vinoddddd.pdf

11-12 February, 201111-12 February, 2011

National Seminar on

Applications of

Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology Development

Proceedings Of The Seminar

ANETD 2011

Supported by:

ICMR, CSI and IETE, Delhi

Supported by:

ICMR, CSI and IETE, Delhi

College of Engineering, GurgaonOrganized by:

ANETD 2011KIITKIIT

KIIT WorldSohna Road, Near Bhondsi, Gurgaon (Haryana)

Phone : 0124-2266667, 4709010-50, 4709060 - 80

Website : www.kiit.In or write to [email protected]

49

KIIT

Ranbaxy Research Lab Ltd. Gurgaon

Plot No.-20

Sector-18, Udyog Vihar,

Gurgaon-122001

Ph: 0124-6342001-10

M/s Creative Think Media

F-2/131, 2nd Floor, Mohd. Pur

Bhikaji Cama Place

New Delhi 110066

9811772835

M/s Coreel Technologies

A4 Logix Park

Sector-16, Noida-201301

Ph: 9810059392

French Institute

NM-21, Old DLF

Sector-14 Gurgaon

Ph: 9873776037, 9873306037

RAUTECH

Electronic Systems

RZ - 37, Street No. 3, Vaishali Extn.,

New Delhi - 110 045 (India)

Tel.: 011-25056377

Mobile : 9818327666

M/s Ariston Technologies

104 Saraswati House-27,

Nehru Place, New Delhi-110019

9958655525

M/s VEEKAY Systems

Subhash Place Pitampura, Delhi-110034

Mob: 9871590483

M/s Silcom Electronics Pvt. Ltd.

C-26, DSIDC Compled, Kirti Nagar,

New Delhi-110015

011-45544191

M/s Trinity Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.

313, Triveni Complex, E-10-12,

Jawahar Park Vikas Marg,

Laxmi Nagar, New Delhi-110092

011-22016186, 22458310

M/s Mittal Enterprises,

2151/T-7C, New Patel Nagar,

New Delhi-110008

Mob: 9810681132

Harco & Company

2563 Bangali Mohalla

Ambala Cantt.

Ph:171-2642041

Mob: 9896392041

Harsh & Company

With Best Compliments From

Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi

Initiation of organizing the seminars is really praiseworthy. Such programmes

provide enlightenment and enrich the knowledge. Application of

Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology Development is the topic of

thought-provoking choice. Nanotechnology is quite relevant matter for

researchers & intellectuals. Students, faculty and all the participants will be

gaining much out of this initiative particularly when they will be getting

exchange of views on this wonderful topic.

I hope & pray for the success of the seminar which is being organized and to be

conducted on 11th & 12th February 2011 in the KIIT Campus.

B. R. Kamrah Chairman, VPS and KIIT

It gives me immense pleasure to state that KIIT, Gurgaon is organizing a

National Seminar on Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology

Development during 11th and 12th February, 2011. The topic of

Nanotechnology is an important area of research having numerous

applications in various areas, such as Medicine, Industry, Environment,

Agriculture, Power sector etc. In fact, it has revolutionized the very face of

these sectors of applications. Therefore, it has also become important that

this topic is taken as specialized subjects of teaching in technical institutions.

KIIT promotes research and teaching in such advance areas of Science and

Technology. It has taken an initiative to organize a National Seminar in this

area and invited eminent experts and researchers to deliver their lectures and

share the knowledge among the participants of the Seminar.

I wish the Seminar a great success and hope that the participants will be

greatly benefited by the deliberations.

Prof. (Dr.) S. S. Aggarwal Executive Director, KIIT

MESSAGE

KIIT

MESSAGE

It is my pleasure to learn that KIIT College of Engineering,

Gurgaon has taken upon itself the responsibility to hold the

National Seminar on Nanomaterials for Environment and

Technology Development on 11th and 12th February, 2011. I

am further happy to learn that this Seminar is a joint venture

of the College, CSI, IETE and AIMA. I have always been an

ardent proponent of networking. While the society, at large,

has been benefited by the networking of machines,

networking of organizations in the real sense is still to deliver

in the right earnest. I therefore, wish this Conference a grand

success.

Nanotechnology is a branch of Science, which is poised for

unprecedented growth and applications in almost all areas of

human endeavour. As a matter of fact, today we talk of Info-

Bio-Nano as one discipline. With such fast diffusion of

disciplines, a Conference like this is a highly welcome step.

I take this opportunity to wish this Seminar all success.

Prof. K. K. Aggarwal

MESSAGE

KIIT

Prof. K. K. Aggarwal

Ex-Vice Chancellor

G.G.S.I.P. University, Delhi

This proceeding is devoted to the various research works being carried out in the field of

Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials beneficial to the students & faculty pursuing B.Tech, M.Tech

& research in this field.

This Proceeding book has been divided into three parts consisting of messages from various

dignitaries, renowned researchers from academies and industry, college information, research

papers and industrialist research papers which will enhance knowledge and provide

development skill for researchers, industrialists, academies and students in the field of

Nanotechnology.

This is the time when we are seeing an exciting new development in cutting edge like

Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and

molecular scale, which deals with structures sized between 1-100 nanometers in at least one

dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.

Nanomaterials is a field that takes materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It

studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have

special, properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.

Eminent researchers, renowned academicians and experts from the industry have delivered

their talk and shared their knowledge and experience in two day National Seminar

APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

held at KIIT College of Engineering ,Gurgaon on 11th and 12th Feb-2011.

There has been encouraging response from the speakers and the participants in the national

seminar. A large number of technical papers have been received from various technical

institutions, industries and individuals. We have received valuable guidance and suggestions

time to time from advisory committee. The abstracts are reviewed by panel of experts in

relevant areas and then accepted for presentations in the seminar.

we wish to thank the Management Authorities, Advisory Committee, organizing committee

members & various faculty members of KIIT Group of Colleges, Gurgaon, those have directly

and indirectly helped us to prepare case studies on various new emerging technology.

We are glad to present the proceeding of the National Seminar for permanent record to all

recipients and wish great success for this seminar

Prof. V K Syal, Principal (Convener ANETD-2011)

Assoc. Prof. Kanika Kaur(Co-Convener ANETD-2011)

Dr. Neeraj Sood ( Organizing Secretary ANETD-2011

Preface

PREFACE

KIIT

Dr. Pawan Kapur

Director

Central Scientific Instruments Organisation

Sector 30-C, Chandigarh

email: [email protected]

Nano-Technology Research & Application

Nanotechnology is the study of controlling matter on an energy, environment and most important of all, medical

atomic and molecular scales. It is different from other field. Due to merging of Nanotechnology with other

technologies because unusual physical, chemical and technologies and the subsequent emergence of complex

biological properties emerge in materials at the nanoscale and innovative hybrid technologies, some of the practical

which are governed by a new science. Similarly, nanoscale applications within reach are; Smart drugs, targeted drug

features when incorporated into bulk materials and large delivery systems, military applications, smart battle suit,

surfaces give them completely different properties. next-generation computer processing, programmed

Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions bilogy-the smallest batteries, complex materials- a super

of conventional device physics to completely new adhesive, new meta materials, energy generation, etc. The

approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from nano level gadgets and materials are used for diagnosing

developing new materials with dimensions on the and treatment of diseases. Nano-Pharmacology has

nanoscale to investigating exiciting application. generated a specific category of smart drugs that have

negligible side effects. The use of Nanotech has helped in Nanotechnology is not a mono-faculty but follows a

the detection of narcotics and finger prints of the concept of catch-all term involving multiple fields thereby

suspected criminals. Nanomaterials can have wide affecting a whole gamut of areas, ranging from the

applications not only in making nanomedicines, but also in environment, to healthcare, offering variety of commercial

diagnosis and in manufacturing better medical implants. products. The application domain include: sunscreens and

Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide (SiC), for instance can be cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and some food

used to manufacture artificial heart valves, which are products and many more. The electronic devices to realise

lighter, stronger, harder, wear resistant and most many complex functions has vast scope in electronics and

importantly, do not react with biological fluids. ICT sectors also. The next generation computers are all

