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8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
vbrhbs nhrnulstblnhbs c`ihblt` cètdids ihsthltds. Bemulds i` eds da k`t h -v ds y b e mulds i` e d s cè t dids s ` i h n ` qu` sdl pd e ã th n ds . @s t bs p r dpds h n h d -
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
1: h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Hltrdiunnhþl 1 2
l`s s um h ` r `l e d s p r dpþs h t ds qu` e d s n h `l t ã oh n ds p d e ã t h n ds i `a `l p ` r s `mu h r .^u c` t b i `a ` s ` r da t `l `r y t rbl sc h t hr n dldn hch`l t d s `murd i` e d s p r dpþ-shtds qu` sdl d i`a`l s`r p`rs`muhids l eb vhib pdeãthnb y i` eds c`-ihds qu` sdl d i`a`l s`r cpe`bids, ndldnhch`ltd i` ohl`s y c`ihds yi` ebs hlt`rr`ebnhdl`s ltr` ohl`s y c`ihds.
@e c h scd p`lsb ch `l t d pu`i` , `l su ` s `ln h b , xpr ` s b r s ` i` cbl` rbiho`r`lt` sh eb `e`nnhþl i ûethcds ohl`s, s` bsuc`, r`oe`kb bemd ihsthltdb e b hl v `s t h m bn hþl bnbièchnb’ul supu`s t d qu` s ` n dl s hi ` r brâ l ` e n b -
pãtued pr hc`rd’. Zdi`c ds i`nh r qu` ` e prdpþs h td i` eb bnt hv hibi bnb iè-chnb ` s t dcbr `l nu`l t b y , `l e d p ds ha e ` , p r `i`n h r e b s n dli hn h dl `s y bndl -
---t`nhch`ltds pdeãthnds. Ed nube `quhvbe` b i`nhr qu```e prdpþshtd i`a` s`r`xp e hnbr y pr`i`n hr’`stba e`n`r r` ebn hdl`s `l tr` p`lsb ch`l td y bnn hþl , c` -i hds y o hl ` s , n busb y ` o ` n t d , n dli hn h dl `s y n dl s` nu`ln hbs’. Zbr b i`n h r edndl ebs pbebarbs i` Gdaa`s, e dak`thvd i`a` s`r benblzbr y trblschthr«ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs y i` eb i`p`li`lnhb i` ul g`ngdi` dtrd¶<. D, ndcd i`nãb Kdgl ^tubrt Chee, `e pbp`e i`e «i`snuarhidry das ` rvbidr n h `l t ã o hn d ¶ i`a` s ` r «cds t r b r qu` n h ` r t b s ndls ` n u`ln h b s s h -mu`l b nh`rtbs nbusbs y qu`, pbrb dat`l`r nh`rtds ohl`s, nh`rtds c`ihds
sdl e d s câs ` o h n bn ` s ¶ 1.e shmlhohnbid hcpehnbnhdl`s i` stbs bohrcb-nhdl`s s`râl blbehzbids b ed ebrmd i` eds nbpãtueds i` eb pbrt` prhc`rb.
Z`rd pdr què ausnbcds ndldnhch`ltd i` ohl`s y c`ihds4 Zdr què
`xpehnbcds y pr`i`nhcds4 dl pdshae`s vbrhbs r`spu`stbs. @st` thpd i`ndldnhch`ltd pu`i` ndlshi`rbrs` qu` s` kusthohnb pdr sã chscd’ndcdul ohl `l sã chscd’6 d, pbrb i`nhred i` odrcb bemd iho`r`lt`, pu`i`s`r ndlshi`rbid ndcd i`s`bae` shcpe`c`lt` pdrqu` byuib b sbthsobn`reb nurhdsh i. Be chscd th`cpd, pu`i` pds` r o`ntds prânthnds y vbedrdp`rbthvd @e ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs p`rcht` gbn`r e`nnhd-l`s l tèrchlds i` eb i`s`bahehibi i` ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs. @e stuihdsdpu`i` p`rs`muhr ndldnhch`ltd pbrb qu` sus `e`nnhdl`s ndltrhauybl i`cbl` rb câs s ` murb b e b s n dls ` nu`ln h b s qu` è e i` s ` b ) Câs n d r rh `l t `c`l t ` ,e d aus nþ pb rb qu` d t r d s pu`ibl ` s t b r h l od rcbids i` e b s prdab a e ` s ndl -s`nu`ln hbs i` sus ` e`nn hdl `s, `sp`rblid qu` ut he hn`l ` e ndldn hch`ltd pb rb`e ah`l câs qu` pbrb ohl`s r`prdabae`s. @l v`ribi qu`N `e i`s`d i` hl-
U oeuhr l ebs i`nhshdl`s i` dtrds, pbrb prdcdv`r e edmrd i` ed qu` s`ndl s hi ` r b e b a u`lb v hib , pu`i` s ` r ` e p r dpþs h t d hl sp h r bidr ¶
Brrhab lds r`o`rhcds b prdpþshtds «i`s`bae`s¶. B v`n`s eb nu`sthþls ` n dl s hi ` r b `l t è rchlds i ` « s h ml h o h n bn hþl ¶ . Ru h`l `s s ` i `i hn bl b e b `l -s`òblzb y b eb hlv`sthmbnhþl i`s`bl, lbturbec`lt`, qu` su trbabkd s`bvb e h d sd d hcpdr t bl t ` , bulqu` c ungds i` ` e e d s s ` i `p r hc`l n rþl hn bc`l t `pdr iuibs i`vdrbidrbs bn`rnb i`e vbedr i` sus r`behzbnhdl`s, d ah`l s`vu`ev`l i`si`òdsds i` sus nde`mb s i` prdo`s hþl pdr nb`r `l t rhv hb e hibi`s.
