VESICO URETERIC REFLUX AN OVERVIEW
VESICO URETERIC REFLUX
Dr.B.SELVARAJ MS;Mch; FICS;
NEONATAL & PEDIATRIC SURGEON
SVMCH & RC
PONDICHERRY- 605102 INDIA
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VESICO URETERIC REFLUX
Definition & Etiology
Pathophysiology & Clinical Features
Appropriate investigations
Management - Medical & Surgical
OBJECTIVES
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DEFINITION
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Retrograde flow of urine from bladder into upper urinary tract due to incompetent VU Junction
VUR is important because of it’s association with renal dysfunction & parenchymal scarring in UTI
VESICO URETERIC REFLUX
General pediatric population 1 to 2% only
In children with UTI 30 to 50%
30 to 60% of children with VUR have renal scarring
Female: Male ratio= 5:1
Incidence
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Anatomy of VU Junction
Ureter continues as superficial trigone
Waldeyer’s fascia continues as deep trigone
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Paquin’s Urophysiological Law
Urophysiological Law: Submucosal tunnel ureteric length: diameter of ureter should be 5:1
If the ratio is below�Reflux
If the ratio is above�Obstruction S
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ETIOLOGY
Primary or Congenital
Lateral ectopy of ureter
Posterior urethral valve
Congenital Neuropathic bladder
Congenital urethral stricture
Secondary or Iatrogenic
Ureteral meatotomy
TURP & TURT
Unroofing of Ureterocele
Failed ureteral reimplantation
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Pathophysiology
VUR�High pressure urine into ureters & Kidneys
Stasis of urine because of postvoidal residual urine
Stasis of urine good nidus for superadded infection
Refluxed infected urine�Pyelonehritis�Renal scarring�Reflux uropathy�ESRD
Reflux,UTI & Pyelonephritis scarring�Well known Triad in Pediatric urology
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Clinical Features
In Neonates & Infants usally asymptomatic or 1 or 2 attacks of UTI � Failure to thrive
Fever, chills and costovertebral tenderness in acute pyelonephritis
In cases of obstruction or neurogenic bladder �Palpable hydronephrotic kidney or distended bladder
In oldery chidren� Urgency, frequency and incontinence of urine
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VESICO URETERIC REFLUX
USG abdomen
MCU or VCUG
DMSA Scan & NVCUG
Cystoscopy
INVESTIGATIONS
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Management- Conservative
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In Gr 1,2&3 Primary VUR
Triple micturition with 2mts interval
Intermittent Antibiotics whenever surveillance culture+ve
In Gr 1,2&3 VUR with LUTO
Clean intermittent catheterisation
Eliminates residual urine & intravesical pressure
Intermittent Antibiotics whenever surveillance culture+ve
Conservatively treated patients should undergo regular VCUG to
R/o failure of treatment
Indications for Surgery
Absent intravesical submucosal tunnel� Lateral ectopic ureter
Persistent or recurrent UTI despite antibacterial prophylaxis
Progressive renal scarring
Renal growth arrest
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Indications for Surgery
Poor patient & parental compliance with non op treatment
Persistent ipsilateral reflux following corrective surgery
Failure of submucosal tunnel growth for 2 to 4 yrs
Intra Renal Reflux Gr 5
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Principles of Antireflux Surgery
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Never a surgical emergency� so urine should be sterilised first
Intravesical ureter newly reconstructed must be compressible
It should be adequately supported posteriorly by detrusor muscle
Intravesical ureter length should be atleast 5 times it’s diameter
� Paquin’s urophysiological Law
Complications after Surgery
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If ureteric hiatus in bladder wall is too wide� Paraureteric Vesical Diverticulum develops
Ureteric stenosis because of ureteric ischemia
Contralateral reflux�division of ureterotrigonal attachment on one side relaxes insertion of opposite ureter
Intravesical ureter length should be atleast 5 times it’s diameter
� Paquin’s urophysiological Law�If not followed recurrence
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Male children with one episode of UTI and female children with 2 or more episodes of UTI should be thoroughly investigated to rule out possibility of VUR
In children with repeated episodes of UTIs should do DMSA scan to find out the differential function of both kidneys and to rule out any renal scarring
Treatment options are conservative antibiotic prophylaxis,Endoscopic Sting Procedure or open/Laparoscopic Antireflux surgeries which sould be tailor made for each patient
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