VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

Content or figure

Figure S.No

1- World energy requerment 3

2- Conventional sourse full filling the requirment 4

3- A first horizantial axis wind turbine 24

4- Horizontal axis wind turbine 25

5- vertical axis wind turbine 26

6- Darrius wind turbine 27

7- Savanious wind turbine 28

8- HAWT Vs VAWT 30

9- Mild steel shaft 31

10- PVC pipe housing bearing 32

11- Bevel gear mechanism 33

12- Power transmition schematic 34

13- Partial helix blade 35

14- Circular blade 36

15- Complete assembly 37

16- Energy flow diagram(partial halix blade) 38

17- Energy flow diagram (circular blade) 39

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1. INTRODUCTION:

Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism.

Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight

decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. On the

one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy

demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends.

Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend. On the other hand,

China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their

intense demand for all forms of energy.

World energy resources and consumption review the world energy resources and

use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since

the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. According

to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%,

annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.

Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final

products than raw materials.

In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was:

Oil 50%

Gas 25%

Hard coal 14%

Electricity 1%

Most of the world's energy resources are from the sun's rays hitting earth. Some of

that energy has been preserved as fossil energy; some is directly or indirectly

usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the

amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the

outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar

constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by

satellite to be roughly 1366 watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about

6.9% during a year—from 1412 W/m2 in early January to 1321 W/m2in early July,

due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per

thousandfrom day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000

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km2, the total energy rate is 174 pet watts (1.740×1017 W), plus or minus 3.5%. This

value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW,

reaches the Earth's surface.

Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind

power, solarpower, geothermal energy, hydropower and various forms of biomass.

These sources have been coined renewable due to their continuous replenishment

and availability for use over and over again. The popularity of renewable energy has

experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of

conventional power generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse

effects on the environment. This popularity has been bolstered by cutting edge

research and ground breaking technology that has been introduced so far to aid in

the effective tapping of these natural resources and it is estimated that renewable

sources might contribute about 20% – 50% to energy consumption in the latter part

of the 21st century. Facts from the World Wind EnergyAssociation estimates that by

2010, 160GW of wind power capacity is expected to beinstalled worldwide which

implies an anticipated net growth rate of more than 21% per year.

Although wind has been harnessed for centuries, it has only emerged as a major

part of our energy solution quite recently.  Before the 21st century, wind was

primarily used to pump water from wells and to grind grain, but over the last twenty

years the cost of wind energy has dropped by more than 80 percent, turning it into

the most affordable form of clean energy.  Recent advances have allowed for

sophisticated wind technologies, which previously sat in the mind of thoughtful

engineers and inventers, to be developed into cost-effective, reliable solutions.

For a small wind turbine to be effective, it must produce energy across a wide range

of wind speeds.  It must be able to generate energy from winds that are switching

directions and gusting.  It must also be very quiet, so that it will not disturb people

living nearby, and it certainly helps if it is pleasing to the eye as well.

Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines.

These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Wind towers

are usually built together on wind farms.

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1.1 World energy requirement:

World energy resources and consumption review the world energy resources and

use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since

the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. Most

energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products

than raw materials.

Fig-1 World Energy Requirement

1.2 Conventional Sources of Energy:

Our modern lifestyles are powered by several different sources. While scientists are

hard at work trying to figure out more efficient and environmentally friendly ways of

generating this energy, there are some fuels that we just can't do without for the time

being. Conventional sources of energy are ones that have been with us for a while,

and American citizens use them every day, both at home and at work.

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Coal

Coal is a sedimentary rock formed when living matter is compressed over a long

period of time. Like all fossil fuels, it is nonrenewable, which means that once we use

all of it, it's gone. According to the Energy Information Administration, there are four

different kinds of coal, classified by how much carbon they contain. The harder the

coal, the darker it is and the more energy it contains. Coal is plentiful in the United

States, unlike other kinds of fossil fuels.

Fig-2 Conventional Source Fulfilling the Requirement

Oil

Petroleum (oil) is a liquid hydrocarbon that was also formed by decomposing organic

matter. The U.S. Department of Energy points out how important oil is to Americans,

as it accommodates more than 40 percent of American energy needs and accounts

for more than 99 percent of the fuel we put into our cars. Like coal, oil is used to

produce electricity by burning it to boil water, which is subsequently put through a

turbine that generates power.

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Natural Gas

Natural gas is a colorless, shapeless and odorless gaseous hydrocarbon that is often

found atop oil deposits. (In order to make it safer, the government adds a chemical

that makes the gas smell like rotten eggs, so you know if there's a leak.) Natural gas

is often used in homes and businesses as fuel for water heaters and stoves and

furnaces. In recent years, it has been used to power buses, as it is considered

slightly cleaner than gasoline.

Hydropower

Hydropower has been with humanity for a long time. To take advantage of the

energy in a rushing river, people put a wheel under the surface to capture the

mechanical energy. Originally, these water wheels powered grain mills, spinning a

grindstone directly. As the nation became electrified, the water's mechanical energy

was used to spin turbines, generating electricity. Niagara Falls is studded with power

plants that serve people in both Canada and the U.S.

Wood

Wood and other biomass (carbon-based materials) contain less energy than oil or

coal, because their carbon has not been condensed over millions of years. On the

other hand, wood produces portable, easy-to-control energy. Wood stoves in homes

keep people warm, and wood is always a quick, easy solution for a midsummer

barbecue.

Nuclear

Most people wouldn't immediately consider nuclear power a commonplace form of

energy. Engineer, professor and wind turbine designer Frank Leslie, however,

includes it on a list of conventional energy sources. Perhaps he's right. After all,

nuclear technology has been refined since it was first harnessed, demonstrating a

exemplary safety record marred only by the meltdowns at Chernobyl and Three Mile

Island. Perhaps nuclear power should be considered conventional as, in the past

year, American power plants generated 8.5 quadrillion BTUs of energy, supplying

approximately 20 percent of our electricity supply.

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Future of non-conventional energy

Solar Energy

Solar Power was once considered, like nuclear power, ‘too cheap tometer’ but this

proved illusory because of the high cost of photovoltaic cellsand due to limited

demand. Experts however believe that with massproduction and improvement in

technology, the unit price would drop and thiswould make it attractive for the

consumers in relation to thermal or hydro power.

Bio fuels

In view of worldwide demand for energy and concern for environmentalsafety there

is needed to search for alternatives to petrol and diesel for use inautomobiles. The

Government of India has now permitted the use of 5%ethanol blended petrol.

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

In both Hydrogen and Fuel Cells electricity is produced through anelectro-chemical

reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases. The fuelcells are efficient, compact

and reliable for automotive applications.

Ocean thermal and Tidal energy

The vast potential of energy of the seas and oceans which cover aboutthree fourth of

our planet, can make a significant contribution to meet theenergy needs.

Wind Energy

The evolution of windmills into wind turbines did not happen overnightand attempts

to produce electricity with windmills date back to the beginningof the century. It was

Denmark which erected the first batch of steel windmillsspecially built for generation

of electricity. After World War II, the developmentof wind turbines was totally

hampered due to the installation of massiveconventional power stations using fossil

fuels available at low cost.

