KARNATAK NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD KARNATAKA INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT PROGRAM ADB LOAN No. 0085-IND/LOAN No. 3172 VIJAYANAGARA CANALS (VNC) FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT Vol 3: Socio-Economic Assessment September 2016 PROJECT SUPPORT CONSULTANT (PSC) SMEC International Pty Ltd, Australia in association with SMEC (India) Pvt Ltd
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Distribution of indigenous peoples in VNC subproject areas ............................................... 20 Figure 2: Taluk wise population and literacy ........................................................................................ 22 Figure 3: Distribution of farmers in VNC subproject areas (%) ........................................................... 26
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Details of secondary information collected as part of the socio-economic assessment ............ 2 Table 2: Details of canals and villages visited ........................................................................................ 3 Table 3: Issues raised by WUCS/farmers during Public Consultation & FGDs ..................................... 7 Table 4: Needs and Priorities expressed by men and women ................................................................. 9 Table 5: Summary of prioritised needs of people ................................................................................. 10 Table 6: Sub Division Wise Vijayanagara Channels with Command Area .......................................... 13 Table 7: Village List of Vijayanagara Channel .................................................................................... 14 Table 8: Sub Division Wise Probable WUCS under Vijayanagara Channel ........................................ 16 Table 9: Population Distribution, Literacy Rates, & SC /ST Population .............................................. 23 Table 10: Distribution of SHGs and representation of indigenous population ..................................... 25 Table 11: Distribution of workers classification in subproject areas .................................................... 25 Table 12: Distribution of farmers in subproject areas ........................................................................... 26 Table 13: Distribution of workers classification in selected project areas ............................................ 27 Table 14: Social management activity schedule ................................................................................... 31 Table 14: Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Tranche-2 subprojects ......................................................... 37
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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 1: Public Consolation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President .................................... 5 Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with farmers including women .......................................................... 6 Plate 3: Contamination of water source due to waste water and plastics ................................................ 8
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
ADB - Asian Development Bank
ASI - Archaeological Survey of India
CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board
EA - Executing Agency
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP - Environmental Management Plan
GoI - Government of India
GoK - Government of Karnataka
HWHAMA - Hampi World Heritage Area Management Authority
IA - Implementing Agency
IEE - Initial Environmental Examination
IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature
KNNL - Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited
KSPCB - Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
MFF - Multi-tranche Financing Facility
MoEFCC - Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
NP - National Park
OM - Operations Manual
PA - Protected area
PIU - Project Implementation Unit
PMU - Project Management Unit
PSC - Project Support Consultants
PUC - Pollution under Control
REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist
SEIAA - State Environment Impact Assessment Authority
SPCB - State Pollution Control Board
SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter
SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement
UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation
WALMI - Water and Land Management Institute
WLS - Wildlife Sanctuary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while
implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target population.
Here public consultations and their active involvement/participation in every stage of planning,
implementation, and concurrent monitoring of the project is a mandatory requirement. “The safeguard
policies require that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle; (ii) plans to avoid,
minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented; and
(iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation”.
The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end
mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers, the poor and the vulnerable groups. Besides the
programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups.
Following methodologies adopted to solicit the information required to prepare the Social Management
Framework and Gender Action Plan for VNC.
Methodology:
Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat,
Population Census, District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake
holders in the project area.
Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of water and livelihood of
people, especially the indigenous and vulnerable population
Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from
the underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers
based on their socio economic status.
Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers
Associations, women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis),
NGOs, elected representatives etc. Public Consultations
Transect walk and observations, semi structured dialogue techniques and Informal
discussions
Stakeholder Consultation:
Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity, type
of farmers and other locally specific characteristics as part of the assessment and preparation of social
management and gender plan. A multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the
Vijayanagara Canal (VNC) from May 22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016 to undertake the task outlined
above. Out of the 16 canals, 14 canals were visited and interacted with community members and farmers
residing in 31 villages. These canals are covering the villages under three districts such as Bellary, Koppal
and Raichur. Altogether 258 men and 58 women participated in Public consultation and focus group
discussions in different localities. The communities were explained about the modernization work of
canals and their active participation in the effective implementation of project. The roles and
responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained. The social screening was based on both
primary and secondary data collected during field visits and discussions conducted with the people
residing in subproject area.
During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority
separately and listed out 9 sectors. Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for
irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%) followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in
priority 1 they have identified health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water,
sanitation and employment. In Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and bridges as the highest
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priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given
equal importance to employment and sanitation followed by health care.
Overall the people participated in public consultation and focus group discussions seems to be quite
interested and confident about the project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this
project and its effect on enhancing the living standards of farmers.
Water Users Cooperative Societies
Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to be established as part of the
modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed more
than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to perform
their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the conflicts
aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages.
During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are formed several years
back and vibrant in some of the Vijayanagara Canal areas. Few of them have converted as WUCS. In the
public consultation and FGD the participants expressed their concerns for the sustainability of the canal
system.
Community have been carrying out operation and maintenance work with their own resources. In few
localities Panchayat authorities agreed to utilise NAREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the
canals/distributaries, especially the labour component.
A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women are
members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk cooperative
society’s women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due to the
training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects.
Involuntary Resettlement
During the public consultation and visit to several localities it has been realized that resettlement and
rehabilitation of people is not considered as a major issue in the canal areas. However in few villages
encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS
and other responsible authorities during the initial stage of implementation. This requires a careful
assessment of the economic disadvantages and social impact of displacement. There must also be a holistic
effort aimed at improving the all-round living standards of the affected people.
As per ADB policy on involuntary resettlement, projects are classified into the following four categories:
Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A
resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category B. A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant.
