7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
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State of New JerseyOFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
INITIAL DECISION
(CONSOLIDATED)
VICTOR WILLIAMS, OAL DKT. NO. STE 5016-16
Petitioner,
.
TED CRUZ,
Re!"on#ent.
An#
FERNANDO POWERS, DONNA WARD, OAL DKT. NO. STE 501$-16
AND BRUCE STOM (SOUTH JERSEY
CONCERNED CITIZENS COMMITTEE),
Petitioner!,
.
TED CRUZ,
Re!"on#ent.
_________________________________
Victo Wi!!i"#$, "etitioner, "ro !e
M"io A%&''o, E!%., &or "etitioner! Fern'n#o Po(er!, Donn' W'r# 'n# )r*+e
Sto
S"!o# D Sto*+, E!%., &or re!"on#ent )ro(n, Mo!o(it/ 'n# K'en, P.C.,
'ttorne!2
Re+or# Co!e#3 A"ri 14, 4016 De+i#e#3 A"ri 14, 4016
New Jersey is an Equal Opportunity Employer
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)EFOREJEFF S MASIN, AL t7'3
Noin'tin8 "etition! !*""ortin8 Sen'tor Te# Cr*/ o& Te9'! &or t:e Re"*;i+'n
noin'tion &or Pre!i#ent o& t:e e+tor +onten#! t:'t t:e
Sen'tor #oe! not eet t:e Con!tit*tion' re%*ireent t:'t ' "er!on ;e ' ?n't*r' ;orn
Citi/en@ to !ere in t:e O&&i+e o& Pre!i#ent. e+tor!= "etition! (ere &ie# on M'r+: 4$, 4016, 'n# (ere tr'n!itte# to
t:e O&&i+e o& A#ini!tr'tie L'( OAL2 on A"ri B, 4016. T:e &in' #' &or &iin8
o;>e+tion! ('! A"ri $, 'n# no &*rt:er +:'en8e! to Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit (ere &ie#.
Or' 'r8*ent ('! :e# on A"ri 11, 4016. At or' 'r8*ent, +o*n!e &or Sen'tor Cr*/
o;>e+te# t:'t t:e +:'en8er! :'e no !t'n#in8 to o;>e+t to :i! noin'tin8 "etition!.
A##ition', i& !t'n#in8 ('! &o*n# to e9i!t &or one or ;ot: o& t:e o;>e+tor!, +o*n!e
+onten#! t:'t t:e i!!*e o& Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit &or noin'tion to t:e Pre!i#en+ i! '
non->*!ti+i';e i!!*e, !*+: t:'t neit:er t:e Se+ret'r o& St'te, &or (:o t:e O&&i+e o&
A#ini!tr'tie L'( "roi#e! t:e '#ini!tr'tie :e'rin8, nor t:e Ne( er!e *#i+i'r,
:'! 'n roe to "', '! t:'t i!!*e i! re!ere# to t:e Ee+tor' Coe8e 'n# Con8re!!.
'in8 +on!i#ere# t:e!e o;>e+tion! to "ro+ee#in8 to t:e erit! o& t:e o;>e+tion!, I
CONCLUDEt:'t t:e +:'en8er! :'e !t'n#in8 'n# t:'t t:e i!!*e i! >*!ti+i';e.
1N.J.S.A. 19:23-21. The Secretary of State shall certify the names of the persons indorsed inthe petitions filed in his office to the clerks of counties concerned thereby not later than the 54thday prior to the holding of the primary election, specifying in such certificate the political partiesto which the persons so nominated in the petitions belong.
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St'n#in8
In L'ton 'n# Co!t' . Le(i!, A-B0B-10T1 *n"*;i!:e#, M' 4, 40112, t:e
A""e'te Dii!ion '##re!!e# ' +:'en8e to t:e +'n#i#'+ o& C'r Le(i! &or t:e o&&i+e o&
St'te Sen'tor. T:e +o*rt +on+*#e# t:'t N..S.A. 131-10, (:i+: "roi#e! t:'t?GEHer "etition o& noin'tion in '""'rent +on&orit (it: t:e "roi!ion! o& t:i! Tite
!:' ;e #eee# 'i# *ne!! o;>e+tion t:ereto ;e #* '#e . . .@ #oe! not +ont'in 'n
re!tri+tion on t:e o;>e+tor. T:e nee# to "rote+t t:e inte8rit o& ee+tion! >*!ti&ie# t:i!
;ro'# '""ro'+: to !t'n#in8 to o;>e+t. ?In '##ition to t:e ';!en+e o& re!tri+tie
'n8*'8e *n#er t:e !t't*te!, ' "r'+ti+e o& !+reenin8 o;>e+tor! ;e&ore '++e"tin8 '
+:'en8e to ' noin'tion "etition (o*# r'i!e !i8ni&i+'nt +o'ter' i!!*e! t:'t (o*# ;e
o*t(ei8:e# ; t:e !'*t'r "*r"o!e o& "erittin8 +:'en8e! &ro 'n o;>e+tor *n#er
N..S.A. 131-10.@ L'ton, !*"r', !i" o"inion 't 6. W:ie L'ton i! *n"*;i!:e# 'n#
t:ere&ore not "re+e#enti', it "re!ent! ' &'ir *n#er!t'n#in8 t:'t in Ne( er!e, !t'n#in8
i! ;ro'# inter"rete#. T:i! :'! ;een t:e +'!e in n*ero*! ee+tion-re'te# +:'en8e!
'n# t:ere i! no re'!on to n'rro( t:'t "o!ition in t:e "re!ent 'tter. I CONCLUDEt:'t
t:e o;>e+tor! :'e !t'n#in8 to +:'en8e Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit. At:o*8: Mr.
