Visceral Nervous System Visceral Nervous System Alex Forrest Senior Lecturer in Forensic Odontology Forensic Science Research & Innovation Centre, Griffith University Consultant Forensic Odontologist, Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia 4108 Oral Biology COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1968 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by, or on behalf of, Griffith University, pursuant to Part VB of The Copyright Act 1968 (The Act; a copy of the Act is available at SCALEPlus, the legal information retrieval system owned by the Australian Attorney General’s Department, at http://scaleplus.law.gov.au). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of Copyright Protection under the Act. Information or excerpts from this material may be used for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Act, and may only be reproduced as permitted under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Learning Objectives Learning Objectives 1. You should be able to construct a concept map of the nervous system. 2. You should understand and be able to explain the basic structural organization of the human nervous system. 3. You should understand and be able to explain how the visceral component of the nervous system relates to the nervous system as a whole. 4. You should be able to explain the major structural and functional characteristics of the somatic and visceral components of the nervous system. The visceral or autonomic nervous system includes part of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its peripheral part is concerned with the sensory and motor innervation of viscera, glands, smooth muscle and blood vessels. Visceral Nervous System Visceral Nervous System
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Visceral Nervous SystemVisceral Nervous System
Alex ForrestSenior Lecturer in Forensic OdontologyForensic Science Research & Innovation Centre, Griffith UniversityConsultant Forensic Odontologist, Queensland Health Pathology and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia 4108
Oral Biology
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulations 1968
WARNING
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by, or on behalf of, Griffith University, pursuant to Part VB of The Copyright Act 1968
(The Act; a copy of the Act is available at SCALEPlus, the legal information retrieval system owned by the Australian Attorney General’s
Department, at http://scaleplus.law.gov.au).
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may
be the subject of Copyright Protection under the Act.
Information or excerpts from this material may be used for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Act, and
may only be reproduced as permitted under the Act.
Do not remove this notice.
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
1. You should be able to construct a concept map of the nervous system.
2. You should understand and be able to explain the basic structural organization of the human nervous system.
3. You should understand and be able to explain how the visceral component of the nervous system relates to the nervous system as a whole.
4. You should be able to explain the major structural and functional characteristics of the somatic and visceral components of the nervous system.
The visceral or autonomic nervous system includes part of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Its peripheral part is concerned with the sensory and motor innervation of viscera, glands, smooth muscle and blood
vessels.
Visceral Nervous System Visceral Nervous System
The visceral system responds to changes in somatic activity of the
The visceral sensory pathways resemble those of somatic nerves.
The cell bodies of the afferent neurons are located either in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves or the cranial nerve ganglia.Like the sensory somatic neurons, they do not synapse during
their passage from sensory end-organs to the CNS.
Their axons accompany those of somatic sensory neurons to the central nervous system.
Efferent (Motor) Pathways
Efferent Pathways Efferent Pathways
Unlike somatic motor pathways, two visceral neurons are required in the visceral motor pathway, and that means that
there is a synapse in the pathway.
Therefore a ganglion will be found along any nerve carrying visceral motor fibres to accommodate the nerve cell bodies of
the second neuron in the pathway.
The nerve cell bodies of the
primary (preganglionic)
neurons lie in the visceral motor parts
of various cranial nerve nuclei, or in
the lateral grey columns of the
spinal cord.
From Grays Anatomy, Longman, London, 38th Edition, 1989. p 924.
Efferent Pathways Efferent Pathways
Their axons, which are usually myelinated, travel in cranial or spinal nerves
restorative processes such as slowing the heart rate, contracting the pupils to
protect the eyes from light, and inhibiting the utilisation
of liver glycogen.
It has a restricted distribution with more-or-
less local functions. http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/301notes2b.html
In general, organs innervated by motor fibres
from both divisions respond to them in
opposite ways.
Through such balanced opposition, the two divisions coordinate responses to widely varying internal and external conditions. http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/301notes2b.html
Parasympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division
Accordingly, the visceral nervous system is essential for the preservation of internal constancy, or homeostasis.
Sympathetic System
The cell bodies of sympathetic primary efferent neurons are
located in the grey matter of the spinal cord in the
thoracolumbar region, and some anatomists give the
In the cranial part of the parasympathetic system there are four parasympathetic motor ganglia:
The Ciliary Ganglion
The Pterygopalatine Ganglion
The Otic Ganglion
The Submandibular Ganglion
Parasympathetic SystemParasympathetic System
The ciliary ganglion lies in the orbit, the pterygopalatine ganglion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa, the otic ganglion in the infratemporal fossa, and the submandibular ganglion is associated with the capsule of the submandibular salivary
gland.
Parasympathetic SystemParasympathetic System
Facial Nerve (VII)
From Grays Anatomy, Longman, London, 38th Edition, 1989. p 1107.
Parasympathetic fibres originate in the Superior Salivatory
Nucleus of the midbrain.
They emerge from the midbrain in the sensory root of VII,
the nervus intermedius, and travel in the facial
nerve.
The Facial Nerve (VII)The Facial Nerve (VII) The Facial Nerve (VII)The Facial Nerve (VII)
They continue until just before the nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen and then leave the main nerve trunk to contribute to
From the lingual nerve, they pass to the submandibular ganglion where they synapse with the postganglionic fibres which are known as the secretomotor fibres for the submandibular and
sublingual salivary glands.
From Grays Anatomy, Longman, London, 38th Edition, 1989. p 1105.
The Facial Nerve (VII)The Facial Nerve (VII)
Other fibres pass to the pterygopalatine
ganglion via the tympanic plexus,
the greater superficial petrosal
nerve and the nerve of the
pterygoid canal.
Here they synapse with the postganglionic fibres which are relayed via the zygomatic branch of the maxillary division of V to the lacrimal gland, and by branches from the ganglion to the
minor salivary glands of the nose and palate.
The Facial Nerve (VII)The Facial Nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
From Grays Anatomy, Longman, London, 38th Edition, 1989. p 1107.
The efferent fibres in this
nerve pass to the parotid
salivary gland.
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
They originate in the inferior salivatory nucleus and travel first in IX, then in its tympanic branch which passes up through the
tympanic canaliculus in the roof of the jugular fossa.
These fibres traverse the tympanic plexus which also contains sympathetic fibres from the caroticotympanic nerve from the
carotid plexus.
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
From Grays Anatomy, Longman, London, 38th Edition, 1989. p 1107.
They enter the lesser
superficial petrosal nerve
at this point, and this nerve exits the temporal
bone and exits the cranium via foramen ovale
to reach the otic ganglion.
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Grays Anatomy, Longmans, London, 38th Ed 1989 p. 1105
They synapse with the postganglionic secretomotor fibres in the otic ganglion which then run in
the auriculotemporal nerve to reach the
parotid salivary gland.
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Vagus Nerve (X)
The Vagus Nerve (X)The Vagus Nerve (X)
Fibres arise in the dorsal nucleus of vagus and travel in the nerve trunk and in its
pulmonary, cardiac, oesophageal, gastric and
intestinal branches.
These fibres are relayed in minute ganglia which lie in the walls of the individual