A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category C. A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.
Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial
intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social
management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate
involuntary impacts.
Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public
consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. Thus, the VNC
modernisation clearly falls under Category C for involuntary resettlement.
The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 and the Karnataka Resettlement of displaced
persons Act 1987 was also emphasized the need for systematic approach in dealing with resettlement
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issues. With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act, 1980 also
provides adequate provisions for addressing the issue.
Prior to initiating the acquisition of land for the project, the appropriate. Government should, inter alia,
take into consideration the alternatives that will (i) minimise the displacement of people due to the
acquisition of land for the project; (ii) minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and
(iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural land for non-agricultural use in the project.
Based on the overall assessment, the project is likely to fall under the “Category C” in consistent with the
ADB Involuntary Resettlement policy “project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action
is required”.
Indigenous People
It is also necessary to define the term IP, which is not only co-terminus with the communities defined by
the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often also includes backward communities, as per the
recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission.
In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled tribe communities living according to the Constitution (Scheduled
Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003.
The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy
statement. Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse
impacts are anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. During the
community consultations also, it has been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the
economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the STs as compared to other
communities in the villages.
It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the
Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between
protection measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the
IPPF and the approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s
safeguards policy on IP. In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required.
Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed
project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if
there is any physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement Plan
and Indigenous Peoples Plan will be prepared.
Social Management Framework
This project has an implementation concept and structure which incorporates all physical and non-physical
components, but needs to develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and implementation
strategy for community based activities. Community involvement always depends upon the level of
awareness within the community. It is a formidable task to bring about positive change in people’s
behavior and practice with regard to effective water use, value of water, environmental conditions and
related issues. The active participatory involvement of beneficiaries does indeed slow down physical
implementation, but experience shows that this is only in the beginning.
An active public awareness program will be mounted at Panchayat, canal and community level to ensure
that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives, roles and responsibilities and activities,
and to ensure that the scope and procedures for the public works component are fully understood.
Gender Action Plan
Gender Action Plan is still a relatively new approach in India especially in the water and infrastructure
sector. The implications of this are twofold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented way
undoubtedly presents a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building along
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the way. On the other, this presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good practice
standard in the sector.
IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because women are the
ones predominantly involved. If the views and concerns of community women are not expressed and
integrated into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment and the
probability of functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate
changes into the pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus
increasing the sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, the active support (and involvement) of
community men needs to be sought.
In this project during the implementation, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify
women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually
build-up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day implementation;
(c) Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered to women.
The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as
recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups
function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood,
agriculture and a nutrition programme package.
Social Benefits
The project interventions will lead to increased agricultural opportunities and diversification of crops to
improve income and livelihood standards, benefiting both men and women across the project areas. The
programme is expected to mainstream gender within the irrigation management by strengthening landless,
tail end farmers and the socially disadvantaged communities. This will fulfil strategic requirements of the
socially excluded and women in the context of water management, besides meeting their daily water needs
for domestic use, livestock and hygiene purpose. On the whole the project will provide a platform for
promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and irrigation management.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while
implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target
population. Here public consultations and their active participation in every stage of planning,
implementation, and concurrent monitoring of the project is a mandatory requirement. “The safeguard
policies require that:
impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle;
plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are
developed and implemented; and
affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation”.
The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end
mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers, the poor and the vulnerable groups. Besides the
programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups by (i) strengthened
grassroots level institutions; (ii) improved irrigation infrastructure and practices; (iii) improved and
equitable access to water by small, marginal and landless farmers; (iv) enhanced farm income; (v)
enhanced off farm livelihood opportunities; (vi) sustainable and innovative irrigation and agricultural
practices, including drip and micro irrigation and crop diversification; (vii) strengthened water resources
and environmental management; (viii) social inclusion and in water governance and (ix) awareness
generation, community mobilization and participatory irrigation management. In order to adopt the
principles of safeguard policies in VNC sub-project areas following strategies adopted.
It is therefore important that all stakeholders involved in the project meds to understand the ADBs social
safeguard procedures and also environmental issues of infrastructure components. As far as
implementation of mitigation measures on site is concerned the Contractor and other related parties will
be involved. Hence, it is essential to orient the contractors and supervisory staff towards the
implementation of mitigation measures and their consequences.
Considering the existing capabilities of the agencies involved in KNNL, appropriate orientation and
training programs needs to be provided to all stakeholders on a regular and systematic basis.
1.2 Objectives of the Social Assessment
The objective of the socio-economic assessment of VNC subproject areas are to:
Understand the project locations, different stakeholders associated with the project and
understand their perceptions on social and gender dimension in the project- especially who is
doing what? What are the corrective measures to be adopted for improving the situation?
Examine the level of participation of both male and females in local water resource
management institutions in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils;
Review and analyse level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures,
safeguard measures on water quality and management etc.; and
Understand the Coordination mechanisms WRD, CADA, Gram Panchayat and other related
organizations involved in Irrigation and agriculture/horticulture and livelihood sectors.
1.3 Methodology
The methodology for the socio-economic assessment will involve:
Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat, Population Census,
District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake holders in the project area (Table 1);
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Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of water and livelihood of people,
especially the indigenous and vulnerable population;
Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from the
underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers based on
their socio economic status;
Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers Associations,
women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis), NGOs, elected
representatives etc; and
Transect walk and observations, semi structured dialogue techniques and Informal discussions.