Nanorobots, to help in treatment at a cellular level, are seen being aimed in this direction to process and store huge

as a possibility in the future. Q-Dots can be an effective tool amount of data for information exchange. The inherent

for monitoring cancerous cells. Carbon nanotubes can be ability in nanotechnology to engineer matter at the

applied in plastic, water purification, cosmetics, computer smallest scale is opening unexpected doors that will allow

discs, textiles, paints & emulsions and many more.limitations in many existing technologies to be overcome

and thus has the potential to be part of every industry in The talk highlights the R&D activities being pursued at CSIO

one or other form such as Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials in broad areas of Sensing techniques for application in

and Nano-Biotechnology. environmental aspects including agro-based & health

sectors. Coverage is given on Bio-Mems, CNTs, Nano-The implications of Nanotechnology can be found in the

particles, Bio-photonics, etc.field of telecommunications, computing, aerospace, solar

Abstract:

KIIT Invited Talks

01

Abstract:

Self-Assembled Monolayers as a Form

of Bio-Nano Technology

Prof. Ranjit Chaudhary

Director

Advance Institute of Technology and Management

Delhi-Mathura Road, Palwal

[email protected]

Molecular Self Assembly is the organization of molecules in general understanding of the origin of life would be

an ordered fashion without any external intelligent achieved. For a physical chemist, the meaning of molecular

intervention. There are numerous examples of molecular self assembly has to do with the ability of a system of

self assembly in nature. Human beings, plants, trees, molecules to spontaneously form an ordered molecular

animals etc. have molecular self assembly processing structure.

occurring somewhere in their bodies. Molecular self In this lecture, preparation of Self Assembled Monolayers

assembly is crucial to the function of cells and it is exhibited of Organic Molecules under the controlled and standard

in the self assembly of lipids to form membrane, the laboratory conditions would be discussed. Electrochemical

formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen techniques l ike cycl ic voltammetry technique,

bonding of the individual strands, the assembly of proteins electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the

to form quaternary structures. Supra molecular calculation of various important parameters to

assemblies, micelles, liquid crystal phases are examples of characterize the self assembled monolayers will be

molecular self assembly in chemistry. Molecular self elaborated for various organic molecules like Mercapto

assembly is an important aspect of bottom up approach Nicotinic acid, thioctic acid, cystamine etc. These SAMs can

to nanotechnology. An advantage to constructing be further modified by attaching other molecules in a tailor

nanostructure using molecular self assembly for biological make fashion to generate new organic interfaces of nano

materials is that they will degrade back into individual dimensions which are biologically active and may find

molecules that can be broken by the body. The oral process applications in the analysis and recognition of other

of self assembly is not yet understood, indeed, if it were, a important bio-molecules.

KIIT

Frontiers of Research in

Spintronics & Nanomagnetics

R. K. Kotnala

National Physical Laboratory

New Delhi 110012,India

[email protected]

Nanomaterials diversified applications in day todays life Recently much attention is being devoted to study the DMS

has brought revolution in material science. Synthesis of and Half metallic materials like Strontium Ferro-

nanoparticles has become a trick of trade. Besides other Molybdenum Oxide,SFMO, to be used as spintronics

areas of research magnetic nano structures have got devices. The DMS and Half metallic material (compounds

commercial applications in magnetic hard discs for and alloys) based Hall elements can be easily incorporated

computer information storage, magnetic sensors, spin with such spintronics devices. Further, the half metallic

valves, high speed non-volatile magnetic random access materials may be utilized to provide the simultaneous field

memories (MRAMs) , magnetic imaging, magnetic sensing due to Hall voltage and due to magnetoresistive

recording heads, magneto-optics; spintronic devices and so effect. In this talk future spintronics metal oxide materials

many. In medical science drug delivery, burning of cancer have been discussed briefly and what is being done in our

tissues by hyperthermia effect of nanomagnetic particles Lab has been described.

are glaring examples of nanotechnology potential.

02

Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating material at strength and reduced in weight, which leads to fuel savings

the atomic level. Nanotechnology deals with the very small and increased longevity. And in 2001, Toyota started using

sizes ~ 1/80,000th the diameter of a human hair. The uses of nano-composites in a bumper that makes it 60% lighter and

new instruments and tools to manipulate atoms like AFM - twice as resistant to denting and scratching. The pace of

atomic force microscope, dip-pin lithography and STM have development of Nanotechnology from concept to practice

contributed to the development of nanotechnology. Its in all sectors will however depend upon how fast the

applications are going to be tremendous. From the food we instrumentation and technology to manipulate atoms and

eat, the clothes we wear and the products we manufacture molecules advance. This would also aid the fields of

to the composition of our bodies, everything is made of electronics, computers, medicine, biology and chemistry

atoms. And if we can manipulate the atoms then we can which could see advances rapidly. Artificial life, nanobots &

change almost every product to our desired specifications. Borgs, MEMS, Quantum Nanotechnology, Nano-

Coal and diamonds, for example, are both constructed electronics, Nano-medicine, Self-assembly of nano

from carbon atoms. Even though it may sound far-off at materials for repairs. The nanotechnology manufacturing

times, within ten years nanotech will have huge effects on atom-by-atom promises new materials that will be

many industries, including manufacturing, health care, stronger, cheaper, faster, powerful and more durable.

energy, agriculture, communications, transportation, and Poss ib i l i ty of revolut ionary breakthroughs in

electronics. Within a decade, nanotechnology is expected detection/treatment of diseases are not ruled out. Nano-

to be the basis of $1 trillion worth of products and will create scale electronic devices using carbon nanotubes , quantum

anywhere from 800,000 to 2 million new jobs in the United dots spintronic devices, neuron regeneration using carbon

States alone. The clothing industry has already started to nano-tube prosthetics devices, Chemical and biological

feel the effects of nanotech. Eddie Bauer, for example, is sensors Carbon Nano-tubes. The bottoms up approachin

currently using embedded nanoparticles to create stain- the field of nanotechnology are introduced. The scale levels

repellent khakis. A plastic nano-composite is being used for of objects are compared. The techniques of making and

"step assists" in the GM Safari and Astro Vans. It is scratch- manipulating nano-materials are discussed.

resistant, light-weight, and rust-proof, and better in

Abstract:

Nanotechnology

- The Science of Manipulating Atoms

Shatendra K Sharma

Professor and Director

University Science Instrumentation Centre

Jawaharlal Nehru University

New Delhi-1100067 India

e-mail: [email protected]

KIIT

Small Wonders with Giant Societal Impact

S.K.Chakarvarti

Director, Research and Development

Manav Rachna International University

Faridabad, Haryana, India

e-mail:[email protected]

Abstract:

03

The science of the miniature- nanotechnology, though a Matters Do Not Matter Small! This promises exiting

relatively new field, is fast emerging as the 'favourite of all' applications in bioscience, medical science, environment,

kind of technological arena due to its applications in almost electronics, cosmetics, security and variety of other fields.

every field, from medicine to fabrics. In Greek, the word We all know that all things on this earth are made up of

'Nano' means dwarf and materials when reduced to nano atoms, which are the smallest particles. The properties of

dimension (10-9metre =1namometre) show drastic changes everything are determined by the arrangement of the

in physical, chemical, magnetic, optical, mechanical and atoms. Thus, if atoms in coal are rearranged, we can get

electrical properties. It is now being realized that Small diamond. At present, though scientists are able to move

04

KIIT

Novel Nanomaterials:

Preparation and CharacterizationSubhash C. Kashyap

Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016

e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:

molecules and atoms in a mass yet they are still not able to going to be 5th Industrial revolution touching every aspect

precisely manipulate them. But in future, nanotechnology of mankind and society. The societal impact of this

will allow as redesign easily and create what we want technology will be enormous. The scope and application

exactly. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary subject of nanotechnology is tremendous and mind-boggling.

which essentially combines Physics, Chemistry, Bio- Nano-biotechnology can make tiny medical devices and

informatics Bio- technology, etc besides engineering. sensors with fantastic military and civilian use. Converting

Though the field at present is in infancy (started some 16 sunlight into power, targeting a drug to a single malignant

years ago in India), the country is making dedicated efforts cell, cleaning ponds and creating sensors in the form of

not to lag behind. Further, nano materials would be very biochip, to be interested in the human body are some of the

light, strong, transparent, and totally different from bulk important landmark breakthroughs of nanotechnology.

material because they are a thousand times smaller than The technology has the potential to produce garments

the diameter of human hair, which is around 60 microns. which can block chemical and biological weapons from

touching the skin of a person. According to the scientists, 21st century would be the

nanotechnology century. It is est imated that This talk is going to enlighten and address non-specialists so

nanotechnology would revolutionize every area, be it as to create awareness, inquisitiveness and generate

medicine, aerospace, engineering, various industrial and inspiration and stimulation for undertaking research in the

technological areas, health or any other field and there is area of nano-/ micro technology.