' htbid pdr B. Q. C. CPQQBX, Bl Hltrdi unthdl td Zdehthnbe Zghedsdpgy (Edl-ir`s6 Ndg`l y ]`st, 2807), pâm. 8>.
Ed hc pdr tblt` bquã `s qu` ` e nr ht `r hd i` i`s`ba h e hibi `lulnhbid câs b rrh-ab pu`i` s`rvhr hmubec`lt` ah`l ndcd ul nrht`rhd i` hcpdrtblnhb.
Pl hib b e b s l d n hdl `s i ` i `s`b a h e hi bi y s hml h o h n bn hþl s ` `l nu`l t r b e bldnhþl i` rbnhdlbehibi, pu`s ndltrhauhr be ndldnhch`ltd i` ohl`s y c`-ihds , `l ` e s`lt hid i`snr h td , `s ndltr hauhr b eb rbn hdlb e hibi pdt`ln hb e i`e b b nn h þl . @s t b ndln`pn h þl i` e b l b turb e` z b i` e b r b n h dlb e h ibi ` s e d su-o h n h` l t `c `l t ` hcpdr t bl t ` pb rb qu` c` r` z nb qu` s ` e b suarby ` . Ndcd e b`xpdl`l Ibge y Ehliaedc.
^hcdl bidptb ulb i`ohlhnhþl shchebr, y ndlthlûb sumhrh`lid qu` ybqu` eb rbnhdlbehibi pu`i` s`r kuzmbib i`si` ihsthltds pultds i` vhstb,e b p b eba r b i `a` nub e h o h n b rs ` i ` c bl`r b qu` hli hqu` ` e n r h t` r h d `cp e`bid .
(Plb i`nhshþl pu`i` s`r «dak`thvbc`lt`¶ rbnhdlbe sh i` g ngd `s eb ndliuntb bprd-phbib pbrb cbxhchzbr vbedr`s ibids `l ulb shtubnhþl ibib. @s «suak`thvbc`lt`¶ rb-nhdlbe sh cbxhchzb ed benblzbae` `l abs` be ndldnhch`ltd r`be i`e t`cb. @s «ndlsnh`l-t`c`lt ¶ rbnhdlbe l eb c`ihib l qu` e bkust` i` c`ihds b ohl`s s ul prdn`sdndlsnh`lt`. @s «i`eha`rbibc`lt`¶ rbnhdlbe l eb c`ihib l qu` e bkus t` id c`ihdsb ohl`s gbshid prdiunhid i` cbl`rb i`eha`rbib... Plb i`nhshþl `s «drmblhzbibc`lt`¶rbnhdlbe sh `stâ drh`ltbib b eds ohl`s drmblhzbtdrhds6 `s «p`rsdlbec`lt`¶ rbnhdlbe sh`stâ drh`ltbib b ebs c`tbs hlihvhiube`s
(@l sucb, eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb s shmlhohnbthvb nublid ndltrhauy`b eb rbnhdlbehibi pdt`lnhbe i` ulb i`nhshþl pdeãthnb. u shmlhohnbnhþl hcpdrtblnhb vbrãb ndl eb hcpdrtblnhb i`e ohl ndl e qu` s` r`ebnhdlb ebi`n h s hþl , n dl e b hcpdr t bl n hb i ` e b i `n h s hþl pbr b ` e nuc p e hc h`l t d i ` e o hly ndl eb c`ihib l qu` ndltrhauy` b eb rbnhdlbehibi pdt`lnhbe
@s davhd qu` ulb ndln`pnhþl i` ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eb bnthvhibinh`ltãohnb i`s`bag d shmlhohnbthvb ld s suohnh`lt`. @e nh`ltãohnd l`n`shtbe b muãb i` b emd câs . Bquã s` sumh`r` qu` i`a` `s tb r hlsphrbid pdr nu`s -t hdl`s d prda e`cbs `stba e`n hids `xp e ãn h t bc`lt` . I`a` ausnbr r`spu`stbs bnu` s t hdl` s d s d eunh dl` s b p rda e `cb s qu` s ` r ` e b n hdl`l n dl ` e p `lsbc h`l td
y e b bn n hþl , o hl ` s y c `i hds , n busb y ` o ` n t d , n dli hn hdl `s y n dl s`nu`ln hbs .@e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb i`a`, pu`s, ndln`ahrs` ndcd ulb bnthvhibi i`peblt`b ch`l td i` nu`s t hdl`s y i` r`spu`stb i` nu`s t hdl`s .
Lbturb ec`lt` , `x hs t`l b e t`rlbt hvbs . Cungds gbaebl i` `ls` òbr ul t`cbd hl v `s t h m br ulb nu`s t hþl m `l `r b e , b such`lid , bpb r `l t `c`l t ` , qu` ` e t ã -tued i`e t`cb d e ldcar` i` eb nu`sthþl s ul nrht`rhd suohnh`lt` pbrb
• QDA@QY B. IBGEy NGBQE@^@. EHLIAEDC, Zdehthns, @ndldchns bli ]`eobr`
pu`i` ` s t ba e ` n ` r i h n h `lid qu` b e mulbs p r ` mul t b s `x h m `l i` n e b r b n hdl ` s i` s -nr hp t hvbs y d trbs i`n eb rbn hdl`s ldrcbt hvbs.
eds oulibc`ltds i`e ndldnhch`ltd4 ´^dar` què abs` s`râ rbzdlbae` Tbn`p-tbr i`nebrbnhdl`s i` nbib thpd, ndcd kusthohnbibs d v`ribi`rbs-4 Be ndl-t`stbr b stbs pr`multbs eds nuethvbidr`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s` ihvhi`l`l ids mrupds ; e prhc`rd bn`ptb e pdshthvhscd, e s`mulid, e rbnhdlb-ehscd. @xhst`l ihvhshdl`s `l nbib mrupd. Eb pdshnhþl bidptbib `l `st`ehard pdirãb i`ohlhrs` ndcd pdshthvhscd i` s`lthid ndcûl.
