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Tit!e The Victorian Age in Literature

Author G. K. Chesterton

(e!ease )ate *une +, +- /Book 012-345

Language /ng!ish

Character set encoing 678&2294&1

::: 7TA(T 8; TB/(G /B88K T AG/ 6>

L6T/(AT=(/ :::

Prouce by Karina A!eksanro#a, *u!iet 7uther!an an the

8n!ine )istribute Proofreaing Tea" at htt%??www.%g%.net

HOME UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

OF MODERN KNOWLEDGE

No. 61

Editors:

The Rt. Hon. H. A. L. FISHER, M.A., F.B.A.

Prof. GILBERT MURRAY, Litt.D., LL.D., F.B.A.

Prof. Sir J. ARTHUR THMSN, M.A. Prof. !ILLIAM T. BRE!STER, M.A.

A complete classified list of the volumes of The Home University Library already

published to be found at the back of this book.


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THE VICTORIAN AGE

IN LITERATURE

BY

G. K. CHESTERTON

NEW YORK

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

LONDON

THORNTON BUTTERWORTH LTD.

Copyrigh! "#"$!

%y

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE

Intro"#$tion %

I The &i$tori'n (o)*ro)i+e 'n" it+ Ene)ie+ 1

II The Gre't &i$tori'n No-ei+t+ /0

III The Gre't &i$tori'n Poet+ 16

I& The Bre'23#* of the (o)*ro)i+e 04

Bi5ior'*hi$' Note 7

In"e8

The E"itor+ 9i+h to e8*'in th't thi+ 5oo2 i+ not *#t for9'r" '+ 'n '#thorit'ti-e hi+tor:of &i$tori'n iter't#re. It i+ ' free 'n" *er+on' +t'te)ent of -ie9+ 'n" i)*re++ion+ '5o#t

the +inifi$'n$e of &i$tori'n iter't#re )'"e 5: Mr. (he+terton 't the E"itor+; e8*re++

in-it'tion.
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THE VICTORIAN AGE IN

LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

A +e$tion of ' on 'n" +*en"i" iter't#re $'n 5e )o+t $on-enient: tre'te" in one of t9o

9':+. It $'n 5e "i-i"e" '+ one $#t+ ' $#rr'nt $'2e or ' Gr#: '+ the: $o)e. r it $'n 5e "i-i"e" '+ one $#t+ 9oo"?'on the r'in@ if

one thin2+ th't there i+ ' r'in. B#t the t9o 're ne-er the +')e@ the n')e+ ne-er $o)e in

the +')e or"er in '$t#' ti)e '+ the: $o)e in 'n: +erio#+ +t#": of ' +*irit or ' ten"en$:.The $riti$ 9ho 9i+he+ to )o-e on9'r" 9ith the ife of 'n e*o$h, )#+t 5e '9':+ r#nnin

5'$29'r"+ 'n" for9'r"+ ')on it+ )ere "'te+ #+t '+ ' 5r'n$h 5en"+ 5'$2 'n" forth

$ontin#': :et the r'in in the 5r'n$h r#n+ tr#e i2e 'n #n5ro2en ri-er.

Mere $hronooi$' or"er, in"ee", i+ ')o+t '+ 'r5itr'r: '+ '*h'5eti$' or"er. To "e'9ith D'r9in, Di$2en+, Bro9nin, in the +eC#en$e of the 5irth"': 5oo2 9o#" 5e to fore

'5o#t '+ re' ' $h'in '+ the T'$it#+, To+to:, T#**er of ' 5ior'*hi$' "i$tion'r:. It

)iht en" it+ef )ore, *erh'*+, to '$$#r'$:@ 'n" it )iht +'ti+f: th't +$hoo of $riti$+9ho ho" th't e-er: 'rti+t +ho#" 5e tre'te" '+ ' +oit'r: $r'ft+)'n, in"ifferent to the

$o))on9e'th 'n" #n$on$erne" '5o#t )or' thin+. To 9rite on th't *rin$i*e in the

*re+ent $'+e, ho9e-er, 9o#" in-o-e ' tho+e "ei$'te "iffi$#tie+, 2no9n to *oiti$i'n+,9hi$h 5e+et the *#5i$ "efen$e of ' "o$trine 9hi$h one he'rti: "i+5eie-e+. It i+ C#ite

nee"e++ here to o into the o" 'rt for 'rt;+ +'2e?5#+ine++, or e8*'in 't enth 9h:

in"i-i"#' 'rti+t+ $'nnot 5e re-ie9e" 9itho#t referen$e to their tr'"ition+ 'n" $ree"+. It i+

eno#h to +': th't 9ith other $ree"+ the: 9o#" h'-e 5een, for iter'r: *#r*o+e+, other

in"i-i"#'+. Their -ie9+ "o not, of $o#r+e, )'2e the 5r'in+ in their he'"+ 'n: )ore th'nthe in2 in their *en+. B#t it i+ eC#': e-i"ent th't )ere 5r'in3*o9er, 9itho#t 'ttri5#te+ or

'i)+, ' 9hee re-o-in in the -oi", 9o#" 5e ' +#5e$t '5o#t '+ entert'inin '+ in2. The)o)ent 9e "ifferenti'te the )in"+, 9e )#+t "ifferenti'te 5: "o$trine+ 'n" )or'

+enti)ent+. A )ere +:)*'th: for "e)o$r'ti$ )err:3)'2in 'n" )o#rnin 9i not )'2e

' )'n ' 9riter i2e Di$2en+. B#t 9itho#t th't +:)*'th: Di$2en+ 9o#" not 5e ' 9riteri2e Di$2en+ 'n" *ro5'5: not ' 9riter 't '. A )ere $on-i$tion th't ('thoi$ tho#ht i+

the $e're+t '+ 9e '+ the 5e+t "i+$i*ine", 9i not )'2e ' )'n ' 9riter i2e Ne9)'n.

B#t 9itho#t th't $on-i$tion Ne9)'n 9o#" not 5e ' 9riter i2e Ne9)'n 'n" *ro5'5:

not ' 9riter 't '. It i+ #+ee++ for the +thete =or 'n: other 'n'r$hi+t> to #re the i+o'te"in"i-i"#'it: of the 'rti+t, '*'rt fro) hi+ 'ttit#"e to hi+ 'e. Hi+ 'ttit#"e to hi+ 'e i+ hi+

in"i-i"#'it:@ )en 're ne-er in"i-i"#' 9hen 'one.

It on: re)'in+ for )e, therefore, to t'2e the )ore "ei$'te 'n" ent'ne" t'+2 'n" "e'9ith the re't &i$tori'n+, not on: 5: "'te+ 'n" n')e+, 5#t r'ther 5: +$hoo+ 'n" +tre')+

of tho#ht. It i+ ' t'+2 for 9hi$h I fee ):+ef 9ho: in$o)*etent 5#t '+ th't '**ie+ to

e-er: other iter'r: enter*ri+e I e-er 9ent in for, the +en+'tion i+ not 9ho: no-e@

in"ee", it i+ r'ther re'++#rin th'n other9i+e to re'i+e th't I ') no9 "oin +o)ethinth't no5o": $o#" "o *ro*er:. The $hief *eri of the *ro$e++, ho9e-er, 9i 5e 'n


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ine-it'5e ten"en$: to )'2e the +*irit#' 'n"+$'*e too 're for the fi#re+. I )#+t '+2

for in"#en$e if +#$h $riti$i+) tr'$e+ too f'r 5'$2 into *oiti$+ or ethi$+ the root+ of

9hi$h re't 5oo2+ 9ere the 5o++o)+ )'2e+ Utiit'ri'ni+) )ore i)*ort'nt th'nLibertyor t'2+ )ore of the 8for" Mo-e)ent th'n of The Christian Year. I $'n on: 'n+9er in

the -er: te)*er of the 'e of 9hi$h I 9rite@ for I '+o 9'+ 5orn ' &i$tori'n 'n"

+:)*'thi+e not ' itte 9ith the +erio#+ &i$tori'n +*irit. I $'n on: 'n+9er, I +h' not)'2e reiion )ore i)*ort'nt th'n it 9'+ to e5e, or *oiti$+ )ore +'$re" th'n the: 9ere

to Mi.

CHAPTER I

THE VICTORIAN COMPROMISE AND ITS ENEMIES

The *re-io#+ iter'r: ife of thi+ $o#ntr: h'" eft -ioro#+ )'n: o" for$e+ in the

&i$tori'n ti)e, '+ in o#r ti)e. Ro)'n Brit'in 'n" Me"i-' En'n" 're +ti not on:'i-e 5#t i-e: for re' "e-eo*)ent i+ not e'-in thin+ 5ehin", '+ on ' ro'", 5#t

"r'9in ife fro) the), '+ fro) ' root. E-en 9hen 9e i)*ro-e 9e ne-er *rore++. For

*rore++, the )et'*hor fro) the ro'", i)*ie+ ' )'n e'-in hi+ ho)e 5ehin" hi)@ 5#ti)*ro-e)ent )e'n+ ' )'n e8'tin the to9er+ or e8ten"in the 'r"en+ of hi+ ho)e. The

'n$ient Eni+h iter't#re 9'+ i2e ' the +e-er' iter't#re+ of (hri+ten"o), 'i2e in it+

i2ene++, 'i2e in it+ -er: #ni2ene++. Li2e ' E#ro*e'n $#t#re+, it 9'+ E#ro*e'n i2e '

E#ro*e'n $#t#re+, it 9'+ +o)ethin )ore th'n E#ro*e'n. A )o+t )'r2e" 'n"#n)'n'e'5e n'tion' te)*er')ent i+ *'in in (h'#$er 'n" the 5''"+ of Ro5in Hoo"

in +*ite of "ee* 'n" +o)eti)e+ "i+'+tro#+ $h'ne+ of n'tion' *oi$:, th't note i+ +ti

#n)i+t'2'5e in Sh'2e+*e're, in John+on 'n" hi+ frien"+, in (o55ett, in Di$2en+. It i+-'in to "re') of "efinin +#$h -i-i" thin+ ' n'tion' +o# i+ '+ in"efin'5e '+ ' +)e,

'n" '+ #n)i+t'2'5e. I re)e)5er ' frien" 9ho trie" i)*'tient: to e8*'in the 9or"

)i+tetoe to ' Ger)'n, 'n" $rie" 't '+t, "e+*'irin, !e, :o# 2no9 ho:?)i+tetoe;+ the o**o+ite I "o not $o))en" thi+ oi$' )etho" in the $o)*'ri+on of

*'nt+ or n'tion+. B#t if he h'" +'i" to the Te#ton, !e, :o# 2no9 Ger)'n:?En'n";+

the o**o+ite?the "efinition, tho#h f''$io#+, 9o#" not h'-e 5een 9ho: f'+e.

En'n", i2e ' (hri+ti'n $o#ntrie+, '5+or5e" -'#'5e ee)ent+ fro) the fore+t+ 'n" ther#"e ro)'nti$i+) of the North 5#t, i2e ' (hri+ti'n $o#ntrie+, it "r'n2 it+ one+t

iter'r: "r'#ht+ fro) the $'++i$ fo#nt'in+ of the 'n$ient+@ nor 9'+ thi+ ='+ i+ +o often

oo+e: tho#ht> ' )'tter of the )ere Ren'i++'n$e. The Eni+h ton#e 'n" t'ent of+*ee$h "i" not )ere: fo9er +#""en: into the 'r'nt#'n *o:+:'5e+ of the re't

Ei'5eth'n+ it h'" '9':+ 5een f# of the *o*#'r L'tin of the Mi""e Ae+. B#t

9h'te-er 5''n$e of 5oo" 'n" r'$i' i"io) one 'o9+, it i+ re': tr#e th't the on:+#e+tion th't et+ ne'r the Eni+h)'n i+ to hint ho9 f'r he i+ fro) the Ger)'n. The

Ger)'n+, i2e the !e+h, $'n +in *erfe$t: +erio#+ +on+ *erfe$t: +erio#+: in $hor#+@

$'n 9ith $e'r e:e+ 'n" $e'r -oi$e+ oin toether in 9or"+ of inno$ent 'n" 5e'#tif#*er+on' *'++ion, for ' f'+e )'i"en or ' "e'" $hi". The ne're+t one $'n et to "efinin

the *oeti$ te)*er of Eni+h)en i+ to +': th't the: $o#"n;t "o thi+ e-en for 5eer. The:

$'n +in in $hor#+, 'n" o#"er th'n other (hri+ti'n+@ 5#t the: )#+t h'-e in their +on+

+o)ethin, I 2no9 not 9h't, th't i+ 't on$e +h')ef'$e" 'n" ro9":. If the )'tter 5e


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'n"3r'55in> 9'+ "one 5: !hi+ 5#t 9e )': $ert'in: $' it Anti3J'$o5in. No9 thi+

f'$t, tho#h *oiti$', i+ not on: ree-'nt 5#t e++enti' to e-er:thin th't $on$erne"

iter't#re. The #*+hot 9'+ th't tho#h En'n" 9'+ f# of the re-o#tion'r: i"e'+,ne-erthee++ there 9'+ no re-o#tion. An" the effe$t of thi+ in t#rn 9'+ th't fro) the

)i""e of the eihteenth $ent#r: to the )i""e of the nineteenth the +*irit of re-ot in

En'n" too2 ' 9ho: iter'r: for). In Fr'n$e it 9'+ 9h't *eo*e "i" th't 9'+ 9i" 'n"ee)ent' in En'n" it 9'+ 9h't *eo*e 9rote. It i+ ' C#'int $o))ent on the notion th't

the Eni+h 're *r'$ti$' 'n" the Fren$h )ere: -i+ion'r:, th't 9e 9ere re5e+ in 'rt+

9hie the: 9ere re5e+ in 'r)+.

It h'+ 5een 9e 'n" 9itti: +'i" ='+ i#+tr'tin the )i"ne++ of Eni+h 'n" the -ioen$eof Fren$h "e-eo*)ent+> th't the +')e Go+*e of Ro#++e'# 9hi$h in Fr'n$e *ro"#$e" the

Terror, in En'n" *ro"#$e" %andford and erton. B#t *eo*e foret th't in iter't#re the

Eni+h 9ere 5: no )e'n+ re+tr'ine" 5: Mr. B'ro9 'n" th't if 9e t#rn fro) *oiti$+ to'rt, 9e +h' fin" the t9o *'rt+ *e$#i'r: re-er+e". It 9o#" 5e eC#': tr#e to +': th't

the +')e eihteenth3$ent#r: e)'n$i*'tion 9hi$h in Fr'n$e *ro"#$e" the *i$t#re+ of

D'-i", in En'n" *ro"#$e" the *i$t#re+ of B'2e. There ne-er 9ere, I thin2, )en 9ho'-e to the i)'in'tion +o )#$h of the +en+e of h'-in 5ro2en o#t into the -er:

5or"er'n"+ of 5ein, '+ "i" the re't Eni+h *oet+ of the ro)'nti$ or re-o#tion'r:

*erio" th'n (oeri"e in the +e$ret +#niht of the Ant'r$ti$, 9here the 9'ter+ 9ere i2e

9it$he+; oi+ th'n e't+ oo2in o#t of tho+e e8tre)e ):+terio#+ $'+e)ent+ #*on th't#ti)'te +e'. The heroe+ 'n" $ri)in'+ of the re't Fren$h $ri+i+ 9o#" h'-e 5een C#ite '+

in$'*'5e of +#$h i)'in'ti-e in"e*en"en$e '+ e't+ 'n" (oeri"e 9o#" h'-e 5een

in$'*'5e of 9innin the 5'tte of !'ttinie+. In P'ri+ the tree of i5ert: 9'+ ' 'r"entree, $i**e" -er: $orre$t: 'n" Ro5e+*ierre #+e" the r'or )ore re#'r: th'n the

#iotine. D'nton, 9ho 2ne9 'n" '")ire" Eni+h iter't#re, 9o#" h'-e $#r+e" free:

o-er&ubla &han 'n" if the (o))ittee of P#5i$ S'fet: h'" not 're'": e8e$#te"

Shee: '+ 'n 'ri+to$r't, the: 9o#" $ert'in: h'-e o$2e" hi) #* for ' )'")'n. E-enH5ert =the one re': -ie Re-o#tioni+t>, h'" he 5een re*ro'$he" 5: Eni+h *oet+ 9ith

9or+hi**in the Go""e++ of Re'+on, )iht eiti)'te: h'-e retorte" th't it 9'+ r'ther

the Go""e++ of Unre'+on th't the: +et #* to 5e 9or+hi**e". &er5': $on+i"ere",('r:e;+'rench (evolution9'+ )ore re-o#tion'r: th'n the re' Fren$h Re-o#tion@ 'n"

if ('rrier, in 'n e8'er'ti-e *hr'+e, e)*#r*e" the Loire 9ith $'rn'e, T#rner ')o+t

iter': +et the Th')e+ on fire.

