sep. 2005.

Refences (cont.)• [22] X. Li et al., “A generalization of LSB matching,” IEEE Signal

Process. Letters, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 69–72, Feb. 2009.• [23] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, “Context-based

adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the H.264/AVC video compression standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 620–636, Jul. 2003.

• [24] G. Bjontegaard and K. Lillevold, Context-Adaptive VLC (CAVLC) Coding of Coefficients, JVT-C028, 3rd Meeting, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, May 2002.

• [25] N. Ahmed et al, “Discrete Cosine Transform”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-23, pp. 90-93, Jan.1974.

• [26] Access to JM 18.6 Reference Software: http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/

• [27] H.264 tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/h264.html

• [28] I.E.G. Richardson, "H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression", Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2003.

• [29] A. Puri et al., "Video coding using the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standard", Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 19, pp. 793-849, Oct. 2004.

Refences (cont.)

• [30] Special issue on emerging research and standards in next generation video coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (CSVT), vol.23, pp. 1646-1909, Dec.2012.

• [31] Special issue on emerging research and standards in next generation video coding, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (CSVT), vol.23, pp. 2009-2142, Dec.2013.

• [32] Introduction to the issue on video coding HEVC and beyond, IEEE Journal of Selected iTopics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp. 931-1151, Dec.2013.