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Non-Conventional Energy Development in India-an

overview

India has significant potential for generation of power from renewableenergy sources

such as Wind,Small Hydro, Biomass and Solar Energy. Special emphasis has

therefore, been given to thegeneration of grid quality power from renewable sources

of energy.Planning Commission of Government of India in its Integrated Energy

Policy Report (IEPR)covering all sources of energy including renewable energy

sources has highlighted the needto maximally develop domestic supply options and

diversify energy sources for sustainableenergy availability. It has also projected that

renewables may account for 5 to 6 per cent ofIndia's energy mix by 2031-32 and has

observed that the distributed nature of renewables canprovide many socio-economic

benefits for the country, including its rural, tribal and remoteareas. Meanwhile, The

Ministry of New & Renewable Energy has proposed an outlay ofRS.10.4 Million for

the 11th Plan period from to 2007-2012 for development of New Bio andrenewable

energy in the country.

Table-1 various energy sources in India

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Literature Survey

The installed wind power capacity of India is 11807.00 MW as of March 2010. It is

expected that by the end of 2012, India's wind power capacity will reach 6,000 MW.

Out of the total power capacity installed in India, wind power energy accounts for

about 6%. It generates 1.6% of India's total power. According to the estimations of

Indian Wind Energy Association, India has the 'on-shore capability to utilize 65,000

MW of wind energy for the generation of electricity. India has a huge amount of

unexploited wind resource that can help immensely in the future years to come.

The wind power capacity in India is the maximum in Tamil Nadu. As of March 2010,

the state has 4889.765 MW of wind generating capacity. Kethanoor, Gudimangalam,

Chittipalayam, Poolavadi, Sunkaramudaku, Kongal Nagaram, Murungappatti,

Gomangalam, Anthiur are the places in Tamil Nadu with the maximum wind

generating capacity. Next to Tamil Nadu is Maharashtra, which is the 2nd state in

India to generate wind power energy.

The Government of Gujarat also banks largely on the wind resources. The state has

identified Samana in the Rajkot District as the perfect place for installing 450

turbines, which would generate 360 MW of energy. In order to facilitate the

development of wind energy in the state through investments, the Gujarat

Government has come up with several incentives, which includes high tariff for wind

energy. The state of Karnataka is also not lagging behind. There are several wind

farms in the state. Chitradurga and Gadag are among the districts with the maximum

number of windmills.

Although India has a high wind power installed capacity, yet the country lacks proper

utilization of the wind resources. As per one of the studies made by the "Global

World Energy Council" India has the capability to construct wind power stations and

plants that can generate about 5 times more in comparison to the estimations made

by the Government, by the year 2030. According to the estimations of Indian Wind

Turbine Manufacturers Association, against the government's calculation 48,000 MW

from 216 sites, the wind power capacity of India can go up by 231,000 MW. The

Government of India has plans to put in 10,500 MW of wind power capacity in the

next 5 five years, that is by 2012.

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Table - State wise wind potential

State Wind Potential (Gross)

Andhra Pradesh 8275 MW

Gujarat 9675 MW

Karnataka 6620 MW

Maharashtra 3650 MW

Kerala 875 MW

Rajasthan 5400 MW

Madhya Pradesh 5500 MW

Tamil Nadu 3050 MW

West Bengal 450 MW

Orissa 1700 MW

Total 45195 MW

a. Energy security

Energy security is a term for an association between national security and the

availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has

become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven

distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.

Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing

countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources,

attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, the funding

to foreign dictators, rising terrorism, and dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil

supply. The limited supplies, uneven distribution, and rising costs of fossil fuels, such

as oil and gas, create a need to change to more sustainable energy sources in the

foreseeable future. With as much dependence that the U.S. currently has for oil and

with the peaking limits of oil production; economies and societies will begin to feel

the decline in the resource that we have become dependent upon. Energy security

has become one of the leading issues in the world today as oil and other resources

have become as vital to the world's people. However with oil production rates

decreasing and oil production peak nearing the world has come to protect what

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resources we have left in the world. With new advancements in renewable resources

less pressure has been put on companies that produce the world’s oil, these

resources are, geothermal, solar power, wind power and hydro-electric. Although

these are not all the current and possible future options for the world to turn to as the

oil depletes the most important issue is protecting these vital resources from future

threats. These new resources will become more useful as the price of exporting and

importing oil will increase due to increase of demand

Energy security is a term for an association between national security and the

availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has

become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven

distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.

Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing

countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources,

attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents,natural disasters, the funding to

foreign dictators, rising terrorism, and dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil

supply. The limited supplies, uneven distribution, and rising costs of fossil fuels, such

as oil and gas, create a need to change to more sustainable energy sources in the

foreseeable future. With as much dependence that the U.S. currently has for oil and

with the peaking limits of oil production; economies and societies will begin to feel

the decline in the resource that we have become dependent upon. Energy security

has become one of the leading issues in the world today as oil and other resources

have become as vital to the world's people. However with oil production rates

decreasing and oil production peak nearing the world has come to protect what

resources we have left in the world. With new advancements in renewable resources

less pressure has been put on companies that produce the world’s oil, these

resources are, geothermal, solar power, wind power and hydro-electric. Although

these are not all the current and possible future options for the world to turn to as the

oil depletes the most important issue is protecting these vital resources from future

threats. These new resources will become more useful as the price of exporting and

importing oil will increase due to increase of demand.

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b. Energy Prospects:

During the four and a half decade since independence Power generating capacity in

the country has increased by more than thirty times. Electricity generation has

increased more than fifty times. About 15 million farmers use subsidised electricity

today and about 50 million Indian households’ arc electrified. The number of

consumers connected to the Indian power grid is 75 million which the pre-

independence figure is Fifty times.

Facts and figures about the physical growth of India's power system may sound

hollow and deceptive in the background of common perceptions about the proverbial

inefficiencies of the state electricity boards, the financial losses incurred by them and

the perpetual power crisis that is being endlessly debated all over the country. Per

capita consumption of electricity in India is only 280 KWH per year even today, a

small fraction of that in USA or other developed countries. But it has increased

nearly fourteen fold since independence, whereas the per capita national product

has only doubled. Thus the national economy dominated by the private sector which

accounts for the lion share of the work force, was growing at a much lower pace

when compared to the power sector that is managed by the public sector. The cost

of producing, distributing and selling electricity in the country, even after accounting

for all the direct and indirect subsidies is three to four times lower compared to those

prevailing in the developed countries. While judging the success and failures of the

power development policies pursued since independence and suggesting solutions

for power crisis, these basic facts are often underplayed or even altogether

overlooked.

c. Why Wind:

Wind energy is a very affordable form of renewable energy. According to the

American Wind Energy Association, wind power costs just 40% as much as solar

power. Excellent incentives are available to make wind power the right choice. One

of the greatest advantages of Wind Energy is that it is ample. Secondly, wind energy

is renewable. Some other advantages of Wind Energy are that it is widely distributed,

cheap, and also reducing toxic gas emissions. Wind Energy is also advantageous

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over traditional methods of creating energy, in the sense that it is getting cheaper

and cheaper to produce wind energy. Wind Energy may soon be the cheapest way

to produce energy on a large scale.