In the context of materials, the word nano means that a carriers:(i) All metal nano-multilayer systems (spin valves)

tiny sample/cluster of atoms is crystalline and its exhibiting GMR and magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs)

dimensions lie in the range of a few nm. We can of course having TMR are employed for ultra-high density magnetic

have clusters of different morphologies - a few nm in each data storage, and (ii) ferromagnetic semiconductors

dimension called quantum dots (zero dimensional- or 0D-), exhibiting room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) and

a few nm long called quantum rods/nanowires (1D-) and a fully spin-polarized compounds are potential candidates

few nm thick single film/epitaxy or multilayers (MLs) for new electronic device structures. Nanometric magnetic

(i.e.2D-structure). Understandably surface to volume ratio multilayers separated by an insulating layer (e.g. CoFeB,

of atoms in any of these nanostructures is higher than in InMn, MgO etc) form MTJs. The room temperature

poly- and single-crystalline bulk materials, which renders ferromagnetism (RTFM) has recently been predicted, and is

them different properties which are useful for several being actively investigated in transition metal (TM) doped

applications, and thus make these materials so important. TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 etc and explained by different

mechanisms of their origin, though without converging to a Nanomaterials for spintronics, data storage and optical

single one. Multicomponent chalcogenides materials are devices having exotic characteristics fall in the category of

employed for optical data storage.novel materials. Spintronics (spin electronics) refers

basically, to the study and application of the extra degree of In our laboratory we are pursuing research work on both

freedom of carriers (e.g. electrons), namely their spin for types of magnetic nano- materials/ systems. We are also

the development of multifunctional and novel devices like synthesizing nanowires of both Si and SiGe alloy in a single-

spin valves, magnetoresistive sensors, read heads, spin- mode field-separated (H011) cylindrical microwave (MW)

FET, magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) for MRAM etc. resonant cavity at 2.45GHz. In the case of SiGe alloy the PL

Essentially, there are two kinds of nanomaterials systems spectrum has shown two peaks with higher intensity than

for such devices which can exploit the spin of charge in the PL spectrum of pure Si, thereby establishing that the

05

KIIT

Abstract:

Application of NANO in Pharmaceuticals

Vinod Arora, Vice President

Pharma Research, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited

R&D Centre, Gurgaon

Nano technology is essentially the creation of materials, everyone. In drug development ~30% of discovery actives

devices and systems at the nano meter scale. It is an are water insoluble drugs and are not evaluated in animal

extension of miniaturization. The prefix nano means one studies because of formulation problems. This will result in

billionth and is derived from the greek word Dwarf. As per reducing cost and improve success rate of NCE. Nano

James Murday & Mike Roco by 2015 Nano technology technology will serve as a tool to formulate insoluble

market prediction is of ~ $ 1 trillion. Out of this 34% will be potential drug candidates. Through nano technology one

for nano materials and 20% for pharmaceutical and can increase solubility, improve bio availability of the drugs

healthcare. Healthcare will provide highest returns on and also reduces dose/pill burden. It is said that 21st

nano technology and therefore it is catching attention of Century will witness nano tech led revolutions.

Carbon Nanotubes and Its ApplicationsMushahid Husain

Nanotechnology program, Department of Physics

Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025

Email: [email protected]

The discovery of carbon nanotubes added a new dimension their quantum mechanical structure. Their electronic

to the knowledge of carbon science and nanotechnology. properties can be either semiconducting or metallic

Today, nanotechnology is the hot topic attracting depending on the degree of graphitization, helicity and

scientists, industrialists, government and even the general tube diameter. These properties have great potential for

public. Nanotechnology is the creation of functional nanoelectronic device applications, which are also

material, devices and systems through control of matter on important, both for scientific and technological

the nanometer scale and exploitation of novel phenomena development. Nanotubes are potentially useful in field

and properties of matter at that length scale. Carbon emitters, flat panel displays, hydrogen storage, scanning

nanotubes are supposed to be key component of probes etc.

nanotechnology.Carbon nanotubes are currently attractive materials for a

Carbon nanotubes are unique nanostructures with diverse range of applications because of their

remarkable electronic and mechanical properties, some extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties. Their

stemming from the close relation between carbon application has already been demonstrated in field

nanotubes and graphite, and some from their one- emission displays, nanoscale electronic devices, biosensors

dimensional aspects. The manner in which carbon forms and hydrogen storage mediums. The proposed

bonds is the basis for the variety of carbon nanotubes applications of CNTs are in micro-electronics/

structures that are seen. These have generated a great of semiconductors conducting composites, controlled drug

interest due to their unique band structure and have delivery / release, artificial muscles, batteries, polymer

noticeable electrical properties that are directly related to composites and sensors.

Abstract:

alloying improves the quantum efficiency. Besides, a In the present review talk an attempt will be made to briefly

polycrystalline hard ferrite (M-type barium hexaferrite, describe some of our recent work on the preparation and

BaFe12O19) has been transformed into a nano-phase, characterization of some of the above-mentioned

which has now turned into a soft ferrite, by an efficient and nanomaterials.

rapid method of microwave processing.

06

Abstract:

Synthesis, Characterization and Photo-Luminescence

Properties of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ Nanophosphor

V.B. Taxak, Mukesh Kumar and S. P. Khatkar

Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001

Participants Papers

Europium-activated Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3 nanocrystals were glow [1-2] Rare earth activated multicomponent oxide

synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous phosphors have been widely investigated for application in

concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates display devices, lights and detectors. However, for these

and organic fuel. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace applications phosphor particles must have good

maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material characteristics such as high brightness, spherical shape and

processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively narrow size distribution. In recent years, rare earth ions-

simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and activated phosphors on the nano scale have been

low temperature solution base process have been attracting much interest of the scientists due to the

exploited to produce Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nano excellent luminescence and potential applications in

particles. The phase transformation involved in the pure luminescent devices and display equipment, such as field

homogeneous mixture formation. Synthesis conditions emission display (FED), vacuum fluorescent display (VFD),

such as calcinations temperature and organic fuel electroluminescent (EL) devices, and plasma panel display

concentration are varied in order to determine the exact (PDP) devices[3-6].

optimum conditions for synthesizing nano particles with With the development of scientific technologies on

superior optical properties and smaller particle size. The phosphors, several chemical synthetic techniques such as

nano crystals obtained through combustion method was sol-gel [7], co- precipitation [8] and solvothermal [9]

characterized by using scanning electron microscopy methods, have been used to synthesize phosphors. In

(SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The

contrast, the combustion synthetic technique [10] is quite morphology of the phosphor was studied by SEM. The

simple and rapid in which the reaction lasts for only few average nanoparticle size of the synthesized phosphor

seconds.was found in the range from 30 nm to 50 nm.. The

photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows predominant red In the present work,: Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+

colour of the nano crystals prepared under an UV source nanocrystals have been synthesized by combustion

revealed red luminescence that was attributed to method. The advantages of short time reaction and low

transitions [5D0 7F2] at 612 nm .In addition, effect of temperature solution based process have been

heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals and the exploited to produce Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nano

dependence of the luminescence intensity on the Eu3+ particles. The phase transformation involved in the pure

concentrations have also been discussed. homogeneous mixture formation. Synthesis conditions

such as calcinations temperature and Eu3+ ions

concentration are varied in order to determine the exact Introduction

optimum conditions for synthesizing nano particles with Nanotechnology for materials, as an innovative technology

superior optical properties and smaller particle size.in the twenty-first century, is expected to revolutionize the

materials technology. This technology realizes

improvement in functions and characteristics of materials Experimental details

as well as creation of new functions through controlling

materials structure on a super-fine scale. Phosphors are High purity gadolinium, aluminium and europium nitrate

the photoluminescence materials which can absorb the from Aldrich chemicals were taken as starting materials.

visible light, store the energy and gradually release the The phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly

energy as visible light, which leads to a long persistent after heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing

07

Figure 1(a and b) : PL emission spectra and excitation spectra

of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles.

