What were the communication changes of the 19 Increased availability of telephones Development of the radio and broadcast Development of the movies t ways did electrification change American life? Labor-saving devices (e.g. washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps) Electric lighting Entertainment (e.g., radio) Improved communications U.S. History - Semester 2 Review (ANSWERS) Name:___________________________ Date: _________________________ Block: ________ 1 RESULTS OF IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY AUTOMOBILES: Greater mobility Creation of jobs Growth of transportation-related industries (road- construction, oil, steel, automobile) Movement to suburban areas Who invented the airplane? Who used the assembly line and in what industry? What did this Captain of Industry – Henry Ford Industry – Automobile Led to the rise of mechanization Wright Brothers (Orville and Wilber)
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What were the communication changes of the 1920s?
Increased availability of telephonesDevelopment of the radio and broadcast industryDevelopment of the movies
In what ways did electrification change American life?
Labor-saving devices (e.g. washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps)Electric lightingEntertainment (e.g., radio)Improved communications
RESULTS OF IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY AUTOMOBILES:
Greater mobility Creation of jobs Growth of transportation-related industries (road-construction,
oil, steel, automobile) Movement to suburban areas
Who invented the airplane?
Who used the assembly line and in
what industry?
What did this lead to the rise of?
Captain of Industry – Henry Ford
Industry – Automobile
Led to the rise of mechanization
Wright Brothers (Orville and Wilber)
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Georgia O’Keeffe Artist known for
urban scenes and later, paintings of the southwest
F. Scott Fitzgerald Novelist who wrote
about the Jazz Age of the 1920s
John Steinbeck Novelist who
portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers
CULTURAL FIGURES IN THE 1920s & 1930s
Aaron Copland and George Gershwin
Composers who wrote uniquely American music
Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South African Americans moved to cities in the North and Midwest in search of better employment
opportunities African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North and Midwest
Great Migration
What was Prohibition?
Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional amendment that made it illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages.
What were the results of Prohibition?Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages
Bootleggers made and smuggled alcohol illegally and promoted organized crimeRepealed by 21st Amendment
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What was the Harlem Renaissance?It was when African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem
revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture. The popularity of these artists spread beyond Harlem to the rest of society.
Influential artists, writers and musicians in the Harlem Renaissance:
Jacob Lawrence was a painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great
Migration through art.
Louis Armstrong, who loved this wonderful world, was a jazz musician with great skill at playing the
trumpet.
Bessie Smith was a famous female blues singer in the
Harlem Renaissance.
Langston Hughes was a poet who combined the experiences of the Great
Migration through art.
Duke Ellington was a jazz musician known for his
talent on the piano.
People over-speculated on stocks, using borrowed money that they could not repay when the stock prices crashed
The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system
High tariffs discouraged international trade
A large number of banks and other businesses failedOne-fourth (1/4) of workers were without jobs
Large numbers of people were hungry and homelessFarmer’s incomes fell to low levels
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Impact of the Great Depression on Americans
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Major features of the New Deal: Social Security Federal work programs Environmental improvement programs Farm assistance programs Increased rights for labor
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Causes of WWII
Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting
from WWI:
Worldwide depression High war debt owed by Germany High inflation Massive unemployment
Rise of Fascism:
Political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied
o Nationalism and often racism are emphasized
Fascist dictators led the countries that became known as the Axis Powers
Allies
United States (Democratic) Great Britain (Democratic) Canada (Democratic) Soviet Union (once invaded
by Germany)
Axis Powers
Germany (Fascist) Italy (Fascist) Japan (Fascist)
Who were some of the leaders for the countries in WWII?
United States: Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Harry S. Truman Great Britain: Winston Churchill Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin Germany: Adolf Hitler Italy: Benito Mussolini Japan: Hideki Tojo
Isolationism (Great Depression, legacy of
World War I)
Economic aid to the Allies
Direct involvement in the war
How did the United States gradually change in American policy from neutrality to direct involvement?
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War in the Pacific:
Rising tension developed between the United States and Japan because of Japanese aggression in East Asia
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor without warning
The United States declared war on Japan Germany then declared war on the United States
War on the Home Front American involvement in WWII
brought an end to the Great Depression
Factories and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war
Thousands of American women took jobs in defense plants during the war (represented by “Rosie the Riveter”)
Americans at home supported the war by conserving and rationing resources
The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers (e.g. hiring in defense plants), although discrimination against African Americans continued
While many Japanese Americans served in the armed forces, others were treated with distrust and prejudice, and many were forced into internment camps
What was the Holocaust? Based on the ideas of anti-Semitism and Aryan
supremacy over Jewish people It was a systematic attempt to rid Europe of all Jews
by using the tactics of:o Boycott of Jewish storeso Threatso Segregationo Imprisonment and killing of Jews and others in
concentration camps and death camps It ended with liberation by Allied forces of Jews and
others who survived in concentration camps
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What did the world look like at the end of WWII?
Much of Europe was in ruins following World War II. Soviet forces occupied most of Eastern and Central Europe and the eastern portion of Germany. The United States felt it was in its best interest to help rebuild Europe and prevent political and economic instability.
o Germany invaded Poland, setting off war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations.
o Germany invaded France and captured Paris.o Germany bombed London and the Battle of Britain
began.o The United States gave Britain war supplies and
old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean (Lend Lease).
o Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.o After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Germany
declared war on the United States.o The United States declared war on Japan and
Germany.o The United States was victorious over Japan in the
Battle of Midway. This victory was the turning point of war in the Pacific.
o Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, marking the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe.
major events and turning points of wwii
What was formed near the end of WWII to create a body for the
nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars?