The cost of producing wind energy has come down by at least eighty percent since

the eighties. Along with economy, Wind Energy is also said to diminish the

greenhouse effect. Also, wind energy generates no pollution. Wind Energy is also a

more permanent type of energy. The wind will exist till the time the sun exists, which

is roughly another four billion years. Theoretically, if all the wind power available to

humankind is harnessed, there can be ten times of energy we use, readily available.

One other advantage of wind energy that it is readily available around the globe, and

therefore there would be no need of dependence for energy for any country. Wind

energy may be the answer to the globe's question of energy in the face of the rising

petroleum and gas prices and continuously decreasing the reserves of the

conventional sources.

Wind based Power Plant INDIA:

The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly

increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry

compared with Denmark or the US, India has the fifth largest installed wind power

capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate is highest among the other top

four countries.

The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 157,899 MW by the end of

2009. USA (35,159 MW), Germany (25,777 MW), Spain (19,149 MW) and China

(25,104 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position. The short gestation periods for

installing wind turbines, and the increasing reliability and performance of wind energy

machines has made wind power a favoured choice for capacity addition in India.

Suzlon, as Indian-owned Company, emerged on the global scene in the past

decade, and by 2006 had captured almost 7.7 % of market share in global wind

turbine sales. Suzlon is currently the leading manufacturer of wind turbines for the

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Indian market, holding some 52 percent of market share in India. Suzlon’s success

has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind turbine technology.

As of 31 Dec 2010 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 13065.37 MW,

mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (4906.74 MW), Maharashtra (2077.70 MW),

Gujarat (1863.64 MW), Karnataka (1472.75 MW), Rajasthan (1088.37 MW), Madhya

Pradesh (229.39 MW), Andhra Pradesh (136.05 MW), Kerala (27.75 MW), Orissa

(2MW), West Bengal (1.1 MW) and other states (3.20 MW) It is estimated that 6,000

MW of additional wind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012. Wind power

accounts for 6% of India's total installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the

country's power.

Suzlon Energy Limited, India’s largest wind turbine manufacturer, announced

crossing 5,000 MW (megawatt) of cumulative installations in India, underlining the

strong momentum in India's fast growing wind energy market. This cumulative power

generation capacity has the potential to light up four million homes annually. Suzlon

has cumulatively added over 5,000 MW of wind power capacity for over 1,500

customers in India across 40 sites in eight States. Suzlon accounts for nearly half of

the country’s total wind installations. In the key states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra

and Gujarat, Suzlon’s installation base is over 1,000 MW each. Leading corporates

such as the Bajaj Group, the Birla Group, MSPL, DLF, the Tata Group, the Reliance

Group, the ITC Group, L&T, as well as public sector companies like GSPL, HPCL,

Indian Railways, Rajasthan Mines & Minerals, GACL, GSPC, GSFC, Indian Oil,

ONGC and State Bank of India (SBI), amongst others, have chosen Suzlon for their

wind power projects. Suzlon is India's largest wind turbine manufacturer and has

been leading the wind energy market in India for the past 12 years with nearly 50

percent YoY market share. The company has a workforce of 9,000 employees in

India, and eight manufacturing facilities across the country.

State-level wind power

Tamil Nadu (4906.74 MW)

Tamil Nadu is the state with the most wind generating capacity: 4906.74 MW at the

end of the March 2010. Not far from Aralvaimozhi, the Muppandal wind farm, the

largest in the subcontinent, is located near the once impoverished village of

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Muppandal, supplying the villagers with electricity for work. The village had been

selected as the showcase for India's $2 billion clean energy program which provides

foreign companies with tax breaks for establishing fields of wind turbines in the area.

In february 2009, Shriram EPC bagged INR 700 million contract for setting up of 60

units of 250 KW (totaling 15 MW) wind turbines in Tirunelveli district by Cape

Energy.[15] Enercon is also playing a major role in development of wind energy in

India. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tiruppur Districts having more wind Mills from

2002 onwards,specially, Chittipalayam, Kethanoor, Gudimangalam,

Poolavadi,Murungappatti (MGV

Place),Sunkaramudaku,KongalNagaram,Gomangalam, Anthiur are the high wind

power production places in the both districts.

Maharashtra (2077.70 MW)

Maharashtra is second only to Tamil Nadu in terms of generating capacity. Suzlon

has been heavily involved. Suzlon operates what was once Asia's largest wind farm,

the Vankusawade Wind Park (201 MW), near the Koyna reservoir in Satara district of

Maharashtra.

Gujarat (1863.64 MW)

Samana & Sadodar in Jamanagar district is set to host energy companies like China

Light Power (CLP) and Tata Power have pledged to invest up to 8.15 billion ($189.5

million) in different projects in the area. CLP, through its India subsidiary CLP India,

is investing close to 5 billion for installing 126 wind turbines in Samana that will

generate 100.8 MW power. Tata Power has installed wind turbines in the same area

for generating 50 MW power at a cost of 3.15 billion. Both projects are expected to

become operational by early next year, according to government sources. The

Gujarat government, which is banking heavily on wind power, has identified Samana

as an ideal location for installation of 450 turbines that can generate a total of 360

MW. To encourage investment in wind energy development in the state, the

government has introduced a raft of incentives including a higher wind energy tariff.

Samana has a high tension transmission grid and electricity generated by wind

turbines can be fed into it. For this purpose, a substation at Sadodar has been

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installed. Both projects are being executed by Everson Ltd, a joint venture between

Enesco of Germany and Mumbai-based Mehra group.

ONGC Ltd has commissioned its first wind power project. The 51 MW project is

located at Motisindholi in Kutch district of Gujarat. ONGC had placed the EPC order

on Suzlon Energy in January 2008, for setting up the wind farm comprising 34

turbines of 1.5 MW each. Work on the project had begun in February 2008, and it is

learnt that the first three turbines had begun production within 43 days of starting

construction work. Power from this 308 crore captive wind farm will be wheeled to

the Gujarat state grid for onward use by ONGC at its Ankleshwar, Ahmedabad,

Mehsana and Vadodara centres. ONGC has targeted to develop a captive wind

power capacity of around 200 MW in the next two years.

Karnataka (1472.75 MW)

There are many small wind farms in Karnataka, making it one of the states in India

which has a high number of wind mill farms. Chitradurga, Gadag are some of the

districts where there are a large number of Windmills. Chitradurga alone has over

20000 wind turbines.

The 13.2 MW Arasinagundi (ARA) and 16.5 MW Anaburu (ANA) wind farms are

ACCIONA’S first in India. Located in the Davangere district (Karnataka State), they

have a total installed capacity of 29.7 MW and comprise a total 18 Vestas 1.65MW

wind turbines supplied by Vestas Wind Technology India Pvt. Ltd.

The ARA wind farm was commissioned in June 2008 and the ANA wind farm, in

September 2008. Each facility has signed a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement

(PPA) with Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) for off-take of 100% of

the output. ARA and ANA are Acciona’s first wind farms eligible for CER credits

under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

ACCIONA is in talks with the World Bank for The Spanish Carbon Fund which is

assessing participation in the project as buyer for CERs likely to arise between 2010

and 2012. An environmental and social assessment has been conducted as part of

the procedure and related documents have been provided. These are included

below, consistent with the requirement of the World Bank's disclosure policy.