Thi+ tren" of the Eni+h Ro)'nti$+ to $'rr: o#t the re-o#tion'r: i"e' not +'-'e: in

9or2+, 5#t -er: 9i": in"ee" in 9or"+, h'" +e-er' re+#t+ the )o+t i)*ort'nt of 9hi$h

9'+ thi+. It +t'rte" Eni+h iter't#re 'fter the Re-o#tion 9ith ' +ort of 5ent to9'r"+

in"e*en"en$e 'n" e$$entri$it:, 9hi$h in the 5rihter 9it+ 5e$')e in"i-i"#'it:, 'n" inthe "#er one+, In"i-i"#'i+). Eni+h Ro)'nti$+, Eni+h Li5er'+, 9ere not *#5i$

)en )'2in ' re*#5i$, 5#t *oet+, e'$h +eein ' -i+ion. The oneier -er+ion of i5ert:

9'+ ' +ort of 'ri+to$r'ti$ 'n'r$hi+) in B:ron 'n" Shee: 5#t tho#h in &i$tori'n ti)e+ itf'"e" into )#$h )i"er *re#"i$e+ 'n" )#$h )ore bour"eois$rot$het+, En'n" ret'ine"

fro) th't t9i+t ' $ert'in o"" +e*'r'tion 'n" *ri-'$:. En'n" 5e$')e )#$h )ore of 'n

i+'n" th'n +he h'" e-er 5een 5efore. There fe fro) her '5o#t thi+ ti)e, not on: the#n"er+t'n"in of Fr'n$e or Ger)'n:, 5#t to her o9n on 'n" :et inerin "i+'+ter, the


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#n"er+t'n"in of Ire'n". She h'" not oine" in the 'tte)*t to $re'te E#ro*e'n

"e)o$r'$: nor "i" +he, +'-e in the fir+t o9 of !'teroo, oin in the $o#nter3'tte)*t to

"e+tro: it. The ife in her iter't#re 9'+ +ti, to ' 're e8tent, the ro)'nti$ i5er'i+) ofRo#++e'#, the free 'n" h#)'ne tr#i+)+ th't h'" refre+he" the other n'tion+, the ret#rn to

N't#re 'n" to n't#r' riht+. B#t th't 9hi$h in Ro#++e'# 9'+ ' $ree", 5e$')e in H'itt '

t'+te 'n" in L')5 itte )ore th'n ' 9hi). The+e 'tter 'n" their i2e for) ' ro#* 't the5einnin of the nineteenth $ent#r: of tho+e 9e )': $' the E$$entri$+@ the: 'ther

ro#n" (oeri"e 'n" hi+ "e$':in "re')+ or iner in the tr'$2+ of e't+ 'n" Shee: 'n"

Go"9in L')5 9ith hi+ 5i5io)'ni' 'n" $ree" of *#re $'*ri$e, the )o+t #niC#e of 'eni#+e+ Leih H#nt 9ith hi+ Bohe)i'n i)*e$#nio+it: L'n"or 9ith hi+ te)*e+t#o#+

te)*er, thro9in *'te+ on the foor H'itt 9ith hi+ 5itterne++ 'n" hi+ o9 o-e 'ff'ir

e-en th't he'thier 'n" h'**ier Bohe)i'n, Pe'$o$2. !ith the+e, in one +en+e 't e'+t,

oe+ De #in$e:. He 9'+, #ni2e )o+t of the+e e)5er+ of the re-o#tion'r: 'e in etter+,' Tor: 'n" 9'+ 'tt'$he" to the *oiti$' 'r): 9hi$h i+ 5e+t re*re+ente" in etter+ 5: the

-irie '#hter 'n" ei+#re of !i+on;+!octes Ambrosian). B#t he h'" nothin in

$o))on 9ith th't en-iron)ent. It re)'ine" for +o)e ti)e '+ ' Tor: tr'"ition, 9hi$h

5''n$e" the $o" 'n" 5rii'nt 'ri+to$r'$: of the !hi+. It i-e" on the een" ofTr'f''r the +en+e th't in+#'rit: 9'+ in"e*en"en$e the +en+e th't 'no)'ie+ 're '+

o: '+ f')i: o2e+ the ener' +en+e th't o" +'t+ 're the +'t of the e'rth. It +ti i-e+in +o)e o" +on+ '5o#t Ne+on or !'teroo, 9hi$h 're -'+t: )ore *o)*o#+ 'n" -'+t:

)ore +in$ere th'n the $o$2ne: $o$2+#rene++ of 'ter Jino :ri$+. B#t it i+ h'r" to $onne$t

De #in$e: 9ith it or, in"ee", 9ith 'n:thin e+e. De #in$e: 9o#" $ert'in: h'-e5een ' h'**ier )'n, 'n" ')o+t $ert'in: ' 5etter )'n, if he h'" ot "r#n2 on to"": 9ith

!i+on, in+te'" of ettin $') 'n" $e'r ='+ he hi)+ef "e+$ri5e+> on o*i#), 'n" 9ith no

$o)*'n: 5#t ' 5oo2 of Ger)'n )et'*h:+i$+. B#t he 9o#" h'r": h'-e re-e'e" tho+e

9on"erf# -i+t'+ 'n" *er+*e$ti-e+ of *ro+e, 9hi$h *er)it one to $' hi) the fir+t 'n")o+t *o9erf# of the "e$'"ent+@ tho+e +enten$e+ th't enthen o#t i2e niht)'re

$orri"or+, or ri+e hiher 'n" hiher i2e i)*o++i5e e'+tern *'o"'+. He 9'+ ' )or5i"

feo9, 'n" f'r e++ )or' th'n B#rn+ for 9hen B#rn+ $onfe++e" e8$e++ he "i" not "efen"it. B#t he h'+ $'+t ' i'nti$ +h'"o9 on o#r iter't#re, 'n" 9'+ '+ $ert'in: ' eni#+ '+

Poe. A+o he h'" h#)o#r, 9hi$h Poe h'" not. An" if 'n: one +ti +)'rtin fro) the

*in*ri$2+ of !i"e or !hi+ter, 9'nt+ to $on-i$t the) of *'i'ri+) in their 'rt for 'rte*ir')+?he 9i fin" )o+t of 9h't the: +'i" +'i" 5etter inurder as *ne of the 'ine

Arts.

ne re't )'n re)'in+ of thi+ e"er ro#*, 9ho "i" their '+t 9or2 on: #n"er &i$tori'

he 2ne9 )o+t of the )e)5er+ of it, :et he "i" not 5eon to it in 'n: $or*or'te +en+e. He9'+ ' *oor )'n 'n" 'n in-'i", 9ith S$ot$h 5oo" 'n" ' +tron, tho#h *erh'*+ on:

inherite", C#'rre 9ith the o" ('-ini+) 5: n')e Tho)'+ Hoo". Po-ert: 'n" ine++

for$e" hi) to the toi+ of 'n in$e++'nt e+ter 'n" the re-ot ''in+t oo): reiion )'"ehi) t#rn hi+ 9it, 9hene-er he $o#", in the "ire$tion of ' "efen$e of h'**ier 'n"

h#)'ner -ie9+. In the on re't ro th't in$#"e+ Ho)er 'n" Sh'2e+*e're, he 9'+ the

'+t re't )'n 9ho re': e)*o:e" the *#n. Hi+ *#n+ 9ere not ' oo" =nor 9ere

Sh'2e+*e're;+>, 5#t the 5e+t of the) 9ere ' +tron 'n" fre+h for) of 'rt. The *#n i+ +'i"to 5e ' thin of t9o )e'nin+ 5#t 9ith Hoo" there 9ere three )e'nin+, for there 9'+

'+o the '5+tr'$t tr#th th't 9o#" h'-e 5een there 9ith no *#n 't '. The *#n of Hoo" i+


8/77


9/77

he'then there he fo#n" To) Moore, the ro)'nti$ of the Reen$:, ' +hortene" +h'"o9 of

Lor" B:ron. Th't he re'$he" thi+ *'tfor) 'n" re)'ine" on it i+, I +':, t:*i$' of '

t#rnin3*oint in the $ent#r:. For the f#n"')ent' f'$t of e'r: &i$tori'n hi+tor: 9'+ thi+@the "e$i+ion of the )i""e $'++e+ to e)*o: their ne9 9e'th in 5'$2in #* ' +ort of

'ri+to$r'ti$' $o)*ro)i+e, 'n" not =i2e the )i""e $'++ in the Fren$h Re-o#tion>

in+i+tin on ' $e'n +9ee* 'n" ' $e'r "e)o$r'ti$ *ror'))e. It 9ent 'on 9ith the"e$i+ion of the 'ri+to$r'$: to re$r#it it+ef )ore free: fro) the )i""e $'++. It 9'+ then

'+o th't &i$tori'n *r#"er: 5e'n@ the re't or"+ :ie"e" on thi+ '+ on Free Tr'"e.

The+e t9o "e$i+ion+ h'-e )'"e the "o#5tf# En'n" of to3"': 'n" M'$'#': i+ t:*i$'of the) he i+ the bour"eoisin Ber'-i'. The 'i'n$e i+ )'r2e" 5: hi+ re't +*ee$he+

for Lor" Gre:;+ Refor) Bi@ it i+ )'r2e" e-en )ore +inifi$'nt: in hi+ +*ee$h ''in+t

the (h'rti+t+. (o55ett 9'+ "e'".

M'$'#': )'2e+ the fo#n"'tion of the &i$tori'n 'e in ' it+ -er: Eni+h 'n" #niC#eee)ent+@ it+ *r'i+e of P#rit'n *oiti$+ 'n" '5'n"on)ent of P#rit'n theoo: it+ 5eief in

' $'#tio#+ 5#t *er*et#' *'t$hin #* of the (on+tit#tion it+ '")ir'tion for in"#+tri'

9e'th. B#t '5o-e ' he t:*ifie+ the t9o thin+ th't re': )'2e the &i$tori'n Ae it+ef,the $he'*ne++ 'n" n'rro9ne++ of it+ $on+$io#+ for)# the ri$hne++ 'n" h#)'nit: of it+

#n$on+$io#+ tr'"ition. There 9ere t9o M'$'#':+, ' r'tion' M'$'#': 9ho 9'+

ener': 9ron, 'n" ' ro)'nti$ M'$'#': 9ho 9'+ ')o+t in-'ri'5: riht. A th't 9'+

+)' in hi) "eri-e+ fro) the "# *'ri')ent'ri+) of )en i2e Sir J')e+ M'$2into+h5#t ' th't 9'+ re't in hi) h'+ )#$h )ore 2in+hi* 9ith the fe+ti-e 'ntiC#'ri'ni+) of Sir

!'ter S$ott.

A+ ' *hio+o*her he h'" on: t9o tho#ht+ 'n" neither of the) i+ tr#e. The fir+t 9'+ th't

*oiti$+, '+ 'n e8*eri)ent' +$ien$e, )#+t o on i)*ro-in, 'on 9ith $o$2+, *i+to+ or*en2ni-e+, 5: the )ere '$$#)#'tion of e8*eri)ent 'n" -'riet:. He 9'+, in"ee", f'r too

+tron3)in"e" ' )'n to '$$e*t the h': )o"ern notion th't the +o# in it+ hihe+t +en+e$'n $h'ne@ he +ee)+ to h'-e he" th't reiion $'n ne-er et 'n: 5etter 'n" th't *oetr:r'ther ten"+ to et 9or+e. B#t he "i" not +ee the f'9 in hi+ *oiti$' theor: 9hi$h i+ th't

#ne++ the +o# i)*ro-e+ 9ith ti)e there i+ no #'r'ntee th't the '$$#)#'tion+ of

e8*erien$e 9i 5e '"eC#'te: #+e". Fi#re+ "o not '"" the)+e-e+ #* 5ir"+ "o not '5eor +t#ff the)+e-e+ $o)et+ "o not $'$#'te their o9n $o#r+e+ the+e thin+ 're "one 5:

the +o# of )'n. An" if the +o# of )'n i+ +#5e$t to other '9+, i+ i'5e to +in, to +ee*,

to 'n'r$hi+) or to +#i$i"e, then ' +$ien$e+ in$#"in *oiti$+ )': f' '+ +terie 'n" ie '+f'o9 '+ 5efore )'n;+ re'+on 9'+ )'"e. M'$'#': +ee)e" +o)eti)e+ to t'2 '+ if $o$2+

*ro"#$e" $o$2+, or #n+ h'" f')iie+ of itte *i+to+, or ' *en2nife ittere" i2e ' *i.

The other -ie9 he he" 9'+ the )ore or e++ #tiit'ri'n theor: of toer'tion th't 9e

+ho#" et the 5e+t 5#t$her 9hether he 9'+ ' B'*ti+t or ' M#etoni'n, 'n" the 5e+t+o"ier 9hether he 9'+ ' !e+e:'n or 'n Ir-inite. The $o)*ro)i+e 9or2e" 9e eno#h

in 'n En'n" Prote+t'nt in 5#2 5#t M'$'#': o#ht to h'-e +een th't it h'+ it+

i)it'tion+. A oo" 5#t$her )iht 5e ' B'*ti+t he i+ not -er: i2e: to 5e ' B#""hi+t. Aoo" +o"ier )iht 5e ' !e+e:'n he 9o#" h'r": 5e ' #'2er. For the re+t, M'$'#':

9'+ $on$erne" to inter*ret the +e-enteenth $ent#r: in ter)+ of the tri#)*h of the !hi+

'+ $h')*ion+ of *#5i$ riht+ 'n" he #*he" thi+ one3+i"e": 5#t not )'i n'nt: in '


10/77

+t:e of ro#n"e" 'n" rinin +enten$e+, 9hi$h 't it+ 5e+t i+ i2e +tee 'n" 't it+ 9or+t i2e

tin.

Thi+ 9'+ the +)' $on+$io#+ M'$'#': the re't #n$on+$io#+ M'$'#': 9'+ -er:"ifferent. Hi+ no5e en"#rin C#'it: in o#r iter't#re i+ thi+@ th't he tr#: h'" 'n '5+tr'$t

*'++ion for hi+tor: ' 9'r), *oeti$ 'n" +in$ere enth#+i'+) for re't thin+ '+ +#$h 'n'r"o#r 'n" '**etite for re't 5oo2+, re't 5'tte+, re't $itie+, re't )en. He fet 'n" #+e"

n')e+ i2e tr#)*et+. The re'"er;+ re'te+t o: i+ in the 9riter;+ o9n o:, 9hen he $'n ethi+ '+t *hr'+e f' i2e ' h'))er on +o)e re+o#n"in n')e i2e Hi"e5r'n" or

(h're)'ne, on the e'e+ of Ro)e or the *i'r+ of Her$#e+. A+ 9ith !'ter S$ott,

+o)e of the 5e+t thin+ in hi+ *ro+e 'n" *oetr: 're the +#rn')e+ th't he "i" not )'2e.An" it i+ re)'r2'5e to noti$e th't thi+ ro)'n$e of hi+tor:, +o f'r fro) )'2in hi) )ore

*'rti' or #ntr#+t9orth:, 9'+ the on: thin th't )'"e hi) )o"er'te: #+t. Hi+ re'+on

9'+ entire: one3+i"e" 'n" f'n'ti$'. It 9'+ hi+ i)'in'tion th't 9'+ 9e35''n$e" 'n"5ro'". He 9'+ )onotono#+: $ert'in th't on: !hi+ 9ere riht 5#t it 9'+ ne$e++'r: th't

Torie+ +ho#" 't e'+t 5e re't, th't hi+ heroe+ )iht h'-e foe)en 9orth: of their +tee. If

there 9'+ one thin in the 9or" he h'te" it 9'+ ' Hih (h#r$h Ro:'i+t *'r+on :et 9henJere): (oier the J'$o5ite *rie+t r'i+e+ ' re' 5'nner, ' M'$'#':;+ 5oo" 9'r)+ 9ith

the )ere *ro+*e$t of ' fiht. It i+ in+*iritin to +ee ho9 ''nt: the +oit'r: o#t'9

'"-'n$e+ to 'tt'$2 ene)ie+ for)i"'5e +e*'r'te:, 'n", it )iht h'-e 5een tho#ht,

irre+i+ti5e 9hen $o)5ine" "i+tri5#te+ hi+ +9'+hin 5o9+ riht 'n" eft ')on!:$here:, (onre-e 'n" &'n5r#h, tre'"+ the 9ret$he" D;Urfe: "o9n in the "irt

5ene'th hi+ feet 'n" +tri2e+ 9ith ' hi+ +trenth f# 't the to9erin $re+t of Dr:"en.

Th't i+ e8'$t: 9here M'$'#': i+ re't 5e$'#+e he i+ ')o+t Ho)eri$. The 9hoetri#)*h t#rn+ #*on )ere n')e+ 5#t )en 're $o))'n"e" 5: n')e+. So hi+ *oe) on the

Ar)'"' i+ re': ' oo" eor'*h: 5oo2 one )'" one +ee+ the )'* of En'n" $o)e

'i-e 'n" )'r$h 'n" )i8 #n"er the e:e.

The $hief tr'e": in the tren" of 'ter iter't#re )': 5e e8*re++e" 5: +':in th't the+)'er M'$'#': $onC#ere" the 'rer. L'ter )en h'" e++ 'n" e++ of th't hot o-e of

hi+tor: he h'" inherite" fro) S$ott. The: h'" )ore 'n" )ore of th't $o" +$ien$e of +ef3

intere+t+ 9hi$h he h'" e'rnt fro) Benth').

