STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 1 NOUNS ALL NOUNS ENDING WITH THE LETTER E ARE FEMININE. ALL OTHERS ARE MASCULINE. EXCEPTIONS: ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ IRREGULAR PLURAL : . NOUNS ENDING IN (E)AU/EU (PLURAL TAKES AN - ____) EXAMPLES: SINGULAR PLURAL ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ . NOUNS ENDING IN AL (PLURAL CHANGES TO _______) EXAMPLES: SINGULAR PLURAL ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
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STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 1
NOUNS
ALL NOUNS ENDING WITH THE LETTER E ARE FEMININE. ALL OTHERS ARE MASCULINE.
• SOME ADJECTIVES ARE CALLED BANGS ADJECTIVES: THEY ARE PLACED BEFORE THE NOUN. ALL OTHERS GO AFTER THE NOUN.
B A N G SBEAUTY AGE NUMBER GREATNESS SIZE______________ ______________ _______________ _____________ __________________________ ______________ _______________ _____________ __________________________ ______________ _______________ _____________ ____________
• SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE IS DIRECTLY BEFORE OR AFTER THE NOUN, SOMETIMES IT COMES AFTER THE VERB TO BE.
MA __________________ SOEURMES SOEURS __________________________MA SOEUR EST _________________________MES SOEURS SONT __________________________
• COMPARATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
MORE ADJECTIVE THAN LESS ADJECTIVE THAN AS ADJECTIVE ASPLUS ADJ QUE MOINS ADJ QUE AUSSI ADJ QUE
ATTENTION: THE ADJECTIVE STILL NEEDS TO AGREE WITH THE NOUN IT QUALIFIES.
THOMAS EST PLUS ___________ QUE SES PARENTS.ELSA EST MOINS ______________ QUE SA TANTE.TIM ET SOPHIE SONT AUSSI ______________ QUE LEUR FAMILLE.
THE WHOLE/ENTIRE EVERYALL + SINGULAR ALL + PLURAL TOUT LE TOUS LES TOUTE LA TOUTES LES
_______________ CLASSE _________________ PROFESSEURS
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 7
PRONOUNS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
________ I________ YOU (SINGULAR)________ HE________ SHE______/______ IT______/______ WE (SOMEBODY AND I)________ YOU (FORMAL OR PLURAL)/(SOMEBODY AND YOU)______/______ THEY
STRESSED PRONOUNS1. ME = ______YOU = ______HIM = ______ HER = ______US = ______YOU = ______THEM = ______
2. USE AFTER ALL PREPOSITIONS AND ‘QUE’ in COMPARATIVE.
IL PARLE DE ________.ELLE EST PLUS GRANDE QUE ________.
OBJECT PRONOUNS
1. A DIRECT object receives the action of the verb. A direct object pronoun can replace either a person or a thing (that is specific - introduced by a specific article such as the definite (le, la, les), the demonstrative (ce, cette, ces), or the possessive (mon, ma, mes).)
______/______ ME______/______ YOU (SINGULAR)______/______ HIM______/______ HER______/______ / ______ IT______ US______ YOU (FORMAL OR PLURAL)______ THEM
ALL PRONOUNS ARE PLACED BEFORE THE VERB IT IS THE OBJECT OF.
Examples: Elle M’aime. Il ne veut pas L’écouter.
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2. The INDIRECT object indicates to whom the action was done. The indirect object is preceded by the preposition à. An indirect object pronoun can only replace a person. The indirect object pronoun replaces both à and the person.
______/______ TO ME______/______ TO YOU (SINGULAR)______ TO HIM______ TO HER______ TO US______ TO YOU (FORMAL OR PLURAL)______ TO THEM
Examples: Elle ME parle. Il ne va plus LUI parler.
NB : Some verbs call for a direct object in English but not in French (e.g. to phone somebody = téléphoner à quelqu’un) and some verbs call for an indirect object in English but not in French (e.g. to listen to somebody = écouter quelqu’un).
3. EN
The object pronoun EN can either be direct or indirect.
- DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN ENEN is used replace a direct object, either a person or a thing (that is NON specific - introduced by a non specific article such as the indefinite article (un, une, des), the partitive (du, de la, des), a number (un, deux, trois, etc.), or a quantity (beaucoup de, trop de, etc.). Remember to keep the quantity.
Examples: Je veux des tomates. J’en veux. Je veux deux tomates. J’en veux deux. Je veux un kilo de tomates. J’en veux un kilo.
- INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN ENEN is used replace an indirect object introduced by the preposition DE (from, of, about).
Example: Il parle de son école. Il en parle. Il sort de l’école. Il en sort.
4. SEVERAL PRONOUNS WITHIN A SENTENCE = FOLLOW THE ORDER OF THE CARROT.
me (m’)te (t’) le (l’)se (s’) la (l’) luinous les leur y envous
Example: Il me la donne.