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Rajasthan (1088.37 MW)

Gurgaon-headquartered Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd is in an advanced stage of

commissioning a large wind farm in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. A senior official

told Projectmonitor that out of the total 31.5 mw capacity, 12 mw had been

completed so far. The remaining capacity would come on line shortly, he added. For

the INOX Group company, this would be the largest wind farm. In 2006-07, GFL

commissioned a 23.1-mw wind power project at Gudhe village near Panchgani in

Satara district of Maharashtra. Both the wind farms will be grid-connected and will

earn carbon credits for the company, the official noted. In an independent

development, cement major ACC Ltd has proposed to set up a new wind power

project in Rajasthan with a capacity of around 11 mw. Expected to cost around 60

crore, the wind farm will meet the power requirements of the company's Lakheri

cement unit where capacity was raised from 0.9 million tpa to 1.5 million tpa through

a modernisation plan. For ACC, this would be the second wind power project after

the 9-mw farm at Udayathoor in Tirunelvelli district of Tamil Nadu.[citation needed]

Rajasthan is emerging as an important destination for new wind farms, although it is

currently not amongst the top five states in terms of installed capacity. As of 2007

end, this northern state had a total of 496 mw, accounting for a 6.3 per cent share in

India's total capacity.

Madhya Pradesh (229.39 MW)

In consideration of unique concept, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh has sanctioned

another 15 MW project to MPWL at Nagda Hills near Dewas. All the 25 WEGs have

been commissioned on 31.03.2008 and under successful operation.

Kerala (27.75 MW)

The first wind farm of the state was set up at Kanjikode in Palakkad district. It has a

generating capacity of 23.00 MW. A new wind farm project was launched with private

participation at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district. The project, which was inaugurated

by chief minister V. S. Achuthanandan in April 2008, aims at generating 10.5 MW of

electricity.

The Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT), an

autonomous body under the Department of Power, Government of Kerala, is setting

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up wind farms on private land in various parts of the state to generate a total of 600

mw of power. The agency has identified 16 sites for setting up wind farms through

private developers. To start with, ANERT will establish a demonstration project to

generate 2 mw of power at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district in association with the

Kerala State Electricity Board. The project is slated to cost 21 crore. Other wind farm

sites include Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram districts. The contribution of non-

conventional energy in the total 6,095 mw power potential is just 5.5 per cent, a

share the Kerala government wants to increase by 30 per cent. ANERT is engaged

in the field of development and promotion of renewable sources of energy in Kerala.

It is also the nodal agency for implementing renewable energy programmes of the

Union ministry of non-conventional energy sources.

West Bengal (1.10MW)

The total installation in West Bengal is just 1.10 MW as there was only 0.5 MW

additions in 2006-2007 and none between 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 50 MW wind

energy project is going to install soon. Suzlon Energy Ltd plans to set up a large

wind-power project in West Bengal Suzlon Energy Ltd is planning to set up a large

wind-power project in West Bengal, for which it is looking at coastal Midnapore and

South 24-Parganas districts. According to SP Gon Chaudhuri, chairman of the West

Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency, the 50 MW project would supply

grid-quality power. Gon Chaudhuri, who is also the principal secretary in the power

department, said the project would be the biggest in West Bengal using wind energy.

At present, Suzlon experts are looking for the best site. Suzlon aims to generate the

power solely for commercial purpose and sell it to local power distribution outfits like

the West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB).Suzlon will install, without taking

recourse to the funding available from the Indian Renewable Energy Development

Agency (Ireda), said Gon Chaudhuri. There are five wind-power units in West

Bengal, at Frazerganj, generating a total of around 1 MW. At Sagar Island, there is a

composite wind-diesel plant generating 1 MW. In West Bengal, power companies

are being encouraged to buy power generated by units based on renewable energy.

The generating units are being offered special rates. S Banerjee, private secretary to

the power minister, said this had encouraged the private sector companies to invest

in this field.

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Table 3- Main Power Plants in India

Power Plant Producer Location StateTotal

Capacity (MWe)

Vankusawade Wind Park

Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara Dist. Maharashtra 259

Cape ComorinAban Loyd Chiles Offshore Ltd.

Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 33

Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamil Nadu 22

GudimangalamGudimangalam Wind Farm

Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21

Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. PuthlurAndhra Pradesh

20

Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamda Gujarat 15

Chennai MohanMohan Breweries & Distilleries Ltd.

Chennai Tamil Nadu 15

Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. DewasMadhya Pradesh

14

Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd.Chitradurga Dist

Karnataka 14

Perungudi NewamNewam Power Company Ltd.

Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12

Kethanur Wind Farm

Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11

Hyderabad APSRTC

Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corp.

HyderabadAndhra Pradesh

10

Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10Poolavadi Chettinad

Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd.

Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10

Shalivahana WindShalivahana Green Energy. Ltd.

Tirupur Tamil Nadu 20.4

Wind Power

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Undoubtedly, the performance and efficiency of wind power system solely dependent

on the power of wind and its availability. Wind is known to be another form of solar

energy because it comes about as a result of uneven heating of the atmosphere by

the sun coupled with the abstract topography of the earth’s surface. With wind

turbines, two categories of winds are relevant to their applications, namely local

winds and planetary winds. The latter is the most dominant and it is usually a major

factor in deciding sites for very effective wind turbines especially with the horizontal

axis types.

These winds are usually found along shore lines, mountain tops, valleys and open

plains. The former is the type you will find in regular environments like the city or

rural areas, basically where settlements are present. This type of wind is not

conducive for effective power generation; it only has a lot of worth when it

accompanies moving planetary winds.

Wind Power Technology

Wind power technology is the various infrastructure and process that promote the

harnessing of wind generation for mechanical power and electricity. This basically

entails the wind and characteristics related to its strength and direction, as well as

the functioning of both internal and external components of a wind turbine with

respect to wind behavior.

As mentioned earlier the effective functioning of a wind turbine is dictated by the

wind availability in an area and if the amount of power it has is sufficient enough to

keep the blades in constant rotation. The wind power increases as a function of the

cube of the velocity of the wind and this power is calculable with respect to the area

in which the wind is present as well as the wind velocity. When wind is blowing the

energy available is kinetic due to the motion of the wind so the power of the wind is

related to the kinetic energy.

We know:

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k=12mv2

…… (1)

Where k=kinetic energy

The volume of air passing in unit time through an area A, with speed V is AV and its

mass M is equal to the Volume V multiplied by its density ρ so:

m=ρav …… (2)

Substituting the value of m in equation we get:

So

k=12

( ρav ) v2 …… (3)

k=12ρa v3

.…… (4)

To convert the energy to kilowatts, a non-dimensional proportionality constant k is

introduced where,

k=2.14×10-3

Therefore

power∈kw( p)=2.14 ρa v3×10−3 ……. (5)

air density (ρ)=1.2kg /m3 /2.33×10−3 slugs / ft3

With equation above, the power being generated can be calculated, however one

shouldnote that it is not possible to convert all the power of the wind into power for

generation.

