GHG Mitigation Seminar Hanoi, 03 May 2010 Nguyen Mong Cuong Research Center for Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Viet Nam Vietnam: Mitigate GHG emissions What benefit to Farmers?
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GHG Mitigation SeminarHanoi, 03 May 2010
Nguyen Mong CuongResearch Center for Climate Change
and Sustainable Development, Viet Nam
Vietnam: Mitigate GHG emissions What benefit to Farmers?
Global challenges:
Industry Agriculture
HFCs, SF6,CO2, CH4, N2O …
Global warming Climate change
Threats
Rising sea levels Inundate coastlines
low lands Storms Droughts Floods
Health & Livelihoodof the poor
Severe impacts
KP & UNFCCC objective:Stabilizing GHG in the atmosphere within a timeframe that would allow Ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change
and not threaten food security
Mitigate GHG’s
1/ Pressure on forest …
2/ Pollution and GHG Emission by animal husbandry / > 20 mil.tons waste/Year
1. Viet Nam: Challenges in Agriculture
Livestock Sector GHG's emissions
9.811.2
17
22
27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1994 2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
Tg C
O2
equi
v.
Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)
3/ Burning or freeing agricultural residues on the field
4/ Rice paddy cultivation with methane emissions
A large amount of chemical fertilizers being lost
5/Chemical fertilizer use in agriculture
From a Total ~ 2.4 million tons NPK /YearEstimated 1,2 mil.tons of urea-equivalent being lost
→ Soil environment pollutionN2O emission
nitrogen : 35-45%, phosphorus and potassium : 50-60%
lost to leaching, erosion, volatilization and fixation in the soil
40- 45%
40- 65%chemical fertilizersusing by plants:
Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)
2. GHG Emission inventory in agriculture- 2000
Sub-sectorsCH4
(Gg)
N2O(Gg)
Total CO2
equiv. (Tg) (%)
Rice Cultivation 1782.4 37.4 57.5Livestock- Enteric fermentation- Manure management
368.1164.2
0,001 7.73.4
11.95.3
Agricultural soil 45.9 14.2 21.8
Burning Savanna 10.0 1.2 0.59 0.9
Field burning of agriculture residues
59.1 1.4 1.7 2.6
Total 2383.7 48.5 65.1 100Sources: Technical report for GHG inventory of SNC. HANOI, 2009.
Figure: GHG Emissions from agriculture 2000
Rice cultivation: 57.5%
Manure management: 5.3%
Enteric fermentation: 11.9%
Field burning agric. residues 2.6%
Burning Savanna 0.9%
Agric. soil 21.8%
GHG emission projection to 2030
Sub-sector
2010 2020 2030
1. Livestock 17.0 22.0 26.9 2. Rice cultivation 34.8 34.0 32.7 3. Agricultural soil 14.0 13.5 13.2 Total ( Tg CO2 equivalent) 65.8 69.5 72.9
GHG Emission Projection to 2010, 2020, 2030
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
Tg CO2 equi.
Energy ForestryAgriculture Total GHG
3.Ultimate goal of mitigating GHG: Increasing Farmer’s income and reduce GHG’s
• Economic aspect– Low cost : investment, labor, machinery– Market : positive expandable market, good
price• Social aspect
– Acceptable by farmers– Easy to implement– Undisturbed farmer way of life
1/ The biogas system
Benefits:+Treat waste safely and prevent infectious diseases+ Generate cheap and clean source of fuels for families, save money.+ Convenient and free women from housework + Reduce deforestation + Make use biological organic fertilizers for cultivation.
Source: P.V.THANH (CCRD,2008)
2/ Water Management in Rice Field by intermittent irrigation during vegetative period
Benefits:+ Increase rice yields+Save money as save irrigation fees.+ Save water resources
3/ Bio-fertilizer produced by recycling living & agricultural waste
Biodigester 45 days
plants
Biodigester
Living & agricultural waste
Human excreta Animal dung
CH4 (Biogas)for cooking, lighting, generating electricity
BiOVAC
N,P,K(40-60%)Bio-
fertilizer
biodigester
Benefits:+Increased nitrogen fixing capacity+Soil enrichment by higher levels of organic matter + Direct savings for farmers as they use less chemical fertilizers+ Decreased environmental pollution
4/ Land levelling, mulching practices
Benefit: Source: Thu DC, 2004
-Soil erosion and landslides control, reduce weed infestation-Retain moisture and organic matter-Increasing crop yield -Increasing SOC’s.
5/ Improving meal and eating tradition
Benefits+Meal and eating tradition not only rice but also various vegetables, foodstuff.+Reduce pressure on rice cultivation; +Some rice fields could be used to cultivate secondary crops and other trees instead of rice. (Source: Viet Nam INC, 2003)
4. ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR
Based on GHG emission potential, 5 GHG mitigation options areassessed for Agriculture sector as follows:
• PA1: Using biogas replacing coal in cooking for the plain areas
• PA2: Using biogas repacing firewood in cooking for the moutainousareas
• PA3: Water management in rice paddy of Red river delta region
• PA4: Water management in rice paddy of Central coastal region
• PA5: Providing MUB nutritional cake for dairy cows.
Option CO2 equiv. (Tg) reduction Additional cost (million of USD)
Cost (USD/ tonne of CO2)
(1) (2) (3)PA1 17.43 0.122 4.118
PA2 5.21 0.086 9.726
PA3 21.90 0.128 5.230
PA4 4.13 0.032 6.990
PA5 7.91 -0.196 -10.933
Total 56.58
ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR
CERI CURVE FOR AGRICULTURE IN 2030
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
mil. t. C O2
US $/t ofC O2
PA1
PA5
PA4PA3
PA2
ASSESSING SOME GHG MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR
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