For assessment, public consultation and focus group discussions villages are selected among the localities
as given below:
Location Specific
Head
Middle head
Tail ends
Ethnicity
SC/ST Population
OBC
General
Type of Farmers
Landless
Small landholders
Medium land holders
Large landholders
Table 1: Details of secondary information collected as part of the socio-economic assessment
Section Key Components Remarks
General
information from
Panchayat /
WUCS
Population, households, age-sex
distribution, Ethnicity, area under
cultivation, major crops, infrastructure
facilities etc.
Information gathered from secondary
data and using a Performa on socio
economic profile
Household &
Social
information
Family composition, socio economic
status, Ethnicity, Education, occupation,
Land Holding & crop pattern, drinking
water, sanitation facilities,
Information gathered through household
checklist and focus group discussions
Ongoing poverty
alleviation
programmes
Types of both central and state
government supported programmes,
including MGNREGA, other
programmes supported by NABARD
and other agencies.
Secondary data, discussion with
panchayat and other elected
representatives, district handbook,
progress reports of rural development
and Panchayati Raj departments
Gender aspects Type of activities carried out by men
and women, especially in agriculture
and irrigation, wage structure,
participation in meetings, decision
making, land ownership etc.
Information collected during FGD and
informal discussion with women groups
and men
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2 FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION
2.1 Field Visits
Public consultations and focus group discussions with local people as well as project implementation
authorities were conducted at different points of time as part of the assessment and preparation of social
management and gender plan. The social screening was based on both primary and secondary data
collected during field visits and discussions conducted with the people residing in subproject area. A
multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the Vijayanagara Channels (VNC) from
May 22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016 to undertake the task outlined above. Out of the 16 canals, 14
canals were visited and interacted with community members and farmers residing in 31 villages. These
canals are covering the villages under three districts such as Bellary, Koppal and Raichur. The details of
canals and villages visited are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Details of canals and villages visited
S.
No. Name of Canal Villages Covered
Command
Area (Ha) Remarks
RIGHT BANK
01. RAYA-27.74Km 1.Hosur
2226
This canal passes through 17
villages. Out of this the
assessment and public
consultations were held in 7
villages.
Public consultation and FGD
were held in 4 villages
2.Gudiobalapura
3.Kalaghatta
4.Hospet
5.Narsapura
6.Hosakote
7.Danapura
8.Nagenahalli
9.Kaddirampura
10.Malapanagudi
11.Mudlapura
12.Amaravathi
13.Belagodu
14.Kamalapura
15.Chithawadgi
16.Singanathanahalli
17.Kallirampura
2. BASAVANNA-16.5Km 1.Hosakote
1240
This canal also passes more or
less the same villages
mentioned above 2.Hosur
3.Amaravathi
4.Hospet
5.Ananthsayanagudi
6.Mudlapura
7.Malapanagudi
8.Kamalapura
9.Nagenahalli
10.Kariganur
03. BELLA-5.5Km 1.Narasapura 600 This canal also passes more or
less the same villages
mentioned above 2.Hosur
04. KALAGHATTA-
7.02Km
1.Kalaghatta 237
2.Dhanapura
05. TURTHA-18.69Km 1.Venkatapura
Visited on 22 July 2016
2.Bukkasagar
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S.
No. Name of Canal Villages Covered
Command
Area (Ha) Remarks
3.Kaddirampur 931
4.Hampi
5.Krishnapura
6.Nimapura
06. RAMASAGAR-
15.5Km
1.Ramasagar
673
Public Consultation and FGD
conducted in one village 2.Kampli
3.Muddapur
07. KAMPLI-23.55Km 1.Ramsagar
620
2.Kampli
3.Aralihalli
4.Belagoduhal
5.Sanapuram
08. BELAGODHALLA-
11.22Km
1.Belagodhalla 210
2.Kampli
09. SIRUGUPPA-10.85Km 1.Kenchanagudda 1344 Public Consultation held at
KNNL office for both canals 2.Siruguppa
10. DESHNUR-9.03Km 1.Deshnur 815
LEFT BANK
11. HULUGI-10.69Km 1.Hulgi 419 Visited on 22 July 2016,
interacted with Panchayat and
farmers 2.Shivpura
12. SHIVPURA-6.54Km 1.Atthivatti
717
Public Consultation and FGD
held for two villages 2.Shivpura
3.Mohammad Nagar
4.Narayanapura
13. ANEGUNDI-19.44Km 1.Virpapurgaddi
1359
Public Consultation and FGD
held for two villages 2.Hanumanahalli
3.Chikkrampura
4.Anegundi
14. UPPER
GANGAVATHI-
9.00Km
1.Vipra
1363
Public Consultation and FGD
held for two villages 2.Hirejanthkal
3.Hosalli
4.Nagenahalli
5.Chikkajanthkal
6.Achalapur
15. LOWER
GANGAVATHI-
9.54Km
1.Vipra
1141
2.Naganahalli
3.Chikkajanthkal
4.Ayodhya
5.Danapur
6.Achalapur
16. BICHAL-14.50Km 1.Rajolli
276
Visited and interacted with
farmers on 21 July 2016
Kotigudda village was
submerged few years back
2.Katakanuru
3.Kotigudda
4.Hanumapura
5.Bichal
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The existing canals have their own diversion structures on the river and many of the canals are
interlinked. In some villages more than one canal is passing through (e.g. Raya, Basavanna, Bella, Hosur,
Ramsagar, Kampli) and as a result water scarcity is not noticed during the peak summer period. However,
the majority of the canal bunds are in poor conditions and provide unreliable supply of water to the tail
ends and are filled with water hyacinth, plastics and waste water (including sewerage) especially the
areas near to the cities. Some farmers are even cultivating within the right-of-the-way of canals;
nevertheless, they are aware of the fact and it was confirmed through the farmers that they do not have
any intention to do so if the canals are modernised and the water reaches their fields.