The power harnessed from the wind cannot exceed 59% of the overall power in the

wind. Only a portion can be used and that usable portion is only assured depending

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on the wind turbine being used and the aerodynamic characteristics that accompany

it .

Types of Wind Turbines

Many types of turbines exist today and their designs are usually inclined towards one

of the two categories: horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical-axis wind

turbines (VAWTs). As the name pertains, each turbine is distinguished by the

orientation of their rotor shafts. The former is the more conventional and common

type everyone has come to know, while the latter due to its seldom usage and

exploitation, is quiet unpopular.

a. Horizontal axis wind turbine:

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical

generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are

pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor

coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of

the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical

generator.

Fig 3- A First Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually positioned upwind

of its supporting tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from

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being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a

considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the

wind a small amount.

Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence, because

they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and

because in high winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept

area and thus their wind resistance. Since cyclical turbulence may lead to fatigue

failures, most HAWTs are of upwind design.

Fig 4- Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

b. VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.

Key advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed

into the wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction

is highly variable, for example when integrated into buildings. The key disadvantages

include the low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence

higher cost of the drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient, the 360 degree

rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly

dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs

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on the drive train, and the difficulty to model the wind flow accurately and hence the

challenges of analyzing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.

Fig 5- Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground,

hence avoiding the need of a tower and improving accessibility for maintenance.

Drawbacks for this configuration include that wind speeds are lower close to the

ground, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine, and wind shear

more severe close to the ground, so the rotor experiences higher loads. Air flow near

the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce issues of

vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase the maintenance or

shorten the service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the

building generally redirects wind over the roof and these can double the wind speed

at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately

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50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and

minimum wind turbulence. It should be borne in mind that wind speeds within the

built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites.

Subtypes of VAWT:

Darrieus wind turbine:

"Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after the French inventor,

Georges Darrieus. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and

cyclical stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also generally

require some external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning,

because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three

or more blades which results in greater solidity of the rotor. Solidity is measured by

blade area divided by the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by

guy-wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing.

Fig 6 -Darrieus wind turbine

Giromill

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A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The

cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-

starting. The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively

flat torque curve; a lower blade speed ratio; a higher coefficient of performance;

more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio which

lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.

Savonius wind turbine

These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in

anemometers, Flettner vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some

high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines. They are always self-starting if there are

at least three scoops. They sometimes have long helical scoops to give a smooth

torque.

Fig 7 - Savonius wind turbine

c. COMPARISON BETWEEN HAWT AND VAWT

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Energy Conversion Efficiency

Since VAWTs turn parallel with the ground, half the time its rotor blades turn against

the wind. This results in having lesser efficient energy conversion as compared to

HAWTs.

Also, most VAWTs are located near the ground. Since wind speeds are generally

faster in higher altitudes, VAWTs generate less power compared to HAWTs which

are often erected high on top of a tower.

Installation

Since VAWTs can have rotor blades close to the ground, they are easier to install

compared to HAWTs that often require the rotor blades to be at a high altitude

depending on the blade length.

Maintenance

For the same reason as above, VAWTs are easier to maintain since most of them

are installed near the ground.

HAWTs should also be checked constantly so that it faces against the wind, unlike

VAWTs which require less maintenance. Automatic yaw-adjustment mechanisms

have eliminated this need of constant maintenance on HAWTs though.

Land Area Requirement

HAWTs require a tower that can erect the rotor blades to a high enough location that

would maximize wind speeds, whilst VAWTs would require guy cables to ensure that

the machine remains stable. HAWTs require lesser land space compared to VAWTs

since tower bases occupy minimal space whilst the need for guy cables for VAWTs

would entail occupying a much larger land area.

Recommendations

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Since VAWTs are easy to maintain, and can be installed near ground level, they are

preferred over HAWTs when it comes to home use. This way, private home owners

wouldn’t have to spend a lot of resources to get the wind turbine to work if compared

with installing a HAWT. Although the efficiency is lower, it wouldn’t really make much

of a difference since home wind turbines are just supplemental energy generators

and aren’t really needed to supply the primary energy requirements.

For large-scale power generation, it has been tested time and time again that

HAWTs are the more efficient wind turbines. Since they can be situated on top of

towers, very high wind speeds can be gathered, producing lots of electrical power.

Also, since the land area taken up by HAWTs is small, they are ideal for large wind

farms.

Fig 8 - HAWT vs VAWT

Work Description

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We have undertaken the project which demonstrates the electrical power generation

by wind energy being the non-conventional form of energy. A blower is used to

supply the wind to the turbine blades which in turn rotates the alternator to produce

the electricity. The project has been completed in 7 different steps which described

in the subsequent sections.

Step-1

In our project we are using iron rod (MS) as a shaft. We adjoin this rod with one

spring for flexible rotation of rod. The turbine blades are mounted on this shaft.

Fig 9 - Mild Steel Shaft

Step-2

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We usedPVCtransparent pipe in our project for showing clear working.First we insert

one bearing in the rod from top side of spring and then use PVC sheet covering as a

first support.

Fig 10 - PVC Pipe Housing Bearing

Step-3

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Then we fixed one bevel gear mechanism for transmitting vertical rotation to

horizontal rotating.

Fig 11 -Bevel Gear Mechanism

Step-4

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Then we fixed one dynamo with horizontal shaft with the help of a gear train as

shown in fig-.

Fig 12 - Power Transmission Schematic

Step-5

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Two types of blades one is partial helical and other one is circular in shape are used

for quantifying the effect of the blade shape on power generation.

1. We used a rectangle PVC sheet. We curve this sheet with help of heater and

give special shape as shown in fig.

Fig 13 .- Partial Helical Blade

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2. In second type of the blade we used circular blower which is shown in fig.

Fig. 14 - Circular Blade

Step-6

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Then we attach our blades with vertical rod so that the power can be transmitted to

the shaft through blade by wind energy.

Fig. 15 – complete Assembly

Step-7

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We attach one multi meter with dynamo for checking dynamo output. As per our

project design our generator give 3-12v output (output may be vary according to the

wind speed)

Fig 16 - Energy Flow Diagram (Helical Blade)

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Fig 17 - Energy Flow Diagram (Circular Blade)

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Components of the setup:

Gears

Gears are categorized into several types. They are used in a wide era of industries

including automotive, milling, paper industry etc. According to different applications

in industries and different materials used they are categorized separately. Different

types of gears are also custom design and are fabricated by gear manufacturing

services as par the specifications.

Angular Bevel Gears

These are bevel gears whose shafts are set at an angle other

than 90 degrees. They are useful when the direction of a

shaft's rotation needs to be changed. Using gears of differing

numbers of teeth can change the speed of rotation.

These gears permit minor adjustment of gears during assembly and allow for some

displacement due to deflection under operating loads without concentrating the load

on the end of the tooth. For reliable performance, Gears must be pinned to shaft with

a dowel or taper pin.

The bevel gears find its application in locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,

printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel plants, defence and also in

railway track inspection machine. They are important components on all current

rotorcraft drive system.

Bevel Gears

They connect intersecting axes and come in several types. The pitch surface of

bevel gears is a cone. They are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs

to be changed. Using gears of differing numbers of teeth can change the speed of

rotation. They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be

designed to work at other angles as well.

