irinakorenevskaya.files.wordpress.com · Web viewIn a single year, as much as 36 tons of soil may pass through the alimentary tracts of all the earthworms living in an acre of soil.

METODISKIE MATERIĀLI ANGĻU VALODAS EKSĀMENA SAGATAVOŠANAI

1. Lasīšana2. Valodas Lietojums3. Rakstīšana

1. Lasīšana

Questions 1-10Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild

plants and animals for his own use. After centuries of being nomadic, of moving from place to place in pursuit of game or of fresh supplies of plant food, humans were finally

Line able to stay in one place and systematically exploit the seasonal resources of one (5) locality. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more people to live on a smaller plot of ground. As a result, societies developed

knowledge and experience about the world around them; our present-day pets, livestock, and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know today.

As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans

(10) began to organize their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history.

One aspect of early natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early herbalists sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For instance, it was widely believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembled an internal organ would cure ailments of that organ. Thus, an extract

(15) made from a heart-shaped leaf might be prescribed for a person suffering fromheart problems. All early societies included individuals who learned to use plants for medicinal purposes. Salves, potions, and brews made from leaves, roots, and the fruits of plants were devised to cure illnesses, to heal wounds, to ward off depression, and even as birth-control measures for women. Often the early

(20) herbalists of a society guarded the knowledge of medicinal uses of plants for their select group. They became very powerful members of the early societies and were sometimes credited with magical or religious powers. Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the rudiments of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.

1. What does this passage mainly discuss?

(A) One aspect of early natural history

(B) The beginning of agriculture

(C) Drugs and their uses

(D) The imagination of prehistoric man

2. According to the passage, domestication of plants

and animals probably occurred because of

(A) need for more readily available food

(B) lack of wild animals and plants

(C) early man's power as a hunter

(D) the desire of prehistoric man to be nomadic

3. The word "this" in line 5 refers to

(A) providing food for man

(B) man's domestication of plants and animals

(C) man's ability to live on a smaller plot of land

(D) the earliest condition of prehistoric man

4. The word "blossomed" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) produced flowers

(B) changed

(C) learned

(D) flourished

5. It can be inferred from the passage that an herbalist is

which of the following?

(A) A dreamer

(B) An early historian

(C) Someone who uses plants in medicine

(D) A farmer

6. The phrase "in this respect" in lines 12-13 refers to

(A) the development of human culture

(B) the development of the field of natural history

(C) the use of plants for drugs and medicine

(D) the origin of knowledge of nature

7. The word "extract" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) design

(B) substance

(C) fungus

(D) ailment

8. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

(A)The shape of a plant is indicative of its ability to cure ailments of a similarly shaped organ.

(B) Early herbalists were unimaginative.

(C) The work of early herbalists has nothing to do

with present day medicine.

(D) There is little relation between a cure for illness and

the physical shape of a plant.

9. What is the purpose of the author in this passage?

(A) To persuade

(B) To inform

(C) To entertain

(D) To ridicule

10. The word "rudiments' in meaning to

(A) beginnings

(B) history

(C) requirements

(D) protocol

Questions 11-21Simply being bilingual does not qualify someone to interpret.

Interpreting is not merely a mechanical process of converting one sentence in language A into the same sentence in language B. Rather, it's a complex art in which thoughts and

Line idioms that have no obvious analogues from tongue to tongue—or words that (5) have multiple meanings—must quickly be transformed in such a way that the

message is clearly and accurately expressed to the listener.At one international conference, an American speaker said, "You

can’t make a silk purse out of a sow's ear," which meant nothing to the Spanish audience. The interpretation was, " A monkey in a silk dress is still a monkey" — an idiom the

(10) Spanish understood and that conveyed the same idea.There are two kinds of interpreters, simultaneous and

consecutive, each requiring separate talents. The former, sitting in an isolated booth, usually at a large multilingual conference, speaks to listeners wearing headphones, interpreting what a foreign-language speaker says as he says it—actually a