Wii'! i! neit:er ' Ne( er!e re!i#ent nor ' re8i!tere# oter in t:i! St'te, t:o!e
&'+t! #o not '""e'r to e!!en :i! ri8:t to o;>e+t *n#er t:e ;ro'# !t'n#'r#. o(eer,
een i& :i! !t'n#in8 i! e!! +e'r, '! t:e ot:er o;>e+tor +ert'in :'! !t'n#in8, Mr.
Wii'=! inoeent i! not o& +on+ern, 'n# :i! ie(! ' ;e :e"&*.
*!ti+i';iit
It i! t:e re!"on!i;iit o& t:e *#i+i'r to #e+i#e +'!e! t:'t 're "ro"er ;e&ore it,
een t:o!e it ?(o*# 8'# 'oi#. Co:en! . Vir8ini', 6 W:e't. 46B, B0B, 5 L.E#. 45
1$412 %*ote# in Jioto&! e9 re. Jioto&! . Cinton,
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
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Ni9on . *#i+i'
roe, to '#>*#i+'te t:e '++e"t';iit o& ' noin'tin8 "etition t:'t !:e *!t #eterine to
+erti& or re>e+t. W:ie !:e #oe! not !it in t:e *#i+i'r, t:e !'e i!!*e o& inter"retin8
t:e Con!tit*tion i! ;e&ore :er, 'n# >*#i+i' reie(, ; ' *#i+i'r +o"etent to
'#>*#i+'te t:'t e'nin8, ie! '&ter :er #e+i!ion i! ren#ere#. T:e Con!tit*tion, '!
ori8in' '#o"te#, "roi#e# t:'t t:e e8i!'t*re o& t:e !eer' !t'te! (o*# ?'""oint, in
!*+: M'nner '! t:e Le8i!'t*re t:ereo& ' #ire+t, ' n*;er o& Ee+tor!, e%*' to t:e
(:oe n*;er o& Sen'tor! 'n# re"re!ent'tie! to (:i+: t:e St'te ' ;e entite#.@
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A! &or >*#i+i' +o"eten+e to +on!i#er t:e i!!*e, t:ere +e'r 're !t'n#'r#! to
'"" in #eterinin8 *#i+i'r to re&*!e to 8ie&* e&&e+t to t:e "ere"tor 'n# e9"i+it 'n8*'8e o& t:e GFHo*rteent:GAHen#ent, (:i+: #e+'re! 'n# or#'in! t:'t ?' "er!on! ;orn orn't*r'i/e# in t:e e+t to t:e >*ri!#i+tion t:ereo&, 're+iti/en! o& t:e *!ti+i';e.
T:e Me'nin8 o& ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en@
Initi', t:e &'+t*' ;'!i! *"on (:i+: t:i! #e+i!ion i! ren#ere# *!t ;e +e'r. A!
#i!+*!!e# (it: +o*n!e 't :e'rin8, it i! *n#i!"*te# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ ('! ;orn in
C'8'r, C'n'#', t:e +:i# o& ' ot:er (:o ('! 'n Aeri+'n +iti/en 'n# ' &'t:er (:o
('! not ' +iti/en o& t:e
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T:e +:'en8er! +onten# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ i! inei8i;e to :o# t:e O&&i+e o&
Pre!i#ent, '! :e &'i! to eet one o& t:e +riteri' i#enti&ie# in t:e e+t o& e8' 'n# :i!tori+' #e;'te, 'n# (:'teer t:e o*t+oe o& t:e i!!*e 'n# it!
i"'+t on t:e +*rrent Pre!i#enti' +'"'i8n, it i! ; no e'n! ' &rioo*! 'tter. An#,
'! :'! ;een note# ; !eer' !+:o'r! 'n# +oent'tor! on t:e i!!*e, it inoe! '
#i&&i+*t e9'in'tion o& :i!tori+' 'n# e8' 'teri'! (:i+: +'n ;e !een, to %*ote one
(riter, '! ?!terio*! 'n# ';i8*o*!.@ ?Ne!on, T:e Ori8in' Me'nin8 o& ?N't*r'
)orn,@ Rei!e#, T:e Ori8in'i! )o8, Center &or t:e St*# o& Con!tit*tion'
Ori8in'i! 40162.