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These gears permit minor adjustment during assembly and allow for some

displacement due to deflection under operating loads without concentrating the load

on the end of the tooth. For reliable performance, Gears must be pinned to shaft with

a dowel or taper pin.

Types The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or bevel. In straight bevel gears teeth

have no helix angles. They either have equal size gears with 90 degrees shaft angle

or a shaft angle other than 90 degrees. Straight bevel angle can also be with one

gear flat with a pitch angle of 90 degrees. In straight when each tooth engages it

impacts the corresponding tooth and simply curving the gear teeth can solve the

problem. Spiral bevel gears have spiral angles, which gives performance

improvements. The contact between the teeth starts at one end of the gear and then

spreads across the whole tooth. In both the bevel types of gears the shaft must be

perpendicular to each other and must be in the same plane. The hypoid bevel gears

can engage with the axes in different planes. This is used in many car differentials.

The ring gear of the differential and the input pinion gear are both hypoid. This allows

input pinion to be mounted lower than the axis of the ring gear.

Hypoid gears are stronger, operate more quietly and can be

used for higher reduction ratios. They also have sliding action

along the teeth, potentially reducing efficiency.

ApplicationsA good example of bevel gears is seen as the main mechanism

for a hand drill. As the handle of the drill is turned in a vertical

direction, the bevel gears change the rotation of the chuck to a horizontal rotation.

The bevel gears in a hand drill have the added advantage of increasing the speed of

rotation of the chuck and this makes it possible to drill a range of materials. The

bevel gears find its application in locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,

printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel plants, and defense also in

railway track inspection machine. They are important components on all current

rotorcraft drive system.Spiral bevel gears are important components on all current

rotorcraft drive systems. These components are required to operate at high speeds,

39 | P a g e

high loads, and for an extremely large number of load cycles. In this application,

spiral bevel gears are used to redirect the shaft from the horizontal gas turbine

engine to the vertical rotor.

Spur Gears

They connect parallel shafts, have involute teeth that are parallel to the shaft and

can have internal or external teeth. They cause no external thrust between gears.

They are inexpensive to manufacture. They give lower but satisfactory performance.

They are used when shaft rotates in the same plane.

The main features of spur gears are addendum, addendum, flank, and fillet.

Addendum cylinder is a root from where teeth extend, it extends to the tip called the

addendum circle. Flank or the face contacts the meshing gear, the most useful

feature if the spur gears. The fillet in the root region is kineticallyirrelevant.

Characteristics The speed and change of the force depends on the gear ratio, the ratio of number of

teeth on the gears that are to be meshed. One gear among the two is on the input

axle; the axle of the motor and the other gear of the pair areon the output axle, the

axle of the wheel.They have higher contact ratio that makes them smooth and quiet

in operation. They are available for corrosion resistant operation. They are among

the most cost-effective type of gearing. They are also used to create large gear

reductions.

MaterialsThey are available in plastic, non-metallic, brass, steel and cast iron and are

40 | P a g e

manufactured in a variety of styles. They are made with many different properties.

Factors like design life, power transmission requirements, noise and heat generation,

and presence of corrosive elements contribute to the optimization of the gear

material.

ApplicationsGenerally used in simple machines like washing machines, clothes dryer or power

winches. They are not used in automobiles because they produce sound when the

teeth of both the gears collide with each other. It also increases stress on the gear

teeth. They are also used in construction equipment, machine tools, indexing

equipment, multi spindle drives, roller feeds, and conveyors.

Support Rollers

Support rollers are the kind of gears that provide support to cable and other related

products. They are used to muffle vibration noise. Many support rollers in web

manufacturing plants are driven to rotate by the friction between the roller surface

and the web. At higher speed operation, air film between the roller surface and the

web can be large enough to cause slippage. Therefore, it is important to keep the

friction torque of the roller bearings very small. Putting rollers close together can

decrease pulling tension.

Over time wear conditions develop on the surfaces of the support rollers making it

difficult to control the axial thrust of the kiln with moderate support roller adjustments.

The wear can also cause high surface stress conditions and higher hertz pressures

41 | P a g e

as the wear progresses. The extent of wear is directly proportional to the amount of

support roller adjustment needed to control the axial thrust of the kiln. Resurfacing

enables proper adjustment of the conveyor rollers, decreased power consumption

and therefore lower operating cost.Support rollers are used in industries as an

important component in conveyors, elevators, rollers etc.

Tacho Drives

Tacho drive is the black sheaved cable that goes over the starter at 90° and is held

to the engine by a large nut. There is a small oil seal in the tach drive on the engine

clock. Tacho cable are used in orbital motors.

Thrust Rollers

Thrust rollers are hydraulic 3dimension movable rolls. Thrust rollers limit the lateral

movement of the rotating debarking drum and help maintain equipment balance.

They provide load compensation and are used to accommodate uneven loads.

42 | P a g e

There are several types of thrust rollers. They can be single and double acting,

combination roller and cross rollers.Inspection of the load bearing surface or the

thrust rollers should be done at regular intervals to avoid slow and faulty operations.

Thrust rollers can be refurbished and problems like timing marks taper wear and

irregular face profiles can be eliminated.

Gear Trains

A gear train is two or more gear working together by meshing their teeth and turning

each other in a system to generate power and speed. It reduces speed and

increases torque. To create large gear ratio, gears are connected together to form

gear trains. They often consist of multiple gears in the train. The smaller gears are

one-fifth of the size of the larger gear. Electric motors are used with the gear

systems to reduce the speed and increase the torque. Electric motor is connected to

the driving end of each train and is mounted on the test platform. The output end

output end of the gear train is connected to a large magnetic particle brake that is

used to measure the output torque.

Simple Gear Train - The most common of the gear train is the gear pair connecting

parallel shafts. The teeth of this type can be spur, helical or herringbone. The

angular velocity is simply the reverse of the tooth ratio. The main limitation of a

simple gear train is that the maximum speed change ratio is 10:1. For larger ratio,

large size of gear trains is required; this may result in an imbalance of strength and

wear capacities of the end gears.

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The sprockets and chain in the bicycle is an example of simple gear train. When the

paddle is pushed, the front gear is turned and that meshes with the links in the chain.

The chain moves and meshes with the links in the rear gear that is attached to the

rear wheel. This enables the bicycle to move. Compound Gear Train - For large

velocities, compound arrangement is preferred. Two keys are keyed to a single

shaft. A double reduction train can be arranged to have its input and output shafts in

a line, by choosing equal center distance for gears and pinions.

Epicyclic Gear Train -

It is the system of epicyclic gears in which at least one wheel axis itself revolves

around another fixed axis.

Planetary Gear Train - It is made of few components, a small gear at the center

called the sun, several medium sized gears called the planets and a large external

gear called the ring gear. The planet gears rolls and revolves about the sun gear and

the ring gear rolls on the planet gear. Planetary gear trains have several advantages.

They have higher gear ratios. They are popular for automatic transmissions in

automobiles. They are also used in bicycles for controlling power of pedaling

automatically or manually. They are also used for power train between internal

combustion engine and an electric motor.