(15) sentence behind. Consecutive interpreters are the ones most international negotiators use. They are mainly employed for smaller meetings

without sound booths, headphones, and other high-tech gear. Equally taxing in its own way, consecutive interpretation also requires two-person teams. A foreign speaker says his piece while the interpreter, using a special shorthand, takes notes and during a

(20) pause, tells the client what was said. Consecutive translation constitutes the basis of both types of interpretation, as it develops the requisite analytical skills. While 99 percent of the interpreter's work is done in the simultaneous mode, consecutive translation is used whenever a high degree of accuracy is required.

11. What is the purpose of this passage?

(A) To explain the scope of interpreting

(B) To differentiate between simultaneous and

consecutive interpreters

(C) To state the qualifications of an interpreter

(D) To point out the importance of an interpreter

12. In line 2 the word "converting" is closest in meaning to

(A) understanding

(B) changing

(C) reading

(D) concluding

13. The word "analogues" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) dictionaries

(B) scripts

(C) counterparts

(D) anthologies

14. The author implies that most people are of the opinion

that the skill of interpreting is

(A) simpler than it really is

(B) very complex and demanding

(C) highly valued and admired

(D) based on principles of business

15. The exarnple of the expression "You can't make a silk

purse out of a sow's ear" in lines 7-8 is used to

(A) show the differences in language A and language В

(B) stress the importance of word for word translation

(B) emphasize the need for translation of the meaning of

the utterance

(D) to point out the difference in attributes of animals

in English and Spanish

16. The phrase "The former" in line 12 refers to

(A) simultaneous interpreters

(B) the booth

(C) consecutive interpreters

(D) separate talents

17. It can be inferred from the passage that a necessary prerequisite of being a translator is

(A) being a linguist

(B) being bilingual

(C) being able to use high-tech equipment

(D) working well with people

18. According to the passage, which of the following would a consecutive interpreter be used for?

(A) A business transaction between two foreign speakers

(B) A large meeting of many nations

(C) A translation of a foreign book

(D) An interpretation of a major literary work

19. Based on the description given in the passage, what would a simultaneous interpreter be most in need of?

(A) A dictionary or phrase book

(B) Advanced technical style in writing

(C) Headphones and a booth

(D) Shorthand skills and a notepad

20. In line 17 the word "taxing" is closest in meaning to

(A) expensive

(B) rewarding

(C) worrisome

(D) demanding

21. It can be inferred from the passage that simultaneous translation

(A) would be learned after mastering the skills of

consecutive translation

(B) is more accurate than consecutive translation

(C) does not involve analytical skills

(D) is not in high demand

Questions 22-32Watching for wildlife in the forest, we rarely see past the surface

of things. Standing on the ground floor, we scan the leafy rafters, entirely overlooking the living world in the soil beneath our feet.

Line The forests basement is a secret world. As different from our own world as

(5) water is from air, the soil seems quiet, even dead. But life bustles down below: a cubic inch of topsoil may contain billions of creatures.

Predators and prey roam beneath as well as above the forest floor. Furthermore, those upstairs and downstairs forest denizens live closely linked lives. Soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter into molecules that

(10) above ground plants use for food. Those plants, as well as animals, mature and die, leaving more organic matter to fuel the folks downstairs.

Like a well-insulated house, the soil protects its tenants from extreme temperatures, and from rain and snow. It also provides a bulwark against predators that roam the surface world. But the dense, protecting soil also limits

(15) mobility. Soil creatures must be specially equipped in order to travel easily through their dark, constricting realm.

Earthworms and ants are the champion earth-movers, creating channels that allow air and water to enter the soil. While ants travel relatively far from their nests, earthworms work small areas, reprocessing vast amounts of soil into fertile

(20) "waste." In a single year, as much as 36 tons of soil may pass through the alimentary tracts of all the earthworms living in an acre of soil.

