Vertical Expansion of Cities

NEW PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE IN COMMUNITY

The challenge assumed in conquest of vertical space is not that one based on beating height records.

But that one based on re-defining with dignity the life of large communities.

The real social compromise consists on developing an innovative model of vertical construction that unifies in a

new philosophy of life the revolutionary technological concepts which are able to surpass the frontier of 500

meters high, with the new urbanism and architectural bio-ecological models.

THE FUTURE CITIES

ANAND SAURABHSK. SALIM ALTAF

PRESENT SITUATION Cities are overcrowded and locked with no available land

for expansion. In addition to relieving the stress of overpopulation, the city needs means of alleviating the need for dependency on fossil fuels and nuclear power by incorporating the latest in eco-friendly energy generating technology. It is essential to design a system which will help alleviate the overpopulation issue, one which is self-sustaining through its use of eco-friendly means of energy production.

Tokyo, Japan is the world’s most populous metropolitan area with an estimated 35 million residents in the Greater Tokyo Area.

PRESENT REQUIREMENTS

Must provide housing for ¾ million people.

Must incorporate state of the art office buildings, residential, and other commercial facilities.

Must provide all the comforts/services of a typical city.

Shall be nearly self-sustaining for its energy needs.

Must seamlessly be linked to the most area through public mass transit systems.

SPACE IS THE NEW NEEDSuper population: In 1900 world population was 1.25 billion inhabitants. By 2000, world population reached 6 billion. Optimistic forecast is that we shall reach 12 billion by 2050.

Over the past 100 years, cities have transformed their urban physiology.Concentrations of skyscrapers and large residential low-density areas.

Ecologically speaking, the consequences of this evolution have been the progressive destruction of vegetation, the irrationality on energy consumption and the deterioration of the environment.

HORIZONTAL EXPANSION

Sketch of the city under Sher Shah Suri (1545)

1705. Patna as Azimabad

PATNA AT A GLANCE

1811,Colonial Patna

1960,Patna

THE LINEAR GROWTH OF THE CITY ALONG THE SOUTHERN BANK OF RIVER

GANGES.

VERTICAL EXPANSION OF CITIES

THE ILLINOIS

• Gross area of 18.46 million square feet (1.71 million square meters; 171 ha). • Height :- 1,609 metres/5,280 feet.

In 1956, the visionary architect Frank Lloyd Wright sketched out plans.A mile-high skyscraper that would accommodate 100,000 people, parking for 15,000 cars and enough office space to house the entire state government. Sheathed in aluminium and stainless steel, 528-story edifice could have been built, he believed, with available technology. But a significant barrier stood in the way: the required elevators would have taken up too much space.

SKY CITY TOKYO

•It is 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base, a total floor area of 8 km² (3.1 sq mi).•Height : - 1,000 m or 3,281 ft.

Announcement of this concept in 1989. SKY CITY 1000 is a super high-rise city comprising 14 concave dish-shaped, aerial bases called, "Space Plateaus" stacked one upon the other. - Residences, offices, commercial facilities, schools, theatres and so forth are organically located in these spaces. - 35,000 people will reside here, and 100,000 people will work here. Triple deckers high speed elevators, which will hold up to 70 people, are now being designed at experimental labs outside of Tokyo.

Each Space Plateau will have its own train circumnavigating the plateau. - Tokyo's only Fire Helicopter is now being used in exercise drills to test the ability to fight fires in such a tall structure.

BIONIC TOWER January 1997, a full team of architects, engineers, biologists and designers join their capacities and investigations and start to develop the Prototype "Bionic Vertical Space“. Project directed by Architects Eloy Celaya, Javier Gómez Pioz and Mª Rosa Cervera.

This is the first existing model of a urban bio-ecological structure. It is based on principles of flexibility and fitness of biological structures, it is able to adjust its height, capacity and use to the different economic, environmental and social conditions of the cities.

The second complex, the "Base Island"  forms a complex 1.000 meters diameter in which are distributed medium high buildings, expanded gardens, interior pools and communication infrastructures. The foreseen use of both complexes is extensive: Hotels, Offices, Residential, Commerce, Cultural Buildings, Sports and Leisure. 

CONCEPTUnder the conventional models of "horizontal urbanism" and "low density", 100000 inhabitants would occupy an extension of 4 km. diameter wide.Bionic Tower Vertical City with capacity for 100000 inhabitants, uses an area of 1 km. diameter wide, what allows to return nature the land non occupied. 

Vertical City is inspired by models of nature:  lightness and strength of birds bones; flexibility of vegetal structures and capacity of organisms to adapt. 

It could be defined as a eco-philosophical synthesis of the common principles of biology, engineering and architecture applied to the future development of human habitat in harmony with progress and nature.

BIONIC ARCHITECTURE

CONSTRUCTIONThe primary structural and vertical communication system is organized on three rings of 92 technological street-columns which would transport its inhabitants, water and different fluids as the necessary energy. The structure of these street-columns is hollow, made by thin folded membranes encapsulated of High Strength Concrete.

The tower exterior facade, allows a controlled passing of natural air and light to the interior of the complex, creating an interior micro-climate. The exterior fractal structure, also reduces the wind pressure.

These complex systems are inspired of root systems in huge tree-structures. Trees "float" in the middle of a chaotic structure made by million of roots, allows to transmit fragmentarily the wind stresses down to the soil, and the plastic isolation from the seismic movements.

DATAS

Maximum height: 1.228 meters equivalent to 300 floors  Maximum Capacity: 100.000 inhabitants  Total area: 2.000.000 square meters  Dimension of Bionic Tower: Elliptic floor of variable dimension (166m x 133m) Communications : 368 elevators with vertical and horizontal circulation.  Maximum speed: 15 m/second.  Maximum Sway: 2,45 meters of total lateral displacement. 