@e pdshthvhscd i` s`lthid ndcûl `xhm` ld sdebc`lt` ulb ihsthlnhþl`ltr` g`ngd y vbedr, shld tbcahèl `ltr`, pdr ul ebid, ed i`ohlhtdrhd y
eþmhnd, y, i` dtrd, ed cpãrhnd. Ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s i`ohlhtdrhbs y eþmhnbs(b v`n s eebcbibs blbeãthnbs) s` prdpdl`l shcpe`c`lt` bshmlbr shmlhoh-nbnhdl`s b ebs pbebarbs y nebrhohnbr e shmlhohnbid hcpehnbnhdl`s eþmhnbsi`e e`lmubk , ch`ltrbs qu` ebs bohrcbnhdl`s cpãrhnbs trbtbl i` hlihnbrquè sun`i` l e culid.
@l ed qu` s` r`oh r` b ebs bohrcbnhdl`s d i`nebrbnhdl`s i`ohlhtdrhbs deþmhnbs, e pultd s`lnhbe s qu` pdstuebl su r`ndldnhch`ltd ndcd tbe s.Eb i`ohlhnhþl i` ulb pbebarb (pdr k cped, «kusthnhb¶) ld i`a` ndls-truhrs` ndcd eb i`snrhpnhþl i` ulb r behibi oãshnb d c`tboãshnb. Bsã, shs` peblt`b eb nu`sthþl, «´Ruè `s eb kusthnhb4¶, i`a` vdev`r b odrcuebrs``l ulb i` ebs oþrcuebs pdshae`s, pdr `k`cped; «´Ruè shmlhohnbid `s ûthebshmlbr b eb pbebarb kusthnhb4¶. Eb orbs` bsã r`vhsbib s pr`o rhae , pu`ss` pr`stb c lds b eb ndloushþl i` sum`rhr qu` eb kusthnhb th`l` ulb odrcbd s`lnhb qu` eds gdcar`s th`l`l eb dpdrtulhibi i` i snuarhr y i` i s-
nrhahr, y s câs bptb pbrb sum`rhr qu` eb kusthnhb s bqu eed qu` eds gdc-ar`s i`ohl`l ndcd tbe H.
- Q`sp`ntd b ebs bohrcbnhdl`s `cpãrhnbs, eb nu`sthþl n`ltrbe pbrb `epdshthvhstb `s qu` s`bl d v`rhohnbibs d v`rhohnbae`s b trbvès i` eb das`r-vbnhþl, c`ihblt` e usd i` ul s`lthid u dtrd. ` ebs supdl` i`snrhpthvbsi` eb r`behibi 1 .
Eds pdshthvhstbs ld ndlshi`rbl pdshae` stbae`n r ed qu` i`a rãb s`rc`ihblt` eb das`rvbnhþl i` ed qu` `s. Ld ndlshi`rbl pdshae` v`rhohnbrbohrcbnhdl`s ldrcbthvbs c`ihblt` cètdids cpãrhnds. Ld vhseucarbl ulnbchld eþmhnd pbrb trbsebibrs` i`e r`hld i` eds g`ngds be r`hld i` edsvbedr`s. I`si` su pultd i` vhstb eds vbedr`s d ebs ndln`pnhdl`s i` ed i`-s`bae` oeuy`l, be c`lds `l ûethcb hlstblnhb, i` eb vdeultbi y eb `cd-nhþl, y, pdr tbltd, sdl câs vdehthvds qu` ihntbids pdr e cphrhscd d eb
tbltd ul ohl ndcd ul c ihd. h `s ul c`ihd, i`a , shl `cabrmd, supd-l`rs` ul supu`std ; qu` eb pr`s rvbnhþl i` eb hli`p`li`lnhb i e @stbidi`a` s`rvhr ul ohl, pdr k`cped, e ah`l`stbr i` sus gbahtblt`s. I` stbcbl rb, e p`lsbch`ltd ndcpe`td xhm` ids bohrcbnhdl`s. Eb prhc`rbs`râ qu` e ah`l`stbr i` eds gbahtblt`s s ul ohl qu` s` . i`a` pdstuebr6eb s`mulib, qu` e ah`l`stbr i`e pu`aed s`râ, prdabae`c`lt`, c`kdr od-c`ltbid sh s` pr`s`rvb eb hli`p`li`lnhb i e @stbid qu` sh s` bablidlb`l a`l`ohnhd i` nubequh`r dtrd stbtus benblzbae . Bgdrb ah l6 eb prhc`rbbohrcbnhþl s davhbc`lt` bohrcbthvb y eb s`mulib stbae`n` ul i`snu-arhch`ltd i` g`ngd, ul i`snuarhch`ltd i`snrhpthvd.
@e prdae`cb i` nebshohnbr ohl`s y c`ihds sumh`r` qu` ebs ids nbt md-rãbs, ldrcbthvb y i`snrhpthvb, ld sdl ndcpe tbc`lt` bi nubibs y qu` sl`n`sbrhb ulb t`rn`rb nbt`mdrãb. B ebs bohrcbnhdl`s qu` eb ndlsthtuy`l
s` ebs i`ldchlb pr`snrhpthvbs ; sdar` eb abs` i`e supu`std qu` bo ntb beohl d be c`ihd qu` i`a` obvdr`n`rs`, pr`snrha`l ul cètdid d odrcb i`bnnhþl b cpe br.