22. The main topic of this passage is

(A) life in the forest soil

(B) the life cycle of ants and worms

(C) a description of a forest scene

(D) the habits of the forest animals

23. The word "bustles" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) continues

(B) is very active

(C) threatens

(D) waits

24. It can be inferred from the passage that the forest soil is

(A) densely inhabited

(B) sparsely inhabited

(C) devoid of life

(D) unknown to man

25. The word "linked" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) related

(B) chained

(C) mechanical

(D) measured

26. According to the passage, what is the main function

of bacteria and fungi?

(A) To help aerate the soil

(B) To provide food for plant life

(C) To kill mature plants

(D) To build walls in the soil

27. The word "bulwark" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) barrier

(B) gateway

(C) radar

(D) tomb

28. According to the passage, the soil offers creatures who live underground protection from all of the following EXCEPT

(A) enemies

(B) bad weather

(C) bacteria and fungi

(D) extreme heat and cold

29. The word "constricting" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) damp

(B) heavy

(C) deep

(D) limiting

30. According to the passage, it could be expected that ants

(A) move more earth than earthworms

(B) are more mobile than earthworms

(C) live only above ground

(D) perform similar functions to fungi

31. The word "reprocessing" in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) transporting

(B) arranging

(C) converting

(D) eliminating

32. The author uses which analogy to discuss the soil of the forest?

(A) A laboratory

(B) A tunnel

(C) A vehicle

(D) A building

Questions 33-42 Over the years from the seventeenth century through the

nineteenth and beyond, as one style and fashion in building succeeded another, two very modest but highly distinctive types of dwellings flourished continuously—the log cabin

Line and the Cape Cod cottage. Completely unpretentious in design, both varieties

(5) enjoyed widespread popularity, and their derivatives are still with us today.

While visiting Cape Cod in 1800, the president of Yale, Timothy Dwight, observed that nearly all the homes of this whaling and shipbuilding center were one and one-half stories, with central chimneys, small windows, and gabled roofs. He referred to these dwellings as "Cape Cod houses," a type which originated

(10) with the Pilgrims, and which today can be found everywhere from Palo Alto to Provincetown. Simplicity was the keynote of these houses. Nearly all these early homesites were planned so the front of the house faced south. Fireplaces were

the only source of heat, and the low winter sun added warmth to the front rooms which were usually reserved for formal occasions such as weddings, funerals,

and(15) entertaining the minister. The shingled exteriors of these cottages

usually weathered to a silvery gray. In Cape communities, where pretension was abhorred, and where the homes of captain and crewman were undifferentiated, even painted clapboards were considered "showy." As one Bostonian put it, "Cape Cod residences have a peculiarity.... The houses and their surroundings

(20) seem of an unsuitable inferiority of style to those who live in them ... [men] whose sons and daughters visit and marry in the best circles .... There is ... a remarkable republican simplicity in the style of buildings; little distinction that betokens wealth; and equality that extends to everything."

33. This passage mainly discusses

(A) two types of houses

(B) the effect of the weather on house types

(C) the Cape Cod house

(D) peculiarities of the Cape Cod communities

34. The word "succeeded" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) outperformed

(B) replaced

(C) mimicked

(D) represented

35. The word "derivatives" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) photos

(B) foundations

(C) replicas

(D) furnishings

36. From the passage, which of the following can be inferred

about log cabins and Cape Cod cottages?

(A) They were the only available housing in the 17th

and 18th centuries.

(B) They can still be seen today as a popular housing form.

(C) They often appeared in high fashion magazines.

(D) They appealed to people who desired a distinctive style.