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 9
VERBS
VERBS ARE CONJUGATED ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT (PRONOUN). THERE ARE 82 PATTERNS.
SOME VERBS ARE REFLEXIVE: LES VERBES PRONOMINAUX. The reflexive pronoun refers to the self: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
ACTIONS RÉCIPROQUES - EACH OTHERReflexive pronouns can also express a reciprocal action or interaction between two or more people. They can be either a direct object or an indirect object.
Direct Object
Jean voit souvent son ami.Son ami voit souvent Jean. Jean et son ami se voient souvent.
Indirect ObjectTu parles souvent à Marie.Marie te parle souvent. Vous vous parlez souvent.
NB : In the past, the past participle agrees with the direct object, not the indirect object.
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 11
• PASSÉ COMPOSÉ OF THE INDICATIVEused to express actions that started and ended at a specific time in the past.equivalent to “I did” or sometimes “I have done”
être/avoir + past participle ending in:in the present -ER -IR -IRREGULAR
NB: Some verbs called movement verbs (GO verbs) function with être instead of avoir. They do so because they are INTRANSITIVE (THEY CANNOT BE FOLLOWED BY A DIRECT OBJET). These verbs have their PAST PARTICIPLE AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT, just like any adjective after être.
DEVENIR REVENIR MONTER RESTER SORTIR VENIR ALLER NAÎTRE DESCENDRE ENTRER RENTRER TOMBER RETOURNER ARRIVER MOURIR PARTIR
NB: Reflexive verbs all function with être and have their past participle agree with the direct object placed before the verb (often the reflexive pronoun, but not always)
Examples: Elle s’est habillée. Elle s’est brossé les dents.
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 12
• PRESENT OF THE IMPERATIVEused to give commands and make suggestions. The forms are usually the same as the je, nous, and vous forms of the present of the indicative. Don’t forget the exclamation point.
parler aux profs finir les devoirs répondre aux questions
• IMPARFAIT OF THE INDICATIVEused to describe continuous, repeated, or habitual actions in the past. Also used to describe persons, things, places, situations, and physical and emotional conditions or states, or setting in the past. Verbs such as aimer mieux, préférer, vouloir, pouvoir, savoir, croire, that describe mental and emotional states are often used in the imperfect.Equivalent to “I was doing”, “I used to do”, or sometimes “I did”
To form the imperfect, drop the -ons ending from the nous form of the present tense and add the imperfect endings to this stem: ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient
NB: Be careful of verbs ending in -cer (C + i or e or y = S ; C + o or a or u = K - add a cédille ç) and verbs ending in -ger (G + i or e or y = J ; G + o or a or u = GU - add an -e)
NB: There is only one exception : être. Its stem is -ét to which you add the regular endings.
• PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT OF THE INDICATIVEused to relate a past action in a past context. Equivalent to “I had done”To form the pluperfect, use the auxiliary - helping verb (être or avoir) in the imperfect and add the past participle.
Example: Elle m’a montré le dessin que j’avais fait quand j’avais 10 ans.She showed me the drawing (that) I had done when I was 10.
aller faire s’amuser______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________
Settingto describe persons, things, places, situations, and physical and emotional conditions or states in the past
(New) Actions Actions in the past in a past context
to describe a continuous or repeated, or habitual action in the past
To relate actions or events that began and ended at a specific time in the past
Expressions:avantsouventle matinle vendreditous les vendredisoften used in the imperfect: aimer (mieux), préférer, vouloir, pouvoir, savoir, croiretoujours
Expressions:HierLa semaine dernièrece matinvendredi dernierl’été dernierhier soirle mois derniercette annéele week-end dernier
Expressions:La veille (the day before)La semaine précédente (the previous week)Le vendredi précédentL’été précédentLa veille au soirLe mois précédentL’année précédenteLe week-end précédent
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 14
• PAST PARTICIPLE AGREEMENT IN COMPOUND TENSESA compound tense is a tense that is composed of two verbs: avoir or être + past participle. Both the passé composé and the plus-que-parfait are compound tenses.
- with êtreagreement with the subject, the past participle becomes an adjective.
Example: Elle est sortie.
- with avoiragreement with the direct object if it is placed before the verb.
Example: Tu as reçu mes lettres ? Tu les as reçues ? Les lettres que j’ai reçues.
- with reflexive verbsagreement with the direct object if it is placed before the verb.
Examples: Tu t’es brossé les cheveux ? Tu te les es brossés ? Ils se sont aimés. Ils se sont écrit. (no direct object, no agreement)
•
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 15
• THE FUTURE OF THE INDICATIVE - WILL
used to express the future. Equivalent to “I will do”.To form the future tense in French, use the infinitive and add the future endings: ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont. Drop the -e before adding the endings to verbs ending in -re.