A! o& t:e tie o& t:i! (ritin8, '! &'r '! I :'e ;een ';e to #eterine, on one
+o*rt :'! #e+i#e# t:i! i!!*e on it! erit!. W:ie +:'en8e! to Sen'tor Cr*/=! ei8i;iit
3A number of challenges have been filed in primary states, such as Illinois, New York, NewHampshire and elsewhere, but it appears these have been dismissed on procedural or other
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;'!e# on t:e ?n't*r' ;orn@ i!!*e :'e ;een &ie# in ' n*;er o& !t'te!, on t:e
Coon(e't: Co*rt o& Penn!'ni' :'! #e+i#e# t:e %*e!tion on it! erit!, in '
#e+i!ion '*t:ore# ; Senior *#8e Pee8rini, &ie# on M'r+: 10, 4016. Eiot . Cr*/,
No. M.D. 4016 Coon(e't: Co*rt, M'r+: 10, 40162. *#8e Pee8rini
#eterine# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ ('! ei8i;e to '""e'r on Penn!'ni'=! Re"*;i+'n"ri'r ;'ot, &in#in8 t:'t :e et t:e +riteri' o& ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en.@ On M'r+: 1,
4016, t:e Penn!'ni' S*"ree Co*rt '&&ire# t:e Coon(e't: Co*rt=! #e+i!ion,
(it:o*t #i!+*!!in8 t:e erit! o& t:e i!!*e. Eiot . Cr*/, -56-4016. T:*!, *#8e
Pee8rini=! r*in8 '""e'r! to ;e t:e !oe >*#i+i' 'n'!i! o& t:e %*e!tion in t:e +onte9t
o& t:e +*rrent ee+tion ++e 'n# t:e #e;'te oer Sen'tor Cr*/=! !t't*!. T:e
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'n# ":r'!e! *!e#, ;*t not #e&ine#, (it:in t:e Con!tit*tion, !:o*# ?;e re'# in i8:t o&
)riti!: +oon '(,@ !in+e t:e
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
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n'tion' oernent 'n# to #e+'re e9"re!! t:'t t:e Co'n# in +:ie&o& t:e 'eri+'n G!i+H 'r !:' not ;e 8ien to, nor #eoe on, 'n ;*t 'n't*r' ;orn Citi/en.G TE RECORDS OF TE FEDERAL CONVENTION o& 1$.H
' #i# not e';or'te *"on :i! *n#er!t'n#in8 o& ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en.@ Pre!*';, :e'!!*e# t:'t W'!:in8ton ne( it! e'nin8. Or 't e'!t, t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ter
?n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t,@ &or t:'t (o*# :'e ;een t:e +onte9t in (:i+: t:e ?n't*r' ;orn@
';e (o*# :'e '""ie# in En8i!: '(, (:ere one ('! ' ?!*;>e+t@ o& t:e Kin8 or
*een, or i& not, ('! 'n ?'ien.@ For, '! i! "ointe# o*t in t:e !+:o'r (ritin8! t:'t :'e
re+ent '##re!!e# t:i! i!!*e, t:e 8re't En8i!: +oent'tor on En8i!: '(, Wii'
)'+!tone, (rote
T:e &ir!t 'n# o!t o;io*! #ii!ion o& t:e "eo"e i! into 'ien! 'n# n't*r'-;orn!*;>e+t!. N't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t! 're !*+: '! 're ;orn (it:in t:e #oinion! o& t:e+ro(n o& En8'n#, t:'t i!, (it:in t:e i8en+e, or '! it i! 8ener' +'e#, t:e'e8i'n+e o& t:e in8 'n# 'ien!, !*+: '! 're ;orn o*t o& it. Ae8i'n+e i! t:e tie,or i8'ent, (:i+: ;in#! t:e !*;>e+t to t:e in8, in ret*rn &or t:'t "rote+tion (:i+:t:e in8 '&&or#! t:e !*;>e+t. T:e t:in8 it!e&, or !*;!t'nti' "'rt o& it, i! &o*n#e#in re'!on 'n# in t:e n't*re o& 8oernent t:e n'e 'n# t:e &or 're #erie# to*! &ro o*r ot:i+ 'n+e!tor!.
G1 )'+!tone, Coent'rie! on t:e L'(! o& En8'n# 5B 1652H
In 154, P'ri'ent "roi#e# t:'t ' +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# (:o!e "'rent! (ere ;ot:
En8i!: !*;>e+t!, t:'t i!, ;ot: (ere ?in 'e8i'n+e o& t:e in8,@ (ere n't*r'-;orn
!*;>e+t!. In 10$ 'n# 11, P'ri'ent '+te# '8'in, t:i! tie #e+'rin8, ?!o t:'t '
+:i#ren, ;orn o*t o& t:e in8=! i8en+e, (:o!e &'t:er! (ere n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!, 're
no( n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t! t:e!ee!, &or ' intent! 'n# "*r"o!e!, (it:o*t 'n
e9+e"tion.@ T:*!, '! )'+!tone re+o8ni/e#, (ritin8 in ' "erio# (:en t:e Aeri+'n
+oonie! (ere !ti *n#er En8i!: #oinion ;*t >*!t ;e&ore t:e Reo*tion,
; !eer' ore o#ern !t't*te! . . . ' +:i#ren, ;orn o*t o& t:e in8=!i8e'n+e, (:o!e &'t:er! (ere n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!, 're no( n't*r' ;orn!*;>e+t! t:e!ee!, to ' intent! 'n# "*r"o!e!, (it:o*t 'n e9+e"tion*ne!! t:eir !'i# &'t:er! (ere 'tt'inte#, or ;'ni!:e# ;eon# !e', &or :i8:tre'!on or (ere t:en in t:e !eri+e o& ' "rin+e 't enit (it: re't)rit'in.
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T:i! t:en ('! t:e '( o& En8'n#, '! it (o*# :'e ;een no(n to t:e &o*n#in8 &'t:er!,
' 'n# W'!:in8ton in+*#e#. An# t:i! '( ('! ;in#in8 in t:e Aeri+'n +oonie!. In
Wee#in . C:in )o(, 4B
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o(n +:i#ren. T:e ei#en+e, 't:o*8: not oer(:ein8, *n%*e!tion';"oint! in t:e #ire+tion o& !*+: 8enero!it.
Gor#on, !*"r', 't 1-4H.
Fin', or#on note# t:'t '+tion! t'en ; t:e Con8re!! in 10, (:en it '#o"te#e8i!'tion #e'in8 (it: t:e i!!*e, 'n# in '#o"tin8 t:e Fo*rteent: Aen#ent, #i# not,
in :i! ie(, ?#*@ ?t:i! 8o!! o& "rior :i!tor 'n# *!'8e.@ I;i#.
