A B C C oalition 2004 PeerR eview R eport A tlanta-C hicago R egionalPeerR eview Meeting Indianapolis,Indiana August30 – Septem ber1,2004 Biodiesel Basics for the Beginner Chelsea Jenkins and Al Christopher Virginia Clean Cities Hampton Roads Clean Cities Coalition Biodiesel Public Education Forum May 30, 2007 Hollins University
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VIRGINIA CLEAN CITIES VIRGINIA Biodiesel Basics for the Beginner Chelsea Jenkins and Al Christopher Virginia Clean Cities Hampton Roads Clean Cities Coalition.
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• National US DoE voluntary program to promote energy independence in transportation
• 80 Coalitions nationwide
• One designated Coalition in Virginia (Hampton Roads)
• Statewide effort ongoing
DoE Website:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/
Virginia Clean Cities:
http://www.hrccc.org
VIRGINIA CLEAN CITIES
VIRGINIABiofuels
Fossil Fuel: a hydrocarbon fuel, such as petroleum, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time.
• Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
Biofuel: Any fuel that derives from biomass – recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts
• Biodiesel, Ethanol
Primary drivers behind introducing biofuels include:• Reduce dependency on fossil-fuels• Reduce GHG emissions (reduce impact on health, environment)• Improve energy security • Contribute to rural development through domestic production
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What is Biodiesel
1. Mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids (i.e. methyl or ethyl esters)
2. A diesel replacement fuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled cooking grease
• Physical properties very similar to conventional diesel
• Must meet the quality requirements of ASTM D6751
• Biodiesel Blend: mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel
• BXX = volume XX% biodiesel
• Most common blends are B5, B20
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• Biodiesel is NOT unrefined vegetable oil or used cooking oil
What Is Not Biodiesel?
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• SVO/WVO– Vegetable oil can be used in diesel engine– Much more viscous– Doesn’t burn the same– Many studies have found SVO can lead to engine carbon deposits, reducing engine life or increasing maintenance costs– Successful SVO use is documented, but use requires considerable modifications to diesel equipment
• SVO has strong following– Elsbett single and double tank SVO fuel systems from Germany– Single tank system seems to get best reviews: The kit includes modified injector nozzles, stronger glow plugs, dual fuel
heating, temperature controls and parallel fuel filters.
– ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH CONVERSION
What Is Not Biodiesel?
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• “Waste Oil”– Similar to confusion between biodiesel and WVO– Referred to as used motor oil or waste engine oil– Used oil can be re-refined into base stock for lubricting oil– If you recycle 2 gals of used oil, it can generate enough electricity
to run average household for almost 24 hours (API, http://www.recycleoil.org/)– Waste motor oil furnaces (UL listed, EPA approved)
• www.cleanburn.com
What Is Not Biodiesel?
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VIRGINIABiodiesel
Advantages:
• It’s Easy: Transparent to end-user, easy to implement
• soybean based biodiesel start to crystallize at 0C
• Oxidative stability
• old fuel can become acidic and form sediments and varnish
• Excellent solvent
• filter clogging during transition from petrol diesel
• replace natural rubber components
• Supply
Biodiesel
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VIRGINIAMaking biodiesel
•The beauty of biodiesel is it can be made on any scale, and by any despite level of chemical processing experience
•For a great video tutorial on how biodiesel can be made from many feedstocks, check out the JMU biodiesel conference website for 2006, “view webcast” at top, and forward to “How Biodiesel is Made” by Chris Bachmann: http://www.cisat.jmu.edu/biodiesel/conference2006.html
Or visit the Collaborative Biodiesel Tutorial: http://www.biodieselcommunity.org/howitsmade/ (includes recipes for beginners with pictures and detailed instructions)
Make sure you understand the health and safety risks involved!!!
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial Production
FuelMeister Biodieselgear 60
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial Production
JMU Processor I
“Appleseed” (w/ standpipe wash tank)
www.biodieselcommunity.org
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial
Source: www.jsonline.com/bym/news/j
an06/389013.asp
Source: http://www.mnsoy.com/biodiesel_
pricing.htm
MN Biodiesel Plants
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VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial – Quality
• Industry organization that defines the consensus on fuels is the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
• ASTM fuel standards are the minimum accepted values for properties of the fuel to provide adequate customer satisfaction and/or protection.
• Dec 2001 -- ASTM approved the full standard for biodiesel, with the new designation of D-6751. Standard covers pure biodiesel (B100), for blending with petrodiesel in levels up to 20% by volume. Higher levels on case-by-case basis.
• No matter how it’s made (backyard or in commercial plant), out-of-spec biodiesel can result
• NREL/NBB fuel quality testing project found at least one-third of commercial biodiesel samples pulled between November 2005 and July 2006 were out of spec for incomplete processing
• Many homebrewers/small scale coops are making high quality biodiesel all over the US, and some are struggling as well
• QC testing can be $1700 for full ASTM slate tests, and labs are ~$30,000 to install, and out of reach for many homebrewers
QUALITY IS IMPORTANT, SO ENSURE YOU ARE BUYING ASTM QUALITY FUEL OR IF PRODUCING FOR SALE THAT IT MEETS ASTM
SPECS
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• Biodiesel production & use has grown dramatically – NBB estimates 75 million gallons in 2005– Current production capacity is more than 290 million annual gallons– More than 570 million annual gallons under construction or planned– Current U.S. avg. rack price $3.20/gal (vs. $2.40 for No. 2 diesel)
• Prices pre-tax, pre-tax credit
Who Uses Biodiesel?
Who’s using it?
U.S. Postal Service
U.S. DoD, DoE, and DoA
Countless school districts, transit authorities, national
parks, public utility companies, and garbage and recycling companies
Credit: Robert McCormick, NREL
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VIRGINIACommercial Biodiesel Production Plants
Source: National Biodiesel Board
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VIRGINIABiodiesel retail locations
Source: National Biodiesel Board (Retailers and Distributors map) http://www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/guide/default.shtm
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VIRGINIAMarket Development in Virginia – B20 Fleets
VALLEY PROTEINS
US NAVY
Portsmouth
Yorktown
Westmoreland Schools
2004 Fleets
2005 Fleets
2006 Fleets
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VIRGINIAIndustry Analyses
MORE INFORMATION
• National Biodiesel Board: www.biodiesel.org
• Virginia Clean Cities: www.hrccc.org
• US Department of Energy Clean Cities: http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/blends/biodiesel.html
Iowa State University’s Biomass Energy Conversion Center (BECON): Biodiesel Short Course -