KIIT

calculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated

furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host

lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in

these lattices by activators ions. These type of

substitutions generally require high temperature and long

processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis

of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and

short time duration. The material undergoes rapid

dehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases.

These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a

flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process

utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and

crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition

temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine

powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to

increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors

was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model.

P h o t o l u m i n e s c e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d w i t h a

spetrofluorometer F-7000.

Results and discussion

Photoluminescence properties Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+

of nanophosphor

The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and excitation

spectra of the nano crystals prepared shows predominant

red colour under an UV source ( Fig.1a and b) which is

attributed to the transitions [5D0 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm

.In addition the dependence of the luminescence intensity

on Eu3+ ions concentrations and effect of heat treatment

on the particle size of the nanocrystals have also been investigated as a function of Eu3+ concentration in Al2xGd

investigated. It was observed that the luminescent 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles. It was found that the PL

intensity of the synthesized nanoparticles strongly depend emission intensity of Eu3+ increased with the increase of

on the calcination temperatures. Furthermore, it was the concentration, reaching a maximum value at 3mol%

observed that the PL intensity of the nanoparticles for Eu3+, and then decreased with increasing the

increased rapidly on calcination up to 900 C and beyond concentration. This is because of a well known

this there was no observable change in the PL intensity. phenomenon of concentration quenching in rare earth-

This is mainly due to the improvement in doping, doped system due to mutual Eu3+- Eu3+ interactions.

crystallinity and the increase of particle size, as small

particles do not have high luminous efficiency arising from

grain boundary effects. Also, this is an indication that SEM images of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanophosphor

certain properties of the nanoparticles, such as crystallite The surface morphological features of the nanocrystals

size or disorder of the local environment surrounding the were studied by Jeol JSM 6510, scanning electron

activator ions, influenced the PL spectra and calcination is microscope (SEM). The SEM image of Al2xGd 2(1-x-

important to extract the maximum luminous efficiency.y)O3:2yEu3+ particles are shown in the figure 2. The as-

The emission intensity at 612 nm of Eu3+ ions was also, synthesized nanophosphors show an unusual morphology

08

Figure 2: SEM images of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles

KIIT

i.e. forming cracks and porous network due to rapid method is to produce fine powder phosphors that may be

used as more promising and intensity materials in release of gases by-products during the combustion. This

displaying bright luminescent red color.type of porous network is typical of combustion-

synthesized powders [11]. These porous powders are

highly friable which facilitates easy grinding to obtain finer References

particles [12].

1 C. Chang, D. Mao, J. Shen, C. Feng, J. Alloys Comp. 348

,224 (2003).

2 C. Chang, L. Jiang, D. Mao, C. Feng, Ceramics

International 30,285 (2004).

3. J. Dhanaraj, R. Jagannathan, T.R.N. Kutty, C.H. Lu, J.

Phys. Chem. B 105 , 11098 (2001).

4. Z.G. Wei, L.D. Sun, C.S. Liao, C.H. Yan, S.H. Huang, Appl.

Phys. Lett. 80, 1447 (2002).

5. S.P. Khatkar, S. D. Han, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, R. Kumar,

J.Lumin.,126, 597 (2007).The particle size of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanocrystals

has been observed in the range from 30 nm to 50 nm. The 6. K.S. Sohn, W. Zeon, H. Chang, S.K. Lee, H.D. Park,

narrow size distribution of these nanoparticles is very Chem. Mater. 14, 2140 (2002).

uniform with regular shape. The particle size cannot be 7. R.P. Rao, J. Electrochem. Soc, 143, 189 (1996)

measured exactly from the SEM micrographs shown in

Figure2. 8. T.M. Chen, S.C. Chen, C.J. Yu, J. Solid State Chem, 144,

437 (1999).

9. X.D. Zhang, H. Liu, W. He, J.Y. Wang, X. Li and R.I. Conclusion

Boughton, J. Alloys Comp. 372, 300 (2004). The present method gives homogeneous and fine sized

10. M.B. Kakade, S. Ramanathan and P.V. particles of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanophosphor.

Ravindran, J. Alloys Comp. 350, 123 (2003). Comparing with traditional material processing

techniques, combustion method is relatively a safe, simple 11. S.P. Khatkar, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, S. D. Han, C.H. Han,

and rapid method. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of G. Sharma, J. Korean Phy. Soc. 48, 1355 (2006).

the nano crystals prepared shows predominant red colour

12. C.A. Morrison, D.E Wortman, Gavernment Document under an UV source which is attributed to the transitions

AD7350319, Harry Diamond Laboratory Report, [5D0 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm. The particle size of Al2xGd

HDLTR1563 (1971).2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanocrystals have been observed in the

range from 30 nm to 50 nm. Advantage of the present

Abstract:

09

Combustion Synthesis and Photoluminescence

Characteristics of KBaPO4:Eu Nanoparticles

Mukesh Kumar, V.B. Taxak and S. P. Khatkar

Maharshi Dayanand University,

Rohtak-124001, India

KIIT

Europium-activated KBaPO4 nanocrystals were of rare earth oxides [7-8]. The origion of nanoparticle

synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous research can be said to be in study of colloids ,their

concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates synthesis and characteristics . The quantum confinement and urea. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace and major changes observed in other properties have maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material

been the subject of intense research .The surface and processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively

interface of nanocrystal play an important role in the simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and

optical and electronic properties . Many phosphors have low temperature solution base process have been

been made in nanophase by employing different exploited to produce KBaPO4:Eu nano particles. The

techniques . In the present work KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals phase transformation involved in the pure homogeneous

have been synthesized by combustion method. The mixture formation. Synthesis conditions such as

advantages of short time reaction and low temperature calcinations temperature and urea concentration are varied

solution based process have been exploited to produce in order to determine the exact optimum conditions for

KBaPO4:Eu nano particles.synthesizing nano particles with superior optical properties

and smaller particle size. The nano crystals obtained

through combustion method was characterized by using Experimentals c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y ( S E M ) a n d

photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The average nanoparticle High purity chemicals were taken as starting materials. The size of the synthesized phosphor was around 25nm to 40 phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing predominant red colour of the nano crystals prepared calculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated under an UV source revealed red luminescence ,that was

furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host attributed to transitions [5D0 7F2] at 613 nm .In addition, lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in effect of heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals

these lattices by activators ions. These type of and the dependence of the luminescence intensity on the

substitutions generally require high temperature and long Eu3+ concentrations have also been discussed.

processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis

of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and

short time duration. The material undergoes rapid Introduction

dehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases.

In recent years, rare earth ions-activated nanostructure These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a

materials have been attracting much interest due to the flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process excellent luminescence and potential applications in

utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and

luminescent devices and display equipment, such as crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition

lighting, field emission display (FED), cathode ray tubes temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine

(CRT), and plasma display panels (PDP) resolution [1-6]. In powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to

the present time, field emission display (FEDs) , plasma increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors

display panels (PDPs) are attracting deal of attention as was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model.

new display technology . Scientist have undertaken P h o t o l u m i n e s c e n c e w a s o b s e r v e d w i t h a

investigations of the influence of particle size on the spetrofluorometer F-7000.

optical and electronic properties of nanocrystal materials

10

Figure 1 : PL emission spectra of KBaPO4:Eu nanoparticles

SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor

Figure 2: SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanoparticles

KIIT

Results and discussion

Photoluminescence properties KBaPO4 :Eu of

nanophosphor

The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals

prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV

source ( Fig.1) which is attributed to the transitions [5D0

7F2] of Eu3+ at 613 nm .In addition the dependence of

the luminescence intensity on Eu3+ ions concentrations

and effect of heat treatment on the particle size of the Conclusion

nanocrystals have also been investigated. It was observed The present method gives homogeneous and fine sized

that the luminescent intensity of the synthesized particles of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor. Comparing with

nanoparticles strongly depend on the calcination traditional material processing techniques, combustion

temperatures. Furthermore, it was observed that the PL method is relatively a safe, simple and rapid method. The

photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals

prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV

source which is attributed to the transitions [5D0 7F2]

of Eu3+ at 613 nm. The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu

nanocrystals have been observed in the range from 25 nm

to 40 nm. Advantage of the present method is to produce

fine powder phosphors that may be used as more

promising and intensity materials in displaying bright

luminescent red color.