*#8e Pee8rini t:en note# t:'t in 'n*'r 4016, t:e Con8re!!ion' Re!e'r+:
Seri+e CRS2, *"#'te# it! 4011 re"ort, '*t:ore# ; '+ M'!e in 4011, entite#,
?*'i&i+'tion! &or Pre!i#ent 'n# t:e N't*r' )orn= Citi/en!:i" Ei8i;iit Re%*ireent.@
T:i! re"ort re'+:e# t:e !'e +on+*!ion '! t:'t 'rrie# 't ; C:'re! or#on. In
#oin8 !o, M'!e (rote t:'t
At:o*8: t:e ei8i;iit o& n'tie ;orn
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inter"retin8 t:e Con!tit*tion ?+on&ir t:'t t:e ":r'!e ?n't*r' ;orn Citi/en@ :'! '
!"e+i&i+ e'nin83 n'e, !oeone (:o ('! '
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I too :'e reie(e# t:e !eer' 'rti+e! 'n# ;rie&! '##re!!in8 t:i! i!!*e,
in+*#in8 in '##ition 'r'r# L'( Pro&e!!or Einer E:'*8e=! 'i+*! ;rie&!, '""'rent
&ie# in +onne+tion (it: "ro+ee#in8! in Ne( or St'te 'n# 'ter in Penn!'ni'. 5
)oie# #o(n, it '""e'r! t:'t ;ot: Pro&e!!or M+M'n'on=! 'n# Pro&e!!or E:'*8e=!
+:ie& +ontention i! t:'t t:e ?+oon '(@ o& En8'n#, t:'t ;o# o& '( ?!o &'ii'r to t:eFr'er!@ 'n# '#o"te# ; t:e e+t!,@ een i& t:e +:i#=! "'rent!, &'t:er
'n#7or ot:er, (ere t:e!ee! ?n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!@ o& t:e En8i!: !oerei8n.
W:ie en'+tent! o& P'ri'ent, '#o"te# eit:er ;e&ore 10 or '! 'te '! 11 or t:e
150=!, ' :'e +:'n8e# t:e '( o& En8'n#, ;ro'#enin8 t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ter
in#ee# in M+M'n'on=! ie( on t:e 1$t: Cent*r !t't*te! #i# t:i!2, t:e!e e8i!'tie
en'+tent! #i# not +:'n8e t:e ?+oon '(@ o& En8'n# '#o"te# t:ro*8: t:e
Con!tit*tion. Con!i#er'tion o& t:e!e P'ri'ent'r en'+tent! i! not 'n '""ro"ri'te
too &or '!+ert'inin8 t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ":r'!e 't t:e tie o& '#o"tion o& t:e
Con!tit*tion. M+M'n'on (rite!
A! t:i! Arti+e #eon!tr'te!, t:e ei#en+e "oint! to on one +on+*!ion3t:e Fr'er! +on!tit*tion'i/e# t:e +oon '( notion o& ?n't*r' ;orn@not t:e notion e9"'n#e# *"on ; t:e En8i!: n't*r'i/'tion !t't*te!into
Arti+e II. Nonet:ee!!, o!t +oent'tor! +*rrent '##re!!in8 t:i!%*e!tion +onten# t:'t t:e Fr'er! '#o"te# ' ;ro'#er ie(. T:e!e'*t:or! "o!it t:'t +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# to Aeri+'n "'rent! !'ti!& t:e+on!tit*tion' re%*ireent.
In '##ition to rein8 on ' i!t'en
*n#er!t'n#in8 o& t:e En8i!: !t't*te!, +*rrent Aeri+'n "*n#it! !*88e!t '&e( ot:er +re'tie 'r8*ent! to !*""ort t:eir ie(. o(eer, none +'n ;e!*;!t'nti'te#.
In !*""ort o& :er "o!ition t:'t t:e !t't*tor en'+tent! o& P'ri'ent 're irree'nt,
M+M'n'on 'r8*e! t:'t (:ie t:e !eer' !t'te! '#o"te# !o-+'e# ?re+e"tion !t't*te!@
(:i+:, ; t:eir ter!, '#o"te# t:e +oon '( o& En8'n#, to8et:er (it: t:e !t't*tor
en'+tent! o& P'ri'ent, t:e
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
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t:e Con!tit*tion in+*#e# t:e t:en e9i!tin8 !t't*tor "roi!ion!, !*+: '! t:e 1$t:
Cent*r !t't*te! to*+:in8 on t:e !*;>e+t o& ?n't*r'-;orn,@ i! not >*!ti&ie#.
In Doe e9 #e. P'tter!on . Winn, 0
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(e re+o8ni/e# '! 'n einent >*ri!t, to ;e, 'on8 (it: C:ie& *!ti+e P'rer, t:e t(o
o!t e'rne# in t:e +oon '( t:'t S:'( ne(. C:ie& *!ti+e P'r!on! (rote
O*r 'n+e!tor!, (:en t:e +'e into t:i! ne( (or# +'ie# t:e +oon'( '! t:eir ;irt:ri8:t, 'n# ;ro*8:t it (it: t:e, e9+e"t !*+: "'rt! '! (ere
>*#8e# in'""i+';e to t:eir ne( !t'te 'n# +on#ition. T:e +oon '(t:*! +'ie#, ('! t:e +oon '( o& t:eir n'tie +o*ntr, '! it ('!'en#e# or 'tere# ; En8i!: !t't*te! in &or+e 't t:e tie o& t:eirei8r'tion. T:o!e !t't*te! (ere neer re-en'+te# in t:i! +o*ntr, ;*t(ere +on!i#ere# '! in+or"or'te# into t:e +oon '(.