EVOLUTION AND PURPOSE

GREAT PYRAMIDS

LUXOR HOTEL, Las Vegas Nevada

SHIMIZU MEGA-CITY PYRAMID

The proposed structure is so large that it cannot be built with currently available materials, due to their weight. The design relies on the future availability of super-strong lightweight materials based on carbon nano tubes.

The Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan.

The structure would be 12 times higher than the Great Pyramid at Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth.

The structure would be 2,004 meters (6,575 feet) high and would answer Tokyo's increasing lack of

space.

SHIMIZU MEGA-CITY PYRAMID

•Perimeter of the foundation above ground would be 2,000 meters.•Area of the foundation is 8 square kilometres. Infrastructure is an area of approximately 25 km².•Gross building area is about 88 km² of facilities layers:Layers 1 to 4: residential, offices, etc.Layers 5 to 8: research, leisure, etc.

•The height of each layer is 250.5 m (for 8 layers, the pyramid is 2,004 m tall).

•The pyramid structure would be composed of 55 smaller pyramids stacked five high. Each of these smaller pyramids would be about the size of the Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas.

The building would be zoned into residential, commercial and leisure areas. 50 km² will be given over to some 240,000 housing units, enough for 750,000 people. Each building would have its own energy resources (sun and wind). 24 km² will be assigned to offices and commercial facilities intended to employ 800,000 people. The remaining 14 km² would be used for research and leisure purposes.

HUGE NESS OF CITYCity would rise 12 times higher than Egypt’s great pyramid of

Giza& 55 Giza pyramids can adjust in these structure.

IMPORTANT FEATURES :-THE SHIMIZU TRY 2004

1.PIERS

2.PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIST

3.MEGATRUSSES

4.INCLINATORS

5.NODES

6.SKYSCRAPERS

7.ROBOTS

PIERS

Use of carbon nanotube could reduce the weight by 100 times,

still it would consist of special concrete to withstand extreme pressure .

PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIST There would be no car in the city . Transportation would through

personalRapid transit pods ,a computer driven vehicle that could travel

throughoutThe hollow interconnecting trusses.

8.6 mile of horizontal& vertical tunnel.

MEGA TRUSSESTrusses built of carbon nanotube, these supporting strut could be coated With photovoltaic film to harvest sunlight to electricity.

It could also get electricity by harnessing ocean current , & even from fuel cellpowered by algae.

INCLINATOR.This pyramid would have inclinator instead of elevator,

which would move on an incline way along the city.

NODE

.Residents move through city via accelerating walkway drive less pods & Inclined elevator.

The cities 55 nodes would serve as commuter transfer point & provide Structural support to the cities

SKYSCRAPERS

Skyscrapers are 30 storey buildings supported from above & below.

ROBOTS

City would build by robots which would assemble strut & truss.

WHAT NEXT AFTER STEEL

????????

CARBON NANOTUBE

ALLOTROPE OF CARBON LENGTH TO DIAMETER RATIO IS 1000000. IT IS A CYLINDRICAL CARBON CAPPED WITH HEMISPHERICAL BULKY BALL. MEMBER OF FULLERENE STRUCTURE FAMILY. COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF SP2 SIMILAR TO THOSE OF GRAPHITE & DIAMOND. THIS SHAPE PROVIDES MOLECULES A UNIQUE STRENGTH.

UNDER HIGH PRESSURE NANOTUBE CAN MERGE TOGETHER,TRADING SOME SP2 BONDS FOR SP3 BONDS.

ITS CREATES GREAT POSSIBILITY FOR PRODUCING FOR PRODUCING STRONG,UNLIMITED LENGTH WIRE THROUGH HIGH PRESSURE NANOTUBE LINKING.

CARBON NANOTUBE

ANY IMPACT THAT THE STRUCTURE SUSTAIN IS SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE MATERIAL.

THIS MATERIAL IS ALREADY USED AS COMPOSITE FIBRES OF POLYMER TO IMPROVE ITS MECHINICAL ,THERMAL & ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES.

CARBON NANOTUBECarbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials on earth, in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively.

This strength results from the covalent sp² bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms.

In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa).

Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3-1.4 g/cm³.

its specific strength of up to 48,000 kN·m/kg is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel's 154 kN·m/kg.

CARBON NANOTUBE CARBON NANOTUBE CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS :-

single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs)

multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).

The structure of a SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder.The way the graphene sheet is wrapped is represented by a pair of indices (n,m) called the chiral vector .The integers n and m denote the number of unit vectors along two directions in the honeycomb crystal lattice of graphene .

Multi-walled nanotubes(MWNT) consist of multiple layers of graphite rolled in on themselves to form a tube shape. The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3.3 Å (330 pm).

CARBON NANOTUBE TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBE

graphene nanoribbon

zigzag (n,0)

armchair (n, n)

chiral (n, m)

n and m can be counted at the end of the tube

the chiral vector is bent, while the translation vector stays straight

CARBON NANOTUBE

Material Young ‘s modulus (TPa)

Tensile Strength (GPa)

Elongation at Break (%)

SWNT ~1 (from 1 to 5) 13-53E

Armchair SWNT 0.94T 126.2T 23.1

Zigzag SWNT 0.94T 94.5T 15.6-17.5

Chiral SWNT 0.92

MWNT 0.8-0.9E 150

Stainless Steel ~0.2 ~0.65-1 15-50

EExperimental observation. TTheoretical prediction

ARE WE READY FOR THE CHANGE

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