References

1. A.J.Kenyonn, C.E.Chryssou and C.W.Pitt, J.Appl. Phys.

91, 367 (2002).

2. Y.H. Li and G.Y. Hong, J. Solid State Chem.178, 645 intensity of the nanoparticles increased rapidly on

(2005).calcination up to 900 C and beyond this there was no

3. J. Dhanaraj, R. Jagannathan, T.R.N. Kutty and C.H. Lu, J. observable change in the PL intensity.

Phys. Chem. B 105, 11098 (2001).

4. Z.G. Wei, L.D. Sun, C.S. Liao, C.H. Yan and S.H. Huang, SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor

Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1447 (2002).

The surface morphological features of the nanocrystals 5. S.P. Khatkar, S. D. Han, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, R. Kumar,

were studied by Jeol JSM 6510, scanning electron J.Lumin.,126, 597 (2007).

microscope (SEM). The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu

nanocrystals has been observed in the range from 25 nm to 6. K.S. Sohn, W. Zeon, H. Chang, S.K. Lee and H.D. Park,

40 nm. Chem. Mater. 14, 2140 (2002).

The narrow size distribution of these nanoparticles is very 7 W.Y. Jia, Y.Y. Wang and F. Fernandez. Mater.Sci. Eng. C

uniform with regular shape. The particle size cannot be 16, 55 (2001).

measured exactly from the SEM micrographs shown in 8 A.J. Kenyonn, C.E. Chryssou and C.W. Pitt.J. Appl. Phys.

Figure2. The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals have 91, 367 (2002).

been observed in the range from 25 nm to 40 nm.

Abstract:

11

Powering the Future with Carbon Nanotubes:

Engineering at the Nano Scale

Parul Sharma

Department of Chemistry

Amity School of Engineering and Technology

Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon.

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

KIIT

Engineering at the nano-scale is challenging and we are in been recognized as the stiffest and strongest man-made

the early stages of figuring out how we can do it right, to material known to date. In addition to high electrical

build structures, devices and systems that would embody conductivity, their other eyecatching features viz

the Nanotechnology revolution. Engineers/Scientist can mechanical, optical and chemical characteristics opened a

create new building blocks that produce materials with the new window for future applications. However, due to their

exact properties they desire, which are generally smaller, miniscale size, the excellent properties of these

stronger and lighter than current technologies. In this nanostructures can only be exploited if they are

endeavor Carbon Nano-tubes have had a special role. homogenously embedded into light-weight matrices as

Carbon nano-tubes are very thin hollow cylinders made of those offered by a whole series of engineering polymers.

carbon atoms. The beauty of these carbon nano-tubes is CNTs are basically classified into three categories-Single

that they are 10,000 times thinner than human hair. It is this Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT), Double Walled Carbon

property which makes them vulnerable to be use in varied Nanotubes (DWCNT) and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

fields. Nano-tubes are fascinating materials from the point (MWCNT). SWCNT and MWCNT can be fabricated using

of view of structure, form, growth and properties. various techniques; the commonest and relatively simple is

the Simple Vapour Deposition Technique. Carbon-The talk will focus on several novel applications of Carbon Nanotubes are an important new class of technological nano-tubes such as nanostructured electrodes for sensors, materials that have numerous novel and useful properties. electrical interconnects, unique filters for separation Besides CNT, Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Graphene, Fullerene has t e c h n o l o g i e s , t h e r m a l m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m , received full attention over the past few years as multifunctional brushes, bulk composites and so on. One of Nanodevices.the major and useful applications of CNTs is in the area of

Biomedical Engineering. Currently, the technique is very

useful in site-specific drug delivery and medical imaging. ZnO Nanostructures

Clean energy generation and efficiency is critical to our ZnO nanostructures have increased drastically in recent future. Through Nanotechnology innovation, we can years. Intense research by many different groups has improve the efficiencies of the technologies we have and focused on novel nanostructures with different shapes discover new ways to achieve sustainable development. ranging from nanowires to nanobelt and nanosprings. ZnO Just as with every good technique, along-with merits, there nanostructure can be obtained using Chemical Vapour are demerits as well. The paper will also highlight the Deposition Technique including growth with and without potential pitfalls or side effects associated with nano- catalyst (Wagner et al., 1964). These nanostructures have particles. been widely used for sensing applications because of their

Keywords: Carbon Nanotubes; Nanotechnology; Novel high sensitivity to the chemical environment. ZnO

applications, Efficiency nanostructures are currently used in various applications

such as Light Emitting Diode , sensors, Solar cells . ZnO at

nanoscale in a nanostructure form serves as an electrode INTRODUCTION

material as well as a template for Phase Separation.As world wide demand for energy surges at an ever-

increasing rate, there is a new urgency to improve the Graphene: a promising Nano deviceefficiency and sustainability of Existing technologies. One

of the keys to addressing this challenge is innovation and Graphene has attracting an increasing interest due to its

some of the most promising solutions are occurring at remarkable physical properties ranging from Dirac Electron

nanoscale-the smallest scale. Carbon Nanotubes have long spectrum to Ballistic Transport under ambient conditions.

12

KIIT

Graphene is the two dimensional building block for Carbon of drugs or genes and in Hyperthermia (Ito et al., 2005)

allotropes of every other dimensionality. Its recent

discovery in Free State has finally provided the possibility to POTENTIAL PITFALLS OF NANOPARTICLES

study experimentally its electronic and phonon properties. Although the power of Nanotechnology is indisputable, the Graphene a layer of carbon lattice arranged in honeycomb possibilities of irreversible harm from its indiscriminate use lattice is extremely promising for use in new generation must also be taken into consideration. Many of us are digital electronic devices (Wang et al., 2010).aware of this fact that Nanoscience can produce all kinds of

new and improved products, the particles that are created Fullerene are so incredibly small that they may very well cause

Nanoparticles are recognized as promising building blocks eventual health problem to the users. The need of the hour

for future applications; however their fixation on surfaces is to eradicate or lessen this load of demerits which

or in a matrix is an ardent task. Double layer of spherical C60 ultimately and surely proves Nanotechnology as a boon to

carbon-molecules, called fullerenes, can be an ideal mankind.

substrate for this. Fullerene is a molecule composed

entirely of carbon in the form of hollow sphere, ellipsoid or ACKNOWLEDGMENT

tube. Spherical Fullerenes or Buckyballs or Carbon Author is Grateful to Dr. Shalini Srivastava, Dayalbagh Nanotubes have a wide variety of applications. They are Educational Institute, Agra for providing academic extremely useful in medicine in Cancer therapy, as a light guidance for this piece of work. Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan, activated antimicrobial agent (Tegos et al., 2005).Chancellor, Amity University, Manesar and Dr. V.K. Sayal,

Principal, KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon is highly Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Water Purification acknowledged.

Metal Oxide like Silver and Titanium Dioxide are the most

promising antimicrobial nanoparticles for water REFERENCES

purification. They are used for analytical detection of R.S. Wagner and W.C. Ellis, Graphene: a promising contaminants in water sample. Water purification using Nanoparticle. Applied Physics Letter 4 (1964), p. 89nanotechnology exploits nanoscopic materials such as

carbon nanotubes and alumina fibers for nanofiltration. Zhenxing Wang. A high-performance top-gate

Nanofilters made by Carbon nanotubes can remove all graphene field-effect transistor based frequency

kinds of water contaminant like turbidity, oil, bacteria, virus doubler, Applied Physics Letters (2010).

and other organic contaminants. Surface Engineered Silica Tegos, G. (2005). Cationic Fullerenes: an effective and nanoparticles can remove biological molecules, pathogens selective antimicrobial photosensitizers. Chemistry & such as viruses like the Polio virus, bacteria like Escherichia Biology, 12 (10): 11271135.coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum, which is a waterborne

Ito A, Shinkai, M., Honda H., Kobayashi T. Medical parasite. Supra paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are

applications of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, being widely used for various biomedical applications for

Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2005, 100, 1-11example, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Targeted delivery

13

Nanotechnology: A Giant Leap in

Space Exploration

1 2 3

Yamini Sarada , Kavita Gupta and S.C.Gupta1 2

and Professor, Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities3

Professor in Electronics & Director

Northern India Engineering College, Shastri Park, Delhi-53

KIIT

Introduction In laboratories across the country, NASA is supporting the

burgeoning science of nanaotechnology. NASA Institute Ever since Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on 20 July,

for Advanced Concepts (NAIC) grant was awarded to Chris 1969 the space exploration had advanced a lot with its new