37. The word "abhorred" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) disliked

(B) practiced

(C) admired

(D) tolerated

38. The word "peculiarity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) tendency

(B) uniqueness

(C) defect

(D) tranquility

39. The passage characterizes the Cape Cod house as

(A) poorly built and inferior

(B) free from affectation

(C) strange and unsuitable

(D) large and airy

40. In line 18, the word "showy" is closest in meaning to

(A) not functional

(B) unusual

(C) pretentious

(D) inferior

41. In lines 19-23, what was the Bostonian commenting on?

(A) The craftsmanship of the era that produced the Cape Cod

(B) The lack of social class distinction

represented by the Cape Cod cottage

(C) His particular distaste for the Cape Cod style

(D) The high cost of the house for such a simple style

42. What will the following section of this text probably discuss?

(A) The Pilgrims' homes in England

(B) The opinion of the Bostonian about other styles of houses

(C) A modem architectural style house

(D) The log cabin style house

Questions 43-50Generally recognized as one of the significant musical artists of this

century, Aaron Copland succeeded so well in assimilating the materials of American folksong into his own highly personal style that, in the eyes of the world, he came

Line to be regarded as "the" American composer of his time. (5) The son of a Russian-Jewish immigrant to America, Copland was born

onNovember 14, 1900, in Brooklyn. By the time he was 15, he had decided to become a composer. In 1921 he went to France, where he became the student of Nadia Boulanger, a brilliant teacher who shaped the outlook of an entire generation of American musicians.

(10) In his growth as a composer, Copland mirrored the important trends of his time.

After his return from Paris, he worked with jazz rhythms. There followed a period during which he was strongly influenced by Stravinski's Neoclassicism, turning toward an abstract style. In 1935, however, Copland took a change of direction that began the most productive phase of his career. He realized that a new public for

(15) modem music was being created by the new media of radio, phonograph, and film scores. Copland was therefore led to what became a most significant development after the 1930s: the attempt to simplify the new music in order for it to have meaning for a large public.

The decades that followed saw the production of the scores that spread

(15) Copland's fame throughout the United States and the world. Notable among these were three ballets based on American folk material, an orchestral piece based on Mexican melodies and rhythms, and a series of film scores. Typical too of the Copland style are two major works that were written in time of war—both drawing on the life and speeches of Abraham Lincoln for their inspiration.

(25) In his later years Copland refined his treatment of Americana. "I no longer feel the need of seeking out conscious Americanism. Because we live here and work here, we can be certain that when our music is mature it will also be American in quality." As composer, teacher, and conductor, Copland has succeeded in expressing "the deepest reactions of the American consciousness to the American scene."

43. According to the passage, Copland is mostly famous for

(A) the range of types of compositions he produced

(B) the treatment of American topics in his music

(C) his study with the famous French teacher, Nadia Boulanger

(D) his ability as a conductor

44. The word "assimilating" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) combining

(B) referring

(C) avoiding

(D) assigning

45. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as types of compositions Copland produced EXCEPT

(A) concertos

(B) film scores

(C) ballets

(D) operas

46. Which of the following did the author cite as having a major influence on the most productive phase of Copland's career?

(A) His work with the French teacher, Nadia Boulanger

(B) The realization of a new public created by new media (C) Stravinski's Neoclassicism

(D) The war

47. The word "mirrored" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) represented

(B) denied

(C) understood

(D) investigated

48. According to the passage, in the decade after 1935 Copland's compositions became

(A) more abstract

(B) more complex

(C) more refined

(D) more simplified

49. In line 20 the word "these" refers to

(A) three ballets

(B) the scores

(C) the decades

(D) the United States

50. With which of the following generalizations can it be inferred that Copland would agree?

(A) American composers must consciously work

with American topics.

(B) Only mature composers can produce American music.

(C) American composers will surely produce

music reflective of America.

(D) American folk material has little place in American music.

2. Valodas Lietojums

(A) Departing from the airport, Jerry is eager to tour Green Island, whose diversions make it an ideal getaway. 1 in the middle of the Japanese Current, Green Island boasts a 2 corals and sea life. The first thing that Jerry wants to do is take a submarine ride to appreciate the diversity of tropical fish and the remarkable corals 3 a rainbow of bright color by sunlight.