2.2 Public Consultation
Public consultation is a process in which people get an opportunity to express their views on various
aspects concerning the project. Public consultation is vital in early stage of project which helps
strengthening preventive measures to ensure social sustainability and preserving public interest by taking
in to account their anticipated questions and introducing measures for mitigating the same. Public
consultation involved focus group discussion, informal discussions, case studies etc. The people residing
along the project areas were consulted during site visits and in-depth discussions were held for soliciting
their opinion and cooperation on several aspects of the project (Plate 1).
Sustainable water resources management, from planning to implementation and operations, requires well-
coordinated mechanisms and frameworks for participation of different stakeholders. Participants who
may be adversely impacted and/or socially marginalized may be stimulated to participate within a
consensus-building strategy. Stakeholder involvement can be defined appropriately for local conditions
and improved gradually, for example by setting up a committee, public hearings and workshops in the
process of applying the principles of IWRM at various levels. Local communities have wealth of
traditional and historical hydrological knowledge on the canals and distributaries and this will have value
addition in the effective design and implementation of irrigation projects.
Plate 1: Public Consolation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President
Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity,
type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics. In total 258 men and 58 women participated in
Public consultation and focus group discussions in different localities (Plate 2). The communities are
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explained about the modernization work of canals and their active participation in the effective
implementation of project. The roles and responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained.
Among the participants there were mixed reactions and the villages participated in the PPTA study in
2013 expressed their dissatisfaction about the delay in the approval process for resuming the
implementation of the project. The communities residing in the tail ends were enquired anxiously about
the starting of the project and others were rather skeptical about the delays. These assessments can enable
the implementing authorities to not only identify social and environmental impacts, but also to put in
place suitable institutional, organizational and project-specific mechanisms to mitigate the adverse
effects. They can also support in bringing about greater social inclusion and participation in the design
and implementation stages of the project.
Overall the people participated in public consultation seems to be quite interested and confident about the
project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this project and its effect on
enhancing the living standards of farmers.
Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with farmers including women
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2.3 Issues Raised during Consultation
During the public consultation and focus group discussions the participants expressed their displeasure
and concern about the unresolved issues connected for the canal system. The problems raised by them are
given in Table 3.
Table 3: Issues raised by WUCS/farmers during Public Consultation & FGDs
Issues
An
egu
nd
i
Sh
iva
pu
ra
Hu
lgi
Md
na
ga
r
Ga
ng
ava
ti
Sir
ug
up
pa
Na
gen
ah
all
i
Ho
suru
Ra
ma
saga
r
Bic
ha
l
Fund constraints for O& M x x x x x x x x x x
Water availability, especially at tail ends x x x x x x x
KNNL & CADA need provide more support x x x x x x x x x x
Poor attendance & cooperation in meetings x x x x x x
More consultation necessary with WUCS x x x x x x x x x x
Closure of TLBC in December leads to water
shortage for irrigation x x x x
Unlined canal posing problems of mud and
weeds x x x
Degeneration of canal water due to high
pollution x x x x x x x x x
Hampi heritage and related issues x x
More Consultation with WUCS Necessary during Modernisation Works and O&M
The farmers’ representative are of opinion that there are more need of consultation during project
preparation as well as during modernisation and thereafter.
KNNL & CADA Need to Provide More Support to WUCS
During the consultation it was reported that there is need of any support and guidance from CADA and
KNNL to the WUCS or farmers association. It was reported that in few places, trainings are offered to
WUCS/farmers associations by CADA on the collection of user charges, book keeping and accounting
principles; nevertheless, the continuity to such activities is lacking.
Poor Attendance and Cooperation in Meetings
In WUCS meetings the participation is low and members are not actively participating due to lack of
orientation and exposure to understand the scope and activities to be performed by them. Especially the
participation of women are rather limited. Water being of equal interest to all, factors such as political
influence and caste dominance have not so far distorted the operation and maintenance of the canals.
Water Availability
Water availability to the tail end farmers considered as a problem due to silt, plastics and water hyacinth
in several localities. Besides encroachments in few localities have also affected the equitable distribution
of water.
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Fund Constraints for O& M
In all the places it was mentioned that fund constraints for regular O & M is a major problem. Resources
are mobilised from farmers for jungle cutting, removal of weeds and desilting. It appears that only limited
fund is being allocating for O & M in view of the proposed VNC modernization programme.
Closure of TLBC in December
The closure of TLBC for 21 days in December is affecting farmers due to water availability during peak
period of cultivation. Earlier, farmers were growing two crops per year and now restricted to one due to
water availability. The farmers are of opinion to shift the closure dates to May from December as it was
practiced and planned earlier.
Unlined Canal Posing Problems of Blockage Due To Clay/Mud and Weeds
It was reported by the villagers that the unlined canal was posing problems of erratic supply of water due
to excessive silt, weeds and spread of diseases to the crops. Another issue raised was lack of drainage
facility which leads to the leakages and wastage of water.
Degeneration of Canal Water due to High Pollution
The quality of water is seriously affected due to disposal of wastes and waste water from industries and
sewerage and septic tanks (Plate 3). Molasses and chemicals from factories are being disposed to the
canals without any treatment. During the field visit, it was noticed that children are bathing in canal
water, women are using canal water for cleaning plates and other domestic purposes.
Hampi World heritage and Related Issues
The restrictions on the usage of construction materials and digging the land has affected the poor and
lower middle class families since they are not familiar with the restrictions imposed on the heritage tag.
This has resulted from the construction of public toilets and even building household toilet also.
