Vietnamese German University WATER RESOURCES IN VIETNAM Ho Chi Minh City, October 04, 2011
Jun 10, 2015
Vietnamese German University
WATER RESOURCES IN VIETNAMHo Chi Minh City, October 04, 2011
Page 2 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
OUTLINE
1. Vietnam Overview2. Natural Water Resources
Surface Water Ground Water Water Availability & Quality
3. Water Resources Usage 4. Natural Water Resources – Major Issues5. References
Page 3 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
VIETNAM OVERVIEW Area : 331,690 km2
Population (2011) : 87,375,000 – the 13th most populous country
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
Land boundaries: 4,639 km Laos 2,130 km China 1,281 km Cambodia 1,228 km
Climate: tropical monsoon Rainfall:
- Annual average rainfall 2,050 mm
(highest 2,640mm and lowest 1,600mm)
- 90% in summer
Page 4 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
SURFACE WATER – OVERVIEW
River run-off per Region (bill.m³/year)
Source: National Water Sector profile, 2002
The total average annual surface water discharge is about 830 bill.m3 per year;
More than 60% of Vietnam’s surface water generated outside the country;
Only 309 bill.m³ per year generated within Vietnam;
Source:www.ask.com/wiki/Regions_of_Vietnam
Page 5 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
SURFACE WATER – OVERVIEW Uneven distribution, not only spatially, but over the year Low water availability per capita in Southeast Asia:
4,170m³/person (4,900 m³/person in Southeast Asia and 3,300m³/person in Asia);
Irrigation
Aquaculture
Industry
Urban
Surface water usage by sector
5% 3%
11%
81%
Page 6 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
SURFACE WATER - RIVER Dense river network with 2,360 rivers
more than 10 km length; Red River: The largest river in
Vietnam Mekong River: The longest river
in Southeast Asia
Red River Basin
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Mekong River
Source: www.chinapage.com/river/river.html
Page 7 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
SURFACE WATER - RIVER
NO. River Total volume (km³) Percentage (%)
1 Me Kong 500 59
2 Red 126,5 14,9
3 Dong Nai 36,3 4,3
4 Ma, Ca and Thu Bon 20 (for each river) 2,3 – 2,6
5 Ky Cung, Thai Binh and Ba
9 (for each river) 1
6 Others 94,5 11,1
Water resources from river (per year)
(Source: Department of Water Resources Management)
13 major river systems with the area over 10,000km² 2% of the total river flow in the world Providing an abundant supply of water – 255 bill.m³ annually; low utilization of
only 53bill.m³ per year;
NO. River Total volume (km³) Percentage (%)
1 Me Kong 500 59
2 Red 126,5 14,9
3 Dong Nai 36,3 4,3
4 Ma, Ca and Thu Bon 20 (for each river) 2,3 – 2,6
5 Ky Cung, Thai Binh and Ba
9 (for each river) 1
6 Others 94,5 11,1
Page 8 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
SURFACE WATER – LAKE, LAGOON Having 460 lakes with large
and small size; Having several major natural
lakes;
Ba Be lake- Ba Be National Park (Bac Kan Province) The largest natural lake Surface area : 4.5km² Water volume : 90 million
m³
Cau Hai Lagoon:• Area: 52 km²;• Length: 24km;Source: Internet
Page 9 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
SURFACE WATER – RESERVOIRS
Having about 3,600 reservoirs and dams with various sizes; The total reservoir active storage volume is about 37,000 million
m3 (about 4.5% of the total average annual surface water discharge)
Most are more than 20-30 years old; Purposes:
Hydropower Flood control Agriculture irrigation Water supply River flowa management
Hoa Binh Reservoir
Page 10 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
SURFACE WATER – RAIN WATER Annual average rainfall 2,050 mm - 90% in summer (from July to
September) which is the abundant supply source of fresh water added to rivers
and groundwater. Some areas with less water accessibility, rainwater is the main
water supply: Arid area, Saline water, Polluted groundwater (Arsenic pollution)
Storing rainwater in Vietnamese rural areas
Page 11 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
GROUND WATER
Exploitable Ground Water (bill.m³/year)
Source: National Water Sector profile, 2002
The total potential exploitable reserves of the country's aquifers estimated at nearly 60 bill. m³ per year
Page 12 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
GROUNDWATER (cont.) Having abundance of groundwater reserves; Less than 5% of the total reserves are exploited, for the country
as a whole; The abstraction of groundwater also varies in different regions; Providing 35 – 50% of total water supply for urban; The groundwater is generally of good quality, suitable for
drinking with little or no treatment;
Although less than 5% of the total ground water reserves are extracted, in some areas is causing problems of falling water tables, land subsidence and salinity intrusion.
Source: ADB Water Sector Report
Page 13 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
GROUNDWATER (cont.) RURAL AREA:
Well in rural areas
Handle Pumping well The commune well
Multi purposes: Washing Drinking Cooking
Page 14 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
GROUNDWATER (cont.)