Phoenix of the Centre of Responsible Nanotechnology to technologies. Various space missions were made mainly by

study the feasibility of this new technology in space USA and USSR and some of them were spectacularly

exploration. In his report Phoenix explains that a successful. When it comes to taking the next giant leap in

nanofabrication could produce spacecraft parts with space exploration, NASA is thinking really small. The official

atomic precision, meaning that each atom within the object site of NASA says: The science of nanotechnology could

is placed exactly where it belongs. The resulting piece lead to radical improvements for space exploration.

would be extremely strong, and its shape could be within Foremost among the challenges facing the US space

the width of ideal design with no more than a single atom of program are improving the performance, reliability and

difference. Ultra smooth surfaces would need no cleaning cost effectiveness of spacecraft. Recent advances in the

or lubrication and almost never suffer the ravages of time. field of nanotechnology promise techniques that will meet

Such a high accuracy and reliability of the parts of a these challenges through molecular scale manufacturing of

spacecraft is of utmost importance when it comes to the sensors, machines and computers. These nanometer sized

lives of astronauts. Information systems and science devices have the potential to revolutionize spacecraft

systems based on nanoscale electronics will extend beyond design and thus may bring an end to the space shuttle era.

the limit of silicon, leading to the capability to conduct

highly complex missions with nearly autonomous

spacecraft. Key areas of NASA research and technology Why Nanotechnology?

development involve high performance aerospace The principles of Physics, as far as I can see, do not speak

materials including carbon nanotubes and high against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by

temperature nanoscale composites, ultrahigh density low atom Richard Feyman

power space-durable information systems, electronics and

sensor systems.

Nanotechnology works on the molecular scale to assemble

new materials using the most fundamental of structures. Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNT)

All work is done in nano-scale, where one nanometer is

Researchers have found that the effects of radiation on equal to one bi l l ionth of a meter. Molecular

electronic devices are greatly reduced when the devices are nanotechnology expresses the concept of ultimately being

made smaller. Corrosion, electrical interference and able to arrange atoms in a predetermined fashion by

mechanical strain are all environmental effects caused by manipulating individual atoms [Aono]. Molecular

continued exposure to radiation. Carbon nanotubes and nanotechnology promises revolutionary advances not only

boron nanotubes are two molecular materials developed in manufactured products, but in the processes used to

which are capable of hardening when exposed to radiation make them. It is the culmination of many fields like

for long periods of time (Jacquelyn). The extraordinary microelectronics, chemistry, molecular biology and

features of these nanotubes are that they have 100 times material sciences. Each of these fields reaches its ultimate

the strength of steel, but only 1/6th of their weight. They are in precise molecular control, which is the ability to build

40 times stronger than graphite fibers and conduct large structures to complex atomic specifications by direct

electricity better than copper.positional selection of reaction sites [Drexler].

14

KIIT

The technology that designs the future fashion, but slows at an altitude a few times the Earths

radius, and then gradually becomes parallel when it finally The field of nanotechnology is so new that scientists are still

reaches maximum thickness at geostationary orbit.discovering new capabilities and applications. Foreseen

developments within space exploration include

establishing colonies of nanorobots on Mars and Venus and Potential Benefits and Risks

building space elevators that will place spaceships and

Nanotechnology promises to give us great benefits, but it satellites into Earths orbit (Jacquelyn). Space colonization

also holds great potential for misuse and raises ethical efforts would use nanorobots to construct projects on

questions related to health, privacy, human enhancement, other planets by remote control using the environmental

military, economics etc. The medium and long term materials at hand. Sensors and cameras would be built by

benefits of nanotechnology are truly amazing. In the the nanotubes and used to monitor the construction

medium term, the nanosystem devices would be directly projects. Plans for space elevators entail constructing a

involved in the manufacturing process. The technology cable leading from earth surface to a point beyond

enables the fabrication of stronger materials that could geosynchronous orbit using carbon nanotubes as the

improve reliability and reduce spacecraft dry weight, material. As the planet rotates, the inertia at the end of the

resulting in increased payload capacity and higher orbital cable counteracts gravity and also keeps the cable taut.

altitude , ultimately reducing the cost to orbit [Drexler]. Electric lifts would run the length of the cable. Due to

Tiny, inexpensive inertial guidance systems could assist lightweight durability of carbon nanotubes the satellites

unmanned exploratory spacecraft, planetary roversand and space stations can climb the cable and reach the orbit

interplanetary probes. A dense network of distributed without the use of rocket propulsion. Due to its enormous

embedded sensors throughout a spacecraft could length a space elevator cable must be carefully designed to

continuously monitor mechanical stresses, temperature carry its own weight as well as the weight of the climber. A

gradients, incident radiation, and other parameters to tapered design is suggested as the required strength of the

ensure mission safety and optimize system control. With cable will vary along its length and at various points it has to

such extensive monitoring and increasingly efficient carry the weight of the cable below,or provide a centripetal

control of propulsion systems, mission success rates would force to retain the cable and counter weight above [Phani

increase at lowered cost.Kumar].

The long term benefits of molecular nanotechnology are Taking into account the Earths gravitational and

most relevant as the settlement of space is a long term centrifugal forces, it is possible to show that the optimal

enterprise. The most important benefit arises from the cross-sectional area of the cable as a function of height is

ability to bootstrap production via self-replicating universal given by

assemblers. This capability would probably lower the A(r) = Ao exp { P/S[ W2(R2-r2) + G r (1-R/r)]}

manufacturing cost by many magnitudes and also make

where A(r) - the cross-sectional area as a function of possible inexpensive access to space.

distance r from the Earths center.While it is true that nanosystems could significantly lower

Ao - the cross-sectional area of the cable on the Earths the cost of Space missions, other factors must also be

surface considered. The prime concern is that if the policy makers

make decisions about molecular nanotechnology with the P - the density of the material of the cable

assumption that humanity is limited to Earth, the results

S - the tensile strength of the material will most probably be catastrophic. Secondly it is not

known how quickly nanosystems will reach maturity, or W - the angular velocity of the Earth about its axis

how much effort will be directed toward including them in R - the distance between the Earths center and the base

the design of space application. The absence of a significant of the cable which is approximately the Earths equatorial

human direction toward space may allow social inertia radius

including cultural attitude toward frontiers, civil and

G - the acceleration due to gravity at the base of the cable criminal law to become major obstacle in developing

nanosystems for space applications. An umbrella of The above equation gives a shape where the cable

regulations is already in place for assessing and regulating thickness initially increases rapidly in an exponential

the hazards new materials impose on human health and

15

KIIT

Abstract:

Role of Nanostructured Materials & Devices

in Environmental Pollution Control

1 2

Sanjeev K. Sharma and A. K. Jain

Ansal Institute of Technology, Gurgaon-122 003, Haryana, India.1 2

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

environment. In the light of the findings that the workers molecular nanotechnology can and must be encouraged.

who are repeatedly exposed to high levels of carbon

materials are at risk, researchers have started to investigate

References:whether the carbon exposure and skin disease relationship

applies to carbon nanotubes as well. Aono, Masakazu, Atomcraft, JPRS-JST-92-052-L,22 June

1992.

Feyman, Richard, Theres plenty of room at the Conclusion

bottom, Engineering and Science, California Institute Mark Freeman a researcher in Embry-Riddle Aeronautical

of Technology, 1960.University conducted a survey in 2008 to determine what

K. Eric Drexler, Nanosystems: Molecular machinery, the public thinks about this new technology. The study was

manufacturing and computation, John Wiley and Sons, based on the assumption that as ours is a democratic

1992.political structure the public opinion reasonable matters.