Plate 3: Contamination of water source due to waste water and plastics
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2.4 Key Priorities Expressed by Men and Women
During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority
separately and listed out nine (9) sectors. Some women expressed that their men folk will provide the
responses. The priority needs are reflected in Table 4, and summary in Table 5.
Table 4: Needs and Priorities expressed by men and women
S.
No
.
Da
te
Village Priority
Dri
nk
ing
Wa
ter
Em
plo
ym
ent
Ro
ad
& B
rid
ge
Wa
ter
for
Irri
gati
on
Sa
nit
ati
on
Hea
lth
Care
An
imal
Hu
sba
nd
ry
Imp
rov
ed A
gri
cult
ure
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Ed
uca
tio
n
Rem
ark
s
1
24 M
ay 2
016
Emminur Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
2 Belagodhal Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
3 Kampli Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
4 Ramasagar
Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
Women
1 x
2 x
3 x
5 Kamalapur Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
6
25 M
ay
2016
Anegundi Men
1
x
2
x
3
x
7
26
Ma
y 2
01
6
Shivapura
Hulugi
Kampasagar
Bandiharlapur
Men
1
x
2 x
3 x
8
Upper &
Lower
Gangavathi
Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
Women
1 x
2 x
3 x
9
27 M
ay
2016
Siruguppa Men
1
x
2 x
3 x
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S.
No
.
Da
te
Village Priority
Dri
nk
ing
Wa
ter
Em
plo
ym
ent
Ro
ad
& B
rid
ge
Wa
ter
for
Irri
gati
on
Sa
nit
ati
on
Hea
lth
Care
An
imal
Hu
sba
nd
ry
Imp
rov
ed A
gri
cult
ure
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Ed
uca
tio
n
Rem
ark
s
10 Deshnur Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
11
Md’dnagar
Men
1 x
2 x
3 x
12 Women
1 x
2 x
3 x
13
28 M
ay 2
016
Nagenahalli Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
14 Narasapura Men
1 x
2
3 x
15 Hosuru Men
1 x
2 x
3
x
Total 4 3 10 13 11 10 2 3 1
Table 5: Summary of prioritised needs of people
Priority Needs of People Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3
Total Men Women Men Women Men Women
Water for Irrigation 10 2 1 13
Drinking Water 2 1 1
4
Employment
1
2
3
Roads & Bridges 1
8
1
10
Sanitation 1 1
2 5 2 11
Health Care
2 2 1 5
10
Animal Husbandry
2 2
Improved Agriculture Technology
1
2
3
Education
1
1
Total 14 5 14 5 14 5 53
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Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%)
followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in priority 1 they have identified
health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. In
Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and bridges as the highest priority followed by drinking
water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given equal importance to
employment and sanitation followed by health care.
In priority 3, the men group graded sanitation and health care (35.7% each) as the highest priority
followed by improved agricultural technology, roads & bridges and education. Among the women group
sanitation and animal husbandry (40% each) as the highest importance in Priority 3 category followed by
water for irrigation.
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3 WATER USERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY (WUCS)
3.1 Relevance of WUCS
Consultation with local farmers/community is a necessary prerequisite to get their cooperation and
endorsement for effective implementation of IWRM projects. Here WUCS or other grassroots level
institutions play a pivotal role. In most water resources projects to date, the concerned departments have
usually determined the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation, typically based
on the government rules/norms and procedures. How can the community or WUCS can provide any input
in the project which was conceived without appropriate consultation process or dialogue? For the
sustainability of systems, it is considered important that WUCS and WUAs be involved in the
identification (and design) of solutions and play a key role in the operation and maintenance of facilities
constructed.
Building partnerships is the most challenging aspect of community development and empowerment
programmes. For integrated sector programmes, some key partnership features include:
partnership between community, WUCS/Local Government and implementing agency;
fully active community participation both within communities and between each community
and the project;
well defined roles and responsibilities, commitments and inputs for each partner organisation;
integration of key project components;
flexible choice and development of service levels by all partners;
felt needs of communities identified through PRA;
PRA findings of each community to be used appropriately in community planning and
implementation;
members and staff of all partner organizations to be given training on community organization,
community management, team building, monitoring etc.;
WUCS/WUA members to be given intensive training on team building, group dynamics,
community organisation and management, improved agricultural practices, basic financial
management and monitoring;
for all partners, a necessary sense of responsibility for the project is to be created/developed,
with particular focus on communities residing in the locality;
sharing of knowledge and skills between partners including exposure visits between partners;
joint partnership decisions; and
community needs to be involved in progress and performance monitoring (functionality
monitoring) of implementation and subsequent on-going activities;
Without effective partnership, one of the project partners is likely to dominate implementation with
unilateral decisions made that may or may not be advised to other partners. This results in the decision
making party frequently being seen to own (be responsible for) the project with either indifference or
animosity on the part of the less involved partners. Experience shows this situation typically carries
beyond implementation into the following operation and maintenance phase to the functional detriment of
project service(s) and/or facilities provided.
3.2 WUCS in VNC Subproject Areas
Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to be established as part of the
modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed
more than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to
perform their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the
conflicts aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages. In the
other models social facilitators were involved to mobilise the farmers.
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Karnataka adopted participatory irrigation management in 2000 through amending its Irrigation Act of
1965. The formation of WUCS is the task of CADA in coordination with WRD and is formed under
Karnataka Cooperative Act. It is reported that the State has formed 2633 WUCS covering area of
1350062.93 ha. The Vijayanagara Channels have 2 WUCS and there is a potential to form total of about
25 WUCS. At the outset, the CADA Munirabad, with all its limitation of man power, financial, advanced
methods and approaches is carrying out formation and strengthening of WUCS. Moreover, VNC has
been exhibiting poor water management, gap in the agriculture productivity by about 30 %, providing
ample scope for institutional linkages between WRD/KNNL and CADA, Agriculture Department and
WUCS. As a result, the WUCS have not been able to have ‘hands on experience’ and engage
constructively in water management. Thus, there is a potential to revitalize the existing WUCS and form
new WUCS to derive anticipated benefits in terms of improved water use efficiency, crop productivity,
regular operation and maintenance, self-sustainable WUCS and improved livelihoods of the farmers.