In M'no*i'n . To'!i'n, 4 F.4# 411 D.C. Cir. 1562, t:e +o*rt ('! +on&ronte#
(it: 'n i!!*e re8'r#in8 in:erit'n+e ri8:t! o& ' +:i# o& t:e #e+e'!e# (:o :'# (itne!!e#
t:e (i 'n# te!ti&ie# to e!t';i!: it. T:e i!!*e 'ro!e in t:e Di!tri+t o& Co*;i', (:i+:
:'# ;een +re'te# &ro 'n# (:i+: :'# "'rti' ;een in t:e Coon 'n# t:en t:e o&
St'te o& M'r'n#. A )riti!: !t't*te o& 154, 45 eo. II, C:. 6, 1, , not'; en'+te# (e
'&ter t:e ?ei8r'tion o& o*r 'n+e!tor!@ G!t'rtin8 in 160H e!t';i!:e# t:e '( '""i+';e
't t:e tie to t:e ri8:t o& !*+: (itne!!7;ene&i+i'r to in:erit. Proi!ion! o& t:e Di!tri+t o&
Co*;i' Co#e #e!+ri;e# ; t:e +o*rt '! #erie# &ro t:i! En8i!: !t't*te (ere reie#
*"on ; t:e '""eee! '! ' ;'r to t:e '""e'nt! in:eritin8, '! t:e (ere t:e !oe
(itne!!e! to t:e (i. In t:e +o*rt=! ie(, iter' '""i+'tion o& t:e D.C. Co#e (o*# :'e
*n#erine# t:e er "*r"o!e o& t:e "roi!ion, inten#e# to "reent &r'*#. Cir+*it *#8e
W'!:in8ton (rote &or t:e +o*rt, 'n# e9"'ine# t:'t t:e!e D.C. Co#e "roi!ion! (ere
not '+t! o& Con8re!! "'!!e# to '"" in t:e Di!tri+t, ;*t (ere ?GIHn!te'#, . . . "'rt o& t:e
'( o& t:e Di!tri+t ;e+'*!e t:e 're )riti!: !t't*te! (:i+: (ere re+o8ni/e# '! ;ein8 in
&or+e in M'r'n# "rior to t:e +e!!ion o& t:e Di!tri+t in 1$01. T:e!e (ere 'int'ine# ;
t:e A+t o& M'r+: , 101, (:i+: "roi#e# t:'t
T:e +oon '(, ' )riti!: !t't*te! in &or+e in M'r'n# on Fe;r*'r 4,
1$01, t:e "rin+i"e! o& e%*it 'n# '#ir't, . . . !:' re'in in &or+ee9+e"t in !o &'r '! t:e !'e 're in+on!i!tent (it:, or 're re"'+e# ;,!*;!e%*ent e8i!'tion o& Con8re!!.
GM'no*i'n, !*"r', 4 F.4# 't 41B.H
T:e A+t o& M'r+: , 101, '""e'r! to ;e ' ?re+e"tion !t't*te.@ )*t *#8e W'!:in8ton
e9"'ine# t:'t t:e '""'rent #i!tin+tion ;et(een ?+oon '(@ 'n# ?!t't*te '( o& t:e
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+oon@ #i# not in &'+t e9i!t, 't e'!t in re8'r# to t:e !t't*! o& t:e 'tter '! ' "'rt o& t:e
?+oon '(@ t:'t e9i!te# 't t:e tie o& in#e"en#en+e. Notin8 t:'t ?)riti!: !t't*te!
'nte#'tin8 t:e De+'r'tion o& In#e"en#en+e :'e 'o!t *nier!' ;een re8'r#e# '!
:'in8 t:e e&&e+t o& >*#i+i' "re+e#ent, r't:er t:'n e8i!'tie en'+tent,@ :e t:en '##e#
t:e &oo(in8, %*otin8 &ro ' #e+i!ion o& ' Ne( or St'te +o*rt,
T:e +oon '( o& t:e ot:er +o*ntr '! o#i&ie# ; "o!itieen'+tent!, to8et:er (it: t:e !t't*te '(! (:i+: 're in &or+e 't t:e tie o&t:e ei8r'tion o& t:e +ooni!t!, ;e+oe! in &'+t t:e +oon '( r't:ert:'n t:e +oon '( 'n# !t't*te '( o& t:e +oon. T:e !t't*te '( o&t:e ot:er +o*ntr, t:ere&ore, (:en intro#*+e# into t:e +oon o& Ne(or, ; +oon +on!ent, ;e+'*!e it ('! '""i+';e to t:e +ooni!t! int:eir ne( !it*'tion, 'n# not ; e8i!'tie en'+tent, ;e+'e ' "'rt o& t:e+oon '( o& t:i! "roin+e.= )o8'r#*! . Trinit C:*r+:, N..,C:. 1$,
B P'i8e 1$, 1$,
'&&ire# N.. Ct. o& Err!.1$5,
15 Wen#. 111.
*#8e W'!:in8ton +ontin*e#, +itin8 *!ti+e Stor
S*+: !t't*te! 're &or 'n "*r"o!e! +on!i#ere# "'rt o& o*r +oon '(, Doee9 #e P'tter!on . . ., to ;e '""ie# ; Aeri+'n +o*rt! ie t:e +oon '(,r't:er t:'n ie en'+tent! o& o*r o(n e8i!'t*re!. In !*;!t'n+e, t:e :'e;een re+eie# :ere '! "'rt o& o*r >*#i+i' :erit'8e= +&. ert'n . )*r#i+, 14F.4# 4B, 4 1B12, +ert. #enie# !*; no. )*r#i+ . )*r#i+, 15
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
17/26
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t:e +oon '(, +on&i#ent t:'t t:e +o*# ;e !:ort 'n# e'!i*n#er!too#.
