· Web viewAmino acids are held together by a _____ bond – covalent bond resulting when water is removed (links 2 amino acids) _____ Chain of amino acids …

I. Proteins

Monomer Polymers

Consists of N, C, H, & O

A. Functions:

** Enzymes speed up & regulate all chemical reactions

tendons, ligaments, muscles

antibodies of immune system

Hormones chemical messages

hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood

ex organ transplants

B. Amino Acids

Building blocks of protein

(monomers)

_______ different amino acids

Essential amino acids – must be

obtained through _______________

because our bodies do not

produce them

Each Amino Acid consists of:

1. ________________ group – SAME FOR EVERY AMINO ACID

2. ___________________ group – SAME FOR EVERY AMINO ACID

3. _______ group – unique for each amino acid

Amino acids are held together by a ____________________ bond – covalent bond

resulting when water is removed (links 2 amino acids)

C. ____________________________

Chain of amino acids POLYMER

Unique sequence of AA

Most polypeptides are 100 AA long; some 1000’s or more

D. Protein Shape

Proteins = Multiple polypeptide chains twisted, folded, or coiled into a _______

shape

**** Protein function depends on the specific _____________ of a protein

Each protein has certain hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Folds in such a way to keep the hydrophobic (nonpolar) parts safe

inside of the hydrophilic (polar) parts (remember- we are made

primarily of water)

Proteins lose the ability to function if their shape changes

____________________________ – polypeptide chain unravel losing specific shape of protein and function

Caused by: Excessive ___________ Changes in pH

Ex: Frying egg clear proteins become solid and white High fevers dangerous b/c can denature important enzymes

E. 4 Levels of Protein Folding

1. Primary

Unique sequence of _________________ _____________

If this sequence is changed, the entire shape and structure of the protein

is changed as well

2. Secondary

Polypeptide coils and ___________

Ex: Alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet

3. Tertiary

_________ shape of polypeptide (ONE polypeptide) multiple alpha helices

or pleated sheets

4. Quaternary

Association of subunits including ______ or more polypeptides put together

F. Enzymes – Type of protein

a. Protein that functions as a biological

____________________ (speeds up chemical

reactions) increasing the rate of reaction

without the catalyst changing or getting

depleted

b. Activation energy – amount of energy

needed to start a chemical reaction

Ex: Hill, wall, barrier

1. Want lowest activation energy –easier for

reaction

2. ** Enzymes _______________ activation

energy

3. Without enzymes, metabolic reactions

would occur too slowly to sustain life.

c.

Chemical

Reactions

o Chemi

cal

Reaction- process that changes one set of chemicals into another

_________________ - elements/compounds that reactions start with

_________________ - elements/compounds that are produced by a

chemical reaction

d. Enzymes are SPECIFIC

Lock & Key Theory- Enzyme fits only to its specific substrate

_______________________ – specific reactant enzyme acts on

__________________ site – region of an enzyme where substrate fits

e. Induced Fit Model

When substrate binds to enzyme, active site ________________ slightly to

embrace substrate; like hand clasp

G. Cell Environment Affects Enzymes Enzyme’s structure and shape are

essential to function Functions the best at specific optimal

conditions Rate of reaction will be the highest

at these conditions Affect Enzyme :

1. Salt concentration 2. pH 3. Temperature4. Amount of enzyme

1. At what pH does pepsin work optimally?

2. If pepsin were to be moved to a pH of 11, what would happen to the enzyme/rate of reaction?

II. Nucleic Acids

II. Nucleic Acids

Found in all living things N.

Acids are

polymers that serve as the blueprint for ________________________ Examples:

o DNA – genetic code; instructions to make protein Double-helix

o RNA – used in process to make proteins

Nucleotide (monomer)

o Consists of:

Phosphate

a. What is the optimal temperature for the enzyme catalase?

b. What happens as the temperature increases?

Draw & Label a Nucleotide Here

**Need to Know About Enzymes:1. Never “used up” or depleted used for multiple reactions

2. Speed up chemical reactions by …

3. Lowering the activation energy

4. Fits specifically to its substrate (Lock & Key)

5. Function optimally (the best) at specific temperatures, pH and concentration

Monomer Polymers

5- Carbon ___________________

Nitrogenous ____________

Enzyme POGIL

AIM: How does an enzyme influence chemical reactions?What roles do enzymes play in living things?

INTRODUCTORY SITUATION QUESTIONS:

1. If you’re going hiking this weekend and you have the option of hiking a mountain that is 1400 meters in height and a mountain that is 650 meters in height, BUT you know that you have limited time because of other plans – which mountain would you choose to hike, A or B?

2. If you’re hiking at the same pace, which of these mountains would require MORE energy to hike up (A or B)?

INFORMATION SECTION 1: ACTIVATION ENERGY

A. 650 m

B. 1400 m

Figure 1

Figure 2

The picture above shows someone trying to push a boulder up a hill. In order for the boulder to reach its final destination at point B, it must be pushed to the top of the hill because once it reaches the top of the hill it will roll down the rest of the way. A similar scenario exists in chemistry, before a chemical reaction will take place, energy must be put into the system. The energy needed for a chemical reaction to move from point A to the top of the hill is known as activation energy , also written as Ea.

3. Comparing Figure 3 above to the Figure 1 (comparing the heights of 2 mountains), how does using an enzyme in a chemical reaction impact the reaction?a. Does it speed up or slow down the reaction?b. How does the enzyme impact activation energy?c. Based on your answers to questions a and b, what do you think the term “catalyzed”

means?d. Do you know of any other examples of things that “catalyze” chemical reactions?

INFORMATION SECTION 2: LOCK AND KEY THEORY

Figure 3

4. What do you know about keys? a. What are the characteristics that distinguish one key from another? b. Where are some places that you use keys? c. Can a key from one place open the lock of a different key?d. If you had to choose from the word “specific” or “general” to describe a key, which

would you choose?

5. Looking at Figure 5 above, how is the enzyme similar to a lock and a key?

6. What terms are used in the picture of the enzyme that could be used in the following analogy. Lock is to key as ….what is to what in the picture above?

Figure 4

Figure 5

7. If the substrate in the first image in the left of the series is a disaccharide such as sucrose, that is the enzyme doing to the disaccharide?

8. The picture above is showing what is known in biochemistry as the “lock and key theory.” Explain why you think this theory is used to describe enzymes.

INFORMATION SECTION 3: SHAPE CHANGES

9. What term is used to describe when the shape of the enzyme has been altered?

Figure 6

PROTEINS

Color Blue Parts that are the same for each amino acid

2.

Looks Like:

3.

Looks Like:

Color Red Parts that are the same for each monomer1.

Looks Like:

3 Parts:

Polymer:

Monomer:

Elements Made Of:

Functions:

Elements Made of: Functions: Monomer: Polymer: Examples:

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Organic Molecules Comparison Chart

Elements Made of:

Functions: Monomer: Polymer: Types/Examples:

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecule Structure Identification

Identify the following molecules as Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein. Or Nucleic Acid. EXPLAIN WHY.

*** (HINT- Look at ratio of C, H & O)

1. _____________________ 2. _______________________

3. _____________________ 4. _____________________

5. _____________________ 6. _____________________

7. _____________________ 8. _____________________