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VICTOR TURNER (19201983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu] in the Exploration of Symbols (1992)
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Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Feb 07, 2018

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Page 1: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983),SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY

Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu] in the Exploration of Symbols (1992)

Page 2: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Max Gluckman (1911‐1975)

Research on tribes of Central and South America (1936‐1947)Manchester U. Openly anti‐colonialAgainst racismPolitics, Law & RitualJudicial Processes among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia

Page 3: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Claude Levi‐Strauss’Structuralism

Page 4: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Arnold van Gennep

Page 5: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Rites de passage

Page 6: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Victor Turner:Liminal States

Page 7: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Ndembu ritual symbols

A chinjikijilu is a land mark or blazeDerived from kujikijila, to blaze a trail by cutting marks on treesA blaze connects the known with the unknown territory; it marks the wayIt also allows the hunter to re‐connect back to his village from the unexplored and unknown bushMyth of the labyrinth (“string” for Theseus)

Page 8: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

From Structuralist to Mystic to Symbologist to Liminality Theorist to Political Anthropologist!Victor Turner’s intellectual quest led him from a Structuralist viewpoint through a series of major ideasThe idea of “the liminoid” (the in‐between, the no‐man’s land) is one he is often associated with (a “liminality theorist”)His early Structuralism is both in terms of Durkheimian social facts and Freudian psychological facts

Page 9: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

The Liminoid Phenomenon

Turner studied the liminal state in rites of passage in his earlier workHe borrowed the key idea from Arnold van Gennep, a Belgian anthropologistBut he extended the concept to cover the basic condition of modern, industrial capitalist societies and “post‐industrial,” information age societiesReligious rituals “embody” and give visible form to liminoid aspects of our subjective livesHe did not immediately associate with semiotics

Page 10: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Comparative Symbology or Semiotics?

Victor Turner used ideas as “idea units” and did not attempt to incorporate his theoretical formulations into broader paradigms or theory systemsHis comparative work on symbols is largely Cartesian in that he thinks in terms of a dialectic of structure and anti‐structureObjects in a museum are seen as giving visible form to cultural phenomena like ritual

Page 11: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Carl Gustav Jung’sArchetypes: Universal Symbols

Page 12: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Avalokiteshvara:bodhisattva of compassion

Page 13: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

But are these Symbols in a Cartesian or a Peircian Sense?

Page 14: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Kinship and Structure:Generations & Ritual 

Page 15: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Ndembu Funeral Rituals & Japanese Funeral Rituals

Page 16: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Field Work in Northern Rhodesia =  Zambia; but, he extends the ideas to modern societies

Ritual symbolsInterpretation of exegetical meaning Indigenous informantsOperational meaningGestalt of meanings (whole, “totality”)Comparative symbology“Communitas” (tt) = rudimentary structures in a society during a liminal period, leisure genres like entertainment in mass societies

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“Social Dramas” (tt)

Not the same as Erving Goffman’s “dramaturgical sociology” (SI Pr)Schism and conflict is played out in mini‐social dramas and major social dramasDis‐harmony, aharmonic processesSimilar to sociological Conflict TheoryConflict resolution occurs when “redressive action” stops the further spread of conflict (e.g. mediation, ritual)

Page 18: Victor Turner, Symbolic Anthropology - SemioticSigns.com Tur… · VICTOR TURNER (1920‐1983), SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Blazing the Trail [Ndembu Ritual]: Way Marks [“Blazes” chinjikijilu]

Is Turner’s Approach Semiotic?

Turner’s symbolic anthropology is not necessarily compatible with Peirce’s semiotic approachIt is interesting to consider this because it seems to be so similar.  After all, he deals with symbols and culture.The main difference is a Cartesian approach to the subject (anthropologist) versus a Peircianapproach that involves Interpretive Networks and Operationalized Representations.