GE9 P'rte ro!!'n, 46 *#8e#@ to ;e n't*r' ;orn, #oe! not #etr'+t &ro t:e &'+t
t:'t t:e En8i!: '( '! o& t:e '#o"tion o& t:e Con!tit*tion !"e+i&i+' !'i# t:e (ere
?n't*r'-;orn,@ 'n# t:'t i! t:e ?+oon '(@ in:erite# &ro En8'n# 'n# no(n to t:e
Fr'er!. I& t:e Fr'er! intent ('! to on '#o"t in t:i! in!t'n+e, or ot:er!, t:e ?n'rro(@
e9tent o& t:e +oon '(, t:'t i!, (it:o*t 'n in+*!ion in t:'t +oon '( o& 'n
!t't*tor '+tion, t:e re+or#! #o not +ont'in 'n !"e+i&i+ !t'teent to t:i! e&&e+t.
A! note#, t:e '""e'r'n+e o& t:e ":r'!e, ?n't*r'-;orn Citi/en@ in o*r
Con!tit*tion '""e'r! to ;e tr'+e# to t:e +on+ern! e9"re!!e# in t:e ' etter. T:'t
etter in#i+'te! ' +on+ern t:'t ?&orei8ner!@ +o*# "re!ent ' #'n8er to t:e (e&'re o& t:e
Co*ntr i& "eritte# to ;e ?Co'n# in +:ie&@ o& t:e 'r. A""'rent, 't t:'t "oint in
t:e "ro+e!! o& #r'&tin8 t:e Con!tit*tion, it ('! 't e'!t *n+e'r i& t:e :e'# o& t:e 'r
'n# t:e Pre!i#ent (o*# ;e one 'n# t:e !'e "er!on. Soe +oent'tor! :'e note#
t:'t ' +ert'in (o*# not :'e ('nte# to ;'r :i! o(n +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# &ro 'n
o""ort*nit to !ere '! ?Co'n# in +:ie&@ 'n# t:*! :e *!t :'e not in+*#e# t:e
+:i#ren o& Aeri+'n +iti/en! ;orn ';ro'# (it:in t:i! +'te8or o& ?&orei8ner!@ (:o :e
- 1 -
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
18/26
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!o*8:t to ;'n &ro t:'t O&&i+e. Ot:er! note t:'t :i! o(n +:i#ren (o*# not :'e ;een
;'rre# *n#er ' !tri+t >*! !oi '""ro'+: to t:o!e ;orn ';ro'#, &or :e ('! !erin8 '! '
#i"o't 'n# t:e +oon '( :'# &ro !oe 'n+ient tie *n#er!too# t:'t +:i#ren o&
#i"o't! !erin8 ';ro'# (ere ?n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t!@ e9e"t &ro 'n#i!%*'i&i+'tion
t:'t i8:t 'ri!e '8'in!t +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# to non-#i"o't !*;>e+t!, or in t:eAeri+'n e9'"e, non-#i"o't +iti/en!. T:*!, t:e !it*'tion o& :i! o(n +:i#ren i! no
"roo& t:'t :e e'nt ?n't*r'-;orn@ to in+*#e +:i#ren ;orn o*t!i#e t:e *! !oi, or o& t:e
o+'tion o& one=! ;irt:, in !*+: #ire+t ter!. e !"e'! o& ?&orei8ner!@ 'n# ?n't*r'-;orn
Citi/en.@ e #oe! not !' i& :e e'n! t:i! 'tter ter in t:e !en!e o& "re-1$t: Cent*r,
or "re-150 *n#er!t'n#in8!, or o& ' tie !oe(:ere in ;et(een t:e!e er'!, or i& :e
e'n! it '! #e&ine# ; t:e t:en e9i!tin8 L'te 1$ t:Cent*r )riti!: *n#er!t'n#in8, '!
'&&e+te# ; t:e e'rier 1$t: Cent*r e8i!'tion t:'t )'+!tone (rote o& in :i! in&*enti'
Coent'rie!, (:i+: :'# ;een (i#e no(n in Aeri+'. A! ' 'n !tee"e# in t:e
'(, one *!t '!!*e :e ne( o& t:e!e en'+tent!. Di# :e t:in t:'t :i! +:i#ren,
;orn ';ro'#, (ere e!! o& ' +on+ern t:'n t:o!e o& ot:er +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# o&
Aeri+'n +iti/en!, "er:'"! :i! o(n nei8:;or! in "'+e! (:ere :e !ere# '! ' #i"o't,
!i" ;e+'*!e :i! +:i#ren=! &'t:er ('! ' #i"o't 'n# t:eir! (ere not Di# t:e
'e8i'n+e o& :i! +:i#ren, t:e ?tie t:'t ;in#!@ e'n ore to :i! +:i#ren #*e to :i!
#i"o'ti+ !t't*!, t:'n t:e 'e8i'n+e, t:e ?tie@ o& t:o!e +:i#ren o& non-#i"o't
Aeri+'n +iti/en! ' !"e'! o& ?&orei8ner!@ 'n# ?n't*r'-;orn Citi/en.@ )'+!tone
#i!tin8*i!:e! ;et(een ?'ien!@ 'n# ?n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!.@ ' +ert'in ne( t:'t ;
1$, or in#ee# 16, En8i!: '( #e&ine# +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# to n't*r'-;orn !*;>e+t!