ApplicationsGear trains are used in representing the phases of moon on a watch or clock dial. It

is also used for driving a conventional two-disk lunar phase display off the day-of-

the-week shaft of the calendar.

Bearings

Have you ever wondered how things like inline skate wheels and electric motors spin

so smoothly and quietly? The answer can be found in a neat little machine called a

bearing.

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The bearing makes many of the machines we use every day possible. Without

bearings, we would be constantly replacing parts that wore out from friction. In this

article, we'll learn how bearings work, look at some different kinds of bearings and

explain their common uses, and explore some other interesting uses of bearings.

The Basics

The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better than they slide. The

wheels on your car are like big bearings. If you had something like skis instead of

wheels, your car would be a lot more difficult to push down the road.

That is because when things slide, the friction between them causes a force that

tends to slow them down. But if the two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction

is greatly reduced.

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Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls or rollers, and a smooth

inner and outer metal surface for the balls to roll against. These balls or rollers "bear"

the load, allowing the device to spin smoothly.

Bearing Loads

Bearings typically have to deal with two kinds of loading, radial and thrust.

Depending on where the bearing is being used, it may see all radial loading, all

thrust loading or a combination of both.

The bearings that support the shafts of motors and pulleys are subject to a radial

load.The bearings in the electric motor and the pulley pictured above face only a

radial load. In this case, most of the load comes from the tension in the belt

connecting the two pulleys.

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The bearings in this stool are subject to a thrust load.

The bearing above is like the one in a barstool. It is loaded purely in thrust, and the

entire load comes from the weight of the person sitting on the stool.

The bearings in a car wheel are subject to both thrust

and radial loads.

The bearing above is like the one in the hub of your car wheel. This bearing has to

support both a radial load and a thrust load. The radial load comes from the weight

of the car, the thrust load comes from the cornering forces when you go around a

turn.

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Types of Bearings

There are many types of bearings, each used for different purposes. These include

ball bearings, roller bearings, ball thrust bearings, roller thrust bearings and tapered

roller thrust bearings.

Ball Bearings

Ball bearings, as shown below, are probably the most common type of bearing. They

are found in everything from inline skates to hard drives. These bearings can handle

both radial and thrust loads, and is usually found in applications where the load is

relatively small.

Cutaway view of a ball bearing

In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball, and from the

ball to the inner race. Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer

race at a very small point, which helps it spin very smoothly. But it also means that

there is not very much contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded,

the balls can deform or squish, ruining the bearing.

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Dynamo

A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a

generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were

the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the

foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were

based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary

converter. They are rarely used for power generation now because of the dominance

of alternating current, the disadvantages of the commutator, and the ease of

converting alternating to direct current using solid state methods.

The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A

small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called

a Hub dynamo.

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Description

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical

rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo

machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a

constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn

within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by

one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field

provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates

in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating

an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation,

alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as

electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were

invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set of contacts

mounted on the machine's shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to

the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a

pulsing direct current is produced.

Historical milestones

The first electric generator was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831, a copper disk

that rotated between the poles of a magnet. This was not a dynamo because it did

not use a commutator. However, Faraday's disk generated very low voltage because

of its single current path through the magnetic field. Faraday and others found that

higher, more useful voltages could be produced by winding multiple turns of wire into

a coil. Wire windings can conveniently produce any voltage desired by changing the

number of turns, so they have been a feature of all subsequent generator designs,

requiring the invention of the commutator to produce direct current.

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Jedlik's dynamo

In 1827, Hungarian AnyosJedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating

devices which he called electromagnetic self-rotors. In the prototype of the single-

pole electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were

electromagnetic. He formulated the concept of the dynamo about six years before

Siemens and Wheatstone but did not patent it as he thought he was not the first to

realize this. His dynamo used, instead of permanent magnets, two electromagnets

opposite to each other to induce the magnetic field around the rotor.

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Pixii's dynamo

The first dynamo based on Faraday's principles was built in 1832 by HippolytePixii, a

French instrument maker. It used a permanent magnet which was rotated by a

crank. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed

by a piece of iron wrapped with wire. Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a

pulse of current in the wire each time a pole passed the coil. However, the north and

south poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite directions. To convert the

alternating current to DC, Pixii invented a commutator, a split metal cylinder on the

shaft, with two springy metal contacts that pressed against it.

Pacinotti dynamo

These early designs had a problem: the electric current they produced consisted of a

series of "spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at all, resulting in a low

average power output. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor, solved this

problem around 1860 by replacing the spinning two-pole axial coil with a multi-pole

toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring with a continuous winding,

connected to the commutator at many equally spaced points around the ring; the

commutator being divided into many segments. This meant that some part of the coil

was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current.

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Siemens and Wheatstone dynamo (1867)

The first practical designs for a dynamo were announced independently and

simultaneously by Dr. Werner Siemens and Charles Wheatstone. On January 17,

1867, Siemens announced to the Berlin academy a "dynamo-electric machine" (first

use of the term) which employed a self-powering electromagnetic armature.On the

same day that this invention was announced to the Royal Society Charles

Wheatstone read a paper describing a similar design with the difference that in the

Siemens design the armature was in series with the rotor, but in Wheatstone's

design it was in parallel. The use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets

greatly increases the power output of a dynamo and enabled high power generation

for the first time. This invention led directly to the first major industrial uses of

electricity. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used electromagnetic dynamos to

power electric arc furnaces for the production of metals and other materials.

Gramme ring dynamo

Zénobe Gramme reinvented Pacinotti's design in 1871 when designing the first

commercial power plants, which operated in Paris in the 1870s. Another advantage

of Gramme's design was a better path for the magnetic flux, by filling the space

occupied by the magnetic field with heavy iron cores and minimizing the air gaps

between the stationary and rotating parts. The Gramme dynamo was the first

machine to generate commercial quantities of power for industry. Further

improvements were made on the Gramme ring, but the basic concept of a spinning

endless loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos.

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Discovery of electric motor principles

While not originally designed for the purpose, it was discovered that a dynamo can

act as an electric motor when supplied with direct current from a battery or another

dynamo. At an industrial exhibition in Vienna in 1873, Gramme noticed that the shaft

of his dynamo began to spin when its terminals were accidentally connected to

another dynamo producing electricity. Although this wasn't the first demonstration of

an electric motor, it was the first practical one. It was found that the same design

features which make a dynamo efficient also make a motor efficient. The efficient

Gramme design, with small magnetic air gaps and many coils of wire attached to a

many-segmented commutator, also became the basis for the design of all practical

DC motors.

Large dynamos producing direct current were problematic in situations where two or

more dynamos are working together and one has an engine running at a lower

power than the other. The dynamo with the stronger engine will tend to drive the

weaker as if it were a motor, against the rotation of the weaker engine. Such

reverse-driving could feed back into the driving engine of a dynamo and cause a

dangerous out of control reverse-spinning condition in the lower-power dynamo. It

was eventually determined that when several dynamos all feed the same power

source all the dynamos must be locked into synchrony using a jackshaft

interconnecting all engines and rotors to counter these imbalances.