Though Jerry can’t help admiring the 4 world during the ride, he still longs to scuba dive at one of the three diving sites, among them the Dabaisha diving site being the most challenging. With the help of an experienced instructor, Jerry dives at the Shilang site, marveling at the gigantic brain corals and sometimes 5 huge schools of tropical fish. Burned out after one hour of diving, Jerry is ready to enjoy the famous dish—“goat meat pot,” a nutritious meal, 6 strength and vigor.

After the meal, Jerry takes a bicycle ride around. Soon he comes to a meadow and farther 7 to a high cliff on the edge of the ocean. Jerry knows this is where Niutou Hill is. 8 the water crashing softly onto the base of the cliff, Niutou Hill seems to be a perfect place for meditation.

When night comes, it is time 9 in the saltwater hot springs. The soft music from the distant calm sea offers more relaxing effect. 10 Jerry leaves the pool and starts to go back to the hostel 11 he is supposed to stay.

To Jerry, this terrific trip will be one of the most precious memories in his life.

1. (A) Lying (B) Situating (C) Locating (D) Setting 2. (A) series of (B) great deal of (C) wide variety of (D) spark of 3. (A) surrounded by (B) transformed into (C) filled with (D) bustled with4. (A) sparkling (B) elegant (C)dull (D) marine5. (A) feasting on (B) making way for (C) merging into (D) providing him with6. (A) added to (B) named after its (C) rich in (D) said to provide 7. (A) along (B) down (C) on (D) with 8. (A) While (B) Whenever (C) As (D) With 9. (A) that Jerry may take a bath (B) Jerry taking a bath

(C) that Jerry took a soak (D) for Jerry soaking 10. (A) Not until midnight (B) It is midnight that

(C) It is not until midnight that (D) As long as midnight comes

11. (A) in that (B) to which (C) which (D) where

(B) Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the US, earned himself a place in American history because of his remarkable leadership. During his presidency, he led his country through two major crises—the Great 12 and World War II.

What qualities did Roosevelt possess that made him a great leader? Courage, first of all, played a vital role. Roosevelt was born into an aristocratic family and remained a healthy man until he was struck with polio at age 39. 13 being defeated by his handicap, he resolved to

continue his career in politics. This strength of character he had made him 14 as a leader. Besides, he was a man who 15 optimism and confidence in the face of difficulties. With this trait he inspired hope and helped the 16 Americans survive the crisis in the 1930s. Roosevelt was also a man 17 eloquence. His mastery of communication was shown in his famous “fireside chats” in which he spoke to ordinary people using clear, simple language. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he 18 to unite the nation with his persuasive powers; under his leadership a national scandal was turned into a national rallying cry to revenge the 19 inflicted at Pearl Harbor. Timing, above all else, was a key factor that made Roosevelt a hero. He happened to be living in a troubled era 20 people were in urgent need of a leader, someone who could lead them where they wanted to go. Roosevelt understood the situation, moved with the tide and helped his people carry out their ideals. All in all, he had exactly 21 .

12. (A) Oppression (B) Impression (C) Depression (D) Compression

13. (A) Regardless of (B) Instead of (C) Despite (D) In addition to

14. (A) stand out (B) make up (C) cut through (D) differ from

15. (A) represented (B) simplified (C) yearned (D) projected

16. (A) recession-wearied (B) recession-weary (C) wearied-recession (D) weary-recession

17. (A) for (B) without (C) of (D) in

18. (A) rejected (B) succeeded (C) persuaded (D) managed

19. (A) victory (B) dignity (C) humiliation (D) evacuation

20. (A) where (B) at that (C) when (D) why

21. (A) what does a leader need (B) what should a leader be like

(C) what to have to be a leader (D) what it takes to be a leader

(C) I will never forget that day when I made a speech in front of the student body 22 the very first time. Stepping to the microphone, seeing all the heads bobbing in the sea before me, I got butterflies in my stomach. With considerable anxiety, I began my speech. After a few sentences tumbled out smoothly, 23 , my breathing eased and muscles relaxed. 24 , I thought, the numerous practices and rehearsals worked. 25 I expect that a big disaster was in for me.