Be pdshthvhstb s` e` dor`n` dtrb pdshahehibi be hlt`ltbr chlhchzbr ebi`ahehibi i` su pdshnhþl l r`ebnhþl ndl eds vbedr`s. Hlnbpbz i` t`li`rul pu`lt` eþmhnd ltr` e `s y e i`a`rãb, pu`i` hlt`ltbr ndlstruhr ulpu`lt` i` g`ngds. @std `s, pu`i` pr`multbr gbstb què pultd ebs m`l-t`s ndlnu`ribl ndl eds vbedr`s qu` eebs chscbs pdstuebl. Nubltd cb-
ydr s e mrbid i` bnu`rid l e th`cpd y l e spbnhd, cbydr ou`rzbt`lirâ eb pr`t`lshþl i` qu` eds vbedr`s ndlsthtuy`l ulb abs` i`s`bae`,sh ld l`n`sbrhb, pbrb eb vhib sdnhbe 7.
Dav hbc` l t ` , e d qu` bl t ` n ` i` `qu hvb e ` b qu` ` e nue t hvbidr i` eb n h `l -n h b p d e ã t hn b pu`i` `l e h s t b r s ` `l e b c hscb n e bs ` i ` bn t h v hibi qu` c ungdsg hs t drh bidr `s . Ru` ` s t d dnur r b l d ` s sdr p r `li`l t ` , yb qu` e b g h s t d r h b i `eb pdeãthnb s tbltd ulb pbrt` i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ndcd ed `s i` ebGhstdr hb .
Ruhzâ s `b n dlv`l h `l t ` gb n ` r l d t br qu` b c `i hib qu` bvblzbcds `le b ` s nb e b i` si` e b s n rþl h nb s b e b s lb r rb n h dl` s y e b s lb r rb n h dl` s s h ml h o h-nb t h v bs b e b s `xp e hn bn h dl `s m ` lè t hn bs , dnur r`l n b ca hds `l e d s n r h t` r h d s i `s ` e ` n n hþl y dri`lbn hþl i` e d s ib t ds . Eds n r h t` r h d s i ` s ` e ` n n hþl i` e d s ib -
t d s h ln eu ha e ` s `l ulb nrþl h nb s dl câs a h `l vbmd s , y e d s ib t d s h ln eu hid spu`i` s ` r qu` l d ` s t èl r ` e bn h dlbids `l t r ` s ã 6 ` e p r hl n hp hd i ` dri`lbn hþl ,`s i`nhr, eb ldnhþl i` th`cpd, `s, `vhi`lt`c`lt`, nebrd y `xpeãnhtd. @llbrrbnhdl`s y lbrrbnhdl`s shmlhohnbthvbs e nrht`rhd i` s`e`nnhþl s ldr-cb ec`l t ` c âs n e b rd . @ e o hl ` s ` s n e b r ` n` r ndli hn h dl` s y b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d sibids , s ` e ` n n h dlblid y dri`lblid ib t ds i ` a bs` qu` pbr `n `l r ` e `vbl t ` s 6s` dcht`l eds ibtds qu` ld ndltrhauy`l b eb ndcpr`lshþl i` ebs ndlih-n h dl `s d bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds . @l e b `xp e h n bn hþl m `lè t hn b e d s n r h t ` r hd s p b r b e bs`e`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds sdl bûl câs nebrds y xpeãnhtds. @eohl s hi`lthohnbr ebs ou`lt`s ghstþrhnbs d eds drãm`l`s i` eds bndlt`nh-ch`ltds d ndlihnhdl`s y ndlstruhr bsã ulb s`nu`lnhb nbusbe. Eds ibtdss ` h ln euy`l s h b r rd kbl `l e b s r b z dl` s d nb usbs i` e d s i` s b r rd ee d s qu` s ``xbchlbl 6 tdids e d s i`câs ib t d s s dl dc h t hid s .
I`a`, quhzâ, bõbihrs` qu`, b c` ihib qu` eb b n t hv hibi n h`l t ã o hnb bvbl zbi`si` ebs nrþlhnbs gbnhb eb xpehnbnhþl m`lèthnb, ndarb, m`l`rbec`lt ,cbydr shmlhohnbnhþl. Ebs nrþlhnbs pu`i`l ndlt`l`r bemulb hlodrcbnhþlr ` sp `n t d b c `i hds y o hl ` s , n busb y n dl s` nu`ln hb , p ` r d ` s p r daba e ` qu` e bchscb s`b orbmc`ltbrhb y carhdlbrhb. Zdr eed, eb r`ibnnhþl i` nrþ-l h nb s ld ` s ulb od rcb i` s ` b a e ` i` b n t h vh ibi n h `l t ão h n b , i` oh l h ib ès t b `leds tèrchlds brrhab xpr`sbids. Eb ndehmbnhþl y eb xpehnbnhþl m`lèthnb,pdr ` e ndl t rb r h d , ` s tâl i` s t h lbibs b ndl t r hau h r b e ndldn hc h `l t d i` o h l ` sy c`ihds, y `l `e mrbid `l qu` ed edmrbl eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb s` ndl-vh`rt` l i`s bae` y shmlhohnbthvb.
NP@^YHDL@^ I@ @^YQPNYPQB
Cungbs i` ebs nu`sthdl`s trbtbibs l eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb, sh ah`l td-
rlbl `l nu`l t b ul hl s t bl t ` d ul p `r ã did i` t h`c pd , t h `l `l pdnd d l bibqu` v` r ndl ` e t r bls nurs d i` e t h`cp d . ^ h ld s pr ` multbc ds què h liun` be b m `l t ` b vd t br n dc d e d gbn ` d s h e b mu`r r b pu`i` s ` r e hc h t bib , ` e tr bl s -nur sd i` e t h `cpd ld t h `l ` , i ` dri hl br hd , cungd qu` v ` r n dl e b r ` spu`s t b .Yb e ` s nu`s t h dl `s e b s i `ldc hlbcd s i` ` s t run turb .
