Careers in Forensic Science Forensic Science is: Also known as __________________________________________________________ The application _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ Possible Careers Forensic Scientists _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ Crime Scene Investigators Coroners Medical Examiners _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________ Common Duties in Forensics Data collection Data ____________________________________________ Data interpretation _________________________________________________ Specialized Duties Forensic Scientists – identify and/or compare physical evidence through chemical, physical, and instrumental analysis Criminologists – _________________________________________________________________
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Careers in Forensic Science
Forensic Science is: Also known as __________________________________________________________
The application _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forensic Scientists – _________________________________________________________________________ or higher in natural or physical science
Criminologists – BS or higher in sociology or psychology
___________________________________________________________ – law enforcement officers with a certification, such as one from the International Association for Identification (IAI)
Medical Examiners (ME) – ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Coroners – equivalent to MEs in some jurisdictions; some are elected county officials who handle corpse and death investigation
Prosecutors – Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) in criminal law
Use _______________________________, _____________________________________ equipment
Precise
Reproducible
Ethical Guidelines for Interpreting Physical Evidence
Don’t confuse scientific ____________________ with _________________________________________
Qualify and explain opinions and conclusions appropriately
Don’t state conclusions and opinions _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Give proper weight and certainty to opinions and conclusions
Ethical Guidelines for Reporting Physical Evidence
Personal interest or gain should not be _________________________________ a report or testimony
Never claim results and/or accomplishments not your own
Limit testimony to conclusions drawn from examinations and analyses
Avoid _________________________________________________________ and terms easily misconstrued
Ethical Guidelines for Professional Courtesy
Re-examining evidence is permissible
Resolve differences of opinion before the case goes to trial
Advising attorneys about the testimony of another forensic scientist is permissible if in good faith, not malicious, and to prevent incompetent testimony
Ethical Guidelines for Reporting Physical Evidence (continued)
Use accepted standards for photographs, posters, or background information
Do not distort or use unduly sensational material
“Attorney-client” relationship applies, unless it leads to a miscarriage of justice
Ethical Guidelines for Professional Courtesy (continued)
Inform colleagues about _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Report invalid or unreliable methodology
___________________________________________________________________________________ of colleagues unless you can prove them as false or inaccurate
Do not misrepresent or distort the statements, results, reports, testimony, or work of colleagues.
History of Forensic ScienceBefore 17th century - Confrontation by the accuser
Confession under _______________________________ - Guilty
Strength to resist the pain - ____________________________________________
Criminalistics – also refers to _________________________________________ forensics (evidence found at crime scene to suspect) such as fingerprints or blood
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
1775
Swedish Chemist
Devised the test for detecting the poison ___________________________________ in corpses
Alphonse Bertillon
French ________________________________________
Introduced the Bertillon system (aka Anthropometry) in 1879
Used various _________________________________ of the body to __________________________ people by their physical appearance
Replaced by ______________________________________________________ after the Will West case in _______________________________
The __________________________________ first used fingerprints, to identify ownership of objects
Henry Faulds, Frances Galton and Sir Edward Henry developed the use of fingerprints
Valentin Ross
German Chemist
1806
Discovered a more ___________________________ method for detecting ___________________________ of Arsenic
Published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons
1828
The Invention of the __________________________________________________________________________
1839 - First microscopic detection of sperm
James Marsh
Scottish Chemist
1839
____________________________________________________________________________ on the detection of Arsenic in a victim’s body
1863
The first presumptive test for blood
What is a presumptive blood test? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
1850’s – 1860’s – Development in photography and Improved records in forensic science
Therefore as picture technology got better so did record keeping.
Hans Gross
Austrian prosecutor and judge
1893
Published Criminal Investigation
Discussed the benefits of __________________________ (microscopy, chemistry, physics, zoology, botany, geology and fingerprinting) in ________________________________________________________
Study of the material can determine the nature and duration of the transfer
_______________________________________ – any small piece of evidence that may be found on clothing, car, or home, or on the soles of someone’s shoe
Why is this so important to forensic science? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Please use the following space to explain Locard’s Exchange Principle in your own words.
1983- Kary Mullis developed _______________________________________________________________, which is the basis for all DNA typing in forensic cases today
_________ Sir Alec Jeffries used DNA fingerprinting to solve a double murder case in England
History of Crime Labs in the United States
1923 - Los Angeles PD Crime Lab (the _________________________________________________ in US)
August Vollmer, LAPD Chief, established the first crime lab in the United States
1930’s – University of CA at Berkeley Dept. of ________________________________________________ headed by __________________________
1932 –FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover opens the ______________________ Laboratory
1981 –FBI opens Forensic Science Research and Training Center
Federal Crime Laboratories
FBI Laboratory (Quantico, VA)
Drug Enforcement _______________________________________________________ (DEA) Laboratories
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (_________________) Laboratories
U.S. Army Crime Investigation Laboratory (Fort Gillem, GA)
U.S. Postal Inspection Service Laboratories (why does the postal service have their own laboratories?) __________________________________________________________________________________
Crime Labs Abroad
The ______________________ Home Office
Metropolitan Police Laboratory (London)
5 other regional labs
Canada
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (________________________________________) Laboratories
Centre of Forensic Sciences (Toronto)
The Institute of ________________________________ Medicine and Police _________________________ (Montreal)
Role of Forensic Pathologists and Anthropologists
Definition: Pathologist vs. Forensic Pathologist
Pathologist
A ____________________ who examines and analyzes tissue samples to identify irregularities and __________________________
Forensic Pathologist
A specialist who determines the ________________________________________________________ of the deceased
Forensic Pathologist: History
The Middle Ages
Autopsies were performed to establish _______________________________________________________ in humans
Well documented
Studied to help doctors discover more about human anatomy
The mid-1800’s
Rudolf Virchow
German physician
Known as the _______________________________________________________________________________
Explained how ___________________ arose in the individual cells and its effects on tissues and organ systems
Forensic Pathologist: History (continued)
1955
G.S.W. de Saram
Published detailed measurements of body temperature decrease in executed prisoners
___________________________________________ starts the first “Body Farm” at the University of Tennessee
Forensic Anthropologist: Primary Role
To identify someone from skeletal, decomposed, or charred remains
Forensic Anthropologist: Primary Role (continued)
Skeletal remains can tell a forensic anthropologist a _________________________________________________________________________________________________