VIETNAM -Land Transparency Closing the Gap between Law and Practice Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty March 23-27, 2015 Huong Thi Lan Tran,

VIETNAM -Land Transparency Closing the Gap between Law and Practice

Annual World Bank Conference on Land and PovertyMarch 23-27, 2015

Huong Thi Lan Tran, Governance Specialist, World [email protected]

1. Vietnam at a Glance

2. Why Land Transparency?

3. Land Transparency Study

4. What did the Study Find?

5. Bridging the Land Transparency Gap in Vietnam

1. Vietnam – At a Glance

East Asia Pacific

Population: 89.71 million (2013)

63 provinces

GNI/capita: $1,740 (2013)

Poverty Rate: 17.2 (2012)

GDP growth: 5.6% (2014)

2. Why Land Transparency?

>70% of complaints are land related

Much Work on Land Related Issues during the past 5 years

Led by the Bank, or joint work with Government of Vietnam and/or other development partners

Transparency matters

The Implementation Gap

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010%

40%37%

29%30% 30%

31%

23%

21%23%

34%

17%

Openness and TransparencyLowest 10% ----------------------------------------- Highest 10% of Districts of Dis-

tricts

Per

cen

t o

f C

itiz

ens

in t

he

Dis

tric

t P

ay

ing

Bri

bes

Land administration perceived as among the most corrupt

17.Traf

fic p

olice

12.Lan

d adm

inist

ratio

n

8.Constr

uction

5.Custo

ms

14.Hea

lthca

re

1.Tax

ation

7.Tran

sport

13.Min

erals

man

agem

ent

6.Plan

ning an

d Inves

tmen

t

15.Educa

tion

18.Eco

nomic

police

3.Ban

king

21.Court

2.Fin

ance

19.Insp

ecto

rate

9.Elec

tricit

y

16.Ward

/com

mune p

olice

22.Civ

il ju

dgemen

t enfo

rcem

ent

4.Trea

sury

20.Pro

curac

y

11.Med

ia

10.Post

and T

eleco

mm

unicatio

n0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Public OfficialsEnterprisesCitizens

Per

cent

indi

catin

g se

ctor

as

amon

g m

ost c

orru

pt

Source: World Bank and Government Inspectorate of Vietnam. “Corruption from the Perspective of Citizens, Firms, and Public Officials—Results of Sociological Surveys. 2012.

Legal Framework on Land and Transparency is Changing…

3. Land Transparency Study

Part of the Vietnam Transparency Project (VTP)…

Better implementation of

laws & policiesBetter laws

& policies

systematically measuring, recording and sharing good practices, the VTP will help improve implementation of laws and policies

Methodologies

Existing VTP

Method

Sample surveys of firms and citizens

Direct observation

on site

How people perceive the transparency of Land-Related Information

Whether and how Land-Related Information is actually made available at a point in time

National Coverage of the Land Transparency Study

Online On site

No. of cities/provi

nces

No. of districts

No. of wards/communes

Total

Survey 2013

51 102 204 357

Survey 2010 & 2013

63 12 24 117 153

Total 63 63 126 321 510

Land Transparency Study Data:

Groups of Information Online Onsite1. Administrative procedures and process implementation of admin. procedures

2. Land use plans and planning 3. Urban planning 4. Compensation, support and resettlement plans

5. Land allocation and leases 6. Information on charges, fees and taxes related to land

All together, more than 300 discrete pieces of information were checked online, and 30 pieces of information inspected at province, district and commune-level offices

4. What did the Study Find?

(1) Improvements in Land Transparency at All Levels

2010 20130%

25%

50%

75%

100%

32%

42%

Province (Online)

2010 20130%

25%

50%

75%

100%

25%

39%

District (On Site)

2010 20130%

25%

50%

75%

100%

54%63%

Commune/Ward (On Site)

Notes: Based on indices of availability of land related information, focusing on the types of information that are comparable between the two periods. The scales for the three charts are not the same, as the information examined was not the same for all levels. Sample sizes are 63 provinces, 24 districts, and 117 communes/wards. The changes are statistically significant at the 1% level for province web checks, and 5% level for both district and commune spot checks.

(2) Big Gap from Law to Practice (i)

CAN THO

HA NOI

BEN TRE

BA RIA

VUNG...

BINH T

HUAN

QUANG NAM

TRA VIN

H

THANH HOA

KIEN G

IANG

LONG AN

QUANG BIN

H

AN GIA

NG

HAU GIA

NG

YEN BAI

BINH D

UONG

GIA L

AI

SON LA

LAI CHAU

DA NANG

BAC NIN

H

LAM D

ONG

HOA BIN

H

THAI BIN

H

KHANH HOA

LANG SON

NINH B

INH

VINH P

HUC

DAK LAK

NGHE AN

HA TIN

H

BAC LIE

U

SOC TRANG

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Mandatory Online Information

Provincial Ranking on Land Transparency Online

(2) Big Gap from Law to Practice (ii)

