Village Energy Survey KalampadaVillage, ShahpurTaluka, Thane, Maharashtra

A Report

On

Village Energy Survey

KalampadaVillage,

ShahpurTaluka, Thane, Maharashtra

Submitted by

KarishmaBhuyan

Vishal Singh

Pratik Chatse

DwijaPratimSen

HardikKalasua

Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)

Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Powai 400076

March 2013

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Contents

1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................... 4

2. Objectives ............................................................................................................ 4

3. Methodology: ....................................................................................................... 4

Selection of village: ................................................................................................. 4

Table 1: ................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 1: Shere Village center ................................................................................. 5

Survey and source of information: .......................................................................... 6

Figure 2: Sarpanch’s Home .................................................................................... 6

4. Scheme ............................................................................................................... 7

Figure 3: Solar dual pump water supply scheme .................................................... 7

Figure 4: Observing the PV plates .......................................................................... 7

Figure 5: Installed solar PV plates .......................................................................... 8

Dual pump system .................................................................................................. 9

Table 2: Components and costing .......................................................................... 9

Advantages: .......................................................................................................... 10

Problems identified in Kalampada: ........................................................................ 10

5. Ecological conditions of people at Kalampada .................................................. 11

Location: ............................................................................................................... 11

Boundary and area ............................................................................................... 11

Demographic and socio-economic status of people .............................................. 11

Population and density distribution ....................................................................... 11

6. Socio economic profiles of people at Kalampada .............................................. 12

Natural resources .................................................................................................. 12

Land-use pattern ................................................................................................... 12

Agricultural crops .................................................................................................. 12

Animal stock .......................................................................................................... 12

Basic amenities/facilities at village level ................................................................ 12

Rivers and irrigation projects ................................................................................. 12

Transportation facilities ......................................................................................... 13

Administrative setup .............................................................................................. 13

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7. Households ........................................................................................................ 14

Profiles, energy consumption, pattern, problems and prospects ........................... 14

Figure 6:Installed MSEB meter ............................................................................. 14

Figure 7: Solar Streetlight ..................................................................................... 15

8. Energy sources .................................................................................................. 16

Identification of energy sources ............................................................................ 16

Table 3: Sample Data sheet.................................................................................. 16

9. Analysis and calculations ................................................................................... 17

Plot 1: Food and fodder ........................................................................................ 17

Table 4: ................................................................................................................. 17

Plot 2: Electricity usage distribution ...................................................................... 18

Table 5: ................................................................................................................. 18

Plot 3: Energy mix ................................................................................................. 19

Findings and recommendations: ........................................................................... 19

10. References ..................................................................................................... 20

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1. Introduction:

Renowned scientist and thinker Professor AmulyaK.N. Reddy had once said that we

knew far more about how energy used in London or New York than in villages 10 km

away from the Indian Institute of Science.

The availability and consumption of energy strongly influences the socio-economic

profiles of people. As a result, per capita consumption of energy is one of the major

indices to judge economic development.

In this context, we were required to conduct a village energy audit as part of our

course to understand the energy consumption patterns in a village.This document

reports the details of the visit, research methodology and our findings and inferences

from the same in its entirety.

2. Objectives

The objectives of our visit, research and study are as follows:

To assess the different sources of energy and their utilization

To understand the socio economic profile of the chosen village

To assess the issues and opportunities provided by the scene and setting of

the village

To check whether the GSDA scheme is properly working or not

3. Methodology:

Selection of village:

Kalampada, a small village in ShahapurTaluka in Thane District in Maharashtra

State was chosen as the village for study. Some of the nearby towns that were

identifies wereShahapur, Murbad, Kalyan, Ambernath. Kalampada is reachable by

Vasind Railway Station, Asangaon Railway Station, Khadavli Railway Station and

Atgaon Railway Station. The village Panchayat was SherePanchayat. Table 1 gives

the village profile.

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Table 1:

State Maharashtra

District Thane

Taluka Name Shahpur

Village name Shere

Region Konkan

Division Konkan Division

Language Marathi and Hindi

Elevation 77 meters above Sea level

Figure 1:Shere Village center

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Survey and source of information:

Survey was conducted at the household level and the main source of information

was the Sarpanch of the village, who provided us with the necessary village data.

Figure 2:Sarpanch’s Home

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4. Scheme

Figure 3: Solar dual pump water supply scheme

Figure 4: Observing the PV plates

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Figure 5: Installed solar PV plates

Big piped water supply schemes in is not feasible in small habitations. There are

high operations and maintenance cost which leads to high per capita cost and

electricity bills. The scheme also fails when there is no electricity or huge amount of

power cuts. Moreover, hand pumps used in the traditional schemes have many

problems. For instance, it cannot draw water from below 120 feet.

In this context GSDA came out with an innovative solution of dual pump system

hand pump and submersible pump in the same bore well. This system can work

below 36 m.

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Dual pump system

The method of dual pump installation is as follows:

The dual pump system can be installed on a bore well/Tube well having a

yield, not less than 2000 litres per hour and water should be potable.