@l ed qu` s` r` o h`r` b eb s` e`nn hþl y dri`lb n hþl i` eds ibtds, ebs n u`s-thdl`s i` strunturb sdl cuy vbrhbs. @l ul `xtr`cd, nu`sthdl`s sp`-n ã oh n bs y e hc h t bibs qu` l d i` k bl e h a ` r t bi pbr b s ` e ` n n h dlbr e d s ib t ds y l hl -mulb d ` s n bsb dpdr tul hibi pbr b s ` e ` n n h dlbr eds 6 `l ` e d t r d , nu`s t h dl `s m ` -l` rb e ` s y bcp e h b s , qu` b c`l uid r `quh ` r`l ` e us d i` ndl s hi` rba e ` hcb -
^`e`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds i`snrhpthvds >mhlbnhþl ` hlt`ehm`lnhb `l eb s`e`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds blt`si` bad rib r e b s r ` spu` s t b s .
Ebs nu`s t h dl `s i ` ` s t run tur b i` n b rân t` r n dl n r ` t d y e hc h t bid pu`i`lh eus t r brs ` n h t blid pua e h n bn hdl `s t b e ` s n dc d e ]drei Becblbn, e Plht`i
^tbt`s Mdv`rlc`lt Drmblhzbthdl Cblu`e y `e ^tbt`scbl's X`braddf. @s -tbs puaehnbnhdl`s prdpdrnhdlbl hlodrcbnhþl i`tbeebib y ndlnr`tb. Gd-k ` blid ulb u d t r b i ` ` s t bs pua e h n bn h dl `s ` s p d s ha e ` `l ndl t r br ` e l dcar `i`e chlhstrd i`e Hlt`rhdr i` Auembrhb, eb pdaebnhþl i` Ygbheblihb, ebs
pr hl n hp b e ` s suai hv h s h dl `s i ` e I`pbr t bc`l t d i ` @s t bid y d t r ds vbr h ds ch -e`s i` i`tbee`s i` hlodrcbnhþl ndlnr`tb. Eb dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds r`-o e ` kb ul ` squ`cb i` n e b s h oh n b n h þl ; e d s ib t d s b lâ e d md s d r ` e b n h dlbids s `ndednbl kultds. Nbib tèrchld s` lnu`ltrb nebshohnbid l vhrtui i` supr dp hd vb ed r. Nbib t èrchld s ` p r ` s `l t b s hc p e`c`l t ` n dc d ulb hl o d rcb-n hþl `l r ` spu`s t b b ulb p r `mul t b n dl n r ` t b y l d n dc d ulb `v hi `l n hb `lr`spu`stb b ulb nu`sthþl bcpehb d m`l`rbe. @l su cbydr pbrt`, pdr edc`lds , s ` ` v h tbl e b s nu`s t hdl `s qu` r `qu h` r `l ulb ` e ba dr bn hþl i` e b s r b -zdl `s `l o bvdr i ` ulb r ` spu`s t b . ^` sds e byb ` e idc hl hd i ` e d iuidsd y e di`abthae`. Ld s` dor`n`l xpehnbnhdl`s lh s` pr`s`ltbl pr`o`r`lnhbs6 lds` b enblzbl ndl n eushdl`s. Ebs ndltr haun hdl`s b e ndldn hch`l td i` eds o hl`sy e d s c`i h d s ` s tâl r `iun hib s b e c ãl hcd . ^ ` t r b t b t bl sþ e d i` ulb n e b s h -ohnbnhþl i` i`tbee`s i` hlodrcbnhþl sdar` vbrhds t`cbs. @e prdpþshtd i`
tbe`s puaehnbnhdl`s s s`rvhr i` r`o`r`lnhb. Nbib ibtd i` hlodrcbnhþl,tdcbid l sã chscd, s trhvhbe6 th`l` shmlhohnbid sdebc`lt` nublid sût he pb rb ndl t ` s t b r ulb nu` s t h þl câs bc p e h b qu` `l s ã c h scb ` s s h ml h -o hnbt hvb.
Be mulbs da rb s « b nbièch nb s ¶ i` n h `ln h b pd e ã th nb ld s dl `l t ` rbc`l t `ih o`r`lt`s b tb e`s puae hnbn hdl`s , yb qu` s` prdpdl`l ndc ph ebr ebs r`spu`s-t bs b v`ribi`rbs c uet h tui`s i` pr`multbs ndl nr`tbs y e hchtbibs. ^us bu-t dr ` s gbn `l ul e hc h t bid’d l hl mûl’`s ou`rzd p br b s ` e ` n n h dlbr y dri`lbrsus ib t ds p br b n dl t ` s t br b nu`s t h dl `s c âs bc p e h b s . ^` e hl t h t bl b r ` n dm ` ry n e b s h oh n b r h l od rcb n h þl . E d s prdiun t d s i` su darb b nbièch nb bpb r ` n`lndrld c uy i h o` r `l t ` i ` e d s e h a rds i ` r ` o ` r`l n hb n h t bids , p ` r d b v `n ` s ` s t bi h o ` r`l n hb ` s purbc`l t ` i ` o d rcb, ` s i `n h r , p dr ` k `cp ed , qu` ` e b e o ba ` t dld s ` usb n dc d n r h t ` rh d i ` n e b s h o h n bn hþl y e b s o d rcbs t bau ebr` s i ` p r ` s `l -tbn hþl pu`i` ld s`r tbl ndcûl 0 .