The n')e of thi+ re't )'n, tho#h it 5eon+ to ' *erio" 5efore the &i$tori'n, i+, i2e then')e of (o55ett, -er: i)*ort'nt to it. In +#5+t'n$e M'$'#': '$$e*te" the $on$#+ion+ of

Benth') tho#h he offere" 5rii'nt o5e$tion+ to ' hi+ 'r#)ent+. In 'n: $'+e the +o#

of Benth') =if he h'" one> 9ent )'r$hin on, i2e John Bro9n 'n" in the $entr'&i$tori'n )o-e)ent it 9'+ $ert'in: he 9ho 9on. John St#'rt Mi 9'+ the fin' fo9er

of th't ro9th. He 9'+ hi)+ef fre+h 'n" "ei$'te 'n" *#re 5#t th't i+ the 5#+ine++ of '

fo9er. Tho#h he h'" to *re'$h ' h'r" r'tion'i+) in reiion, ' h'r" $o)*etition ine$ono)i$+, ' h'r" eoi+) in ethi$+, hi+ o9n +o# h'" ' th't +i-er: +en+iti-ene++ th't

$'n 5e +een in hi+ fine *ortr'it 5: !'tt+. He 5o'+te" none of th't 5r#t' o*ti)i+) 9ith

9hi$h hi+ frien"+ 'n" foo9er+ of the M'n$he+ter S$hoo e8*o#n"e" their $heer:

ne'tion+. There 9'+ '5o#t Mi e-en ' +ort of e)5'rr'++)ent he e8hi5ite" ' the9hee+ of hi+ iron #ni-er+e r'ther re#$t'nt:, i2e ' ente)'n in tr'"e +ho9in '"ie+

o-er hi+ f'$tor:. There +hone in hi) ' 5e'#tif# re-eren$e for 9o)en, 9hi$h i+ ' the


11/77

)ore to#$hin 5e$'#+e, in hi+ "e*'rt)ent, '+ it 9ere, he $o#" on: offer the) +o "r: '

ift '+ the &i$tori'n P'ri')ent'r: Fr'n$hi+e.

No9 in tr:in to "e+$ri5e ho9 the &i$tori'n 9riter+ +too" to e'$h other, 9e )#+t re$#r tothe -er: re' "iffi$#t: note" 't the 5einnin@ the "iffi$#t: of 2ee*in the )or' or"er

*'r'e 9ith the $hronooi$' or"er. For the )in" )o-e+ 5: in+tin$t+, '++o$i'tion+,*re)onition+ 'n" not 5: fi8e" "'te+ or $o)*ete" *ro$e++e+. A$tion 'n" re'$tion 9i

o$$#r +i)#t'neo#+:@ or the $'#+e '$t#': 5e fo#n" 'fter the effe$t. Error+ 9i 5ere+i+te" 5efore the: h'-e 5een *ro*er: *ro)#'te"@ notion+ 9i 5e fir+t "efine" on

'fter the: 're "e'". It i+ no oo" ettin the ')'n'$ to oo2 #* )oon+hine 'n" )o+t

iter't#re in thi+ +en+e i+ )oon+hine. Th#+ !or"+9orth +hr'n2 5'$2 into Tor:i+), '+ it9ere, fro) ' Shee:'n e8tre)e of *'nthei+) '+ :et "i+e)5o"ie". Th#+ Ne9)'n too2

"o9n the iron +9or" of "o)' to *'rr: ' 5o9 not :et "ei-ere", th't 9'+ $o)in fro)

the $#5 of D'r9in. For thi+ re'+on no one $'n #n"er+t'n" tr'"ition, or e-en hi+tor:, 9hoh'+ not +o)e ten"erne++ for 'n'$hroni+).

No9 for the re't *'rt of the &i$tori'n er' the #tiit'ri'n tr'"ition 9hi$h re'$he" it+hihe+t in Mi he" the $entre of the fie" it 9'+ the *hio+o*h: in offi$e, +o to +*e'2. It

+#+t'ine" it+ )'r$h of $o"ifi$'tion 'n" inC#ir: #nti it h'" )'"e *o++i5e the re't-i$torie+ of D'r9in 'n" H#8e: 'n" !''$e. If 9e t'2e M'$'#': 't the 5einnin of the

e*o$h 'n" H#8e: 't the en" of it, 9e +h' fin" th't the: h'" )#$h in $o))on. The:

9ere 5oth +C#'re3'9e", +i)*e )en, ree": of $ontro-er+: 5#t +$ornf# of +o*hi+tr:,"e'" to ):+ti$i+) 5#t -er: )#$h 'i-e to )or'it: 'n" the: 9ere 5oth -er: )#$h )ore

#n"er the inf#en$e of their o9n '")ir'5e rhetori$ th'n the: 2ne9. H#8e:, e+*e$i':,

9'+ )#$h )ore ' iter'r: th'n ' +$ientifi$ )'n. It i+ ')#+in to note th't 9hen H#8e:

9'+ $h're" 9ith 5ein rhetori$', he e8*re++e" hi+ horror of *'+terin the f'ir f'$e oftr#th 9ith th't *e+tient $o+)eti$, rhetori$, 9hi$h i+ it+ef '5o#t '+ 9e3*'+tere" ' *ie$e

of rhetori$ '+ R#+2in hi)+ef $o#" h'-e )'n'e". The "ifferen$e th't the *erio" h'""e-eo*e" $'n 5e+t 5e +een if 9e $on+i"er thi+@ th't 9hie neither 9'+ of ' +*irit#' +ort,M'$'#': too2 it for r'nte" th't $o))on +en+e reC#ire" +o)e 2in" of theoo:, 9hie

H#8e: too2 it for r'nte" th't $o))on +en+e )e'nt h'-in none. M'$'#':, it i+ +'i",

ne-er t'2e" '5o#t hi+ reiion@ 5#t H#8e: 9'+ '9':+ t'2in '5o#t the reiion heh'"n;t ot.

B#t tho#h thi+ +i)*e &i$tori'n r'tion'i+) he" the $entre, 'n" in ' $ert'in +en+e +as

the &i$tori'n er', it 9'+ '++'ie" on )'n: +i"e+, 'n" h'" 5een '++'ie" e-en 5efore the

5einnin of th't er'. The re+t of the intee$t#' hi+tor: of the ti)e i+ ' +erie+ of re'$tion+''in+t it, 9hi$h $o)e 9'-e 'fter 9'-e. The: h'-e +#$$ee"e" in +h'2in it, 5#t not in

"i+o"in it fro) the )o"ern )in". The fir+t of the+e 9'+ the 8for" Mo-e)ent ' 5o9

th't 5ro2e 9hen it h'" et oo+e the f'+hin 'rro9 th't 9'+ Ne9)'n. The +e$on"re'$tion 9'+ one )'n 9itho#t te'$her+ or *#*i+?Di$2en+. The thir" re'$tion 9'+ '

ro#* th't trie" to $re'te ' +ort of ne9 ro)'nti$ Prote+t'nti+), to *it ''in+t 5oth Re'+on

'n" Ro)e?('r:e, R#+2in, in+e:, M'#ri$e?*erh'*+ Tenn:+on. Bro9nin '+o

9'+ 't on$e ro)'nti$ 'n" P#rit'n 5#t he 5eone" to no ro#*, 'n" 9or2e" ''in+t)'teri'i+) in ' )'nner entire: hi+ o9n. Tho#h '+ ' 5o: he 5o#ht e'er: Shee:;+

re-o#tion'r: *oe)+, he "i" not thin2 of 5e$o)in ' re-o#tion'r: *oet. He $on$entr'te"


12/77

on the +*e$i' +o#+ of )en +ee2in Go" in ' +erie+ of *ri-'te inter-ie9+. Hen$e

Bro9nin, re't '+ he i+, i+ r'ther one of the &i$tori'n no-ei+t+ th'n 9ho: of the

&i$tori'n *oet+. Fro) R#+2in, ''in, "e+$en" tho+e 9ho )': 5e $'e" the Pre3R'*h'eite+ of *ro+e 'n" *oetr:.

It i+ re': 9ith thi+ r'tion'i+) tri#)*h'nt, 'n" 9ith the ro)'n$e of the+e -'rio#+ 'tt'$2+on it, th't the +t#": of &i$tori'n iter't#re 5ein+ 'n" *ro$ee"+. Benth') 9'+ 're'": the

*ro*het of ' *o9erf# +e$t M'$'#': 9'+ 're'": the hi+tori'n of 'n hi+tori$ *'rt:,5efore the tr#e &i$tori'n e*o$h 5e'n. The )i""e $'++e+ 9ere e)erin in ' +t'te of

"')'e" P#rit'ni+). The #**er $'++e+ 9ere #tter: *''n. Their $e'r 'n" $o#r'eo#+

te+ti)on: re)'in+ in tho+e i))ort' 9or"+ of Lor" Me5o#rne, 9ho h'" e" the :o#nC#een to the throne 'n" on +too" there '+ her *rote$tor. No one h'+ )ore re+*e$t for

the (hri+ti'n reiion th'n I h'-e 5#t re':, 9hen it $o)e+ to intr#"in it into *ri-'te ife

?? !h't 9'+ *#re *''ni+) in the *oiti$+ of Me5o#rne 5e$')e ' +ort of ):+ti$'$:ni$i+) in the *oiti$+ of Di+r'ei 'n" i+ 9e )irrore" in hi+ no-e+?for he 9'+ ' )'n

9ho fet 't ho)e in )irror+. !ith e-er: 'o9'n$e for 'ien+ 'n" e$$entri$+ 'n" ' the

'$$i"ent+ th't )#+t '9':+ e't the e"e+ of 'n: +:+te)'ti$ $ir$#)feren$e, it )': +ti 5e+'i" th't the Utiit'ri'n+ he" the fort.

f the 8for" Mo-e)ent 9h't re)'in+ )o+t +tron: in the &i$tori'n E*o$h $entre+

ro#n" the $h'ene of Ne9)'n, it+ one re't iter'r: )'n. B#t the )o-e)ent '+ ' 9hoe

h'" 5een of re't +inifi$'n$e in the -er: ene+i+ 'n" )'2e #* of the +o$iet:@ :et th't+inifi$'n$e i+ not C#ite e'+: i))e"i'te: to "efine. It 9'+ $ert'in: not +theti$

rit#'i+) +$'r$e: one of the 8for" Hih (h#r$h)en 9'+ 9h't 9e +ho#" $' '

Rit#'i+t. It 9'+ $ert'in: not ' $on+$io#+ re'$hin o#t to9'r"+ Ro)e@ e8$e*t on ' Ro)'n

('thoi$ theor: 9hi$h )iht e8*'in ' o#r #nre+t+ 5: th't "i) "e+ire. It 2ne9 itte ofE#ro*e, it 2ne9 nothin of Ire'n", to 9hi$h 'n: )ere: Ro)'n ('thoi$ re-#+ion

9o#" o5-io#+: h'-e t#rne". In the fir+t in+t'n$e, I thin2, the )ore it i+ +t#"ie", the )oreit 9o#" '**e'r th't it 9'+ ' )o-e)ent of )ere reiion '+ +#$h. It 9'+ not +o )#$h 't'+te for ('thoi$ "o)', 5#t +i)*: ' h#ner for "o)'. For "o)' )e'n+ the +erio#+

+'ti+f'$tion of the )in". Do)' "oe+ not )e'n the '5+en$e of tho#ht, 5#t the en" of

tho#ht. It 9'+ ' re-ot ''in+t the &i$tori'n +*irit in one *'rti$#'r '+*e$t of it 9hi$h)': ro#h: 5e $'e" =in ' $o+: 'n" "o)e+ti$ &i$tori'n )et'*hor> h'-in :o#r $'2e 'n"

e'tin it too. It +'9 th't the +oi" 'n" +erio#+ &i$tori'n+ 9ere f#n"')ent': fri-o o#+?

5e$'#+e the: 9ere f#n"')ent': in$on+i+tent.

A )'n )'2in the $onfe++ion of 'n: $ree" 9orth ten )in#te+; inteient t'2, i+ '9':+ ')'n 9ho 'in+ +o)ethin 'n" i-e+ #* +o)ethin. So on '+ he "oe+ 5oth he $'n $re'te@

for he i+ )'2in 'n o#tine 'n" ' +h'*e. M'ho)et $re'te", 9hen he for5'"e 9ine 5#t

'o9e" fi-e 9i-e+@ he $re'te" ' -er: 5i thin, 9hi$h 9e h'-e +ti to "e' 9ith. The fir+tFren$h Re*#5i$ $re'te", 9hen it 'ffir)e" *ro*ert: 'n" '5oi+he" *eer'e+ Fr'n$e +ti

+t'n"+ i2e ' +C#'re, fo#r3+i"e" 5#i"in 9hi$h E#ro*e h'+ 5e+iee" in -'in. The )en of

the 8for" Mo-e)ent 9o#" h'-e 5een horrifie" 't 5ein $o)*'re" either 9ith Mo+e)+

or J'$o5in+. B#t their +#53$on+$io#+ thir+t 9'+ for +o)ethin th't Mo+e)+ 'n" J'$o5in+h'" 'n" or"in'r: Ani$'n+ h'" not@ the e8'te" e8$ite)ent of $on+i+ten$:. If :o# 9ere '

Mo+e) :o# 9ere not ' B'$$h'n'. If :o# 9ere ' Re*#5i$'n :o# 9ere not ' *eer. An"


13/77

+o the 8for" )en, e-en in their fir+t 'n" "i))e+t +t'e+, fet th't if :o# 9ere '

(h#r$h)'n :o# 9ere not ' Di++enter. The 8for" Mo-e)ent 9'+, o#t of the -er: root+

of it+ 5ein, ' r'tion' )o-e)ent ')o+t ' r'tion'i+t )o-e)ent. In th't it "iffere"+h'r*: fro) the other re'$tion+ th't +hoo2 the Utiit'ri'n $o)*ro)i+e the 5in"in

):+ti$i+) of ('r:e, the )ere )'n: e)otion'i+) of Di$2en+. It 9'+ 'n '**e' to

re'+on@ re'+on +'i" th't if ' (hri+ti'n h'" ' fe'+t "': he )#+t h'-e ' f'+t "': too.ther9i+e, ' "':+ o#ht to 5e 'i2e 'n" thi+ 9'+ th't -er: Utiit'ri'ni+) ''in+t 9hi$h

their 8for" Mo-e)ent 9'+ the fir+t 'n" )o+t r'tion' '++'#t.

Thi+ i"e', e-en 5: re'+on of it+ re'+on, n'rro9e" into ' +ort of +h'r* +*e'r, of 9hi$h the

+*e'r 5'"e 9'+ Ne9)'n. It "i" foret )'n: of the other for$e+ th't 9ere fihtin on it++i"e. B#t the )o-e)ent $o#" 5o'+t, fir+t 'n" '+t, )'n: )en 9ho h'" thi+ e'er

"o)'ti$ C#'it:@ e5e, 9ho +*oit ' *oe) in or"er to re$oni+e ' "o$trine F'5er, 9ho

to" the ri$h, ')o+t 9ith t'#nt+, th't Go" +ent the *oor '+ e'e+ to +tri* the) Fro#"e,9ho 9ith Ne9)'n 'nno#n$e" hi+ ret#rn in the 'rro'nt )otto of A$hie+. B#t the

re'ter *'rt of ' thi+ h'**ene" 5efore 9h't i+ *ro*er: o#r *erio" 'n" in th't *erio"

Ne9)'n, 'n" *erh'*+ Ne9)'n 'one, i+ the e8*re++ion 'n" +#))'r: of the 9hoe+$hoo. It 9'+ $ert'in: in the &i$tori'n Ae, 'n" 'fter hi+ *'++'e to Ro)e, th't

Ne9)'n $'i)e" hi+ $o)*ete riht to 5e in 'n: 5oo2 on )o"ern Eni+h iter't#re. Thi+

i+ no *'$e for e+ti)'tin hi+ theoo:@ 5#t one *oint '5o#t it "oe+ $e'r: e)ere.

!h'te-er e+e i+ riht, the theor: th't Ne9)'n 9ent o-er to Ro)e to fin" *e'$e 'n" 'nen" of 'r#)ent, i+ C#ite #nC#e+tion'5: 9ron. He h'" f'r )ore C#'rre+ 'fter he h'"

one o-er to Ro)e. B#t, tho#h he h'" f'r )ore C#'rre+, he h'" f'r fe9er $o)*ro)i+e+@

'n" he 9'+ of th't te)*er 9hi$h i+ tort#re" )ore 5: $o)*ro)i+e th'n 5: C#'rre. He 9'+' )'n 't on$e of '5nor)' ener: 'n" '5nor)' +en+i5iit:@ no5o": 9itho#t th't

$o)5in'tion $o#" h'-e 9ritten theApolo"ia. If he +o)eti)e+ +ee)e" to +2in hi+

ene)ie+ 'i-e, it 9'+ 5e$'#+e he hi)+ef '$2e" ' +2in. In thi+ +en+e hi+Apolo"iai+ '

tri#)*h f'r 5e:on" the e*he)er' $h're on 9hi$h it 9'+ fo#n"e" in thi+ +en+e he "oe+in"ee" =to #+e hi+ o9n e8*re++ion> -'nC#i+h not hi+ '$$#+er 5#t hi+ #"e+. M'n: )en

9o#" +hrin2 fro) re$or"in ' their $o" fit+ 'n" he+it'tion+ 'n" *roone"

in$on+i+ten$ie+@ I ') +#re it 9'+ the 5re'th of ife to Ne9)'n to $onfe++ the), no9 th'the h'" "one 9ith the) for e-er. Hi+Lectures on the ,resent ,osition of En"lish

Catholics, *r'$ti$': *re'$he" ''in+t ' r'in )o5, ri+e not on: hiher 5#t h'**ier, '+

hi+ in+t'nt #n*o*#'rit: in$re'+e+. There i+ +o)ethin r'n"er th'n h#)o#r, there i+ f#n,in the -er: fir+t e$t#re '5o#t the Briti+h (on+tit#tion '+ e8*'ine" to ' )eetin of

R#++i'n+. B#t '9':+ hi+ tri#)*h+ 're the tri#)*h+ of ' hih: +en+iti-e )'n@ ' )'n

)#+t fee in+#t+ 5efore he $'n +o in+#tin: 'n" +*en"i": '-ene the). He i+ ' n'2e")'n, 9ho $'rrie+ ' n'2e" +9or". The C#'it: of hi+ iter'r: +t:e i+ +o +#$$e++f# th't it

+#$$ee"+ in e+$'*in "efinition. The C#'it: of hi+ oi$ i+ th't of ' on 5#t *'++ion'te

*'tien$e, 9hi$h 9'it+ #nti he h'+ fi8e" ' $orner+ of 'n iron tr'*. B#t the C#'it: of hi+)or' $o))ent on the 'e re)'in+ 9h't I h'-e +'i"@ ' *rote+t of the r'tion'it: of

reiion '+ ''in+t the in$re'+in irr'tion'it: of )ere &i$tori'n $o)fort 'n" $o)*ro)i+e.