The number of small wells of Vietam
Source: ADB Water Sector Report
No. ProvincesSmall diameter size
Small well Volume (m3 /per day)
1Northern mountainous regions
8,080 45,331
2 Red River Delta 551,157 1,634,399
3 North Central Coast 21,125 61,100
4 Central Highlands 2,592 9,003
5 Central Coast 60,835 245,609
6 Northeast of Mekong 136,363 1,308,941
7 Mekong River Delta 62,798 302,164
TOTAL 842,950 3,606,547
Page 15 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY
Region Surface Water
Ground
Water Issues
Northwest Region
+++++ +++ Flashfloods, floods, seasonal drought Reservoir siltation and construction
Northeast Region
++++ +++ Flashfloods, floods, seasonal drought
Red River Delta +++++ +++++ Floods, Cross-sectoral water allocation and use Intensive agriculture, groundwater over-exploitation
North Central Coast
+++ +++ Flashfloods, floods, Seasonal Droughts Low river flow during prolonged dry season in South of region
South Central Coast
++ +++ Flashfloods, floods, Severe Seasonal Droughts Low river flow during prolonged dry season entire region
Central Highlands
++++ ++++ Flashfloods, Seasonal droughts Groundwater over-exploitation for irrigation, Reservoir construction
Northeast of Mekong
++++ +++++ Floods, Seasonal drought. Sector wise water allocation and use, Groundwater over-exploitation (HCMC)
Mekong River Delta
+++++ +++++ Flood, cross-sectoral water allocation and use Intensive agriculture/aquaculture, groundwater over-exploitation
Source: http://www.wepa-db.net/
(A high score (+++++) means water is abundant or good quality, a low score (+) they are scarce or the water quality is unacceptable and out of range of standards.)
Page 16 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
WATER QUALITY – OVERVIEW SURFACE WATER:
The upstream water quality remains good;
The downstream pollution mainly from urban areas and industries;
Most lakes and canals in urban areas are fast becoming sewage sinks;
Evidence of pollution from: Mainly from industrial
waste water Untreated municipality
water; Garbage dumping;
Exploitation of mineral along river
Source: Vietnam State of Environment 2010
Discharged directly into river basin
Source: Vietnam State of Environment 2010
Page 17 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
WATER QUALITY – OVERVIEW GROUND WATER:
The quality of ground water remains good;
There are some pockets of contamination;
Having some salinity intrusion; Evidence of pollution from:
Poorly maintained septic tanks;
Garbage dumping; Industrial effluent; Over-exploitation;
To unclog the flow
Source: Vietnam State of Environment 2010
Garbage dumping
Page 18 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
WATER QUALITY – BY REGIONS
Region
Rivers
Ground Waters
Coastal
Waters
IssuesUp-stream
Down-stream
Northwest Region ++++
+++++ +++++ – –
Northeast Region ++++
+++ ++++ +++
Urban pollution, Saline intrusion, Marine transport pollution risks.
Red River Delta ++++ ++ +++ +++ Urban and Industrial pollution, Saline Intrusion Agrochemical pollution, transport pollution risks
North Central Coast
++++ +++ +++ ++++ Urban pollution, Saline intrusion
South Central Coast
+++++
++ ++++ ++++ Urban pollution, Saline intrusion
Central Highlands ++++
+++++ +++++ – –
Northeast of Mekong
++++ + +++ ++ Urban and industrial pollution, Saline intrusion
Mekong River Delta ++++ ++ +++ +++Saline intrusion, Low pH in rivers (Acid soils) Agrochemical pollution, transport pollution risks
Water quality deterioration is probably the greatest environmental issue facing Vietnam;
Source: http://www.wepa-db.net/
Page 19 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
WATER RESOURCES USAGE
Distribution of Water Usage by SectorSource: State of Environment 2010
DomesticIrrigationFisheriesServicesIndustry
Source: ADB Water Sector Report
In Vietnam, 70% of water for daily life comes from surface water and 30% from ground water.
Page 20 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
WATER RESOURCES USAGE
Urban Water Requirement to 2020
Page 21 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
MAJOR ISSUES - OVERVIEW
Population increase; Rapid urbanization and industrialization; Climate change; Monitoring the resource & extractions Sustainable levels of extraction Impacts assessment of projects (eg. hydro power projects) State water management capacity; Inadequate physical infrastructure; Budget for water resources development and management is limited
Page 22 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
MAJOR ISSUES (cont.) SURFACE WATER:
To be susceptible to water resource decisions made in upstream countries;
Dams built at the upstream problems;
Climate change (natural disaster risks of floods, typhoons, coastal attack and drought)
Drought in dry season; Flood in rainy season;
GROUND WATER: Lacking ground water protection
plans; Lacking ground water drilled
plans; Over-extraction; Due to polluted surface water;
Dams on the Mekong River
Page 23 ▌Natural water resoures in Vietnam
REFERENCES
Vietnam State of Water Environment Issues, Water Environment Partnership in Asia, http://www.wepa-db.net/
Vietnam State of Environment 2010
ADB Water Sector Review – Sector Status Report, 2008
Vietnamese German University
THANK YOU!