Lbturb ec`lt` , `l eds pr hc`rds `s tbihds i` trbabkd sdar` ul lu`vd t`cb`s pds ha e` qu` ebs nu`s t hdl`s ndlnr` tbs y e hchtbibs s`bl ebs ûlhnbs qu` pu`-ibl s ` r n dl t ` s t bibs . Eb n dcp h e bn hþl y n e b s h o h nbn hþl i` ib t ds n dl n brân t ` ri` c`rb hl odrc bn hþl pu`i` s`r eb ûlhnb bn t hv hibi pds hae` y pu`i` s`r c uyhcpdrtbl t` . Yhpds câs bvblzbids (`s td `s , s hml h ohnb t hvds ) i` bn t hvhibi n h`l-t ão h n b pu`i`l s ` r hcpds ha e ` s gbs t b qu` s ` i h spdlmb i` ul bnbr r `d n dl s h -i`rbae` i` ibtds l arutd. Zdr tbltd, e ndldnhch`ltd i` ed qu` pdirãb
No. A@LKBCHL O. ]QHNGY, «Q`s`brng hl Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe Yg`dry¶, Bc`-
>9 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd e`nnhþl y dri`lbnhþl i eds ibtds i`snrhpthvds 0e e bcbr s` e b b lb t dc ãb i` e Mda h ` rld ` s ul p r ` r r`qu hs h t d i ` e n dldn hch`l t di` , b e c`ld s , b e mulds bsp ` n t ds i ` su o h s h d edm ã b .
Ld da s t bl t ` , e d hli h n bid bl t ` s s h mu` s h `lid v ` ribi , ` s t d ` s ; qu` e b sr`spu`stbs b ebs pr`multbs ndl nr`tbs, e hchtbib s, sdl `l s ã chsc d t r hv hb e`sy sdebc` lt` pu`i`l benblzbr s hml h o hnbid s h sdl ût h e s pbrb ndl t`stbr nu`s-t h dl `s i ` n brân t` r câs bc p e h d y m `l `r b e qu` `l s ã c hsc bs t h `l `l s `l t hid .Ld ` s ` e g` ngd b h s e bid e d qu` nu`l t b , s hld e b «i`p`li`l n h b i` ul g` n gd`l e dtrd¶. «@e dak`td i` tdib hlv`sthmbnhþl s e i`snuarhch`ltd i` ebs
r ` e bn h dl `s s h ml h o h n b t h vbs i `l t r d i ` e t `cb ` s tui hbid¶ .
Bulqu` b e mulbs da r bs i ` n h `l n hb p d e ã t h n b ` s t âl mu hbibs p dr ulb n dl -n`pnhþl i` ld cbydr r`e`vblnhb qu` eb qu` pr`shi` eb ihnhþl i`e ] dreiBecblbn, eb cbydrãb pds``l, bodrtulbibc`lt`, ul lhv`e sup`rhdr. Ednd r r h`l t ` ` s qu` s ` p e bl t ` `l nu` s t h dl` s i` n h ` r tb bc p e h tui y qu` s ` ` e b -adr`l pru`ab s i`st hlbib s b ndltr hauhr b (d prdpdrn hdlb r ) eb r`spu`stb. @er bsmd ` s `l n hb e i ` t b e ` s nu`s t h dl `s’qu` e ` s ib su hcpdr t bl n hb’`s qu` i`bemulb odrcb s` r`oh`r`l b ohl`s y c`ihds. I` bemûl cdid s` r`oh`r`l beb hi`lt h o hnbn hþl i` eds bn tdr`s i` eb pde ã t hnb d b eds cètdids qu` `stds b n-t d r ` s `cp e`b l `l e b pumlb pd e ãt h n b ; Ebs ' c hsc bs nu`s t h dl `s bc p e h b s sdlt r hv h b e ` s s h n br `n `l i` ` s t b nub e hibi . ^ h s ` p r `mul t b p dr e b l b tur b e `zb i ` eo ` i` rb e hscd , s ` pr ` multb , `l r ` b e h ibi , pd r e b cb l` rb i` b t r hau h r ouln h d -l`s y pdi`r`s pbrb ndls`muhr nh`rtds ohl`s. Ed chscd s bpehnbae` b ebs
pr`multbs sda r` eb i`cdnrbn hb , eb i hn tbiurb, eb c dlbrquãb, ` t n . Eb mbrbl-t ã b i` n h ` r td s i` r ` ngds n h v h e` s ` s ul c`i h d pb rb ul o h l , e d c h scd què ebmu`rrb d eb pbz y eb chscb xhst`lnhb i`e @stbid. h uld s` pr`multbs`pdr eb or `nu`ln hb r` ebt hvb ndl qu` eds gdcar`s i` @stb id n h`rrbl eds dkds,eb nu`st hþl pdir ãb s`r i` bc pe h tui ndlshi`rba e` . ^hl iuib,, ulb r`spu`stbpdir ãb sb t h s obn ` r e b nur hds hibi i` b e mu h `l y t `l `r s h ml h o h n bid `l ` s t ` s `l -t h id . Z ` rd , ndc d s ba `cds , eb r ` s pu` s t b ld t `l ir ãb lb ib qu` v` r ndl e d so hl ` s y e d s c `i hds , y l d n dl t r hau h rã b `l ba sd eu t d b e b r bn h dlb e hibi i` e b si`n hs hdl`s, `s i`n hr , s`r ãb t r hv hb e .
LH_@E@ I@ M@L@QBEHIBI
^h ah`l eb ihsnushþl prhlnhpbe sdar` «m`l`rbehibi¶ y «m`l`rbehzbnhþl¶
s ` `l nu`l t r b `l e b p b r t` s `mulib , s ` i `a ` gbn ` r bqu ã ulb b o h rcbn hþl `lr` ebn hþl ndl ` e t `cb i` `st ` nbp ã tued6 ebs nbrbn t `r ãs t hnbs i` ebs nu`st hdl`squ` `x hm `l ulb i`sn r hp n hþl .