So f'r '+ the *re+ent *#r*o+e i+ $on$erne", hi+ *rote+t "ie" 9ith hi)@ he eft fe9 i)it'tor+

'n" =it )': e'+i: 5e $on$ei-e"> no +#$$e++f# i)it'tor+. The +#e+tion of hi) iner+on in the e8C#i+ite Ei'5eth'n *er-er+it: of (o-entr: P't)ore 'n" h'+ 'ter f')e" o#t


14/77

fro) the +h: -o$'no of Fr'n$i+ Tho)*+on. ther9i+e ='+ 9e +h' +ee in the *'r'e

$'+e of R#+2in;+ So$i'i+)> he h'+ no foo9er+ in hi+ o9n 'e@ 5#t -er: )'n: in o#r+.

The ne8t ro#* of re'$tion'rie+ or ro)'nti$+ or 9h'te-er 9e ee$t to $' the), 'ther+ro#h: 'ro#n" one re't n')e. S$ot'n", fro) 9hi$h h'" $o)e +o )'n: of tho+e h'r+h

e$ono)i+t+ 9ho )'"e the fir+t R'"i$' *hio+o*hie+ of the &i$tori'n Ae, 9'+ "e+tine"'+o to fin forth =I h'" ')o+t +'i" to +*it forth> their fier$e+t 'n" )o+t e8tr'or"in'r:

ene):. The t9o *ri)'r: thin+ in Tho)'+ ('r:e 9ere hi+ e'r: S$ot$h e"#$'tion 'n"hi+ 'ter Ger)'n $#t#re. The fir+t 9'+ in ')o+t ' re+*e$t+ hi+ +trenth the 'tter in

+o)e re+*e$t+ hi+ 9e'2ne++. A+ 'n or"in'r: o9'n" *e'+'nt, he inherite" the re':

-'#'5e hi+tori$ *ro*ert: of the S$ot+, their in"e*en"en$e, their fihtin +*irit, 'n" theirin+tin$ti-e *hio+o*hi$ $on+i"er'tion of )en )ere: '+ )en. B#t he 9'+ not 'n or"in'r:

*e'+'nt. If he h'" '5o#re" o5+$#re: in hi+ -i'e ti "e'th, he 9o#" h'-e 5een :et

o$': ' )'r2e" )'n ' )'n 9ith ' 9i" e:e, ' )'n 9ith 'n 'ir of +ient 'ner *erh'*+ ')'n 't 9ho) +tone+ 9ere +o)eti)e+ thro9n. A +tr'in of "i+e'+e 'n" +#fferin r'n

'th9'rt 5oth hi+ 5o": 'n" hi+ +o#. In +*ite of hi+ *r'i+e of +ien$e, it 9'+ on: thro#h

hi+ ift of #tter'n$e th't he e+$'*e" )'"ne++. B#t 9hie hi+ feo93*e'+'nt+ 9o#" h'-e+een thi+ in hi) 'n" *erh'*+ )o$2e" it, the: 9o#" '+o h'-e +een +o)ethin 9hi$h the:

'9':+ e8*e$t in +#$h )en, 'n" the: 9o#" h'-e ot it@ -i+ion, ' *o9er in the )in" '2in

to +e$on" +iht. Li2e )'n: #n'in: or other9i+e #n'ttr'$ti-e S$ot$h)en, he 9'+ ' +eer.

B: 9hi$h I "o not )e'n to refer +o )#$h to hi+ tr'n+$en"ent' rh'*+o"ie+ '5o#t the!or"3+o# or the N't#re3'r)ent or the M:+terie+ 'n" Eternitie+ ener':, the+e +ee)

to )e to 5eon )ore to hi+ Ger)'n +i"e 'n" to 5e e++ +in$ere 'n" -it'. I )e'n ' re'

*o9er of +eein thin+ +#""en:, not '**'rent: re'$he" 5: 'n: *ro$e++ ' r'n" *o9erof #e++in. Hesa+the $ro9" of the ne9 St'te+ Gener', D'nton 9ith hi+ r#"e f'ttene"

f'$e, Ro5e+*ierre *eerin )i+ti: thro#h hi+ +*e$t'$e+. Hesa+the Eni+h $h're 't

D#n5'r. He"uessedth't Mir'5e'#, ho9e-er "i++i*'te" 'n" "i+e'+e", h'" +o)ethin

+t#r": in+i"e hi). He"uessedth't L'f':ette, ho9e-er 5r'-e 'n" -i$torio#+, h'" nothinin+i"e hi). He +#**orte" the '9e++ne++ of (ro)9e, 5e$'#+e '$ro++ t9o $ent#rie+ he

')o+t *h:+i$':feltthe fee5ene++ 'n" ho*ee++ne++ of the )o"er'te P'ri')ent'ri'n+.

He +'i" ' 9or" of +:)*'th: for the #ni-er+': -it#*er'te" J'$o5in+ of the Mo#nt'in,5e$'#+e thro#h thi$2 -ei+ of n'tion' *re#"i$e 'n" )i+re*re+ent'tion, he fet the

i)*o++i5iit: of the Giron"e. He 9'+ 9ron in "en:in to S$ott the *o9er of 5ein in+i"e

hi+ $h'r'$ter+@ 5#t he re': h'" ' oo" "e' of th't *o9er hi)+ef. It 9'+ one of hi+inn#)er'5e 'n" r'ther *ro-in$i' $rot$het+ to en$o#r'e *ro+e '+ ''in+t *oetr:. B#t, '+

' )'tter of f'$t, he hi)+ef 9'+ )#$h re'ter $on+i"ere" '+ ' 2in" of *oet th'n

$on+i"ere" '+ 'n:thin e+e 'n" the $entr' i"e' of *oetr: i+ the i"e' of #e++in riht,i2e ' $hi".

He fir+t e)ere", '+ it 9ere, '+ ' +t#"ent 'n" "i+$i*e of Goethe. The $onne$tion 9'+ not

9ho: fort#n'te. !ith )#$h of 9h't Goethe re': +too" for he 9'+ not re': in

+:)*'th: 5#t in hi+ o9n o5+tin'te 9':, he trie" to 2no$2 hi+ i"o into +h'*e in+te'" of$hoo+in 'nother. He *#+he" f#rther 'n" f#rther the e8tr'-''n$e+ of ' -i-i" 5#t -er:

#n5''n$e" 'n" 5'r5'ri$ +t:e, in the *r'i+e of ' *oet 9ho re': re*re+ente" the $')e+t

$'++i$i+) 'n" the 'tte)*t to re+tore ' Heeni$ eC#ii5ri#) in the )in". It i+ i2e9't$hin ' +h': S$'n"in'-i'n "e$or'tin ' Gree2 +t't#e 9'+he" #* 5: $h'n$e on hi+


15/77

+hore+. An" 9hie the +trenth of Goethe 9'+ ' +trenth of $o)*etion 'n" +erenit:,

9hi$h ('r:e not on: ne-er fo#n" 5#t ne-er e-en +o#ht, the 9e'2ne++e+ of Goethe

9ere of ' +ort th't "i" not "r'9 the 5e+t o#t of ('r:e. The one $i-ii+e" ee)ent th't theGer)'n $'++i$i+t+ forot to *#t into their 5e'#tif# 5''n$e 9'+ ' +en+e of h#)o#r. An"

re't *oet '+ Goethe 9'+, there i+ to the '+t +o)ethin f'int: f't#o#+ '5o#t hi+ h'f

+$e*ti$', h'f +enti)ent' +ef3i)*ort'n$e ' Lor" (h')5er'in of te'$#* *oiti$+ 'ne'rne+t 'n" e"er: firt ' Ger)'n of the Ger)'n+. No9 ('r:e h'" h#)o#r he h'" it in

hi+ -er: +t:e, 5#t it ne-er ot into hi+ *hio+o*h:. Hi+ *hio+o*h: 're: re)'ine" '

he'-: Te#toni$ i"e'i+), '5+#r": #n'9're of the $o)*e8it: of thin+ '+ 9hen he*er*et#': re*e'te" ='+ 9ith ' 2in" of f't3foote" +t')*in> th't *eo*e o#ht to te the

tr#th '**'rent: +#**o+in, to C#ote Ste-en+on;+ *hr'+e, th't tein the tr#th i+ '+ e'+:

'+ 5in" hoo2e:. Yet, tho#h hi+ ener' hone+t: i+ #nC#e+tion'5e, he 9'+ 5: no )e'n+

one of tho+e 9ho 9i i-e #* ' f'n$: #n"er the +ho$2 of ' f'$t. If 5: +heer eni#+ hefreC#ent: #e++e" riht, he 9'+ not the 2in" of )'n to '")it e'+i: th't he h'" #e++e"

9ron. Hi+ -er+ion of (ro)9e;+ fith: $r#etie+ in Ire'n", or hi+ i)*'tient +#rrin o-er

of the )o+t +ini+ter ri""e in the )or'it: of Fre"eri$2 the Gre't?the+e *'++'e+ 're, one

)#+t fr'n2: +':, "i+ inen#o#+. B#t it i+, +o to +*e'2, ' enero#+ "i+inen#o#+ne++ thehe't 'n" )o)ent#) of +in$ere '")ir'tion+, not the +h#ffin fe'r 'n" f'tter: of the

$on+tit#tion' or *'trioti$ hi+tori'n. It 5e'r+ )o+t re+e)5'n$e to the in$#r'5e *re#"i$e+of ' 9o)'n.

For the re+t there ho-ere" 5ehin" ' thi+ tr'n+$en"ent' h'e ' $ert'in *re+en$e of o"

northern *''ni+) he re': h'" +o)e +:)*'th: 9ith the -'+t -'#e o"+ of th't )oo":

5#t not #n)'n: N't#re39or+hi* 9hi$h +ee)+ to h'-e fie" the "'r2ne++ of the North5efore the $o)in of the Ro)'n E'e or the (hri+ti'n (ro++. Thi+ he $o)5ine",

'o9in for $ert'in +$e*ti$' o)i++ion+, 9ith the ri+: " Te+t')ent Go" he h'" he'r"

'5o#t in the 5'$2 S'55'th+ of hi+ $hi"hoo" 'n" +o *ro)#'te" =''in+t 5oth

R'tion'i+t+ 'n" ('thoi$+> ' +ort of he'then P#rit'ni+)@ Prote+t'nti+) *#re" of it+e-i"en$e+ of (hri+ti'nit:.

Hi+ re't 'n" re' 9or2 9'+ the 'tt'$2 on Utiit'ri'ni+)@ 9hi$h "i" re' oo", tho#h

there 9'+ )#$h th't 9'+ )#""e" 'n" "'nero#+ in the hi+tori$' *hio+o*h: 9hi$h he*re'$he" '+ 'n 'tern'ti-e. It i+ hi+ re' or: th't he 9'+ the fir+t to +ee $e'r: 'n" +':

*'in: the re't tr#th of o#r ti)e th't the 9e'th of the +t'te i+ not the *ro+*erit: of the

*eo*e. M'$'#': 'n" the Mi+ 'n" ' the re#'r r#n of the E'r: &i$tori'n+, too2 it forr'nte" th't if M'n$he+ter 9'+ ettin ri$her, 9e h'" ot ho" of the 2e: to $o)fort 'n"

*rore++. ('r:e *ointe" o#t =9ith +troner +''$it: 'n" h#)o#r th'n he +ho9e" on 'n:

other C#e+tion> th't it 9'+ #+t '+ tr#e to +': th't M'n$he+ter 9'+ ettin *oorer '+ th't it

9'+ ettin ri$her@ or, in other 9or"+, th't M'n$he+ter 9'+ not ettin ri$her 't ', 5#ton: +o)e of the e++ *e'+in *eo*e in M'n$he+ter. In thi+ )'tter he i+ to 5e note" in

$onne$tion 9ith n'tion' "e-eo*)ent+ )#$h 'ter for he th#+ 5e$')e the fir+t *ro*het

of the So$i'i+t+. %artor (esartusi+ 'n '")ir'5e f'nt'+i' The 'rench (evolutioni+, 9ith' it+ f'#t+, ' re': fine *ie$e of hi+tor: the e$t#re+ on Heroe+ $ont'in +o)e )'+ter:

+2et$he+ of *er+on'itie+. B#t I thin2 it i+ in,ast and ,resent, 'n" the e++': on Chartism,

th't ('r:e '$hie-e+ the 9or2 he 9'+ $ho+en 5: o"+ 'n" )en to '$hie-e 9hi$h*o++i5: )iht not h'-e 5een '$hie-e" 5: ' h'**ier or )ore he'th:3)in"e" )'n. He


16/77

ne-er ro+e to )ore "e'": iron: th'n in +#$h macabre"e+$ri*tion+ '+ th't of the *oor

9o)'n *ro-in her +i+terhoo" 9ith the ri$h 5: i-in the) ' t:*hoi" fe-er or th't

*erfe$t *ie$e of badina"e'5o#t -er*ro"#$tion of Shirt+ in 9hi$h he i)'ine+ the'ri+to$r't+ $'i)in to 5e C#ite $e'r of thi+ offen$e. !i :o# 5'n": '$$#+'tion+, 9i

:o# '$$#+e usof o-er*ro"#$tionK !e t'2e the He'-en+ 'n" the E'rth to 9itne++ th't 9e

h'-e *ro"#$e" nothin 't '.... He th't '$$#+e+ #+ of *ro"#$in, et hi) +ho9 hi)+ef.Let hi) +': 9h't 'n" 9hen. An" he ne-er 9rote +o +tern: 'n" #+t: '+ 9hen he

$o)*'re" the "i-ine +orro9 of D'nte 9ith the #n"i-ine +orro9 of Utiit'ri'ni+),

9hi$h h'" 're'": $o)e "o9n to t'2in '5o#t the 5ree"in of the *oor 'n" to hintin 'tinf'nti$i"e. Thi+ i+ ' re*re+ent'ti-e C#'rre for if the Utiit'ri'n +*irit re'$he" it+ hihe+t

*oint in Mi, it $ert'in: re'$he" it+ o9e+t *oint in M'th#+.

ne '+t ee)ent in the inf#en$e of ('r:e o#ht to 5e )entione" 5e$'#+e it -er:

+tron: "o)in'te" hi+ "i+$i*e+?e+*e$i': in+e:, 'n" to +o)e e8tent Tenn:+on 'n"R#+2in. Be$'#+e he fro9ne" 't the $o$2ne: $heerf#ne++ of the $he'*er e$ono)i+t+, the:

'n" other+ re*re+ente" hi) '+ ' *e++i)i+t, 'n" re"#$e" ' hi+ '#re infinitie+ to ' fit of

the 5#e+. B#t ('r:e;+ *hio+o*h:, )ore $'ref#: $on+i"ere", 9i 5e fo#n" to 5e"'nero#+: o*ti)i+t r'ther th'n *e++i)i+t. A+ ' thin2er ('r:e i+ not +'", 5#t re$2e++:

'n" r'ther #n+$r#*#o#+: +'ti+fie". For he +ee)+ to h'-e he" the theor: th't oo" $o#"

not 5e "efinite: "efe'te" in thi+ 9or" 'n" th't e-er:thin in the on r#n fin"+ it+ riht

e-e. It 5e'n 9ith 9h't 9e )': $' the Bi5e of Hi+tor: i"e'@ th't ' 'ff'ir+ 'n"*oiti$+ 9ere ' $o#"e" 5#t #n5ro2en re-e'tion of the "i-ine. Th#+ 'n: enor)o#+ 'n"

#n'tere" h#)'n +ette)ent?'+ the Nor)'n (onC#e+t or the +e$e++ion of A)eri$'?9e

)#+t +#**o+e to 5e the 9i of Go". It ent it+ef to *i$t#re+C#e tre't)ent 'n" ('r:e 'n"the ('r:e'n+ 9ere '5o-e ' thin+ *i$t#re+C#e. It '-e the) 't fir+t ' rhetori$'