United Nations
Rebuilding Efforts After WWII
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Which plan did the United States
institute in order to rebuild Europe
(it provided massive financial
aid to rebuild European
economies and
The Marshall Plan named after George C. Marshall
How was Germany partitioned after WWII and how was each section governed?
West Germany Democratic government Resumed self-government
after a few years of American, British, and French occupation.
East Germany Remained under the
domination of the Soviet Union and did not adopt democratic institutions
How was Japan rebuilt after
WWII? Occupied by American forces Adopted a democratic form of
government, resumed self-government, and became a strong ally of the United States.
What policies and programs expanded educational and employment opportunities after WWII?
G.I. Bill of Rights gave educational, housing, and employment benefits to veteransTruman desegregated the armed forcesCivil Rights legislation led to increased educational, economic, and political opportunities for women and minorities
Reasons for the rapid growth of the American economy after WWII:
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What factors led to changing patterns in United States society?
Strong economy (healthy job market, increased productivity, increased demand for American products)
Greater investment in education The “Baby Boom,” which led to changing demographics Interstate highway system Evolving role of women (expected to play a supporting role in the family
while increasingly working outside the home) Role of Eleanor Roosevelt in expanding human rights African Americans’ aspirations for equal opportunities
With rationing of consumer goods over, businesses converted from war materials to
consumer goods.
Americans purchased goods on credit.
The work force shifted back to men, and most women returned full
time to family responsibilities.
Labor unions merged and became more powerful; workers
gained new benefits and higher salaries.
As economic prosperity continued and
technology boomed, the next generation of
women entered the labor force in large
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What was the “Cold War?”
It was the state of tension without actual fighting between the United States and the Soviet Union, which divided the world into two camps.
What were the origins of
the Cold War?
Differences in goals and ideologies between the United States and the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union’s domination over Eastern
European countries
The two camps were: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization) vs. Warsaw Pact
American policy of “containment” (to stop the
spread of communism)
What types of government and economy did the United States and the Soviet Union have?
United States
Democratic Capitalist
Soviet Union
Dictatorship Communist
Major Conflicts in the Post-WWII ERA
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KOREAN WAR (Ended in 1953) VIETNAM WAR (Ended in 1975)
Due to the fear of the spread of communism, also known as the Domino Theory, the United States intervened in South Vietnam.
Americans were divided over whether the United States should be involved militarily in Vietnam.
The conflict ended in a cease-fire agreement in which U.S. troops withdrew.
South Korea and the United States resisted Chinese and North Korean aggression.
This conflict ended in a stalemate.
What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
It occurred in 1962 when the Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba. The Soviets removed the missiles in response to a U.S. blockade of Cuba.
What happened to the Soviet Union when communism collapsed in
What event often symbolizes the collapse of communism in
It was broken up into independent countries
What new challenges arose from the Cold War?
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Role of United States military intervention
Environmental challenges Global issues including trade, jobs, diseases and energy
Impact of globalization on American life:
Improvement of all communications (e.g.
travel, telecommunications, internet)
What is “globalization”?
the linking of nations through trade, information, technologies, and communication
involves increased integration of different
Outsourcing of jobs
Availability of a wide variety of foreign-made goods and
services
The destruction of the Berlin Wall
What international issues does the United States face in terms of foreign policy?
Increase in terrorist activities Conflicts in the Middle East Changing relationships with nations
What is the United States experiencing in terms of immigration?
Changing immigration patterns (e.g. Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans)
More people want to immigrate to the United States than are allowed by law
What issues exist in terms of the global environment?
Policies to protect the environment Global climate change Conservation of water and other natural
resources
What other issues exist in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries?
Energy issues (dependence on foreign oil) World health issues (global pandemics)
How have new technologies of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries affected American life?
Increased domestic and international travel for business and pleasure Greater access to news and other information Cheaper and more convenient means of communication Greater access to heating and air-conditioning improved the quality of life
and encouraged population growth in certain areas of the country Decreased regional variation resulting from nationwide access to the same
information provided by national television and radio programming, internet services, and computer games
…LEADING TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
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It opposed the Supreme Court Case, Plessy v. Ferguson, which maintained that “separate but equal” was legal
A major achievement was Brown v. Board of Education¸which desegregated public schools
Martin Luther King, Jr. led the movement with passive resistance against segregated facilities and gave the famous “I have a dream…” speech
Rosa Parks’ efforts led to the Montgomery bus boycott
Methods of the movement included organized protests, the Freedom Riders, sit-ins and marches
It led to the expansion of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Two important laws gained were the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
What were the effects of
segregation?
Separate educational facilities and resources for white and African American students
Separate public facilities (e.g. restrooms, drinking fountains, restaurants)
Social isolation of races
Workplace disadvantageso Discrimination against women in
hiring practiceso Lower wages for women than
men for doing the same job Improved conditions
o Gained through help of the National Organization for Women (NOW)
o Federal legislation to force colleges to give women equal athletic opportunities
Equal Rights Amendmento Failed to be ratified, but created a
focus on equal opportunity
Influential Citizens of 20 th and 21 st
Centuries
ScienceCharles Drew - Medicine (plasma)J. Robert Oppenheimer – Physics
CultureFrank Lloyd Wright - ArchitectureMartha Graham - Dance
AcademicsHenry Louis Gates - HistoryMaya Angelou - Literature