'! t:e!ee! ?n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t!.@ At e'!t in ter! o& (:'t :e (rote to
W'!:in8ton, :i! ention o& ?&orei8ner!@ 'n# :i! +on+ern to e9+*#e t:e &ro t:e
?Co'n# in +:ie&@ 'n# t:*!, '! it #eeo"e#, &ro t:e Pre!i#en+, i! not 'n "roo&
t:'t :e e'nt to in+*#e (it:in t:e ter ?&orei8ner!,@ t:o!e +:i#ren 're'# (e-no(n
't t:e tie to ;e ?n't*r'-;orn.@ An# '! ot:er +oent'tor! :'e note#, t:e i#e'
;e:in# '=! +oent +'n ;e !een '! 'tte"tin8 to #en to "er!on! (it:o*t
?'tt'+:ent to t:e +o*ntr@ &ro t:i! O&&i+e. C:'re! Pin+ne, ' #ee8'te to t:e
- 1$ -
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
19/26
OAL DKT. NOS. STE 5016-16 STE 501$-16
Conention, %*ote# in Re+or#! o& t:e Fe#er' Conention o& 1$ $ M'9 F'rr'n#
e#. Re. e#. 1$2.6
Arti+e I, Se+tion $ o& t:e Con!tit*tion "roi#e# t:'t Con8re!! :'# t:e '*t:orit
to ?e!t';i!: 'n *ni&or R*e o& N't*r'i/'tion.@ In 10, t:e &ir!t Con8re!! "'!!e#e8i!'tion, entite#, ?An A+t to e!t';i!: 'n *ni&or R*e o& N't*r'i/'tion,@ tr'+in8
e9'+t t:e 8r'nt o& '*t:orit it :'# ;een "roi#e# ; t:e Fr'er!. T:i! !t't*te "roi#e#
in "'rt, ?GTH:e +:i#ren o& +iti/en! o& t:e
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
20/26
OAL DKT. NOS. STE 5016-16 STE 501$-16
't ;irt:, in 'n !en!i;e e'nin8. T:e En8i!: '( in e9i!ten+e 't t:e tie o& t:e
'#o"tion o& t:e Con!tit*tion #e+'re# t:i! to ;e t:e +'!e &or +:i#ren ;orn o*t!i#e t:e
re' to n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t! t:e 10 !t't*te 'n# it! !*++ee#in8 !t't*te! #o t:e
!'e, 't:o*8: on t:e 10 en'+tent *!e# t:e ter ?n't*r'-;orn.@ )*t #i# t:e 10
e8i!'tion 'en# t:e Con!tit*tion, 'n '+t Con8re!! +e'r :'# no "o(er to #o ; it!e&,#i# it ere !t'te t:'t (:i+: ('! 're'# e;e##e# in Arti+e II, Se+tion I, or ('!
Con8re!! !i" '+tin8 in '++or# (it: ' "o(er o& #e&inition t:'t it 're'# :'#
Pro&e!!or M+M'n'on 'r8*e! t:'t t:e ere e9i!ten+e o& t:i! 10 !t't*te !:o(! t:'t
t:e e'nin8 o& t:e ter in t:e Con!tit*tion ('! not t:e e9"'n!ie one '!!erte# ;
t:o!e (:o +onten# t:'t Sen'tor Cr*/ i! ?n't*r'-;orn.@ In!te'#, to t:e e9tent it i8:t ;e
*n#er!too# to +:'n8e or e9"'n# t:e e'nin8 o& t:e Con!tit*tion' ter ?n't*r' ;orn
Citi/en,@ it re"re!ent! "o!!i; 'n *n'*t:ori/e# 'en#ent ; Con8re!! o& t:e
Con!tit*tion, +ert'in not ' 'i# e'n! to +:'n8e t:e e9+*!ion o& +:i#ren ;orn
';ro'# o& *ri!#i+tion o& t:e
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
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#e!i8n'te# "ro+e!!. T:e !e+on# "'rt "roi#e# &or t:e +:i#ren o& !*+: ?'ien!@, (:o
're #e!+ri;e# '! :'in8 ;een ?n't*r'i/e#.@ T:e!e +:i#ren, i& ;eo( t:e '8e o& t(ent-
one e'r! o& '8e 't t:e tie o& !*+: 'ien=! ?n't*r'i/'tion@ ?!:' ;e +on!i#ere# '!
+iti/en! o& t:e
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
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T:e o!t o;io*! 'rer &or t:e !+o"e o& t:i! "o(er i! "'ri'ent=!"o(er o& n't*r'i/'tion. In o#ern Aeri+'n #i!+o*r!e, ?n't*r'i/'tion@ i!o&ten *n#er!too# '! t:e "o(er to e9ten# e+t! ;eon#t:e tr'#ition' +oon '(. Soe(:'t +on&*!in8, in ter! o& o#ern
*!'8e, t:e!e "er!on! (ereboth
?n't*r' ;orn@ 'n# ?n't*r'i/e#.@
GR'!e, !*"r', 't -BH
Notin8 t:'t t:e e9i!tin8 #e&inition! o& ?n't*r' ;orn@ in+*#e# t:e ori8in' +oon '(
e'nin8, t:e e'nin8 '! &*rt:er #e&ine# 'n# en:'n+e# ; En8i!: !t't*tor
en'+tent! 'n# t:e ?'(-o&-n'tion!@ t:eor '! #e!+ri;e# in t:e (ritin8! o& Eer #e
V'tte,$Con8re!!=! '+tion in 10 +'n ;e *n#er!too# '! in e&&e+t not '#o"tin8 &or t:e
?
