1 Analytical and Computer Cartography Lecture 15: Technical Issues for 3D rendering Virtual Globes: Wikipedia • A virtual globe is a 3D software model or representation of the Earth or another world. A virtual globe provides the user with the ability to freely move around in the virtual environment by changing the viewing angle and position. Compared to a conventional globe, virtual globes have the additional capability of representing many different views on the surface of the Earth. These views may be of geographical features, man-made features such as roads and buildings, or abstract representations of demographic quantities such as population. • In 1998, Microsoft released a popular offline virtual globe in the form of Encarta Virtual Globe 98. The first widely publicized online virtual globes were NASA World Wind (released in mid-2004) and Google Earth (mid-2005). Examples • NASA World Wind* • CitySurf Globe • Bing Maps • SkylineGlobe • Google Earth • Marble, part of the K Desktop Environment, with OpenStreetMap* • ArcGIS Explorer • EarthBrowser • Software MacKiev's 3D Weather Globe & Atlas • Earth3D* • WorldView • Bhuvan Virtual Geographic Reality • Immersive Virtual reality • Personal virtual reality • Group immersion environments • Web-based virtual reality • Augmented reality
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Analytical and Computer Cartography
Lecture 15: Technical Issues for 3D rendering
Virtual Globes: Wikipedia• A virtual globe is a 3D software model or representation of the
Earth or another world. A virtual globe provides the user with the ability to freely move around in the virtual environment by changing the viewing angle and position. Compared to a conventional globe, virtual globes have the additional capability of representing many different views on the surface of the Earth. These views may be of geographical features, man-made features such as roads and buildings, or abstract representations of demographic quantities such as population.
• In 1998, Microsoft released a popular offline virtual globe in the form of Encarta Virtual Globe 98. The first widely publicized online virtual globes were NASA World Wind (released in mid-2004) and Google Earth (mid-2005).
Examples
• NASA World Wind*• CitySurf Globe• Bing Maps• SkylineGlobe• Google Earth• Marble, part of the K Desktop Environment, with
• Cartographic Generalization• Level of Detail• 3D measurement systems• 3D modeling and data structures • 3D standards for Geospatial data• Open Source Programming Libraries • 3D in Geobrowsers (Google Sketch-up, Earth
and Bing Maps)
Generalization in Cartography
• Selection
• Simplification
• Combination
• Displacement
• Exaggeration
MapWindow GIS Douglas-Peucker GIS: Scale Range Viewing
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Scalemaster (Buttenfield and Brewer)Generalization in Computer
Graphics: Level of Detail• James H. Clark (1976) Hierarchical Geometric Models for Visible Surface Algorithms.
Communications of the ACM, October 1976,19, 10. pp 547-554.
• Volunteered 3D information and multimedia: participatory sensing
• Visual Analytics
• Visualization of Uncertainty
• Spatialization
Volunteered 3D information and multimedia
• Volunteered Geographic Information
• Use Contributed Content
• Examples: Google MyMaps, Flickr, Panoramio, YouTube, 4Square, Geocaching
• Can be institutionalized: e.g. National Map Corps.
• Data can be mined for content
Tweets during the Japanese Earthquake & Tsunami
Microsoft Photosynth
• Use of multiple volunteered images to create camera viewing geometry
• Create zoom/pan view in great detail• Others include PhotoFly (Autodesk) and bundler
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Bundler
• Structure-from-motion system for unordered image collections (for instance, images from the Internet) written in C and C++. Opensource, UWash+Cornell
• Outdoor game: http://photocitygame.com/
• “Our ultimate goal is to reconstruct the entire world, one photo at a time.”
Visualization of Uncertainty
Prof. Dr. Bernd FröhlichVisualization of Uncertainty: Visualizing Errors and Uncertainties in Geo-Scientific Datahttp://www.uni-weimar.de/cms/medien/vr/research/visualization/scivis/uncvis.html
Uncertainty issues Spatialization
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DEMView
M. B. Gousie. Wheaton College. http://cs.wheatoncollege.edu/~mgousie/research.html#errorviz