Dynamo as Commutated DC Generator

After the discovery of the AC Generator and that alternating current can in fact be

useful for something, the word dynamo became associated exclusively with the

commutated DC electric generator, while an AC electrical generator using either slip

rings or rotor magnets would become known as an alternator.

An AC electric motor using either slip rings or rotor magnets was referred to as a

synchronous motor, and a commutated DC electric motor could be called either an

electric motor though with the understanding that it could in principle operate as a

generator.

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Rotary Converter Development

After dynamos were found to allow easy conversion back and forth between

mechanical or electrical power, the new discovery was used to develop complex

multi-field single-rotor devices with two or more commutators. These were known as

a rotary converters. These devices were usually not burdened by mechanical loads,

but watched just spinning on their own.

The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any power source into any other.

This includes direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), 25 cycle AC into 60

cycle AC, or many different output currents at the same time. The size and mass of

these was very large so that the rotor would act as a flywheel to help smooth out any

sudden surges or dropouts.

The technology of rotary converters ruled until the development of vacuum tubes

allowed for electronic oscillators. This eliminated the need for physically spinning

rotors and commutators.

Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an

electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in

one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure

voltage, current and resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog

multimeters and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)

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A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service

work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.

They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and

household devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies,

and wiring systems.

Multimeters are available in a wide ranges of features and prices. Cheap multimeters

can cost less than US$10, while the top of the line multimeters can cost more than

US$5000.

Quantities measured

Contemporary multimeters can measure many quantities. The common ones are:

Voltage in volts.

Current in amperes.

Resistance in ohms.

Additionally, multimeters may also measure:

Capacitance in farads.

Conductance in siemens.

Decibels.

Duty cycle as a percentage.

Frequency in hertz

Inductance in henrys

Temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Digital multimeters may also include circuits for:

Continuity that beeps when a circuit conducts.

Diodes and Transistors

Various sensors can be attached to multimeters to take measurements such as:

Light level

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Acidity/Alkalinity(pH)

Wind speed

Relative humidity

Sensitivity and input impedance

The current load or how much current is drawn from the circuit being tested may

affect a multimeter's accuracy. A smaller current draw usually will result in more

precise measurements. With improper usage or too much current load, a multimeter

may be damaged therefore rendering its measurements unreliable and substandard.

Meters with electronic amplifiers in them, such as all digital multimeters and analog

meters using a transistor for amplification, have an input impedance that is usually

considered high enough not to disturb the circuit tested. This is often one million

ohms, or ten million ohms. The standard input impedance allows use of external

probes to extend the direct-current measuring range up to tens of thousands of volts.

Most analog multimeters of the moving pointer type are unbuffered, and draw current

from the circuit under test to deflect the meter pointer. The impedance of the meter

varies depending on the basic sensitivity of the meter movement and the range

which is selected. For example, a meter with a typical 20,000 ohms/volt sensitivity

will have an input resistance of two million ohms on the 100 volt range (100 V *

20,000 ohms/volt = 2,000,000 ohms). Lower sensitivity meters are useful for general

purpose testing especially in power circuits, where source impedances are low

compared to the meter impedance. Some measurements in signal circuits require

higher sensitivity so as not to load down the circuit under test with the meter

impedance.

Sometime sensitivity is confused with resolution of a meter, which is defined as

measure of the lowest voltage, current or resistance that can change measurement

reading. For general-purpose digital multimeters, a full-scale range of several

hundred millivolts AC or DC is common, but the minimum full-scale current range

may be several hundred milliamps. Since general-purpose multimeters have only

two-wire resistance measurements, which do not compensate for the effect of the

lead wire resistance, measurements below a few tens of ohms will be of low

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accuracy. The upper end of multimeter measurement ranges varies considerably by

manufacturer; generally measurements over 1000 volts, over 10 amperes, or over

100 megohms would require a specialized test instrument, as would accurate

measurement of currents on the order of 1 microamp or less.

Conclusions and Future Scope:

The device developed in the reported project has shown that the power can be

produced with wind energy. The device generates 3-12V potential difference with the

wind energy supplied by a blower. The blower takes electrical power to rotate. The

study shows that there is great potential in wind energy to generate power.

A careful selection has to be made for the blade profile so that the losses will be

minimum and the power generation can be enhanced. Since the wind energy is not

constant at all the time so the operation of the wind machine will be intermittent and

the power production rate will also vary; the component should be design in such a

manner so that the losses should be at minimum.

In the near future, wind energy will be the most cost effective source of electrical

power. In fact, a good case can be made for saying that it already has achieved this

status. The actual life cycle cost of fossil fuels (from mining and extraction to

transport to use technology to environmental impact to political costs and impacts,

etc.) is not really known, but it is certainly far more than the current wholesale rates.

The eventual depletion of these energy sources will entail rapid escalations in price

which averaged over the brief period of their usewill result in postponed actual costs

that would be unacceptable by present standards. And this doesn't even consider the

environmental and political costs of fossil fuels use that are silently and not-so-

silently mounting every day.

The major technology developments enabling wind power commercialization have

already been made. There will be infinite refinements and improvements, of course.

One can guess (based on experience with other technologies) that the eventual push

to full commercialization and deployment of the technology will happen in a manner

that no one can imagine today. There will be a "weather change" in the marketplace,

or a "killer application" somewhere that will put several key companies or financial

organizations in a position to profit. They will take advantage of public interest, the

political and economic climate, and emotional or marketing factors to position wind

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energy technology (developed in a long lineage from the Chinese and the Persians

to the present wind energy researchers and developers) for its next round of

development.

The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country's burgeoning energy

deficit and increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy, particularly

nuclear, solar and wind energy.

About 70% of India's energy generation capacity is from fossil fuels, with coal

accounting for 40% of India's total energy consumption followed by crude oil and

natural gas at 24% and 6% respectively. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel

imports to meet its energy demandsby2030; India's dependence on energy imports

is expected to exceed 53% of the country's total energy consumption. In 2009-10,

the country imported 159.26 million tonnes of crude oil which amount to 80% of its

domestic crude oil consumption and 31% of the country's total imports are oil

imports. The growth of electricity generation in India has been hindered by domestic

coal shortages and as a consequence, India's coal imports for electricity generation

increased by 18% in 2010.

As an emerging country the need of hour for INDIA is to adopt the non-conventional

sources as a major component for power production. Being costly the solar energy

cannot be installed for high capacity plants, so wind will be the definite alternate for

this.

Applications

Due to irregularity in the availability of the wind energy the wind based machines has

got limited applications in some specific areas. Wind based machinery can only be

installed at a place of plentiful air flow, that’s why use of the wind machines are not

so popular. But the availability of the conventional fuels is going to decreases very

fast and only conventional fuel is not sufficient to meet the energy demand of the

modern civilization. Non-conventional sources have to play a significant role to cope

the crises. Wind energy is the cheapest in all the non-conventional sources. Capital

cost in a wind based power plant is lesser than based on solar energy.

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A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical

energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be

called a wind generator or wind charger. The mechanical energy is used to

Drive machinery

Grinding grain

Pumping water

The device is called a windmill or wind pump. Developed for over a millennium,

today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis

types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging or

auxiliary power on sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines are

becoming an increasingly large source of commercial electric power.

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