Halfway through my speech, suddenly and unfortunately, the microphone died and the audience started to stir! Blood 26 from my face. How could God do this to me! It was my debut speech and I had been working so hard! 27 with despair, I almost submitted to the impulse of escaping from the stage and giving everything up. But then an inner voice echoed in my mind. Hang on. You don’t want to be a loser, do you?

So, taking a deep breath and stilling my trembling 28 , I continued, projecting my voice as far away as I could. Before me sat a hushed audience fascinated, 29 amazed at my stubbornness. It was in this atmosphere that I concluded my speech. To my surprise, a thunderous response broke out with the students 30 to their feet, cheering and applauding wildly. I took a bow humbly, my heart virtually 31 with pride. I had made it! I couldn’t help

yelling inside. I had conquered the stage fright 32 an unexpected misfortune! What a wondrous feeling!

22. (A) at (B) on (C) for(D) with

23. (A) though (B) therefore (C) otherwise (D) furthermore

24. (A) Frantically (B) Obviously (C) Ironically (D) Consequently

25. (A) Much as (B) Little did (C) Neither did (D) Now that

26. (A) drained (B) surged (C) amplified (D) boomed

27. (A) Paralyzing (B) To paralyze (C) Paralyze (D) Paralyzed

28. (A) limbs (B) instrument (C) intent (D) plots

29. (A) in case (B) as if (C) if only (D) even though

30. (A) raising (B) arising (C) rising (D) arousing

31. (A) glowed (B) beat (C) hammering (D) bursting

32. (A) with the exception of (B) in simple terms(C) along with (D) above all

2. Rakstīšana

1 Friendly or Personal Letters 2 Personal letters, also known as friendly letters, and social notes normally have five

parts. 3 1. The Heading. This includes the address, line by line, with the last line being the

date. Skip a line after the heading. The heading is indented to the middle of the page. If using preaddressed stationery, add just the date.

4 2. The Greeting. The greeting always ends with a comma. The greeting may be formal, beginning with the word "dear" and using the person's given name or relationship, or it may be informal if appropriate.

5 Formal: Dear Uncle Jim, Dear Mr. Wilkins, 6 Informal: Hi Joe, Greetings,7 (Occasionally very personal greetings may end with an exclamation point for

emphasis.) 8 3. The body. Also known as the main text. This includes the message you want to

write. Normally in a friendly letter, the beginning of paragraphs is indented. If not indented, be sure to skip a space between paragraphs. Skip a line after the greeting and before the close.

9 4. The complimentary close. This short expression is always a few words on a single line. It ends in a comma. It should be indented to the same column as the heading. Skip one to three spaces (two is usual) for the signature line.

10 5. The signature line. Type or print your name. The handwritten signature goes above this line and below the close. The signature line and the handwritten signature are indented to the same column as the close. The signature should be written in blue or black ink. If the letter is quite informal, you may omit the signature line as long as you sign the letter.

11 Postscript. If your letter contains a postscript, begin it with P.S. and end it with your initials. Skip a line after the signature line to begin the postscript.

Formal letters

Letters like paragraphs have three main sections: the introduction, the body,and the conclusion.The introduction consists of theheading (the sender’s return address)date (the month, day, year on which the letter was prepared)inside address (the name and address of the receiver)salutation (a greeting like Dear Ms.)The body of the letter contains the message the writer needs to send.

The conclusion consists of a complimentary closing (like Yours truly or Sincerely)

signature (sender’s name written in pen)

123 Centre StreetYorkton, NS B4T 1Y9February 21, 2005

John ClancyPersonnel ManagerGreenbay Publishers Inc.99 Hollingshead RoadFredericton, NBE3B 2C3

Dear Mr. Clancy

We are pleased to ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________your account..