Vijayanagar Channels have been incorporated under KISWRMIP project for which detailed project
report has been prepared. Based on the available information, a feasibility report needs to be prepared
encompassing various activities like analysis of social, environmental, agriculture, irrigation channel
networks, hydraulics and institutional aspects including WUCS formation and strengthening. The
formation of WUCS is essential component both under Karnataka Irrigation Act as amended in 2000 and
KISWRMIP project.
Due to limited time frame to prepare feasibility report, it was resolved during the Second PSC Review
Meeting held at PMU Bangalore to delineate the area of WUCS under each VNC to facilitate the
stakeholder’s consultation process. However, during the PPTA of KISWRMIP project, indicative pattern
of WUCS formation is envisaged, which could be basis for furtherance of the related activities.
Table 6: Sub-division-wise Vijayanagara Channels with Command Area
# Name of the Channel Command Area (in ha)
Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank)
1 Basavanna Channel 1240
2 Raya Channel 2226
3 Bella Channel 600
4 Kalaghatta Channel 237
5 Turtha Channel 931
6 Rama Sagara Channel 673
7 Kampli Channel 620
8 Belagondahala Channel 210
Siruguppa Sub Division (Right Bank)
9 Siruguppa Channel 764
10 Deshnur Channel 478
Vaddarahatti Sub Division (Left Bank)
11 Anegundi Channel 789
12 Shivapur Channel 403
13 Hulugi Channel 265
14 Upper Gangavathi Channel 775
15 Lower Gangavathi Channel 667
Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank)
16 Bichal Channel 276
Total 11154
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Table 7: Village List of Vijayanagara Channels
# Name of the Channel # Name of the Village
1 Kampli channel 1 Rama Sagar
2 Kampli
3 Arali halli
4 Belagoduhal
5 Sanapura
2 Turtha channel 6 Venkatapura
7 Bukkasagara
8 Kaddi Rampura
9 Hampi
10 Krishnapura
11 Nimbapura
3 Basava kaluve 12 Hosakote
13 Hosur
14 Amaravathi
15 Hosapet
16 Ananthashayana gudi
17 Mudlapura
18 Malapana Gudi
19 Kamalapura
20 Nagena halli
21 Kariganur
4 Raya Channel
22 Hosur
23 Gudi obala pura
24 Kala ghatta
25 Hospete
26 Narasa pura
27 Hosa kote
28 Dana pura
29 Nagena halli
30 Kaddi rampura
31 Malapana gudi
32 Mudlapura
33 Amaravathi
34 Belagodu
35 Kamalapura
36 Chithawadagi
37 Singa nathana halli
38 Kalli rampura
5 Bella Channel 39 Narasapura
40 Hosur
6 Kala Ghatta 41 Kalaghatta
41 Dhanapura
7 Rama Sagar Channel 43 Ramasagar
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# Name of the Channel # Name of the Village
44 Kampli
45 Muddapura
8 Belagodhal 46 Belagodhal
47 Kampli
9 Shivapur 48 Bandi Harala pura
49 Mahammed Nagara
50 Hatthi Matti
51 Narayana Pete
10 Hulugi 52 Hulagi
53 Shivapur
11 Anegundi 54 Rama pura
55 Anegundi
56 Ramdurga
57 Basavana durga
58 Singangund
59 Krishnapur
60 Sangapur
61 Rajapur
62 Virupapura gudda
63 Chickka rampura
64 Hanumana halli
65 Sannapura
12 Gangavathi Upper channel 66 Vipra
67 Hire Jantkal
68 Hosalli
69 Nagana halli
70 Chickka Jantkal
71 Achalapura
13 Gangavathi lower channel 72 Vipra
73 Nagana halli
74 Chickka Jantkal
75 Ayodhya
76 Danapur
77 Achalapura
14 Siruguppa 78 Siraguppa
79 Kenchana gudda
80 Ibrahim pura
15 Deshnur 81 Deshanur
16 Bichal 82 Bichala
83 Kataknur
84 Nirmal Hanumapur
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Table 8: Sub-division-wise Probable WUCS under Vijayanagara Channels
# Name of the Channel Command Area (ha) WUCS Formed &
Area
No. of WUCS
Proposed 1
Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank)
1 Basavanna 1240 3
2 Raya 2226 5
3 Bella 600 1
4 Kalaghatta 237 1
5 Turtha 931 2
6 Rama Sagar 673 1
7 Kampli 620 1
8 Belagondahala 210 1
Vaddarahatti S Division (Left Bank)
9 Anegundi 789 1 (522ha) 12
10 Shivapur 403 1
11 Hulugi 265 1
12 Upper Gangavathi 775 2
13 Lower Gangavathi 667 1
Siruguppa S Division (Right Bank)
14 Siruguppa 764 1 (764 Ha) 1
15 Deshnur 478 1
Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank)
16 Bichal 276 1
Total 11154 25
3.3 Institutional Status of Existing WUCS
During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are formed several
years back and vibrant in some of the Vijayanagara Canal areas. Few of them have converted as WUCS.