There should be open space from the shadows of any house or tree, near the

bore well, to install solar photovoltaic panels.

First of all one has to remove the existing hand pump from the bore well.

Special water chamber, innovated by GSDA is mounted on the pedestal of

hand pump.

Solar energy based submersible pump is lowered and it’s riser pipe which is a

HDPE pipe of 25 mm diameter is fixed on the nipple of this special water

chamber.

Dual pumping arrangement in a single bore well/ tube well is possible due to

this special water chamber

It also facilitates removal of hand pump cylinder and riser pipes, without

removing the submersible pump.

Table 2: Components and costing

Component Cost

Solar panel (PV cell) and submersible

pump

Rs 2.25 lakh

Hand pump unit Rs 15000

Water storage tank (HDPE/Syntax

type)

Rs 30000

Steel structure with foundation Rs 1 lakh

Distribution to each and every

household

Rs 1lakh

Total cost Rs 5 lakh approx.

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Advantages:

There are many advantages of this scheme. Following are some of them.

Doesn’t need electricity

No electricity bills

Less maintenance

Works on cloudy/rainy days

Low cost

Do not depend upon electricity: solar power

Easy to operate and maintain

Low recurring costs- no electricity charges

Works even on rainy/cloudy days

Problems identified in Kalampada:

Dust had accumulated on the solar panel

No care or maintenance by authorised or unauthorised personnel

Water accumulated after all day running of pump was not sufficient for the

villagers

Women had to fetch water late in the afternoon when atmospheric

temperature is at its peak

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5. Ecological conditions of people at Kalampada

Location:

Village is 3 km from the Shere Gram-Panchayat. Shere is around 15 km from Vasind

a smalltown and Local Railway Station. It comes under ShahapurTaluka in Thane

District.

Boundaryand area

The village was on a privately-owned land and hence is in dispute. There is no

“Gavthan” tovillage and hence estimation of boundary of the village and extent was

not possible. Thereare 27 Houses of both kaccha and pucca type.

Demographic and socio-economic status of people

The village is homogenous in terms of caste and economic status. All families are

under BPL. Main livelihood is from vegetable farming by irrigation. State and

construction of houses coupled with most houses having electricity imply good

conditions for living. Homogeneity in class and caste helps to unify the village.

Population and density distribution

Population of village is 215. Total Male Population is 104 and Total female

Population is 101. The number of hamlets is 27 and number of households is 43. All

families are of same Caste and are under BPL.

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6. Socio economic profiles of people at Kalampada

Natural resources

At the time of the visit the surrounding vegetation was sparse and was of dry nature.

Though we were told that in monsoon months there is vegetation and forest around

the village vicinity. Women go for firewood collections at distance of 1 to 2 km.

Land-use pattern

Agriculture is practised twice a year. Rice is a rain-fed crop and is primarily grown for

household consumption. Vegetables are grown with the help of irrigation from river

water when water is released from Jambha dam. Many People own Diesel or Electric

Pumps for irrigation (5HP).

Agricultural crops

Rice is grown in subsistence type of agriculture practise and is entirely rain-fed. Only

commercial agriculture is the vegetables grown with the help of irrigation from the

Jambha Dam. Vegetables grown are Karli, Bhendi, Gawar, Kakdi. These are sold at

Vasind and are a prime mode of livelihood for people in Kalampada.

Animal stock

Animals are kept as draught or for home milk consumption. Most families average

about 4 cattle. Hens also are a common site in most households but egg

consumption is only at home level and no livelihood is generated from poultry or

cattle.

Basic amenities/facilities at village level

Village has good water supply schemes up and running. There are two bore-wells in

thevicinity and both are perennial. There is no water scarcity problem. The

introduction of solarwater pump at the existing bore-well also is a useful due to 5

stand-posts along the lengthof the village. Flour mill and Oil Ghani are not present in

village and they have to avail thisservice at Shere. Also a sub PHC is situated at

Shere. Electricity is present in every home andmost of them have 2-3 bulbs and a

fan.

Rivers and irrigation projects

The village receives water for irrigation on-demand by paying a fixed amount on a

yearly basis. Jambha Dam provides the water for the village. Due to free riding

effect, people tend to avoid paying the water fees and hence everyone suffers.

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Transportation facilities

Transportation is via private Jeep and Tata Sumos. MSRTC Bus are available but at

a distance of 2 km from village. There is no Pucca road to the village. The village has

a total of 3 motor bikes. The nearest railway station is Vasind about 18 km from

Kalampada. Health and Other facilities are available only at Vasind.

Administrative setup

Kalampada is a settlement under the GrampanchayatShere of ShahapurTaluka. The

sarpanch of the ShereGrampanchayat hails from Kalampada.

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7. Households

Profiles, energy consumption, pattern, problems and prospects

The aim of the project – to collect more detailed data on households’ energy

consumption – was achieved. Also, the survey gave information about the overall

attitude of households towards more efficient use of energy in their dwellings. As

background information, data on dwellings’ and households’ characteristics were

obtained. The data on the amount of energy used in every household were collected

by type of energy and fuel. The survey examined also penetration share of electrical

appliances in households. The stock and use of motorised vehicles by households

was investigated as well. And, last but not least, the survey also covered the use of

renewable energy sources.