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
23/26
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R'!e=! 'r8*ent! 're "er!*'!ie, 't:o*8: it i8:t >*!t ;e t:e +'!e t:'t
t:e!e ?n't*r'-;orn@ +:i#ren (ere not '+t*' ?n't*r'i/e#.@ I& in#ee# t:e Con!tit*tion
'#o"te# t:e +oon '( #e&inition, *n#er!too# '! in+*#in8 t:e en'+tent! "reio*!
#i!+*!!e#, Con8re!!=! '+tion in 10 #i# not t:en &ir!t 'e t:e!e +:i#ren ?n't*r'
;orn,@ '! t:e 're'# (ere. W:ie t:e S*"ree Co*rt tere# t:i! 'n ?'#i!!ion to+iti/en!:i",@ t:'t !ee! :'r# t:e !en!e (:ere t:e +:i#=! +iti/en!:i" 'rrie!
ie#i'te 't ;irt:, (it:o*t t:e nee# &or "ro+e!!, 'n#, o!t !i8ni&i+'nt, (:ere 't t:e
tie o& t:e '#o"tion o& t:e Con!tit*tion, t:e +oon '( o& En8'n#, no(n to t:e
Fr'er! 'n# '#o"te# ; t:e, 're'# *n#er!too# t:'t t:e!e +:i#ren (ere ?n't*r'
;orn.@ )*t een i& in 1$ t:e ter #i# not t:en in+*#e t:e!e +:i#ren 'on8 t:o!e in
t:e +'te8or ?n't*r'-;orn,@ R'!e !ee! t:e '! "'+e# in t:'t +'te8or in 10 ; '
Con8re!! '+tin8 (e (it:in it! Con!tit*tion' "rero8'tie! *n#er t:e N't*r'i/'tion
'*t:orit 'n# t:e e!t';i!:e# P'ri'ent'r "r'+ti+e *n#er it! o(n !*+: '*t:orit to
+:'n8e t:e #e&inition o& ?n't*r' ;orn@ in '++or#'n+e (it: it! >*#8ent. T:e +:'n8e, i&
t:'t ;e (:'t it ('!, "re!ere# t:e i"ort'nt eeent o& ' ?tie,@ ' ?in'8e,@ '
?+onne+tion 't ;irt:@ to t:e e+t 're +e'r #e+'r'tor,"'!!e# o*t o& ';*n#'nt +'*tion to o;i'te i!*n#er!t'n#in8! (:i+: i8:t 'ri!e &ro t:e"re'en+e o& t:e +ontr'r r*e e!e(:ere . . . In >*#8ent, t:e +:i#ren o& o*r +iti/en! ;orn';ro'# (ere '('! n't*r'-;orn +iti/en! &ro t:e !t'n#"oint o& t:i! oernent.
W:ie t:e!e *!ti+e! !"oe in #i!!ent to t:e Co*rt=! o"inion, t:eir "o!ition '""e'r! to "ro"er *n#er!t'n#t:'t t:e +oon '( in:erite# &ro En8'n# ('! +on!tit*te# o& not on t:e 'n+ient e'nin8!, ;*t '!ot:'t ;o# o& e8i!'tion #i!+*!!e# :erein (:i+: e9"'n#e# t:e e'nin8 o& ?n't*r' ;orn@ "rior to t:e&o*n#in8 o& t:e e+t 't i!!*e ('!';o*t t:e +iti/en!:i" o& "er!on ;orn in t:e
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
24/26
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T:e &in' i!!*e to ;e note# i! t:e &'+t t:'t t:e "'ri'ent'r e8i!'tion
re+o8ni/e# in )'+!tone 'n# "re!*'; no(n to t:e &o*n#er! t:'t #e+'re# +:i#ren
;orn ';ro'# to En8i!:-!*;>e+t &'t:er! to ;e n't*r' ;orn !*;>e+t! #i# not "roi#e t:'t
t:e +:i#ren ;orn ';ro'# (:o!e ot:er ('! t:e !oe En8i!: !*;>e+t "'rent (ere
?n't*r'-;orn.@ Oer tie t:e re%*ire# "'rent'8e o& t:e +:i# ;orn ';ro'# 'n##enoin'te# '! ?n't*r'-;orn@ :'# 'rie#. A! )r'n 'rner note!, t:i! 8en#er-;'!e#
#i&&erenti'tion #oe! not '*to'ti+' inoe 'n *n+on!tit*tion' #i!tin+tion, ?A! t:in8!
!t'n# to#', t:e E%*' Prote+tion C'*!e #oe!n=t i# ' 8en#er #i&&erenti'tion!.@
'rner, !*"r', 't 11. Ce'r, it i! :'r# to *n#er!t'n# to#' :o( to >*!ti& (: +:i#ren
;orne ';ro'# o& +iti/en-&'t:er! +'n ;e ?n't*r' ;orn@, (:ere'! t:o!e (it: on ' +iti/en-
ot:er 're not. In#ee#, in ' +'!e note# ; 'rner, Mier . A;ri8:t, 54
7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
25/26
OAL DKT. NOS. STE 5016-16 STE 501$-16
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7/26/2019 Victor Williams v Ted Cruz, OPINION (12 Apr 2016) natural born citizen, eligibility
26/26
OAL DKT. NOS. STE 5016-16 STE 501$-16
I :ere; FILE initi' #e+i!ion (it: t:e SECRETARY OF STATE &or
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A"ri 14, 4016
DATE JEFF S MASIN, AL t7'
D'te Re+eie# 't A8en+3 A"ri 14, 4016
D'te M'ie# to P'rtie!3 A"ri 14, 4016
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