The result showed a majority of participants believing that Jacquelyn Jeanty, How is Nanotechnology used in

nanotechnology is the right technology to lead to Space?

improvements in space exploration. The National Space Mark Freeman, A study to determine if nanotechnology

Society believes that the serious development of the long should be applied to space exploration.

range field of molecular nanotechnology must be

supported as it will benefit the entire human race. Phani Kumar, Principles of Nanotechnology, Scitech

Extraterrestrial activities are a natural application for publications.

nanosystems, and synergistic effects between space and

Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology and contaminants. Nanotechnology is also likely to help

miniaturization from the bulk macroscopic world to micro prevent a great deal of pollution in the future by affording

dimensions (e.g., integrated circuits), and, finally, into the the opportunity to reinvent the energy infrastructure that

nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The diverse powers the economy. Nanoscale materials and devices

applications of nanotechnology across a number of could result in game-changing breakthroughs in energy

disciplines in recent years have inspired environmental production through advances in hydrogen and solar

researchers address the need for efficient and effective energy, and could even beget vast improvements in the

methods and devices for the reduction of environmental efficiency and cleanliness of carbon-based energy.

burden by conserving resources, reducing chemical waste, Key words: Nano remediation, Nano-catalyses, Nano-

and utilizing less raw materials, chemicals, and energy. filtration, Green chemistry

Industrial and agriculture waste, air pollutants, and waste

waters can be reduced and/or treated by process control,

emission control, and waste treatment Rapid progress of

the nanotechnology and advanced Nanomaterials Advancement in science and technology have allowed for

production offers significant opportunities for a wide range the broadening of horizons and miniaturization of

of applications for detection monitor, control, and amazingly complex devices and touted as next technology

remediation of a broad range of environmental pollutants

1. Introduction

16

Source: www.wikipedia.org

Figure 1 % Distribution of Earths Water

KIIT

revolution. Nanotechnology, defined as techniques aimed into functional analytical devices for future environmental

to conceive, characterize and produce material at the applications.

nanometer scale [1], represents a fully expanding domain,

which can be assumed to predict more production and

utilization of nanomaterials without risk in future. The size

particularity of these nanomaterials gives them novel The objectives of this review article are-properties, allowing them to adopt new compartments

I. To investigate the current state of knowledge of because of the laws of quantum physics that exist at this

applications of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the scale level and thus, offers enormous potential to change

environment.and benefit society. Nanotechnology is todays version of

II. To study the involvement of nanoparticles and devices in the space race, and countries around the globe are

preventing and controlling the various factors leading to enthusiastically pouring billions of dollars into support of

the pollution.research, development, and commercial ization

Applications of nanotechnologies are numerous, in

constant development, and their potential use in medicine,

energy, information technology and many other societal

benefits [2]. The purpose of this article is to help in explore the

implausible implications of nanoscience and technology for Although research and development of environmental

influencing the larger society benefits from attentive and applications is still a relatively narrow area of

accountable accomplishment at present and in future. nanotechnology work, it is growing rapidly, and

Advancement at the nanoscale is constantly improving to nanomaterials promise just as dazzling an array of benefits

increase energy efficiency, improve human health, here as they do in other fields. Nanotechnology will be

moderate environmental degradation by nanoscientists applied to both ends of the environmental spectrum, to

and engineers and creating new economic opportunities. clean up existing pollution and to decrease or prevent its

This article is based on an extensive review of literature generation. Rapid progress of the nanotechnology and

published in the last two decades. The selected literature advanced nanomaterials production offers significant

consisting mainly of scientific publications, but also books, opportunities for a wide range of applications including

information from conferences and patent data and World treatment of waste streams effluents, elimination or

Wide Web were used.minimizing the generation of wastes, remediation of

existing polluted sites, development of pollution

monitoring devices like solid state nanobased sensor for

real time remote detection of certain heavy metals ,

Water resources and its conservation is the key area which engineered nanoparticles to scavenge for pollutants and

requires immediate attention due to less amount of usable toxins in ground water systems and for treatment of

water is available for survival to meet the needs ofautomobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of

volatile organic compounds (VOCs) etc. The convergence

of analytical techniques and

nanotechnology provides attractive possibilities for

development of miniaturized, rapid, ultra sensitive and

inexpensive methods for in situ and field-based

environmental monitoring devices [3].

The technology that is expected to be proliferated is also

anticipated to be very simple and very inexpensive. These

developments are expected to eventually go a long way

toward ameliorating the shortages of clean, plentiful, low-

cost drinking water that plague many areas of the world.

This review provides an overview of the various

nanoparticles and nanostructures and their integration

2. Objectives:

3. Scope of Study

4. Importance of Natural Source as Water

KIIT

17

increasing population on earth. As per the water ions from water, who coated iron oxide magnetic

distribution statistics only 3% of total earth water is fresh nanoparticles (Fe3O4 magnetite) with humic acid (HA)

water (Fig.1) and less than 0.08 of 1% of the total freshwater and observed the stability of material and heavy metal

is utilizable [4]. Based on this fact we have an idea of water removal efficiency of the nanoparticles are significantly

availability, need proper attention for conservation and enhanced due to the coating [8].

treatment to reuse water. If we dont manage this properly One of the most important stages of any water treatment is

then almost 2.7 billion people may be living in either water- to remove micro-organisms as even after treatment, the

scarce or waterstressed conditions in future. Water stress water still contains organic compounds. Currently, chlorine

and scarcity are directly proportional to population is used as the disinfectant; however, it removes the micro-

dynamics and renewable freshwater availability. Thus, organisms but reacts to the organic pollutants. Resultantly,

keeping in view the term stress and scarce, this review disinfected by-products are formed those are biologically

undegradable and toxic and can not be removed from the majorly highlights the uses of nanotechnology in areas

water. On exposure of these by products to the eco- system relevant to water storage, water quality treated by

and if used in agriculture and other industries, they can bioremediation and disinfection.

cause serious health hazards. Disinfection process through Targeted pollutants can be effectively removed from

chlorine can be replaced by a single step solar nano-contaminated water by using less costly, renewable and

photocatalytic wastewater treatment process as a tertiary eco-friendly manufactured products by using nanomaterial

treatment process to disinfect the micro-organisms and at based technology. The inherent societal implications of

the same time it removes the organic compounds and existing technologies and future potential for groundwater

makes the wastewater suitable as a water resource. remediation, pollution prevention, and sensors may affect

Microorganisms are used to break down large organic acceptance of widespread applications [5]. In this section

compounds but, because these compounds are biologically of review, application of nanotechnology in water and

not degradable, another form of energy can be used like UV waste water treatment is considered, which is explained

sunlight in association with photocatalysts to break them under three categories- treatment and remediation,

down. Energy generated from the photocatalyst cell sensing and detection, and pollution prevention.

reaction can destroy micro-organisms and break down the

undegradable compounds, resulting in eco-friendly clean

water that can be used for agriculture and aquatic uses [9].

Remediation of contaminated water is the process of Commonly, there are different techniques which can be removing, reducing or neutralizing water contaminants used for treatment and remediation of water such as that poses human health and ecosystem. Remediation boiling, distillation, halogen and its derivatives, UV light, technologies can be categorized into physico-chemical and ultrasonic irradiation, reverse osmosis, sediment filters, biological methods. Advanced environmental remediation ozonization etc. A new research is in steps forward to use technologies could be helpful to provide cost-effective nanotechnology in water purification for safe drinking. A solution to a number of the most challenging research was conducted in this regard, based on water environmental cleaning problems. In this regards, the treatment, purification and disinfection by using nanostructures reviewed as the fabrication metal and nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents, semiconductor nanoparticles for environmental nanocatalysts and bioactive nanoparticles. Toxicological remediation applications, chiefly in ground water. The effects due to the application of these engineered results particularly tailored for remediation of nanomaterials on humans and the environment were also environmental contaminants including organohalides, observed [6]. Magnetic nanoparticles are used to separate trinitrotoluene, and phenols [10]. Modified iron particles heavy metals from water. Exposed magnetite like catalysed and supported nanoparticles have been nanoparticles in aqueous systems are very much prone to synthesized to further enhance the speed and efficiency of air oxidation and are easily aggregated, consequently, remediation. These results corroborate a report that iron saturation magnetization and adsorption capacity for nanoparticles are good option for the remediation of heavy metals are reduced. Recently, resuspended Fe3O4/HA metals in groundwater [11] and pursued a comprehensive encumbered with heavy metals de-ionized in water [7]. This assessment of hexavalent chromium removal in aqueous result is followed by a new finding of a novel low-cost solution using iron (Fe0) nanopartcles. Cr (VI) is highly magnetic sorbent material for the removal of heavy metal

5. Treatment and Remediation

18

KIIT

toxic, carcinogenic and has great mobility which is chemical sensors such as Guided-Optics Intrinsic Chemical

commonly notorious contaminant in soil and groundwater Sensors and produce new development [17]. These sensors

applied in industries. In contrast, Cr (III) is less toxic and are based on the principle that the chemical species can

immobile. Physico-chemical adsorption of Cr (VI) is just affect the waveguide properties. Therefore, it is not the

transferred but not removed in the reaction of Cr (VI) and Cr absorption or emission properties of an analyte that are