'"-'nt'e o-er the ('thoi$ 'n" other o"er +$hoo+. The: $o#" 5o'+t th't their (re'tor

9'+ +ti $re'tin th't he 9'+ in M'n 'n" N't#re, 'n" 9'+ not he"e" ro#n" in ' P'r'"i+e

or i)*ri+one" in ' *:8. The: $o#" +': their Go" h'" not ro9n too o" for 9'r@ th't He9'+ *re+ent 't Gett:+5#r 'n" Gr'-eotte '+ )#$h '+ 't Gi5eon 'n" Gi5o'. I "o not

)e'n th't the: iter': +'i" the+e *'rti$#'r thin+@ the: 're 9h't I +ho#" h'-e +'i" h'" I

5een 5ri5e" to "efen" their *o+ition. B#t the: +'i" thin+ to the +')e effe$t@ th't 9h't)'n'e+ fin': to h'**en, h'**en+ for ' hiher *#r*o+e. ('r :e +'i" the Fren$h

Re-o#tion 9'+ ' thin +ette" in the etern' $o#n$i+ to 5e 'n" therefore ='n" not

5e$'#+e it 9'+ riht> 'tt'$2in it 9'+ fihtin ''in+t Go". An" in+e: e-en $'rrie"the *rin$i*e +o f'r '+ to te ' '": +he +ho#" re)'in in the (h#r$h of En'n" )'in:

5e$'#+e Go" h'" *#t her there. B#t in +*ite of it+ +#*erfi$i' +*irit#'it: 'n"

en$o#r'e)ent, it i+ not h'r" to +ee ho9 +#$h ' "o$trine $o#" 5e '5#+e". It *r'$ti$':$o)e+ to +':in th't Go" i+ on the +i"e of the 5i 5'tt'ion+?or 't e'+t, of the -i$torio#+

one+. Th#+ ' $ree" 9hi$h +et o#t to $re'te $onC#eror+ 9o#" on: $orr#*t +o"ier+

$orr#*t the) 9ith ' $r'-en 'n" #n+o"ier: 9or+hi* of +#$$e++@ 'n" th't 9hi$h 5e'n '+the *hio+o*h: of $o#r'e en"+ '+ the *hio+o*h: of $o9'r"i$e. If, in"ee", ('r:e 9ere

riht in +':in th't riht i+ on: riht: 'rti$#'te" )iht, )en 9o#" ne-er 'rti$#'te or

)o-e in 'n: 9':. For no '$t $'n h'-e )iht 5efore it i+ "one@ if there i+ no riht, it

$'nnot r'tion': 5e "one 't '. Thi+ ee)ent, i2e the Anti3Utiit'ri'n ee)ent, i+ to 5e2e*t in )in" in $onne$tion 9ith 'fter "e-eo*)ent+@ for in thi+ ('r:e i+ the fir+t $r: of

I)*eri'i+), '+ =in the other $'+e> of So$i'i+)@ 'n" the t9o 5'5e+ #n5orn 9ho +tir 't the


17/77

tr#)*et 're Mr. Bern'r" Sh'9 'n" Mr. R#":'r" i*in. i*in '+o $'rrie+ on fro)

('r:e the $on$entr'tion on the *#re: He5r'i$ *'rt+ of the Bi5e. The f''$: of thi+

9hoe *hio+o*h: i+ th't if Go" i+ in"ee" *re+ent 't ' )o"ern 5'tte, He )': 5e *re+entnot '+ on Gi5o' 5#t Gooth'.

('r:e;+ "ire$t hi+tori$' 9or+hi* of +trenth 'n" the re+t of it 9'+ fort#n'te: not -er:fr#itf# 'n" *erh'*+ inere" on: in Fro#"e the hi+tori'n. E-en he i+ )ore 'n

interr#*tion th'n ' $ontin#it:. Fro#"e "e-eo*+ r'ther the h'r+her 'n" )ore i)*'tient)or' $o#n+e+ of hi+ )'+ter th'n i2e R#+2in the )ore ro)'nti$ 'n" +:)*'theti$. He

$'rrie+ on the tr'"ition of Hero !or+hi*@ 5#t $'rrie+ f'r 5e:on" ('r:e the *r'$ti$e of

9or+hi**in *eo*e 9ho $'nnot r'tion': 5e $'e" heroe+. In thi+ )'tter th't e$$entri$e:e of the +eer $ert'in: he*e" ('r:e@ in (ro)9e 'n" Fre"eri$2 the Gre't there 9'+ 't

e'+t +o)ethin +ef35eotten, oriin' or ):+ti$' if the: 9ere not heroe+ the: 9ere 't

e'+t "e)io"+ or *erh'*+ "e)on+. B#t Fro#"e +et hi)+ef to the *r'i+e of the T#"or+, ')#$h o9er $'++ of *eo*e i3$on"itione" *ro+*ero#+ *eo*e 9ho )ere: 9'8e" f't 'n"

2i$2e". S#$h +trenth '+ Henr: &III h'" 9'+ the +trenth of ' 5'": tr'ine" hor+e th't

5ot+, not of 'n: $e'r or $o#r'eo#+ ri"er 9ho $ontro+ hi). There i+ ' +ort of +tron )'n)entione" in S$ri*t#re 9ho, 5e$'#+e he )'+ter+ hi)+ef, i+ )ore th'n he th't t'2e+ ' $it:.

There i+ 'nother 2in" of +tron )'n =2no9n to the )e"i$' *rofe++ion> 9ho $'nnot

)'+ter hi)+ef 'n" 9ho) it )': t'2e h'f ' $it: to t'2e 'i-e. B#t for ' th't he i+ ' o9

#n'ti$, 'n" not ' hero 'n" of th't +ort 9ere too )'n: of the heroe+ 9ho) Fro#"e'tte)*te" to *r'i+e. A 2in" of in+tin$t 2e*t ('r:e fro) o-er3*r'i+in Henr: &III or

th't hih: $#ti-'te" 'n" $o)*i$'te" i'r, #een Ei'5eth. Here, the on: i)*ort'n$e

of thi+ i+ th't one of ('r:e;+ foo9er+ $'rrie" f#rther th't +trenth 9hi$h 9'+ the re'9e'2ne++ of ('r:e. I h'-e he'r" th't Fro#"e;+ ife of ('r:e 9'+ #n+:)*'theti$ 5#t if

it 9'+ +o it 9'+ ' +ort of *'rri$i"e. For the re+t, i2e M'$'#':, he 9'+ ' *i$t#re+C#e 'n"

*'rti+'n hi+tori'n@ 5#t, i2e M'$'#': ='n" #ni2e the $r'-en +$ientifi$ hi+tori'n+ of to3

"':> he 9'+ not '+h')e" of 5ein *'rti+'n or of 5ein *i$t#re+C#e. S#$h +t#"ie+ '+ he9rote on the Ei'5eth'n +e')en 'n" '"-ent#rer+, re*re+ent -er: tri#)*h'nt: the +ort of

ro)'n$e of En'n" th't ' thi+ +$hoo 9'+ 'tte)*tin to e+t'5i+h 'n" in2 hi) #* 9ith

in+e: 'n" the re+t.

R#+2in )': 5e -er: ro#h: re'r"e" '+ the :o#n ie#ten'nt of ('r:e in hi+ 9'r on

Utiit'ri'n R'"i$'i+)@ 5#t '+ 'n in"i-i"#' he *re+ent+ )'n: 'n" $#rio#+ "i-eren$e+. In

the )'tter of +t:e, he enri$he" Eni+h 9itho#t "i+or"erin it. An" in the )'tter ofreiion =9hi$h 9'+ the 2e: of thi+ 'e '+ of e-er: other> he "i" not, i2e ('r:e, +et #*

the ro)'n$e of the re't P#rit'n+ '+ ' ri-' to the ro)'n$e of the ('thoi$ (h#r$h. R'ther

he +et #* 'n" 9or+hi**e" ' the 'rt+ 'n" tro*hie+ of the ('thoi$ (h#r$h '+ ' ri-' to the

(h#r$h it+ef. None nee" "i+*#te th't he he" ' *erfe$t: ten'5e *o+ition if he $ho+e to'++o$i'te e'r: Forentine 'rt 9ith ' (hri+ti'nit: +ti $o)*'r'ti-e: *#re, 'n" +#$h

+en+#'itie+ '+ the Ren'i++'n$e 5re" 9ith the $orr#*tion of ' P'*'$:. B#t thi+ "oe+ not

'ter, '+ ' )ere: 'rti+ti$ f'$t, the +tr'ne 'ir of i3e'+e 'n" irrit'tion 9ith 9hi$h R#+2in+ee)+ to te'r "o9n the 'ro:e+ of A)ien+ or the )'r5e+ of &eni$e, '+ thin+ of 9hi$h

E#ro*e i+ not 9orth: 'n" t'2e the) '9': 9ith hi) to ' re': $'ref# )#+e#), +it#'te"

"'nero#+: ne'r ('*h'). M'n: of the re't )en of th't ener'tion, in"ee", h'" ' +ortof "i-i"e" )in" 'n ethi$' he'"'$he 9hi$h 9'+ iter': ' +*ittin he'"'$he for there


18/77

9'+ ' +$hi+) in the +:)*'thie+. !hen the+e )en oo2e" 't +o)e hi+tori$ o5e$t, i2e the

('thoi$ (h#r$h or the Fren$h Re-o#tion, the: "i" not 2no9 9hether the: o-e" or

h'te" it )o+t. ('r:e;+ t9o e:e+ 9ere o#t of fo$#+, '+ one )': +':, 9hen he oo2e" 't"e)o$r'$:@ he h'" one e:e on &'): 'n" the other on Se"'n. In the +')e 9':, R#+2in

h'" ' +tron riht h'n" th't 9rote of the re't )e"i-' )in+ter+ in t' h'r)onie+ 'n"

tr'$erie+ '+ +*en"i" '+ their o9n 'n" '+o, +o to +*e'2, ' 9e'2 'n" fe-eri+h eft h'n"th't 9'+ '9':+ fi"etin 'n" tr:in to t'2e the *en '9':?'n" 9rite 'n e-'nei$' tr'$t

'5o#t the i))or'it: of foreiner+. M'n: of their $onte)*or'rie+ 9ere the +')e. The +e'

of Tenn:+on;+ )in" 9'+ tro#5e" #n"er it+ +erene +#rf'$e. The in$e++'nt e8$ite)ent ofin+e:, tho#h ro)'nti$ 'n" 'ttr'$ti-e in )'n: 9':+, 9'+ ' re't "e' )ore i2e

Ner-o#+ (hri+ti'nit: th'n M#+$#'r (hri+ti'nit:. It 9o#" 5e C#ite #nf'ir to +': of

R#+2in th't there 9'+ 'n: )'or in$on+i+ten$: 5et9een hi+ )e"i -' t'+te+ 'n" hi+ -er:

#n)e"i-' te)*er@ 'n" )inor in$on+i+ten$ie+ "o not )'tter in 'n:5o":. B#t it i+ notC#ite #nf'ir to +': of hi) th't he +ee)e" to 9'nt ' *'rt+ of the ('the"r' e8$e*t the

't'r.

A+ 'n 'rti+t in *ro+e he i+ one of the )o+t )ir'$#o#+ *ro"#$t+ of the e8tre)e: *oeti$'eni#+ of En'n". The enth of ' R#+2in +enten$e i+ i2e th't enth in the on 'rro9

th't 9'+ 5o'+te" of 5: the "r'9er+ of the on 5o9. He "r'9+, not ' $oth3:'r" +h'ft 5#t '

on 'n$e to hi+ e'r@ he +hoot+ ' +*e'r. B#t the 9hoe oe+ iht '+ ' 5ir" 'n" +tr'iht '+

' 5#et. There i+ no &i$tori'n 9riter 5efore hi) to 9ho) he e-en +#e+t+ ' $o)*'ri+on,te$hni$': $on+i"ere", e8$e*t *erh'*+ De #in$e: 9ho '+o e)*o:e" the on ri$h

roin +enten$e th't, i2e ' ro$2et, 5#r+t+ into +t'r+ 't the en". B#t De #in$e:;+

+enten$e+, '+ I h'-e +'i", h'-e '9':+ ' "re'): 'n" in+e$#re +en+e '5o#t the), i2e thet#rret on to**in t#rret of +o)e )'" +#t'n;+ *'o"'. R#+2in;+ +enten$e 5r'n$he+ into

5r'$2et+ 'n" re'ti-e $'#+e+ '+ ' +tr'iht +tron tree 5r'n$he+ into 5o#h+ 'n"

5if#r$'tion+, r'ther +h'2in off it+ 5#r"en th'n )ere: '""in to it. It i+ intere+tin to

re)e)5er th't R#+2in 9rote +o)e of the 5e+t of the+e +enten$e+ in the 'tte)*t to +ho9th't he "i" #n"er+t'n" the ro9th of tree+, 'n" th't no5o": e+e "i"?e8$e*t T#rner, of

$o#r+e. It i+ '+o =to tho+e '$C#'inte" 9ith hi+ *er-er+e 'n" 9i" rhetori$' *re#"i$e+>

e-en )ore ')#+in to re)e)5er th't if ' R#+2in +enten$e =o$$#*:in one or t9o *'e+of +)' *rint> "oe+ not re)in" #+ of the ro9th of ' tree, the on: other thin it "oe+

re)in" of i+ the tri#)*h'nt *'++'e of ' r'i9': tr'in.

R#+2in eft 5ehin" hi) in hi+ t#rn t9o C#ite +e*'r'te +tre')+ of in+*ir'tion. The fir+t 'n")ore *r'$ti$' 9'+ $on$erne", i2e ('r:e;+ Chartism, 9ith ' $h'ene to the +o$i'

$on$#+ion+ of the ortho"o8 e$ono)i+t+. He 9'+ not +o re't ' )'n '+ ('r:e, 5#t he 9'+

' )#$h )ore $e'r3he'"e" )'n 'n" the *oint 'n" +t'5 of hi+ $h'ene +ti re': +t'n"+

'n" +ti$2+, i2e ' "'er in ' "e'" )'n. He 'n+9ere" the theor: th't 9e )#+t '9':+ etthe $he'*e+t '5o#r 9e $'n, 5: *ointin o#t th't 9e ne-er "o et the $he'*e+t '5o#r 9e

$'n, in 'n: )'tter '5o#t 9hi$h 9e re': $'re t9o*en$e. !e "o not et the $he'*e+t

"o$tor. !e either et ' "o$tor 9ho $h're+ nothin or ' "o$tor 9ho $h're+ ' re$oni+e"'n" re+*e$t'5e fee. !e "o not tr#+t the $he'*e+t 5i+ho*. !e "o not 'o9 '")ir'+ to

$o)*ete. !e "o not te ener'+ to #n"er$#t e'$h other on the e-e of ' 9'r. !e either

e)*o: none of the) or 9e e)*o: ' of the) 't 'n offi$i' r'te of *':. A thi+ 9'+ +eto#t in the +trone+t 'n" e'+t +enti)ent' of hi+ 5oo2+, Unto this Last 5#t )'n:


19/77

+#e+tion+ of it 're +$'ttere" thro#h %esame and Lilies, The ,olitical Economy of Art,

'n" e-enodern ,ainters. n thi+ +i"e of hi+ +o# R#+2in 5e$')e the +e$on" fo#n"er of

So$i'i+). The 'r#)ent 9'+ not 5: 'n: )e'n+ ' $o)*ete or #n$onC#er'5e 9e'*on,5#t I thin2 it 2no$2e" o#t 9h't itte re )'ine" of the 5r'in+ of the e'r: &i$tori'n

r'tion'i+t+. It i+ entire: non+en+i$' to +*e'2 of R#+2in '+ ' o#nin +thete, 9ho

+troe" into e$ono)i$+, 'n" t'2e" +enti)ent'i+). In *'in f'$t, R#+2in 9'+ +e"o) +o+en+i5e 'n" oi$' =riht or 9ron> '+ 9hen he 9'+ t'2in '5o#t e$ono)i$+. He

$on+t'nt: t'2e" the )o+t orio#+ non+en+e '5o#t 'n"+$'*e 'n" n't#r' hi+tor:, 9hi$h

it 9'+ hi+ 5#+ine++ to #n"er+t'n". !ithin hi+ o9n i)it+, he t'2e" the )o+t $o" $o))on+en+e '5o#t *oiti$' e$ono):, 9hi$h 9'+ no 5#+ine++ of hi+ 't '.

n the other +i"e of hi+ iter'r: +o#, hi+ )ere #n9r'**in of the 9e'th 'n" 9on"er of

E#ro*e'n 'rt, he +et oin 'nother inf#en$e, e'rier 'n" -'#er th'n hi+ inf#en$e on

So$i'i+). He re*re+ente" 9h't 9'+ 't fir+t the Pre3R'*h'eite S$hoo in *'intin, 5#t'fter9'r"+ ' )#$h 'rer 'n" oo+er Pre3R'*h'eite S$hoo in *oetr: 'n" *ro+e. The 9or"

oo+er 9i not 5e fo#n" #nf'ir if 9e re)e)5er ho9 S9in5#rne 'n" ' the 9i"e+t

frien"+ of the Ro++etti+ $'rrie" thi+ )o-e)ent for9'r". The: #+e" the )e"i-' i)'er:to 5'+*he)e the )e"i-' reiion. R#+2in;+ "'r2 'n" "o#5tf# "e$i+ion to '$$e*t

('thoi$ 'rt 5#t not ('thoi$ ethi$+ h'" 5orne r'*i" or e-en f'r'nt fr#it 5: the ti)e th't

S9in5#rne, 9ritin '5o#t ' h'rot, $o)*o+e" ' e'rne" 'n" +:)*'theti$ 'n" in"e$ent

*'ro": on the Lit'n: of the Be++e" &irin.