In addition,_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________the work.

It would be our pleasure_______________________________________________________________________contact us.

Yours trulyShirley PatersonShirley PatersonDirector of Research

Argumentative essay

Any argumentative essay needs to be written according to the following form:

1. It must begin with a clear statement and reveal the significance of the presented opinion in terms of the analyzed phenomenon.

2. In order to make the argumentative essay professional a wide range of information concerning the phenomenon should be reviewed.

3. As the reader is to “agree” with the data listed in the essay must be as reliable as possible.

Structure of the argumentative essayA good argumentative essay has several paragraphs that should be concentrated on different aspects of the essay

1. Introduction (The reader is introduced to the analyzed phenomenon and the opinion is revealed through a strong thesis statement).

2. Previous attempts to solve the argument ( Are provided from literature).

3. The consequences of the problem (its negative or positive impact).

4. Repercussion of the argument in case it is not finally solved(supported with sources).

5. Connecting the argument with the provided facts.

6. Summary (a conclusion including main ideas and the thesis restatement).

Useful phrases for essay writing.

A. Introductory remarks.

It is generally agreed today that...In approaching this issue, one should...Nowadays, it is scarcely possible to...B. Developing the argument

The first aspect to point out is that...Let us start by considering the facts.C. The other side of the argument

It would also be interesting to see...One should, nevertheless, consider the problem from another angle.D. Balancing views

One should always remember that...We could perhaps go further and ask ourselves whether...E. Conclusion

The arguments we have presented... suggest that.../ prove that.../ would indicate that...All of this pleads to the conclusion that...F. Accepting other points of view

Nevertheless, one should accept that...However, we also agree that...I. Personal opinion

I personally believe that...My own point of view is that...J. Others' opinions

Experts...... believe that... say that... suggest that... are convinced that... point out that

... emphasise thatAccording to some experts...K Saying what you think is true

This leads us to believe that...It is very possible that...In view of these facts, it is quite likely that...O. Doubt

All the same, it is possible that...It is difficult to believe that...P. Accepting other points to certain degree

The decision was a good one. Nonetheless,...One can agree up to a certain point with...Certainly,... However,...It cannot be denied that...Q. Emphasising particular points

The last example highlights that fact that...Not only... but also...We would even go so far as to say that...R. Moderating, agreeing, disagreeing

By and large...Perhaps we should also point out the fact that...One must admit that...We cannot ignore the fact that...S. Consequences

From these facts, one may conclude that...That is why, in my opinion, ...Thus,.../ Therefore,...T. Comparison

Some experts suggest..., whereas others...Compared to...

On the one hand there is the firm belief that... On the other hand, many people are convinced that...Section 2: Phrases For Balanced Arguments

INTRODUCTION

It is often said that...It is a well-known fact that...We live in a world in which...One of the most striking features of this problem is...First of all, let us try to understand...The public in general tend to believe that...THESIS

The first thing that needs to be said is...One argument in support of...We must distinguish carefully between...The second reason for...An important aspect of the problem is...It is worth stating at this point that...ANTITHESIS

On the other hand, we can observe that...The other side of the coin is, however, that...Another way of looking at this question is to...On reflection, it seems more accurate to say that...If one weighs the pros and the cons of the case, one soon realises that...In the final analysis...CONCLUSION

What conclusions can be drawn from all this?The most satisfactory conclusion that we can come to is...To sum up... I am convinced that.../ ...I believe that.../ ...I have to accept that...

2 You stayed at your friends? house when you participated in a business seminar in Australia. You left a file with important documents in your room.Task: Write a letter to your friend, describing the file and ask him/her to return it to you by post.3 Should the cigarettes smoking be banned.4 The mass media, including TV, radio, newspapers have a great influence on people and especially on the younger generation. It plays an important role in shaping the opinions and positions of the younger generation. Argue for or against this statement.