THANH HOA

QUANG TRI

PHU YEN

SOC TRANG

BEN TRE

NINH B

INH

PHU THO

BINH T

HUAN

KIEN G

IANG

TAY NIN

H

BINH D

INH

LAI CHAU

NGHE AN

VINH P

HUC

BAC LIE

U

THAI BIN

H

BA RIA

VUNG T

AU

TUYEN QUANG

GIA L

AI

DA NANG

TP HO C

HI MIN

H

HUNG YEN

LONG AN

LANG SON

QUANG NAM

BINH D

UONG

LAM D

ONG

HAI PHONG

HA NOI

HAI DUONG

DONG NAI

SON LA

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

Mandatory Spot Check Information

Provincial Ranking on Land Transparency On-site

(3) Uneven Implementation Practice (i)

(3) Uneven Implementation Practice (ii)

(3) Uneven Implementation Practice (iii)

(3) Uneven Implementation Practice (iv)

There is still often a lack of awareness of the obligation to provide information

Researchers told they need approval of Chair of Commune PPC (Ca Mau, Binh Duong, Vinh Phuoc) for documents on Land Use Plans and Planning

Researchers detained by police and forced to delete photographs (Dong Thap, Dong Nai)

Commune officials say “go to the district”, and district officials say “go to the commune/ward” (Ha Noi, Bac Lieu)

Researchers told that Compensation Support and Resettlement Plans are “confidential” (Pho Moi ward, Lao Cai province)

Researchers told that all information is on the Internet and not posted (Ha Noi)

(4) Information Disclosure Online and Spot Check of all provinces *

Dak LakNinh Binh

Soc Trang

Hai Duong

Gia LaiHa Giang

Dien Bien

Hai PhongThai Nguyen

Ca Mau

Vinh Phuc

Tay Ninh

Bac Ninh

Long An

Cao Bang

Nghe An Phu Yen

Dak NongKhanh Hoa

Binh Thuan

Ha NamQuang Tri

Thai BinhNam Dinh

Tien Giang

Bac Kan

Binh Duong

Lam Dong

Hung Yen

Hoa BinhBac Giang

Quang Ngai

Ben TreBinh Dinh

Lao Cai

Ha TinhBac Lieu

Binh Phuoc

Quang Binh

Ba Ria Vung Tau

Hau Giang

Tuyen Quang

Ninh Thuan

Phu Tho

Dong Nai

Vinh Long

Quang Nam

Kien Giang

Lai Chau

Ho Chi Minh City

Yen Bai

Tra Vinh

An Giang

Son La

Kon Tum Dong Thap

Thua Thien Hue

Da Nang

Can Tho

Ha Noi

Thanh Hoa

Quang Ninh

Lang Son

0.2

.4.6

.8P

rovin

ce

Web

Ch

eck 2

013

- A

dequ

acy o

f M

an

da

tory

La

nd

In

fo.

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1Province Spot Check 2013 - Adequacy of Mandatory Land Info.

* Figures are calculated based on the adequacy of information subject to disclosure

(5) More Land Transparency, Less Poverty

Ha Noi

Hai Phong

Vinh Phuc

Bac Ninh

Hai Duong

Hung Yen

Ha Nam

Nam DinhThai Binh

Ninh Binh

Ha Giang

Cao BangLao Cai

Bac KanLang Son

Tuyen Quang

Yen BaiThai NguyenPhu ThoBac GiangQuang Ninh

Lai Chau

Dien Bien

Son La

Hoa Binh

Thanh Hoa

Nghe An

Ha Tinh

Quang Binh

Quang Tri

Thua Thien Hue

Da Nang

Quang Nam

Quang Ngai

Binh Dinh

Phu Yen

Khanh Hoa

Kon Tum

Gia Lai

Dak Lak

Dak Nong

Lam Dong

Ho Chi Minh City

Ninh Thuan

Binh Phuoc

Tay Ninh

Binh Duong

Dong Nai Binh Thuan

Ba Ria Vung Tau

Long An

Dong Thap

An Giang

Tien Giang

Vinh Long

Ben Tre

Kien Giang

Can Tho

Hau GiangTra VinhSoc TrangBac Lieu

Ca Mau

0.1

.2.3

.4.5

Ad

eq

ua

cy o

f L

an

d Info

rma

tion C

om

mu

ne

Spo

t C

hecks

0 20 40 60 80Poverty Rate 2010

5. Bridging the Land Transparency Gap

Two-pronged approach

Supply side – State Agencies

Attitude

Capacity

Leadership

Demand side – Firms and Individuals

Be aware of the right to information and use this right.

A Law on Access to Information that makes information disclosure as a norm except for the “negative” list!

Evidence of Leadership – More Interested Provinces Produce Better Results

 Average score of

transparency online in 2010

Average score of transparency

online in 2013 – Round 1

Improved average score 2010-2013

Round 1

Average score on transparency online of 33 provinces that received notification letter of the survey

0.32 0.42 +0.103

- For 6 provinces that contacted again

0.23 0.46 +0.229

- For 27 provinces that did not contact again 0.37 0.46 +0.097

Note: The improved score has low statistical significance of 15%. The Table consolidates only the improvements before notification letters are sent by the survey team.

Actionable recommendations in provincial tailored reports aimed at…

learning good practices from other provinces.

Moving from this … … to this.

http://www.worldbank.org/vn/governance http://www.vtp.org.vn

Huong Thi Lan Tran

Twitter: @GaoteHanoi

Email: [email protected]

James Anderson

Twitter: @jimnosredna

Email: [email protected]