Bl t ` s i ` m `l `r b e h z br , n e b s h o hn bc ds . Nd ednbcd s n dsb s qu` pds``l b t r h-au t ds n dc pbr t hids `l ulb n b t `mdr ã b . Plb m `l `r b e h z bn hþl ` s ulb b o h rc b-n hþl qu` `s i`sn r hp t hvb i` ids d c âs ndsbs i` ulb nbt `md r ãb. Nublid ulbb o h rcbn hþl ` s i `sn r hp t h vb i ` sd e bc `l t ` ulds p dnds ` e `c `l t ds i ` ulb n b -t`mdrãb, s` ihn` pds`` ul abkd lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi6 b nubltds câs e`-c`l t ds p u`i` bp e h n brs ` c bydr ` s su l hv ` e i` m`l`rbe hibi. ^h ul ` e`c `ltd
º CDQQH^ Q. NDHH@L y @QL@^Y LBN@E, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Edmhn bli nh`lthohn
Zdr `k`cped, eb b o hrcbn hþl qu` ebs nd edl hbs bc `rhnblbs b enbl zbrdl suhli`p`li`lnhb or`lt` b Hlmebt`rrb `s i` ul abkd lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibinublid s ` e b n dc pbr b n dl e b b o h rcbn hþl i` qu` câs p r dl t d d câs t b ri`t dibs e b s n d e dl hbs ausnb l su hli`p `li`ln hb . Eb b o h rcbn hþl i` qu` Kbnf^prbt vdtþ pdr @hs`lgd w`r `l 280? `s pb r t hnuebr 6 p`rd eb b o hrcb n hþl qu`` e =0 pd r 2:: i` e d s gdc ar` s ndc d è e (` s i` n h r , e =0 pd r 2:: i` e d s vb -
edr`s urabl ds prdt`stblt`s, ndl hlmr`sds sup`r hdr`s b 7 .:: : iþebr`s ) vdtb-rdl pdr @hs`lgd w`r `s ulb m`l`rbe hzbn hþl i` l hv` e r ` ebt hvbc`l t` ` e`vbid.
´Nuâe s e b r` ebn hþl `l tr` eds l hv` e `s i` m`l `rb e hibi y ` e s h mlh o h nbidi` e t rbab k d n h `l t ão h n d -bnbièchnd4 I` ulb c bl`r b hc p e ã n ht b e b r ` spu`s t byb s` gb ibid. h e shmlhohnbid hcpdrtblnhb s` ch`e` l tèrchlds i`eb ndltrhaunhþl g`ngb be ndldnhch`ltd i` eb r`ebnhþl `ltr` p`l sbc h `l t dy bn n hþl , ohl ` s y c` i hds , n busb y ` o ` n t d , d n dli hn hdl `s y n dl s `nu`ln hbs ,b o h rcb n hdl `s v ` ribi`r bs bn ` r n b i ` nub equh` r n b t `mdr ãb i ` pul t ds buc`l -tbrâ su shmlhohnbnhþl l r`ebnhþl ndl su. lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi. Zbrb x-pr`sbr `s t` p`lsb ch`l td i` d trb cb l`rb ' ; s h 2bjr` e`vbln hb i` e ndldn hch`ltds ` c hi` `l t è rchlds i ` e m rbid `l qu` l ds b yuib b .ndcpr `li`r d b t `l `r`l nu`ltb ebs s h tubn hdl`s y bndlt`n hc h`ltds, `s eþm hnd ndlshi`rbr qu` bo hr -cb n hdl `s m `l `r b e ` s s `b l ldrcb ec `l t ` câs r ` e `vbl t ` s . @ e g`ngd i` qu`
ebs nd edl hbs bc`rhnblbs s` tdrlbs`l hlquh` tbs pu`i` byuibrlds b ndcpr`l-i`r eb ndliuntb bn tube i` dt rb ndedl hb nubequh`rb, p`rd eb prdpds hn hþl m`-l` rb e qu` t dibs e b s nd e dl h b s , câs prdl t d d câs t b ri` , p` r s h mu`l su h l -i`p`li`ln hb l ds b yuibrâ p r daba e `c`l t ` bûl câs ( bsuch`lid qu` ` s t bm`l`rbehzbnhþl s`b v`ribi). I` cbl`rb shchebr, e ndldnhch`ltd i` edsgâahtds ` e`n tdrb e`s i` tdids eds gdcar`s i` eb c hscb n ebs` qu` Kbnf ^prbtt `lirâ cbydr r` e`vbln hb pbrb eb ` xp e hnbn hþl d pr`i hnn hþl i` ul r`suetbid` e ` n t dr b e qu` ` e n dld n hch`l t d qu` s ` e hc h t b b Kbnf ^pr b t `x n eus hvbc `l t ` .
Cungbs b o h rcb n hdl `s r ` e `vbl t ` s i ` ul b e t d l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b e hibi sdlbich t hibs s hcp e`c `l t ` , `xp r`sâlids` r br bc`l t ` , s h s dl `xp r `sbibs . ^u-pdlmbc ds qu` s ` i h n ` qu` Nba`zb i` Ngdr eh t d Kdl `s , `l ulb ` e ` n n hþl `lqu` s` pr`s`ltbab nb lihibtd , `l`chs tþ b ul vdtblt` `snuphèlide` b eb nbrb .@stb bo hrcbn hþl r`pds b `l ulb tân ht b m`l`rbe hzbn hþl i` b e t d l hv` e ; `s prd.
aba e ` qu` e d s n bli hib t ds qu` ` s nup`l b e b n b r b i ` sus ` e ` n t dr ` s p h ` riblsus vdtds . Eb bo hrcbn hþl tân ht b m`l`rbe `stba e`n` ulb r` ebn hþl nbusbe qu`cb l t h `l ` su v ` r bn hibi `l e b s n dl i hn h dl `s i ` ul pb ã s
, d nueturb i`t `rc h-lbid, y quhzâ ulhv`rsb ec`l t` . Ndcd bs `rn hþl i` nbusb y ndls`nu`ln hb `s ,pdr i` o hl hn hþl, câs s hmlh o h nb t hvb qu` eb b o h rc bnhþl i` qu` ul nblihib tdndlnr`td snuphþ b eb nbrb i` uld i` sus `e`ntdr`s y, pdr eed, p`rihþsu vdtd.