In the public consultation and FGD the participants expressed their concerns for the sustainability of the
canal system. One of the major concern raised was about their requests for support in desilting on a
regular basis. This has not been considered by the authorities and as a result WUCS/farmers mobilising
resources for undertaking the seasonal O & M tasks, including desilting. Community have been carrying
out operation and maintenance work with their own resources. In few localities Panchayat authorities
1 This is based on the suggestion that WUCS be demarked on the average area for WUCS (350–500 ha) proposed
by CADA and that in those channels with command area less than the WUCS average one WUCS still be formed
instead of combining areas from more than one channel.
2 Assign the balance command area to the existing WUCS.
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agreed to utilise NAREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the canals/distributaries, especially
the labour component.
A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women
are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk
cooperative society’s women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due
to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects. Some of the WUCS
members are also part of this society and their expertise could be utilised for strengthening the WUCS.
Another issue is that women’s opinions are not recorded, because they are often not present in meetings
or are not confident to speak up (particularly if their husbands or in laws are around). Majority of the
farmers expressed that they are involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and
harvesting. The women community in Mohammed Nagar (Shivpura canal area) expressed that their role
has been minimised due to the mechanisation process in the farming sector and as a result they need to
travel longer distances for finding jobs. The opportunities for women in agriculture is being affected due
to mechanisation in the sector.
3.4 Affordability & Willingness of WUCS to Pay Contributions
In all consultation meetings, the discussions were held with regard to affordability and willingness of
WUCS members to pay for their share of contribution towards the cost of on-farm development works
(CAD works). As mentioned earlier, the status of WUCS organisations in VNC subproject areas is still in
very infancy stage, nevertheless, the farmers express their willingness to form WUCS under the guidance
of KNNL and CADA. They are of the view that they will pay their share of contribution towards the
CAD works, as they expect the irrigation service will improve with modernisation of the VNC canals and
infrastructures.
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4 SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS
4.1 Involuntary Resettlement
Provision of public facilities or infrastructure often requires the exercise of legal powers by the state
under the principle of eminent domain for acquisition of private property, leading to involuntary
displacement of people, depriving them of their land, livelihood and shelter; restricting their access to
traditional resource base, and uprooting them from their socio-cultural environment.
The objective of Involuntary Resettlement is to avoid or minimise involuntary resettlement where
feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs. This policy is triggered not only if physical
relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or
access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must
move to another location.
These have traumatic, psychological and socio-cultural consequences on the affected population which
call for protecting their rights, in particular of the weaker sections of the society including members of
the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, marginal farmers and women. Involuntary displacement of
people may be caused by other factors also.
Additional benefits beyond monetary compensation have to be provided to the families affected adversely
by involuntary displacement. This requires a careful assessment of the economic disadvantages and social
impact of displacement. There must also be a holistic effort aimed at improving the all-round living
standards of the affected people.
As per ADB policy on Involuntary Resettlement, the projects are classified into the following four
categories:
Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A
resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category B. A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed
significant. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category C. A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.
Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial
intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social
management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate
involuntary impacts.
Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public
consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. However, in few villages
encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS
and other responsible authorities during the initial stage of implementation. The field assessment of few
canals and interactions with the communities revealed that the right way (RoW) for the canal system
seems to be available.
The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 also emphasised the need for systematic
approach in dealing with resettlement issues. The objectives of the National Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Policy are as follows: - (a) to minimise displacement and to promote,' as far as possible,
non-displacing or least-displacing alternatives; (b) to ensure adequate rehabilitation package and
expeditious ‘implementation of the rehabilitation process with the active participation of the affected
families; (c) to ensure that special care is. taken for protecting the rights of the weaker sections of society,
especially members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and to create obligations on the State
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for their treatment with concern and sensitivity; (d) to provide a better standard of living, making
concerted efforts for providing sustainable income to the affected families; (e) to integrate rehabilitation
concerns into the development planning and implementation process; and (f) where displacement is on
account of land acquisition, to facilitate harmonious relationship between the requiring body and affected
families through mutual cooperation.
The Karnataka Resettlement of project displaced persons Act 1987 was passed by the legislature in 1987
and subsequently amended in 2002. The State Government have worked out a comprehensive framework
on Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) works for the families affected by the irrigation projects
across the state. With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act,
1980 also provides adequate provisions for addressing the issue.
Prior to initiating the acquisition of land for the project, the appropriate. Government should, inter alia,
take into consideration the alternatives that will (i) minimise the displacement of people due to the
acquisition of land for the project; (ii) minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and
(iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural land for non-agricultural use in the project.
Based on the overall assessment, the project is likely to fall under the “Category C” in consistent with the
ADB Involuntary Resettlement policy. Accordingly, the project has no involuntary resettlement impacts;
and no further action is required.
4.2 Indigenous Peoples
The Indigenous Peoples (IPs) are categorized as tribal who often become vulnerable in development
projects because of their cultural autonomy which is usually undermined and also because this group
endure specific disadvantages in terms of social indicators of quality of life, economic status and usually
as subject of social exclusion. The guiding principles enshrined in the constitution of independent India
as also various plans and policies for safeguarding the interests of scheduled tribes notwithstanding, the
benefits of development of free and shining India have by and large by-passed the scheduled tribes.
The term “Indigenous Peoples ” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and
cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) self-identification as
members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) collective
attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural
resources in these habitats and territories (c) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions
that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (d) an indigenous language, often
different from the official language of the country or region.
It is also necessary to define the term IP, which is not only co-terminus with the communities defined by
the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often also includes backward communities, as per the
recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission. In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled
tribe communities living according to the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003.