NB: you must use the future tense after quand or lorsque when the main verb in the sentence is in the future tense.
Example: Je te ferai un bon repas quand tu seras à Paris.
• THE PAST FUTURE OF THE INDICATIVE - WILL HAVEused to relate a past action in a future context. Equivalent to “I will have done”To form the past future, use the auxiliary - helping verb (être or avoir) in the future and add the past participle.
aller finir s’amuser______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________
NB: This is a compound tense, all rules of past participle agreement apply.
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 16
NEGATION
IN THE PRESENT, ADD NE OR N’ BEFORE THE VERB AND PAS AFTER THE VERB.
EXAMPLES
JE ______ DORS _______.TU ______ ECOUTE _______.IL NE ______________ PAS.ON N’ _______________ PAS.
NB : With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is not separated from the verb, therefore the negation goes around both pronoun and verb.
Example: Ils NE se comprennent PAS.
IN THE PAST, THE NEGATION GOES AROUND THE AUXILIARY AVOIR OR ETRE.
Ex. Je N’ai PAS regardé la télévision hier soir. Elle NE s’est PAS couché tard hier soir.
OTHER NEGATION WORDS
NOTHING / NOT ANYTHING = NE … RIEN (quelque chose)NOBODY / NOT ANYBODY / NO ONE / NOT ANYONE = NE … PERSONNE (quelqu’un)NEVER = NE … JAMAIS (quelquefois, souvent, toujours …)NO MORE / NOT ANYMORE = NE … PLUS (encore)NOT YET = NE … PAS ENCORE (déjà)
NB: In the past, the negation word “PERSONNE” goes after the whole verb.EXAMPLE: Il N’a écouté PERSONNE.
NB: Nothing and nobody can also be the subject of the sentence: RIEN NE + VERB, PERSONNE NE + VERB. Nothing comes between the two negation words RIEN and NE, or PERSONNE and NE.
EXAMPLE: Personne ne lui a dit qu’il avait réussi.
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 17
VERB + INFINITIVE
VERBS LIKE ALLER, AIMER, POUVOIR, VOULOIR CAN BE FOLLOWED BY A SECOND VERB IN THE INFINITIVE.
J’AIME ____________________.TU VAS ____________________.NOUS POUVONS __________________.ILS VEULENT ___________________.VOUS N’AIMEZ PAS ___________________.
NB: REFLEXIVE VERBS WILL HAVE THEIR REFLEXIVE PRONOUN CHANGE ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT REFLECTED.
EXAMPLES: Je vais M’habiller. Vous allez vous coucher tard.
VENIR DE + INFINITIVEused in the present tense to indicate that an action has just taken place.
Example: The subway just left. Le métro vient de partir.
FAIRE + INFINITIVEused to express what you have someone else do for you.
Example: I have my mother wash my clothes. Je fais laver mes vêtements par ma mère.
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 18
PREPOSITIONS
1. PREPOSITIONSÀ = ______/______/______DE = ______/______/______PENDANT = ______AVANT = ______APRÈS = ______DEVANT = ______DERRIÈRE = ______À CÔTÉ DE = ______PRÈS DE = ______LOIN DE = ______AUTOUR DE = ______SUR = ______SOUS = ______AVEC = ______CHEZ = ______EN = ______ENTRE = ______
…
JE TRAVAILLE _______ L’ÉCOLE.
2. CONTRACTIONSÀ + LE = ______ DE + LE = ______À + LA = ______ DE + LA = ______À + L’ = ______ DE + L’ = ______À + LES = ______ DE + LES = ______
3. WHAT + NOUN= QUEL / QUELLE / QUELS / QUELLES + NOM
EXAMPLE: Quels livres est-ce que tu aimes ?
4. PREPOSITION + WHAT = Préposition + QUOI
EXAMPLE: À quoi est-ce que tu joues ? De quoi as-tu besoin ?
5. PREPOSITION + WHAT + NOUN = Préposition + QUEL / QUELLE / QUELS / QUELLES + NOM
EXAMPLE: Dans quel livre est-ce que tu as trouvé ça ?
STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 3/4 21
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The relative pronoun QUI can replace either a person or a thing. It joins two short sentences into one longer sentence. QUI is always the subject of the clause it introduces = that, which, who.
Example: Je parle à un employé qui travaille à la poste.
NB: QUI directly replaces what precedes it (un employé) which is the subject of the following verb (travaille).
The relative pronoun QUE can also refer to people or things. It is also used to join two short sentences into a longer one, but QUE is always the direct object of the clause it introduces = that, which, whom.
Example: Je parle à un employé que vous connaissez.
NB: In English, you can do without the direct object pronoun that, which, or whom, but not in French. NB: Because QUE replaces a direct object, if the following verb is in the past tense, the past participle will agree with the direct object placed before the verb.
Example: J’aime les lettres que vous m’avez envoyées.