Figure 6:Installed MSEB meter

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In the surveyed village, all households have a dedicated electricity connection,

complete with consumption meters, from the Maharashtra State Electricity

Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) grid. The mode of the monthly bill lies in

the range of INR 50-60. This reflects a fixed cost component of INR 10 (in

accordance with government norms for BPL/APL supply) and the rest comprises of

electricity consumption at the rate of INR 1.00 per unit. The bill thus reflects an

average household consumption of about 40 units (KWh) of electricity per month.

This is actual end use energy for about 3 bulbs/lights and 1 fan per household (on an

average). The fans are single phase induction motor variants, and are receptacles

for about half the power thus consumed.

Figure 7: Solar Streetlight

Moreover, renewable energy is deployed on a practical scale in the form of a 2 KWp

solar water pumping system from Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. It is a direct conversion

device (without battery based storage) and power electronic converter couples it with

a submersible pump which in turn pumps out about 1000 litres per day of aquifer

stored water.

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8. Energy sources

Identification of energy sources

Major sources of energy identified are as follows:

Cooking: Firewood

Lighting: Electricity, kerosene oil

Drinking water: Solar pump, manual labour

Irrigation: Diesel

Transportation: Petrol

Table 3: Sample Data sheet

Family head Tukaram

Narayan

Pardhi

Namdeo

Goma

Pardhi

Navsu

Ragho

Pardhi

Prakash

Dhau

Banghara

Lakhshya

Chahu

Banghara

Soma

Budha

Thombre

Details

family size 11 12 6 4 11 14

land holding 1.5 ACRE 3.5 acre 12

guntha

1 acre 3 acre 4 acre

no. of

animals

4cow/7bull 2/7bull 1/2bull 1/4bull 12/10bull

monthly bill 40 50-60 40-50 30-40 40-45 190

bulb/light 3 3+1 3 2 4 5

Fan 1 1 1 0 2

Mobile 2 2 3 1 4

Tv no 1 1

Pump no 1 rockel

pump/5hp

5 hp electric

Vehicle no

Others dvd

player

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9. Analysis and calculations

The tables and plots below discuss in detail the finding about the energy usage

patterns of the surveyed families of the village. The irrigation by pumps part of the

energy usage equation was left out of the calculations because diesel is bought

specially for that purpose and is seasonal. Transport and logistics have also been

overlooked while performing calculations on the primary data.

Plot 1:Food and fodder

Total food and fodder requirements for the surveyed families were found out to be

3690 KJ per day. The mix is shown as per below graph

The table below shows the assumptions for calculations and the resultant values for

plots.

Table 4:

Food Required Total no. of

people

Average Energy Requirement

(MJ per month)

Family size 182 8.27 X 10 KJ/person per day 55

No. of cows 42 1.91 X 20 KJ/cow per day 25

No. of bulls 52 2.36 X 25 KJ/bull per day 39

Food

Cow feed

Bull Fodder

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Plot 2: Electricity usage distribution

Total electricity requirement was found out to be about 841 KW per month. On

average it comes to about 38 units per family per month. This seems to comply with

the average bill paid by each family which is about ₹ 37 per month. The plot below

shows the major appliances using electricity. It clearly suggests that lighting takes up

the biggest share.

The table below shows the assumptions for calculations and the resultant values for

plots.

Table 5:

Electricity

Required

Total no. of

appliances

Average Energy Requirement

(KW per month)

Bulbs/tube

light

59 2.68 X 60 W/bulb 6 hrs daily 637.2

Fans 12 0.55 X 80 W/fan 4 hrs daily 115.2

Mobile 23 1.05 X 10 W/mobile 2 hrs

daily

13.8

TV 10 0.45 X 250 W/tv 1 hr daily 75

Bulbs/tubelight

Fans

Mobile

Tv

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Plot 3: Energy mix

The plot below shows a comparison between energy contained in the total amounts

of the source used. However, due to various conversion efficiencies being

particularly low, the actual energy consumption plot would look very different.

Findings and recommendations:

The study on a whole shows that there is an enormous amount of government led

development happening in and around the place. The village as an economic entity

was very prosperous and happy. The village holds enormous possibilities for

establishment of renewable energy generation schemes. It is for them to decide what

kind of development do they want for their homeland and what can be the best out of

various possible ways of doing the same. The already implemented GSDA system

can be made more efficient by having pre implementation studies conducted strictly

and also by imparting funds for maintenance and check-up of established systems.

Other than that, there was hardly any scope of development of the village apart from

education and health sectors.

Firewood

Kerosene

Food and fodder

Electricity

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10. References

a. Amulya K.N. Reddy , “The Making Of An Energy Analyst: Some Personal

Reflections” . International Energy Initiative

b. DR Veena, “Rural Energy: Consumption, Problems and Prospects”. Asish

Publishing house.