!ith the *oet+ I "e' in 'nother *'rt of thi+ 5oo2 5#t the inf#en$e of R#+2in;+ re't

*ro+e to#$hin 'rt $riti$i+) $'n 5e+t 5e e8*re++e" in the n')e of the ne8t re't *ro+e

9riter on +#$h +#5e$t+. Th't n')e i+ !'ter P'ter@ 'n" the n')e i+ the f# )e'+#re of

the e8tent to 9hi$h R#+2in;+ -'#e 5#t -'+t inf#en$e h'" e+$'*e" fro) hi+ h'n"+. P'tere-ent#': oine" the (h#r$h of Ro)e =9hi$h 9o#" not h'-e *e'+e" R#+2in 't '>, 5#t

it i+ +#re: f'ir to +': of the )'++ of hi+ 9or2 th't it+ )or' tone i+ neither P#rit'n nor('thoi$, 5#t +tri$t: 'n" +*en"i": P''n. In P'ter 9e h'-e R#+2in 9itho#t the*re #"i$e+, th't i+, 9itho#t the f#nn: *'rt+. I )': 5e 9ron, 5#t I $'nnot re$' 't thi+

)o)ent ' +ine *'++'e in 9hi$h P'ter;+ +t:e t'2e+ ' hoi"': or in 9hi$h hi+ 9i+"o)

*':+ the foo. Ne9)'n 'n" R#+2in 9ere '+ $'ref# 'n" r'$ef# +t:i+t+ '+ he. Ne9)'n'n" R#+2in 9ere '+ +erio#+, e'5or'te, 'n" e-en '$'"e)i$ thin2er+ '+ he. B#t R#+2in et

hi)+ef o '5o#t r'i9':+. Ne9)'n et hi)+ef o '5o#t in+e:. P'ter $'nnot et

hi)+ef o for the e8$eent re'+on th't he 9'nt+ to +t':@ to +t': 't the *oint 9here ' the2eene+t e)otion+ )eet, '+ he e8*'in+ in the +*en"i" *eror'tion of The (enaissance. The

on: o5e$tion to 5ein 9here ' the 2eene+t e)otion+ )eet i+ th't :o# fee none of the).

In thi+ +en+e P'ter )': 9e +t'n" for ' +#5+t'nti' +#))'r: of the +thete+, '*'rt fro)

the *#re: *oeti$' )erit+ of )en i2e Ro++etti 'n" S9in5#rne. Li2e S9in5#rne 'n"other+ he fir+t 'tte)*te" to #+e )e"i-' tr'"ition 9itho#t tr#+tin it. The+e *eo*e

9'nte" to +ee P''ni+) throu"h(hri+ti'nit:@ 5e$'#+e it in-o-e" the in$i"ent'

')#+e)ent of +eein thro#h (hri+ti'nit: it+ef. The: not on: trie" to 5e in ' 'e+ 't

on$e =9hi$h i+ ' -er: re'+on'5e ')5ition, tho#h not often re'i+e">, 5#t the: 9'nte" to5e on ' +i"e+ 't on$e@ 9hi$h i+ non+en+e. S9in5#rne trie+ to C#e+tion the *hio+o*h: of

(hri+ti'nit: in the )etre+ of ' (hri+t)'+ $'ro@ 'n" D'nte Ro++etti trie+ to 9rite '+ if he


20/77

9ere (hri+tin' Ro++etti. (ert'in: the ')o+t +#$$e++f# +#))it of ' thi+ 'tte)*t i+

P'ter;+ +#*er5 *'++'e on the Mon' Li+' in 9hi$h he +ee2+ to )'2e her 't on$e '

):+ter: of oo" 'n" ' ):+ter: of e-i. The *hio+o*h: i+ f'+e e-en e-i"ent: f'+e, forit 5e'r+ no fr#it to3"':. There ne-er 9'+ ' 9o)'n, not E-e her+ef in the in+t'nt of

te)*t'tion, 9ho $o#" +)ie the +')e +)ie '+ the )other of Heen 'n" the )other of

M'r:. B#t it i+ the hih39'ter )'r2 of th't -'+t 'tte)*t 't 'n i)*'rti'it: re'$he" thro#h'rt@ 'n" no other )ere 'rti+t e-er ro+e +o hih ''in.

A*'rt fro) thi+ R#+2ini'n off+hoot thro#h Pre3R'*h'eiti+) into 9h't 9'+ $'e"

+theti$i+), the re)'in+ of the in+*ir'tion of ('r:e fi ' -er: 're *'rt in the

&i$tori'n ife, 5#t not +tri$t: +o 're ' *'rt in the &i$tori'n iter't#re. (h're+ in+e:9'+ ' re't *#5i$i+t ' *o*#'r *re'$her ' *o*#'r no-ei+t 'n" =in t9o $'+e+ 't e'+t> '

-er: oo" no-ei+t. Hi+ -ater abiesi+ re': ' 5ree: 'n" ro'rin fre'2 i2e ' hoi"':

't the +e'+i"e?' hoi"': 9here one t'2+ n't#r' hi+tor: 9itho#t t'2in it +erio#+:.So)e of the +on+ in thi+ 'n" other of hi+ 9or2+ 're -er: re' +on+@ not'5:, !hen '

the !or" i+ Yo#n, L'", 9hi$h $o)e+ -er: ne'r to 5ein the on: tr#e "efen$e of

)'rri'e in the $ontro-er+ie+ of the nineteenth $ent#r:. B#t 9hen ' thi+ i+ 'o9e", noone 9i +erio#+: r'n2 in+e:, in the re': iter'r: +en+e, on the e-e of ('r:e or

R#+2in, Tenn:+on or Bro9nin, Di$2en+ or Th'$2er':@ 'n" if +#$h ' *'$e $'nnot 5e

i-en to hi), it $'n 5e i-en e-en e++ to hi+ #+t: 'n" *e'+'nt frien", To) H#he+,

9ho+e *er+on'it: fo't+ to9'r"+ the fr'n2ne++ of theoy#s *+n ,aper or to hi+ "ee*,+#e+ti-e )et'*h:+i$' frien" M'#ri$e, 9ho fo't+ r'ther to9'r"+ The Hibbert /ournal.

The )or' 'n" +o$i' inf#en$e of the+e thin+ i+ not to 5e forotten@ 5#t the: e'-e the

"o)'in of etter+. The -oi$e of ('r:e i+ not he'r" ''in in etter+ ti the $o)in ofi*in 'n" Hene:.

ne other n')e of re't i)*ort'n$e +ho#" '**e'r here, 5e$'#+e it $'nnot '**e'r -er:

'**ro*ri'te: 'n:9here e+e@ the )'n h'r": 5eone" to the +')e +$hoo '+ R#+2in 'n"('r:e, 5#t fo#ht )'n: of their 5'tte+, 'n" 9'+ e-en )ore $on$entr'te" on their )'int'+2?the t'+2 of $on-i$tin i5er' bour"eoisEn'n" of *rii+hne++ 'n" *ro-in$i'it:.

I )e'n, of $o#r+e, M'tthe9 Arno". A'in+t Mi;+ i5ert: 'n" ('r:e;+ +trenth 'n"

R#+2in;+ n't#re, he +et #* ' ne9 *re+en$e 'n" entit: 9hi$h he $'e" $#t#re, the"i+intere+te" *': of the )in" thro#h the +iftin of the 5e+t 5oo2+ 'n" '#thoritie+.

Tho#h ' itte "'n"ifie" in *hr'+e, he 9'+ #n"o#5te": +erio#+ 'n" *#5i$3+*irite" in

intention. He +o)eti)e+ t'2e" of $#t#re ')o+t '+ if it 9ere ' )'n, or 't e'+t ' $h#r$h=for ' $h#r$h h'+ ' +ort of *er+on'it:>@ +o)e )': +#+*e$t th't $#t#re 9'+ ' )'n, 9ho+e

n')e 9'+ M'tthe9 Arno". B#t Arno" 9'+ not on: riht 5#t hih: -'#'5e. If 9e

h'-e +'i" th't ('r:e 9'+ ' )'n th't +'9 thin+, 9e )': '"" th't Arno" 9'+ $hief:

-'#'5e '+ ' )'n 9ho 2ne9 thin+. !e '+ he 9'+ en"o9e" intee$t#':, hi+ *o9er$')e )ore fro) infor)'tion th'n intee$t. He +i)*: h'**ene" to 2no9 $ert'in thin+,

th't ('r:e "i"n;t 2no9, th't in+e: "i"n;t 2no9, th't H#8e: 'n" Her5ert S*en$er

"i"n;t 2no9@ th't En'n" "i"n;t 2no9. He 2ne9 th't En'n" 9'+ ' *'rt of E#ro*e@ 'n"not +o i)*ort'nt ' *'rt '+ it h'" 5een the )ornin 'fter !'teroo. He 2ne9 th't En'n"

9'+ then ='+ it i+ no9> 'n oi'r$hi$' St'te, 'n" th't )'n: re't n'tion+ 're not. He

2ne9 th't ' re' "e)o$r'$: nee" not i-e 'n" "oe+ not i-e in th't *er*et#' *'ni$ '5o#t#+in the *o9er+ of the St'te, 9hi$h *o++e++e" )en i2e S*en$er 'n" (o5"en. He 2ne9 '


21/77

r'tion' )ini)#) of $#t#re 'n" $o))on $o#rte+: $o#" e8i+t 'n" "i" e8i+t thro#ho#t

're "e)o$r'$ie+. He 2ne9 the ('thoi$ (h#r$h h'" 5een in hi+tor: the (h#r$h of the

)#tit#"e@ he 2ne9 it 9'+ not ' +e$t. He 2ne9 th't re't 'n"or"+ 're no )ore ' *'rt ofthe e$ono)i$ '9 th'n nier3"ri-er+@ he 2ne9 th't +)' o9ner+ $o#" 'n" "i" *ro+*er.

He 9'+ not +o )#$h the *hio+o*her '+ the )'n of the 9or"@ he re)in"e" #+ th't E#ro*e

9'+ ' +o$iet: 9hie R#+2in 9'+ tre'tin it '+ ' *i$t#re 'er:. He 9'+ ' +ort of He'-en3+ent $o#rier. Hi+ front' 'tt'$2 on the -#'r 'n" +#en o*ti)i+) of &i$tori'n #tiit: )':

5e +#))one" #* in the '")ir'5e +enten$e, in 9hi$h he '+2e" the Eni+h 9h't 9'+ the

#+e of ' tr'in t'2in the) C#i$2: fro) I+inton to (')5er9e, if it on: too2 the)fro) ' "i+)' 'n" ii5er' ife in I+inton to ' "i+)' 'n" ii5er' ife in (')5er9eK

Hi+ 'ttit#"e to th't re't reiio#+ eni)' ro#n" 9hi$h ' the+e re't )en 9ere ro#*e"

'+ in ' rin, 9'+ in"i-i"#' 'n" "e$i"e": $#rio#+. He +ee)+ to h'-e 5eie-e" th't '

Hi+tori$ (h#r$h, th't i+, +o)e e+t'5i+he" or'ni+'tion 9ith $ere)onie+ 'n" +'$re"5oo2+, et$., $o#" 5e *er*et#': *re+er-e" '+ ' +ort of -e++e to $ont'in the +*irit#' i"e'+

of the 'e, 9h'te-er tho+e i"e'+ )iht h'**en to 5e. He $e'r: +ee)+ to h'-e

$onte)*'te" ' )etin '9': of the "o$trine+ of the (h#r$h 'n" e-en of the )e'nin ofthe 9or"+@ 5#t he tho#ht ' $ert'in nee" in )'n 9o#" '9':+ 5e 5e+t +'ti+fie" 5: *#5i$

9or+hi* 'n" e+*e$i': 5: the re't reiio#+ iter't#re+ of the *'+t. He 9o#" e)5') the

5o": th't it )iht often 5e re-i+ite" 5: the +o#?or +o#+. So)ethin of the +ort h'+ 5een

+#e+te" 5: Dr. (oit 'n" other+ of the ethi$' +o$ietie+ in o#r o9n ti)e. B#t 9hieArno" 9o#" oo+en the theooi$' 5on"+ of the (h#r$h, he 9o#" not oo+en the

offi$i' 5on"+ of the St'te. Yo# )#+t not "i+e+t'5i+h the (h#r$h@ :o# )#+t not e-en

e'-e the (h#r$h@ :o# )#+t +to* in+i"e it 'n" thin2 9h't :o# $hoo+e. Ene)ie+ )iht +':th't he 9'+ +i)*: tr:in to e+t'5i+h 'n" en"o9 Ano+ti$i+). It i+ f'irer 'n" tr#er to +':

th't #n$on+$io#+: he 9'+ tr:in to re+tore P''ni+)@ for thi+ St'te Rit#'i+) 9itho#t

theoo:, 'n" 9itho#t )#$h 5eief, '$t#': 9'+ the *r'$ti$e of the 'n$ient 9or". Arno"

)': h'-e tho#ht th't he 9'+ 5#i"in 'n 't'r to the Un2no9n Go" 5#t he 9'+ re':5#i"in it to Di-#+ (+'r.

A+ ' $riti$ he 9'+ $hief: $on$erne" to *re+er-e $riti$i+) it+ef to +et ' )e'+#re to *r'i+e

'n" 5')e 'n" +#**ort the $'++i$+ ''in+t the f'+hion+. It i+ here th't it i+ +*e$i': tr#eof hi), if of no 9riter e+e, th't the +t:e 9'+ the )'n. The )o+t -it' thin he in-ente"

9'+ ' ne9 +t:e@ fo#n"e" on the *'tient #nr'-ein of the t'ne" &i$tori'n i"e'+, '+ if

the: 9ere )'tte" h'ir #n"er ' $o)5. He "i" not )in" ho9 e'5or'te: on he )'"e '+enten$e, +o on '+ he )'"e it $e'r. He 9o#" $on+t'nt: re*e't 9hoe *hr'+e+ 9or" for

9or" in the +')e +enten$e, r'ther th'n ri+2 ')5i#it: 5: '55re-i'tion. Hi+ eni#+ +ho9e"

it+ef in t#rnin thi+ )etho" of ' '5orio#+ #$i"it: into ' *e$#i'r: e8'+*er'tin for) of

+'tire 'n" $ontro-er+:. Ne9)'n;+ +trenth 9'+ in ' +ort of +tife" *'++ion, ' "'nero#+*'tien$e of *oite oi$ 'n" then@ (o9'r"+ if I '"-'n$e" ' +te* :o# 9o#" r#n '9':@ it

i+ not :o# I fe'r.$i me terrent0 et /upiter hostis. If Ne9)'n +ee)e" +#""en: to f: into

' te)*er, ('r:e +ee)e" ne-er to f: o#t of one. B#t Arno" 2e*t ' +)ie of he'rt35ro2enfor5e'r'n$e, '+ of the te'$her in 'n i"iot +$hoo, th't 9'+ enor)o#+: in+#tin. ne tri$2

he often trie" 9ith +#$$e++. If hi+ o**onent h'" +'i" +o)ethin fooi+h, i2e the "e+tin:

of En'n" i+ in the re't he'rt of En'n", Arno" 9o#" re*e't the *hr'+e ''in 'n"''in #nti it oo2e" )ore fooi+h th'n it re': 9'+. Th#+ he re$#r+ ''in 'n" ''in to


22/77

the Briti+h (oee of He'th in the Ne9 Ro'" ti the re'"er 9'nt+ to r#+h o#t 'n" 5#rn

the *'$e "o9n. Arno";+ re't error 9'+ th't he +o)eti)e+ th#+ 9e'rie" #+ of hi+ o9n

*hr'+e+, '+ 9e '+ of hi+ ene)ie+;.

The+e n')e+ 're ro#h: re*re+ent'ti-e of the on +erie+ of *rote+t+ ''in+t the $o"

$o))er$i' r'tion'i+) 9hi$h he" P'ri')ent 'n" the +$hoo+ thro#h the e'rier&i$tori'n ti)e, in +o f'r '+ tho+e *rote+t+ 9ere )'"e in the n')e of nee$te" intee$t,

in+#te" 'rt, forotten heroi+) 'n" "e+e$r'te" reiion. B#t 're'": the Utiit'ri'n $it'"eh'" 5een )ore he'-i: 5o)5'r"e" on the other +i"e 5: one one: 'n" #nettere" )'n of

eni#+.