The major tribes located in the project areas are Nayaka, Naikda, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka,
Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka, Naik,Nayak, Beda, Bedar, Valmiki, Chodhara, Kanda Kapus (in Bellary and
districts). Bichal/Manvi consists of highest indigenous population of around 25.8% and Koppal is lowest
(13.2%). Siruguppa consists around 20%, Hospet (20%) and Gangavathi 16.5%. Among the SC
population (vulnerable) Hospet is the highest (29.3%) and Koppal is the lowest (19.3%), followed by
Siruguppa (21.4%), Gangavathi (20.7%) and Manvi/Bichal (16%).
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Figure 1: Distribution of indigenous peoples in VNC subproject areas
A number of villages are situated in remote areas inhabited by indigenous populations who have distinct
lifestyle, language, and culture. Besides, they are having secluded living and quite far away from the
usual developmental streams and do not enjoy the same social and economic benefits as do most of the
general population.
During the consultations it has also been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the
economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the indigenous population as compared
to other communities in the villages.
Ascertain the consent of affected Indigenous Peoples communities to the following project activities
where Indigenous Peoples groups are deemed to be particularly vulnerable: (i) commercial development
of the cultural resources and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples; (ii) physical relocation of Indigenous
Peoples from traditional or customary lands; and (iii) commercial development of natural resources
within customary lands under use that would impact the livelihoods or on cultural, ceremonial, or
spiritual uses of the lands that define the identity and community of Indigenous Peoples. For the purposes
of policy application, it is proposed that consent of affected Indigenous Peoples communities refers to a
collective expression by the affected Indigenous Peoples communities, through individuals and/or their
recognized representatives, of broad community support for the project activities. Such broad community
support may exist even if some individuals or groups object to the project activities.
ADB’s Indigenous People Policy uses the following characteristics to define IP: (i) self-identification as
members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (ii) collective
attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural
resources in these habitats and territories; (iii) customary cultural, economic, social, or political
institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (iv) a distinct language,
often different from the official language of the country or region.
Under Article 342 of the Constitution of India, following characteristics are used to define indigenous
people (scheduled tribes, as termed by the Constitution): (i) tribes’ primitive traits, (ii) distinctive culture,
Hospet KoppalGangavath
iSiruguppa Manvi
SC Population % 29.2 19.3 20.7 22.7 22.0
ST Population % 20.0 13.2 16.6 20.1 25.8
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0P
op
ula
tio
n in
%
Percentage Distribution of Indigenous and Vulnereble population in Project Villages
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(iii) shyness with public at large, (iv) geographical isolation, and (v) social and economic backwardness.
Essentially, IP have a social and cultural identity distinctly different from the mainstream (or dominant)
society that makes them marginalized, socially isolated, and often overlooked in the development
process. The objectives are to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for
Indigenous Peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness as
defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and
economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate
actively in projects that affect them.
As per ADB Indigenous People safeguards Projects are classified into the following four categories:
Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant impacts on indigenous peoples. An
indigenous people’s plan (IPP), including assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category B. A proposed project is likely to have limited impacts on indigenous peoples. An IPP,
including assessment of social impacts, is required.
Category C. A proposed project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further
action is required.
Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial
intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social
management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities unlikely to have impacts
on indigenous peoples.
The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy
statement. Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse
impacts are anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. ADB IP
safeguards are not triggered because the project directly or indirectly does not affect the dignity, human
rights, livelihood systems, or culture of the STs and the project will not affect territories claimed by the
STs as their ancestral domain. During the community consultations also, it has been found that there is no
specific uniqueness with regard to the economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst
the STs as compared to other communities in the villages.
In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required. In addition, as part of the WUCs
strengthening, special focus shall be made to ensure the participation of STs (indigenous) and SCs
(vulnerable) in the planning and decision making process. It will also be ensured that under no
circumstances will the STs/ SCs be deprived of the benefits from the program.
It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the
Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between
protection measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the
IPPF and the approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s
safeguards policy on IP.
Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed
project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if
there is any physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement
Plan and Indigenous Peoples Plan will be prepared.
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5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF VNC AREAS
5.1 Demography
The population of the project area has been predominantly scattered over the rural belt and vast majority
of the people hail from the rural sector. The rural and traditional character of the population has been the
hallmark of the villages coming under the project (Table 9).
Sex ratio:
Hospet has a total population of 188,965 out of which 50.1 % is male and 49.9% females. In Koppal,
Gangavathi, Siruguppa and Manvi follows almost similar sex ratio. Among all the taluks, Manvi taluk
has the highest sex ratio (1013) followed by Hospet (1006), Siruguppa (1005), Gangavathi (988) and
Koppal taluk has the lowest sex ratio.
Literacy:
The literacy rate among male category in Hospet is 58.5 and female 41.5. The corresponding figures for
Koppal is 58.7 and 41.3, Gangavathi 57.1 (Male) and 42.9 (female) respectively. In Siruguppa the female
literacy is lowest 38.7 when compared to all other places (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Taluk wise population and literacy
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Table 9: Population Distribution, Literacy Rates, & SC /ST Population
Taluk Wise Population Literacy SC Population ST Population
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
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Table 12: Distribution of farmers in subproject areas
Taluk Wise Marginal
Farmers
Small
Farmers
Medium
farmers Total
Hospet 19302 8999 5690 34072
Koppal 13649 15899 15276 45364
Gangavathi 28002 18421 57417 107848
Siruguppa 17297 11236 13688 42867
Manvi 25484 23135 65081 121866
Source: Agricultural Census 2010-11 Report on Operational Holdings in Karnataka, Directorate of Economics &
Statistics, Bangalore
Figure 3: Distribution of farmers in VNC subproject areas (%)
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Table 13: Distribution of workers classification in selected project areas
Taluk Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household Activities Other Workers Total Workers
Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female