(III) and significant to the environment and feasible measured, but rather the effect of the analyte upon the

method in the remediation of environmental sites [12]. It optical properties of the optical waveguide. These sensors

was concluded as Cr(OH)3 should be the final product of are based on effects of the analyte e.g. an increase in the

Cr(VI).. Bioremediation by strains of bacteria can also be strain/stress of the coating, modification of the waveguide

degrade the Cr(VI) [13]. Starch becomes more reactive and temperature, attenuation of the guided light amplitude,

prevents nanoparticles from agglomeration. Improved change of the effective refractive index of the mode or

class of starch- stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles could be modification of the polarization of the light. The specific

active as a good dispersant to prepare nanoscale Ag sequence of NANO sensors detects and identifies a

particles in aqueous media [13]. The starch-stabilized Fe0 majority of chemical species in same and may also from the

nanoparticles revealed higher removal efficiency since gas/mixtures. When a target molecule reacts with

starch as a good dispersant could prevent agglomeration of nanoparticles, the shape of nanoparticle changes and

Fe0 nanoparticles [15]. Recent research has revealed that modifies the reflectivity of the sensor [0]. Single-walled

bimetallic gold-palladium nanoparticles provide an active carbon nanotube (SWNT) sensor platform has been

catalyst to break down trichlorethene [24] which is a major developed for gas and organic vapor detection at room

pollutants of groundwater are linked to liver damage, temperature and can be understood by charge-transfer

impaired pregnancy and cancer. mechanisms [48]. Changes in the electrical properties of

CNTs are used to make gas sensors. Gas sensors have been

used to detect NO2 [4952], NH4 [52,53], H2 [53], and

inorganic vapors [54] through the changes in the resistance

of the CNT layer.Secondly, the focus of the review deals with sensing device

after treatment and remediation followed by pollution In modern agricultural practice, nanosensors are being

prevention and green nanotechnologies. used for detection of pest, pest nanocides, genetic

selection of plants and animals for optimal production and

targeted therapies. In the food industries, nanotechnology

is applied in different ways such as in packaging that

Solid state nanobased sensor is used for real time and responds to environmental conditions and protect food

remote detection of heavy metals. quality, in food Safety for which nano based sensors (e.g.

FRID) are used to track and monitor agricultural and food Advancement in nanotechnology has improved chemical

products to prevent interfering and ensure safety and and biochemical sensing which consist of a series of steps

nanoparticle compounds are used to improve food quality including sample col lection, preconcentration,

by preventing oxidiation or environmental degradation of amplification, separation, detection and transduction. On

health promoting compounds such as antioxidants and the basis of the application, nanomaterials are integrated

micronutrients. Nanochips, an advanced applications of into a large array of hydrocarbon extraction, gas

sensors for real-time continuous monitoring and utilize lab-separations and solid state gas sensors and these are used

on-a-chip technology including sensing in impure streams, for monitoring of air pollution, nanoadsorbent materials

in situ water quality monitoring of biological and chemical for pollutant separations and corrosion inhibitors which are

species, and studying interactions of pollutants in the used in gas industry markets [16]. Now the question arises,

environment. Specifically engineered nanoparticles that how Nanomaterials could be used to produce new

can be placed in ground water systems to scavenge for development in the field of sensing devices? In this context,

pollutants and toxins, catalysts could be developed that electronic materials based sensors are capable to sense and

weaken pollutants [20]. The first protein biochips made up respond properly to mitigate unwanted problems related

of silicon with proteins consist of functional groups protein with structural health monitoring that could quickly screen

that can sense low concentrations of target substances and many pathogens and toxic chemicals and find the primary

organisms [21].signs of disease [16]. The NANO-elements can be used as

Sensing and Detection

(a) Detection of certain heavy metals

KIIT

19

Figure 2: Removal of arsenic from water by

using magnetic batch separation

Treatment of Automobile exhaust

Removal of arsenic and other toxic metals

Pollution prevention

sorbent used to remove mercury from waste stream [32]

and nanomembranes can also be used to remove hardness Nanoparticles can be used to react with and treat

and Desalination [33]. Recently, magnetic nanoparticles automobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of

were used to remove arsenic from water [34]. Table 1 shows volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recently a U.S.

a comparative analysis of As removal efficiency which is the company Nanostellar has developed an automotive

result of the treatment of known concentrations of As pollution control catalyst for diesel engines that contains

solution and Fe3SO4. Figure 2 shows removal of arsenic gold platinum and palladium ingredients. This is a major

from water by using magnetic batch separation of 16-nm step forward in cost effective emission control as the result

water-soluble Fe3O4 NCs with a conventional separator showed that NS Gold increases hydrocarbon oxidation

(Dexter Magnetic LifeSep 50SX). The field gradient at full activity by 15-20% at equal precious-metal cost. A tri-metal

field was 23.3 T/m.formulation of NSGold allows the proportions of each

metal to be adjusted to help catalyst [25], volatile organic

compound (VOC) emissions from stationary sources and Particle Size(nm) As(v)/As(III) Concentration of As

ammonia slip in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems

Residual (500 g/liter) Removal (%)[26]. Another example of nanomaterial is a non toxic

lubricant has dispersion of nanometer size particles that 12 As(III) 3.9 99.2 20 As(III) 45.3 90.9coagulate, smoothen and repair surfaces of the engine and

300 As(III) 375.7 24.9 12 As(v) 7.8 98.4result in the reduction of friction and wear [27]. On the

other hand, most oil additives contain sulphur and 20 As(v) 17.3 96.5 300 As(v) 354.1 29.2

phosphorous in complex organic molecules that Table 1: A comparative analysis of As removal efficiency,

breakdown under pressure and high temperatures and assuming a treatment of 2 litres of As solution

contribute to the pollutants in the emission. The (500g/liter) with 1g of Fe3O4.

nanoscopic airborne pollution already in existence, from

the carbon particles in car exhaust, the manganese oxide in

welding fumes and from coating process [28].

Nanocomposite filters can remove arsenic and other toxic

metals from drinking water. High arsenic levels may come

from certain fertilizers, animal feedlots, and industrial

waste used to indicate improper well construction, the

location, overuse of chemical fertilizers and herbicides.

Several organizations like World Health Organization

(WHO), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have

determined that inorganic arsenic can cause cancer in

humans [29]. Nanotechnology might help improve water The Pollution Prevention can be defined as source

problems by solving the technical challenges that removing reduction i.e. any practice that can diminish the amount of

water contaminants including bacteria, viruses, arsenic, any hazardous substance, pollutant and reduce the hazards

mercury, pesticides and salt pose. Use of nanoparticles for to public health and the environment allied with the release

water treatment will allow manufacturing that is less of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants [35]. The

polluting than traditional methods and requires less labour, application of nanotechnology to pollution prevention is

capital, land and energy [30]. A team at Pennsylvania State two-fold i.e. it could be used to make a manufacturing

University has developed a way of detecting arsenic in process environmentally benign or it could itself be an

water by using nanowires on a silicon chip [31]. Nano- environmentally benign product that replaces raw

technology developed and patented a resin called Nano- materials or a toxic substance. Green nanotechnology can

Composite Arsenic Sorbent (N-CAS), to remove arsenic access to this direction.

from water. Another study has revealed that nanoporous

20

KIIT

Green Nanotechnology

References:

treatment, Nanowerk.

Green nanotechnology is a chemical philosophy promotes http://www.csid.com.cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=88545

the design of industrial chemicals and processes that 9. Theron, J., Walker, J. A. and Cloete, T. E. (2008). reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous

Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications substances. Green Chemistry or sustainable chemistry,

and emerging opportunities Critical Reviews in Green Engineering, and Industrial Ecology are the fields of

Microbiology, vol. 34, No.1 pp. 43-69.Green Nanotechnology which is about gearing precisely at

the source to make green nano-products and using them in 10. Obare , Sherine O. and Meyer, Gerald J.( 2005).

support of sustainability [36]. Green Nanotechnology Nanostructured materials for environmental

formulate use of the principles of Green Chemistry, Green remediation of organic contaminants in water . Journal

Engineering, and Industrial Ecology to make nanomateri