The ri+e of Di$2en+ i+ i2e the ri+in of ' -'+t )o5. Thi+ i+ not on: 5e$'#+e hi+ t'e+ 'rein"ee" '+ $ro9"e" 'n" *o*#o#+ '+ to9n+@ for tr#: it 9'+ not +o )#$h th't Di$2en+

'**e're" '+ th't ' h#n"re" Di$2en+ $h'r'$ter+ '**e're". It i+ '+o 5e$'#+e he 9'+ the

+ort of )'n 9ho h'+ the i)*er+on' i)*et#+ of ' )o5@ 9h't Poe )e'nt 9hen he tr#:

+'i" th't *o*#'r r#)o#r, if re': +*ont'neo#+, 9'+ i2e the int#ition of the in"i-i"#'

)'n of eni#+. Tho+e 9ho +*e'2 +$ornf#: of the inor'n$e of the )o5 "o not err '+ tothe f'$t it+ef their error i+ in not +eein th't #+t '+ ' $ro9" i+ $o)*'r'ti-e: inor'nt, +o

' $ro9" i+ $o)*'r'ti-e: inno$ent. It 9i h'-e the o" 'n" h#)'n f'#t+ 5#t it i+ noti2e: to +*e$i'i+e in the +*e$i' f'#t+ of th't *'rti$#'r +o$iet:@ 5e$'#+e the effort of the

+tron 'n" +#$$e++f# in ' 'e+ i+ to 2ee* the *oor o#t of +o$iet:. If the hiher $'+te+

h'-e "e-eo*e" +o)e +*e$i' )or' 5e'#t: or r'$e, '+ the: o$$'+ion': "o =for in+t'n$e,)e"i-' $hi-'r:>, it i+ i2e: eno#h, of $o#r+e, th't the )'++ of )en 9i )i++ it. B#t if

the: h'-e "e-eo*e" +o)e *er-er+ion or o-er3e)*h'+i+, '+ the: )#$h )ore often "o =for

in+t'n$e, the Ren'i++'n$e *oi+onin>, then it 9i 5e the ten"en$: of the )'++ of )en to

)i++ th't too. The *oint )iht 5e *#t in )'n: 9':+ :o# )': +': if :o# 9i th't the*oor 're '9':+ 't the t'i of the *ro$e++ion, 'n" th't 9hether the: 're )or': 9or+e or

5etter "e*en"+ on 9hether h#)'nit: '+ ' 9hoe i+ *ro$ee"in to9'r"+ he'-en or he.!hen h#)'nit: i+ oin to he, the *oor 're '9':+ ne're+t to he'-en.

Di$2en+ 9'+ ' )o5?'n" ' )o5 in re-ot he fo#ht 5: the iht of n't#re he h'" not '

theor:, 5#t ' thir+t. If 'n: one $hoo+e+ to offer the $he'* +'r$'+) th't hi+ thir+t 9'+

're: ' thir+t for )i23*#n$h, I ') $ontent to re*: 9ith $o)*ete r'-it: 'n" entire

$onte)*t th't in ' +en+e thi+ i+ *erfe$t: tr#e. Hi+ thir+t 9'+ for thin+ '+ h#)5e, '+h#)'n, '+ '#h'5e '+ th't "'i: 5re'" for 9hi$h 9e $r: to Go". He h'" no *'rti$#'r

*'n of refor) or, 9hen he h'", it 9'+ +t'rtin: *ett: 'n" *'ro$hi' $o)*'re" 9ith the

"ee*, $onf#+e" $')o#r of $o)r'"e+hi* 'n" in+#rre$tion th't fi+ ' hi+ n'rr'ti-e. It9o#" not 5e r'-e: #n#+t to hi) to $o)*'re hi) to hi+ o9n heroine, Ar'5e' Aen,

9ho "i"n;t 2no9 9h't +he "i" i2e, 5#t 9ho =9hen $onfronte" 9ith Mr. Bo5 S'9:er>

"i" 2no9 9h't +he "i"n;t i2e. Di$2en+ "i" 2no9 9h't he "i"n;t i2e. He "i"n;t i2e theUnri-'e" H'**ine++ 9hi$h Mr. Roe5#$2 *r'i+e" the e$ono)i$ '9+ th't 9ere 9or2in

+o f'#te++: in Fe-er Ae: the 9e'th th't 9'+ '$$#)#'tin +o r'*i": in Bee"in

He'rt Y'r". B#t, '5o-e ', he "i"n;t i2e the mean+i"e of the M'n$he+ter *hio+o*h:@ the

*re'$hin of 'n i)*o++i5e thrift 'n" 'n intoer'5e te)*er'n$e. He h'te" the i)*i$'tionth't 5e$'#+e ' )'n 9'+ ' )i+er in L'tin he )#+t '+o 5e ' )i+er in Eni+h. An" thi+

)e'nne++ of the Utiit'ri'n+ h'" one -er: f'r?infe$tin )'n: finer )in"+ 9ho h'"


23/77

fo#ht the Utiit'ri'n+. In theEdinbur"h (evie+, ' thin i2e M'th#+ $o#" 5e

$h')*ione" 5: ' )'n i2e M'$'#':.

The t9in root f'$t+ of the re-o#tion $'e" Di$2en+ 're the+e@ fir+t, th't he 'tt'$2e" the$o" &i$tori'n $o)*ro)i+e +e$on", th't he 'tt'$2e" it 9itho#t 2no9in he 9'+ "oin it

?$ert'in: 9itho#t 2no9in th't other *eo*e 9ere "oin it. He 9'+ 'tt'$2in +o)ethin9hi$h 9e 9i $' Mr. Gr'"rin". He 9'+ #tter: #n'9're =in 'n: e++enti' +en+e> th't

'n: one e+e h'" 'tt'$2e" Mr. Gr'"rin". A the other 'tt'$2+ h'" $o)e fro) *o+ition+of e'rnin or $#t#re" e$$entri$it: of 9hi$h he 9'+ entire: inor'nt, 'n" to 9hi$h,

therefore =i2e ' +*irite" feo9>, he fet ' f#rio#+ ho+tiit:. Th#+, for in+t'n$e, he h'te"

th't Litte Bethe to 9hi$h it;+ )other 9ent@ he h'te" it +i)*: '+ it h'te" it. Ne9)'n$o#" h'-e to" hi) it 9'+ h'tef#, 5e$'#+e it h'" no root in reiio#+ hi+tor: it 9'+ not

e-en ' +'*in +*r#n of the +ee" of +o)e re't h#)'n 'n" he'then tree@ it 9'+ '

)on+tro#+ )#+hroo) th't ro9+ in the )oon+hine 'n" "ie+ in the "'9n. Di$2en+ 2ne9no )ore of reiio#+ hi+tor: th'n it he +i)*: +)et the f#n#+, 'n" it +t'n2. Th#+,

''in, he h'te" th't in+oent #8#r: of ' $'++ $o#ntin it+ef ' $o)fort'5e e8$e*tion to

' )'n2in" he h'te" it '+ 'te Ni$2e5: h'te" Sir M#5err: H'92e?5: in+tin$t.('r:e $o#" h'-e to" hi) th't ' the 9or" 9'+ f# of th't 'ner ''in+t the i)*#"ent

f'tne++ of the fe9. B#t 9hen Di$2en+ 9rote '5o#t 'te Ni$2e5:, he 2ne9 '5o#t '+ )#$h

of the 9or"?'+ 'te Ni$2e5:. He "i" 9rite The Tale of T+o Citieson 'fter9'r"+ 5#t

th't 9'+ 9hen he had5een in+tr#$te" 5: ('r:e. Hi+ fir+t re-o#tioni+) 9'+ '+ *ri-'te'n" intern' '+ feein +e'3+i$2. Th#+, on$e )ore, he 9rote ''in+t Mr. Gr'"rin" on

5efore he $re'te" hi). In The Chimes, $on$ei-e" in C#ite hi+ $'+#' 'n" $h'rit'5e

+e'+on, 9ith the Christmas Carol'n" the Cricket on the Hearth, he hit h'r" 't thee$ono)i+t+. R#+2in, in the +')e f'+hion, 9o#" h'-e to" hi) th't the 9or+t thin '5o#t

the e$ono)i+t+ 9'+ th't the: 9ere not e$ono)i+t+@ th't the: )i++e" )'n: e++enti' thin+

e-en in e$ono)i$+. B#t Di$2en+ "i" not 2no9 9hether the: 9ere e$ono)i+t+ or not@ he

on: 2ne9 th't the: 9'nte" hittin. Th#+, to t'2e ' '+t $'+e o#t of )'n:, Di$2en+tr'-ee" in ' Fren$h r'i9': tr'in, 'n" noti$e" th't thi+ e$$entri$ n'tion *ro-i"e" hi)

9ith 9ine th't he $o#" "rin2 'n" +'n"9i$he+ he $o#" e't, 'n" )'nner+ he $o#"

toer'te. An" re)e)5erin the h'+t: +'9"#+t3e'tin 9'itin3roo)+ of the NorthEni+h r'i9':+, he 9rote th't ri$h $h'*ter inu"by /unction. M'tthe9 Arno" $o#"

h'-e to" hi) th't thi+ 9'+ 5#t ' *'rt of the ener' thinnin "o9n of E#ro*e'n

$i-ii+'tion in the+e i+'n"+ 't the e"e of it th't for t9o or three tho#+'n" :e'r+ the L'tin+o$iet: h'+ e'rnt ho9 to "rin2 9ine, 'n" ho9 not to "rin2 too )#$h of it. Di$2en+ "i"

not in the e'+t #n"er+t'n" the L'tin +o$iet:@ 5#t he "i" #n"er+t'n" the 9ine. If =to

*roon 'n i"e 5#t not entire: f'+e )et'*hor> 9e h'-e $'e" ('r:e ' )'n 9ho +'9'n" Arno" ' )'n 9ho 2ne9, 9e )iht tr#: $' Di$2en+ ' )'n 9ho t'+te", th't i+, '

)'n 9ho re': fet. In +*ite of ' the +i: t'2 '5o#t hi+ -#'rit:, he re': h'", in the

+tri$t 'n" +erio#+ +en+e, oo" t'+te. A re' oo" t'+te i+ #+to?the *o9er of'**re$i'tin the *re+en$e?or the '5+en$e?of ' *'rti$#'r 'n" *o+iti-e *e'+#re. He h'"

no e'rnin he 9'+ not )i+e" 5: the '5e on the 5otte?for th't i+ 9h't e'rnin 're:

)e'nt in hi+ ti)e. He o*ene" hi+ )o#th 'n" +h#t hi+ e:e+ 'n" +'9 9h't the Ae of

Re'+on 9o#" i-e hi). An", h'-in t'+te" it, he +*'t it o#t.


24/77


25/77

The &i$tori'n no-e 9'+ ' thin entire: &i$tori'n C#ite #niC#e 'n" +#ite" to ' +ort of

$o+ine++ in th't $o#ntr: 'n" th't 'e. B#t the no-e it+ef, tho#h not )ere: &i$tori'n, i+

)'in: )o"ern. No $e'r3he'"e" *er+on 9'+te+ hi+ ti)e o-er "efinition+, e8$e*t 9here hethin2+ hi+ o9n "efinition 9o#" *ro5'5: 5e in "i+*#te. I )ere: +':, therefore, th't 9hen

I +': no-e, I )e'n ' fi$titio#+ n'rr'ti-e =')o+t in-'ri'5:, 5#t not ne$e++'ri:, in

*ro+e> of 9hi$h the e++enti' i+ th't the +tor: i+ not to" for the +'2e of it+ n'2e"*ointe"ne++ '+ 'n 'ne$"ote, or for the +'2e of the irree-'nt 'n"+$'*e+ 'n" -i+ion+ th't

$'n 5e $'#ht #* in it, 5#t for the +'2e of +o)e +t#": of the "ifferen$e 5et9een h#)'n

5ein+. There 're +e-er' thin+ th't )'2e thi+ )o"e of 'rt #niC#e. ne of the )o+t$on+*i$#o#+ i+ th't it i+ the 'rt in 9hi$h the $onC#e+t+ of 9o)'n 're C#ite 5e:on"

$ontro-er+:. The *ro*o+ition th't &i$tori'n 9o)en h'-e "one 9e in *oiti$+ 'n"

*hio+o*h: i+ not ne$e++'ri: 'n #ntr#e *ro*o+ition 5#t it i+ ' *'rti+'n *ro*o+ition. I

ne-er he'r" th't )'n: 9o)en, et 'one )en, +h're" the -ie9+ of M'r: !o+tone$r'ft Ine-er he'r" th't )iion+ of 5eie-er+ fo$2e" to the reiion tent'ti-e: fo#n"e" 5: Mi++

Fr'n$e+ Po9er (o55e. The: "i", #n"o#5te":, fo$2 to Mr+. E"": 5#t it 9i not 5e

#nf'ir to th't '": to $' her foo9in ' +e$t, 'n" not 'toether #nre'+on'5e to +': th't

+#$h in+'ne e8$e*tion+ *ro-e the r#e. Nor $'n I 't thi+ )o)ent thin2 of ' +ine )o"ern9o)'n 9ritin on *oiti$+ or '5+tr'$t thin+, 9ho+e 9or2 i+ of #n"i+*#te" i)*ort'n$e

e8$e*t *erh'*+ Mr+. Si"ne: !e55, 9ho +ette+ thin+ 5: the +i)*e *ro$e++ of or"erin'5o#t the $itien+ of ' +t'te, '+ +he )iht the +er-'nt+ in ' 2it$hen. There h'+ 5een, 't 'n:

r'te, no 9riter on )or' or *oiti$' theor: th't $'n 5e )entione", 9itho#t +ee)in

$o)i$, in the +')e 5re'th 9ith the re't fe)'e no-ei+t+. B#t 9hen 9e $o)e to theno-ei+t+, the 9o)en h'-e, on the 9hoe, eC#'it: 'n" $ert'in:, in +o)e *oint+,

+#*eriorit:. J'ne A#+ten i+ '+ +tron in her o9n 9': '+ S$ott i+ in hi+. B#t +he i+, for '

*r'$ti$' *#r*o+e+, ne-er 9e'2 in her o9n 9':?'n" S$ott -er: often i+. (h'rotte Bront

"e"i$'te"/ane Eyreto the '#thor of 1anity 'air. I +ho#" he+it'te to +': th't (h'rotteBront;+ i+ ' 5etter 5oo2 th'n Th'$2er':;+, 5#t I thin2 it )iht 9e 5e )'int'ine" th't it

i+ ' 5etter +tor:. A +ort+ of inC#irin '++e+ =eC#': inor'nt of the o" n't#re of 9o)'n

'n" the ne9 n't#re of the no-e> 9hi+*ere" 9i+e: th't Geore Eiot;+ no-e+ 9ere re':9ritten 5: Geore Le9e+. I 9i $heerf#: 'n+9er for the f'$t th't, if the: h'" 5een

9ritten 5: Geore Le9e+, no one 9o#" e-er h'-e re'" the). Tho+e 9ho h'-e re'" hi+

5oo2 on Ro5e+*ierre 9i h'-e no "o#5t '5o#t ): )e'nin. I ') no i"o'ter of GeoreEiot 5#t ' )'n 9ho $o#" $on$o$t +#$h ' $r#+hin o*i'te '5o#t the )o+t e8$itin

o$$'+ion in hi+tor: $ert'in: "i" not 9rite The ill on the 'loss. Thi+ i+ the fir+t f'$t

'5o#t the no-e, th't it i+ the intro"#$tion of ' ne9 'n" r'ther $#rio#+ 2in" of 'rt 'n" it

h'+ 5een fo#n" to 5e *e$#i'r: fe)inine, fro) the fir+t oo" no-e 5: F'nn: B#rne: tothe '+t oo" no-e 5: Mi++ M': Sin$'ir. The tr#th i+, I thin2, th't the )o"ern no-e i+ '

ne9 thin not ne9 in it+ e++en$e =for th't i+ ' *hio+o*h: for foo+>, 5#t ne9 in the +en+e

th't it et+ oo+e )'n: of the thin+ th't 're o". It i+ ' he'rt: 'n" e8h'#+ti-e o-erh'#inof th't *'rt of h#)'n e8i+ten$e 9hi$h h'+ '9':+ 5een the 9o)'n;+ *ro-in$e, or r'ther

2in"o) the *': of *er+on'itie+ in *ri-'te, the re' "ifferen$e 5et9een To)): 'n"

Joe. It i+ riht th't 9o)'nhoo" +ho#" +*e$i'i+e in in"i-i"#'+, 'n" 5e *r'i+e" for "oin+o #+t '+ in the Mi""e Ae+ +he +*e$i'i+e" in "init: 'n" 9'+ *r'i+e" for "oin +o.

Peo*e *#t the )'tter 9ron 9hen the: +': th't the no-e i+ ' +t#": of h#)'n n't#re.

H#)'n n't#re i+ ' thin th't e-en )en $'n #n"er+t'n". H#)'n n't#re i+ 5orn of the *'in

of ' 9o)'n h#)'n n't#re *':+ 't *ee*35o 9hen it i+ t9o 'n" 't $ri$2et 9hen it i+


26/77

t9e-e h#)'n n't#re e'rn+ it+ i-in 'n" "e+ire+ the other +e8 'n" "ie+. !h't the no-e

"e'+ 9ith i+ 9h't 9o)en h'-e to "e' 9ith the "ifferenti'tion+, the t9i+t+ 'n" t#rn+ of

thi+ etern' ri-er. The 2e: of thi+ ne9 for) of 'rt, 9hi$h 9e $' fi$tion, i+ +:)*'th:.An" +:)*'th: "oe+ not )e'n +o )#$h feein 9ith ' 9ho fee, 5#t r'ther +#fferin 9ith

' 9ho +#ffer. An" it 9'+ ine-it'5e, #n"er +#$h 'n in+*ir'tion, th't )ore 'ttention

+ho#" 5e i-en to the '929'r" $orner+ of ife th'n to it+ e-en fo9. The -er: *ro)i+in"o)e+ti$ $h'nne "# 5: the &i$tori'n 9o)en, in 5oo2+ i2e Cranford, 5: Mr+. G'+2e,

9o#" h'-e ot to the +e', if the: h'" 5een eft 'one to "i it. The: )iht h'-e )'"e

"o)e+ti$it: ' f'ir:'n". Unfort#n'te: 'nother i"e', the i"e' of i)it'tin )en;+ $#ff+ 'n"$o'r+ 'n" "o$#)ent+, $#t '$ro++ thi+ *#re: fe)'e "i+$o-er: 'n" "e+tro:e" it.

It )': +ee) )ere *r'i+e of the no-e to +': it i+ the 'rt of +:)*'th: 'n" the +t#": of

h#)'n -'ri'tion+. B#t in"ee", tho#h thi+ i+ ' oo" thin, it i+ not #ni-er+': oo". !e

h'-e 'ine" in +:)*'th: 5#t 9e h'-e o+t in 5rotherhoo". " C#'rre+ h'" )oreeC#'it: th'n )o"ern e8oner'tion+. T9o *e'+'nt+ in the Mi""e Ae+ C#'rree" '5o#t

their t9o fie"+. B#t the: 9ent to the +')e $h#r$h, +er-e" in the +')e +e)i3fe#"' )iiti',

'n" h'" the +')e )or'it:, 9hi$h e-er )iht h'**en to 5e 5re'2in it 't the )o)ent. The-er: $'#+e of their C#'rre 9'+ the $'#+e of their fr'ternit: the: 5oth i2e" 'n". B#t

+#**o+e one of the) ' teetot'er 9ho "e+ire" the '5oition of ho*+ on 5oth f'r)+

+#**o+e the other ' -eet'ri'n 9ho "e+ire" the '5oition of $hi$2en+ on 5oth f'r)+@ 'n" it

i+ 't on$e '**'rent th't ' C#'rre of C#ite ' "ifferent 2in" 9o#" 5ein 'n" th't in th'tC#'rre it 9o#" not 5e ' C#e+tion of f'r)er ''in+t f'r)er, 5#t of in"i-i"#' ''in+t

in"i-i"#'. Thi+ f#n"')ent' +en+e of h#)'n fr'ternit: $'n on: e8i+t in the *re+en$e of

*o+iti-e reiion. M'n i+ )ere: )'n on: 9hen he i+ +een ''in+t the +2:. If he i+ +een''in+t 'n: 'n"+$'*e, he i+ on: ' )'n of th't 'n". If he i+ +een ''in+t 'n: ho#+e, he i+

on: ' ho#+eho"er. n: 9here "e'th 'n" eternit: 're inten+e: *re+ent $'n h#)'n

5ein+ f#: fee their feo9+hi*. n$e the "i-ine "'r2ne++ ''in+t 9hi$h 9e +t'n" i+

re': "i+)i++e" fro) the )in" ='+ it 9'+ -er: ne'r: "i+)i++e" in the &i$tori'n ti)e> the"ifferen$e+ 5et9een h#)'n 5ein+ 5e$o)e o-er*o9erin: *'in 9hether the: 're

e8*re++e" in the hih $'ri$'t#re+ of Di$2en+ or the o9 #n'$ie+ of o'.

Thi+ $'n 5e +een in ' +ort of *i$t#re in the Proo#e of the Canterbury Tales 9hi$h i+'re'": *ren'nt 9ith the *ro)i+e of the Eni+h no-e. The $h'r'$ter+ there 're 't on$e

r'*hi$': 'n" "ei$'te: "ifferenti'te" the Do$tor 9ith hi+ ri$h $o'2, hi+ $'ref# )e'+,

hi+ $o"ne++ to reiion the Fr'n2in, 9ho+e 9hite 5e'r" 9'+ +o fre+h th't it re$'e" the"'i+ie+, 'n" in 9ho+e ho#+e it +no9e" )e't 'n" "rin2 the S#))oner, fro) 9ho+e fe'rf#

f'$e, i2e ' re" $her#5;+, the $hi"ren fe", 'n" 9ho 9ore ' 'r'n" i2e ' hoo* the Mier

9ith hi+ +hort re" h'ir 'n" 5'*i*e+ 'n" 5r#t' he'", 9ith 9hi$h he $o#" 5re'2 "o9n '

"oor the Lo-er 9ho 9'+ '+ +ee*e++ '+ ' nihtin'e the niht, the (oo2, the (er2 of8for". Pen"enni+ or the (oo2, M. Mir'5o'nt, i+ no9here +o -i-i": -'rie" 5: ' fe9

)ere: -er5' +tro2e+. B#t the re't "ifferen$e i+ "ee*er 'n" )ore +tri2in. It i+ +i)*:

th't Pen"enni+ 9o#" ne-er h'-e one ri"in 9ith ' $oo2 't '. (h'#$er;+ 2niht ro"e9ith ' $oo2 C#ite n't#r': 5e$'#+e the thin the: 9ere ' +ee2in toether 9'+ '+ )#$h

'5o-e 2nihthoo" '+ it 9'+ '5o-e $oo2er:. So"ier+ 'n" +9in"er+ 'n" 5#ie+ 'n"

o#t$'+t+, the: 9ere ' oin to the +hrine of ' "i+t'nt +'int. To 9h't +ort of "i+t'nt +'int9o#" Pen"enni+ 'n" (oone Ne9$o)e 'n" Mr. Mo++ 'n" ('*t'in (o+ti'n 'n" Ri"e:


27/77

the 5#ter 'n" B':h') 'n" Sir B'rne+ Ne9$o)e 'n" L'#r' 'n" the D#$he++ ";I-r: 'n"

!'rrinton 'n" ('*t'in B'$25' 'n" L'": e9 tr'-e, '#hin 'n" tein t'e+

toetherK

The ro9th of the no-e, therefore, )#+t not 5e too e'+i: $'e" 'n in$re'+e in the

intere+t in h#)'nit:. It i+ 'n in$re'+e in the intere+t in the thin+ in 9hi$h )en "iffer)#$h f#er 'n" finer 9or2 h'" 5een "one 5efore '5o#t the thin+ in 9hi$h the: 'ree.

An" thi+ inten+e intere+t in -'riet: h'" it+ 5'" +i"e '+ 9e '+ it+ oo" it h'+ r'therin$re'+e" +o$i' "i+tin$tion+ in ' +erio#+ 'n" +*irit#' +en+e. Mo+t of the o5i-ion of

"e)o$r'$: i+ "#e to the o5i-ion of "e'th. B#t in it+ o9n )'nner 'n" )e'+#re, it 9'+ '

re' '"-'n$e 'n" e8*eri)ent of the E#ro*e'n )in", i2e the *#5i$ 'rt of the Ren'i++'n$eor the f'ir:'n" of *h:+i$' +$ien$e e8*ore" in the nineteenth $ent#r:. It 9'+ ' )ore

#nC#e+tion'5e 5enefit th'n the+e@ 'n" in th't "e-eo*)ent 9o)en *':e" ' *e$#i'r *'rt,

Eni+h 9o)en e+*e$i':, 'n" &i$tori'n 9o)en )o+t of '.

It i+ *erh'*+ *'rt:, tho#h $ert'in: not entire:, thi+ inf#en$e of the re't 9o)en

9riter+ th't e8*'in+ 'nother -er: 'rre+tin 'n" i)*ort'nt f'$t '5o#t the e)eren$e ofen#ine: &i$tori'n fi$tion. It h'" 5een 5: thi+ ti)e "e$i"e", 5: the *o9er+ th't h'"

inf#en$e ='n" 5: *#5i$ o*inion '+o, 't e'+t in the )i""e3$'++ +en+e>, th't $ert'in-er5' i)it+ )#+t 5e +et to +#$h iter't#re. The no-e )#+t 5e 9h't +o)e 9o#" $' *#re

'n" other+ 9o#" $' *r#"i+h 5#t 9h't i+ not, *ro*er: $on+i"ere", either one or the

other@ it i+ r'ther ' )ore or e++ 5#+ine++ *ro*o+' =riht or 9ron> th't e-er: 9riter +h'"r'9 the ine 't iter' *h:+i$' "e+$ri*tion of thin+ +o$i': $on$e'e". It 9'+ oriin':

)ere: -er5' it h'" not, *ri)'ri:, 'n: "re') of *#rif:in the to*i$ or the )or' tone.

Di$2en+ 'n" Th'$2er': $'i)e" -er: *ro*er: the riht to "e' 9ith +h')ef# *'++ion+

'n" +#e+t their +h')ef# $#)in'tion+ S$ott +o)eti)e+ "e't 9ith i"e'+ *o+iti-e:horri5e?'+ in th't r'n" Gen''n tr'e": 9hi$h i+ '+ '**'in '+ the 2dipusor The

Cenci. None of the+e re't )en 9o#" h'-e toer'te" for ' )o)ent 5ein t'2e" to ='+ the)#""e3he'"e" ')'te#r $en+or+ t'2 to 'rti+t+ to3"':> '5o#t 9hoe+o)e to*i$+ 'n"+#e+tion+ th't $'nnot ee-'te. The: h'" to "e+$ri5e the re't 5'tte of oo" 'n" e-i

'n" the: "e+$ri5e" 5oth 5#t the: '$$e*te" ' 9or2in &i$tori'n $o)*ro)i+e '5o#t 9h't

+ho#" h'**en 5ehin" the +$ene+ 'n" 9h't on the +t'e. Di$2en+ "i" not $'i) the i$en+eof "i$tion Fie"in )iht h'-e $'i)e" in re*e'tin the +enie e$+t'+ie+ of Gri"e =et #+

+':> o-er hi+ *#r$h'+e" 5ri"e@ 5#t Di$2en+ "oe+ not e'-e the re'"er in the f'inte+t "o#5t

'5o#t 9h't +ort of feein+ the: 9ere nor i+ there 'n: re'+on 9h: he +ho#". Th'$2er':9o#" not h'-e "e+$ri5e" the toiet "et'i+ of the +e$ret 5'+ of Lor" Ste:ne@ he eft th't

to L'": ('r"i'n. B#t no one 9ho h'" re'" Th'$2er':;+ -er+ion 9o#" 5e +#r*ri+e" 't

L'": ('r"i'n;+. B#t tho#h the re't &i$tori'n no-ei+t+ 9o#" not h'-e *er)itte" the

i)*#"en$e of the +#e+tion th't e-er: *'rt of their *ro5e) )#+t 5e 9hoe+o)e 'n"inno$ent in it+ef, it i+ +ti ten'5e =I "o not +': it i+ $ert'in> th't 5: :ie"in to the

Phii+tine+ on thi+ -er5' $o)*ro)i+e, the: h'-e in the on r#n 9or2e" for i)*#rit:

r'ther th'n *#rit:. In one *oint I "o $ert'in: thin2 th't &i$tori'n Bo9"eri+) "i" *#reh'r). Thi+ i+ the +i)*e *oint th't, nine ti)e+ o#t of ten, the $o'r+e 9or" i+ the 9or" th't

$on"e)n+ 'n e-i 'n" the refine" 9or" the 9or" th't e8$#+e+ it. A $o))on e-'+ion, for

in+t'n$e, +#5+tit#te+ for the 9or" th't 5r'n"+ +ef3+'e '+ the e++enti' +in, ' 9or" 9hi$h9e'2: +#e+t+ th't it i+ no )ore 9i$2e" th'n 9'2in "o9n the +treet. The re't *eri of


28/77

+#$h +oft ):+tifi$'tion+ i+ th't e8tre)e e-i+ =the: th't 're '5nor)' e-en 5: the

+t'n"'r" of e-i> h'-e ' -er: on +t'rt. !here or"in'r: 9ron i+ )'"e #ninteii5e,

e8tr'or"in'r: 9ron $'n $o#nt on re)'inin )ore #ninteii5e +ti e+*e$i': ')ontho+e 9ho i-e in +#$h 'n 't)o+*here of on 9or"+. It i+ ' $r#e $o))ent on the *#rit:

of the &i$tori'n Ae, th't the 'e en"e" =+'-e for the 5#r+tin of ' +ine +$'n"'> in '

thin 5ein e-er:9here $'e" Art, The Gree2 S*irit, The P'toni$ I"e' 'n" +o on?9hi$h 'n: n'--: )en"in the ro'" o#t+i"e 9o#" h'-e +t')*e" 9ith ' 9or" '+ -ie

'n" '+ -#'r '+ it "e+er-e".

Thi+ reti$en$e, riht or 9ron, )': h'-e 5een $onne$te" 9ith the *'rti$i*'tion of 9o)en

9ith )en in the )'tter of fi$tion. It i+ 'n i)*ort'nt *oint@ the +e8e+ $'n on: 5e $o'r+e+e*'r'te:. It 9'+ $ert'in: '+o "#e, '+ I h'-e 're'": +#e+te", to the tre't: 5et9een

the ri$h bour"eoisie'n" the o" 'ri+to$r'$:, 9hi$h 5oth h'" to )'2e, for the $o))on

'n" $oneni' *#r*o+e of 2ee*in the Eni+h *eo*e "o9n. B#t it 9'+ "#e )#$h )oreth'n thi+ to ' ener' )or' 't)o+*here in the &i$tori'n Ae. It i+ i)*o++i5e to e8*re++

th't +*irit e8$e*t 5: the ee$tri$ 5e of ' n')e. It 9'+ 'tit#"in'ri'n, 'n" :et it 9'+

i)ite". It $o#" 5e $ontent 9ith nothin e++ th'n the 9hoe $o+)o+@ :et the $o+)o+ 9ith9hi$h it 9'+ $ontent 9'+ +)'. It i+ f'+e to +': it 9'+ 9itho#t h#)o#r@ :et there 9'+

+o)ethin 5: in+tin$t #n+)iin in it. It 9'+ '9':+ +':in +oi": th't thin+ 9ere

eno#h 'n" *ro-in 5: th't +h'r*ne++ ='+ of the +h#ttin of ' "oor> th't the: 9ere not

eno#h. It too2, I 9i not +': it+ *e'+#re+, 5#t e-en it+ e)'n$i*'tion+, +'":. Definition++ee) to e+$'*e thi+ 9': 'n" th't in the 'tte)*t to o$'te it '+ 'n i"e'. B#t e-er: one 9i

#n"er+t'n" )e if I $' it Geore Eiot.

I 5ein 9ith thi+ re't 9o)'n of etter+ for 5oth the t9o re'+on+ 're'": )entione". She

re*re+ent+ the r'tion'i+) of the o" &i$tori'n Ae 't it+ hihe+t. She 'n" Mi 're i2et9o re't )o#nt'in+ 't the en" of th't on, h'r" $h'in 9hi$h i+ the 9'ter+he" of the

E'r: &i$tori'n ti)e. The: 'one ri+e hih eno#h to 5e $onf#+e" ')on the $o#"+?or*erh'*+ $onf#+e" ')on the +t'r+. The: $ert'in: 9ere +ee2in tr#th, '+ Ne9)'n 'n"('r:e 9ere the +o9 +o*e of the 'ter &i$tori'n -#'rit: "oe+ not o9er their *re$i*i$e

'n" *inn'$e. B#t I 5ein 9ith thi+ n')e '+o 5e$'#+e it e)*h'+i+e+ the i"e' of )o"ern

fi$tion '+ ' fre+h 'n" 're: ' fe)'e thin. The no-e of the nineteenth $ent#r: 9'+fe)'e '+ f#: '+ the no-e of the eihteenth $ent#r: 9'+ )'e. It i+ C#ite $ert'in th't no

9o)'n $o#" h'-e 9ritten(oderick (andom. It i+ not C#ite +o $ert'in th't no 9o)'n

$o#" h'-e 9rittenEsmond. The +trenth 'n" +#5tet: of 9o)'n h'" $ert'in: +#n2 "ee*into Eni+h etter+ 9hen Geore Eiot 5e'n to 9rite.

Her oriin'+ 'n" e-en her $onte)*or'rie+ h'" +ho9n the fe)inine *o9er in fi$tion '+

9e or 5etter th'n +he. (h'rotte Bront, #n"er+too" 'on her o9n in+tin$t+, 9'+ '+

re't J'ne A#+ten 9'+ re'ter. The 'tter $o)e+ into o#r *re+ent $on+i"er'tion on: '+th't )o+t e8'+*er'tin thin, 'n i"e' #n'$hie-e". It i+ i2e e'-in 'n #n$onC#ere"

fortre++ in the re'r. No 9o)'n 'ter h'+ $'*t#re" the $o)*ete $o))on +en+e of J'ne

A#+ten. She $o#" 2ee* her he'", 9hie ' the 'fter 9o)en 9ent '5o#t oo2in for their

5r'in+. She $o#" "e+$ri5e ' )'n $oo: 9hi$h neither Geore Eiot nor (h'rotte Bront$o#" "o. She 2ne9 9h't +he 2ne9, i2e ' +o#n" "o)'ti+t@ +he "i" not 2no9 9h't +he


29/77

"i" not 2no9?i2e ' +o#n" 'no+ti$. B#t +he 5

victorian age in literature by chesterton.doc

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