Bs ã n dcd e ds b r t ãnu eds y e ha r ds qu` i`sp h ` r t bl r ` sp ` t d `l ` s t ` n bc pdsdl ldrcbec`lt` eds qu` trbtbl i` nu`sthdl`s bcpehbs y ld ehchtbibs,e d s c h sc ds ` s tui h bl nu` s t h dl` s qu` `x h m`l r ` spu` s t b s i` b e t d s l h v` e ` si` m`l` rb e h ibi . ^h e b s nu` s t hdl` s s ` p e bl t ` bl b ul ab kd l h v` e i` m`l` rb .
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
> ? Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd NBZÃYPED Y@QN@QD
ehibi (pdr `k`cped, `snrhahr ulb ahdmrboãb, `l eb qu` `e n`ltrd i`e hl-t`rès `s ul gdcar`), t`lirâl, pdr sã chscbs, pdnb r`e`vblnhb6 p`rd shebs r`spu`stbs ndltrhauy`l b betds lhv`e`s i` m`l`rbehibi (pdr k`cped,b e b ndcpr`ls h þl i` e b ndliunt b i` cungds d t dids ed s gdca r` s s `c` -k bl t ` s b e qu` ` s da k ` t d i` e b a h d mrb o ãb ) , ` l t dln` s s ` b e nblzb c bydr r ` e` -vbln hb .
@xpehnbnhþl
@l eds nbpãtueds pr`n`i`lt`s g`cds ihngd qu` `l `e `stuihd i` ebpdeãthnb surm`l nu`sthdl`s i` vbedr y nu`sthdl`s i` g`ngd, y qu` `stbsûe thcbs `x h m `l r ` spu`s t b s i` s n r h p t hv b s . G `cds i h ngd t bca h è l qu` e b s nu` s -thdl`s i` g`ngd pu`i`l suaihvhihrs` ; pu`i`l s`r e` i`sbrrdeed d i` s-trunturb6 y, pdr dtrb pbrt`, pu`i`l nebshohnbrs` i` bnu rid ndl eb m`l -
r b e hi bi i ` e b s r ` spu`s t b s ausnbib s .Be i`snrhahr ed qu` bndlt`n` be stuihbr eb pdeãthnb g`cds stbid r`-
ndc`liblid nh rtbs ndsbs. Lu`strb pr`snrhpnhþl gb shid qu` quh l i`s```ls`òbr d hlv`sthmbr i` ulb cbl`rb vâehib, ndltrhauy`lid bsã b eb rbnhd-lbehibi i` ebs i`nhshdl`s, i`a` peblt`brs` pr`multbs y ndlt`stbrebs. @stbs
pr`multbs i`a`l t`l`r pdr dak`td ohl`s y c`ihds. @e dak`thvd i`a` s`rhi`lthohnbr ohl`s y c`ihds y nebrhohnbr ebs ndln`pnhdl`s sdar` eds chs-
cds6 i`a` s`r, câs tbri`, hi`lthohnbr y nebrhohnbr ebs r`ebnhdl s ltr`c`ihds y ohl`s. `râl r`ebnhdl`s ndl`ntbibs ndl e p`lsbch`ltd y eb bn-
n hþl , prdpþsh td y cètdid , nbusb y ` o `n td , ndlihn hdl`s y ndls `nu`ln hb s. G`-cds ihngd qu` ebs r`spu`stbs b ebs nu`sthdl`s i` i`sbrrdeed, b c`ihib
s`râl c â s ndcpr`lshae`s sh `sp`rbcds b bpr`g`li`reds `l eb pbrt` s`-mulib. Z`rd bgdrb pdi`cds i`nhr ed suohnh`lt` pbrb benblzbr ul au`lndldnhch`ltd i` eds `e`c`ltds `s`lnhbe`s.
`l tèrchlds i` i`s`ds y dak`thvds `l ndloehntd i` eds ids Mdah`rlds y`l tèrchlds i` sus sou`rzds pbrb r`behzbr stds i`s`ds l ulb shtubnhþl
qu` eeds p`rnhaãbl i` ulb cbl`rb i`t`rchlbib. Nbib Mdah`rld (nbibbntdr) t`lãb rbzdl`s pbrb ed qu` ghzd, y ndldn`r `stbs rbzdl`s byuib bndcpr`li`r ed qu` sun`ihþ. @l r`behibi, b c`lds qu` tdc`cds `l nu`ltbebs bnthtui`s y prdpþshtds i` ebs p`rsdlbs hcpehnbibs y su ndln`pnhþl i e
`k`cped, hlneusd sh `lndltrbrlds ebs rbzdl`s ibibs pdr eds ihrhm`lt`s kb-pdl`s`s ehbrb `e btbqu` b Z`bre H -H b rad r n dc p e ` t bc`l t ` p e bus h a e` s , x h s t `l
91 h`lnhb pdeã thnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd @xpehnbnhþl >
nbldl i bi`nubnhþl. Ed qu e gdcar gbn i`a `xpehnbrs `lt rbc`lt `l r ebnhþlbe ohl be qu` pbr`n` ihrhmhrs` j.
Zbr`n` hll`n` sbr hd t rbtbr i` pr`n hsbr ulb i`o hl hn hþl i` b n t h tui, nr``l-n h b , p r `i hs pd s h n h þl d t `li`ln h b i h s pd s h n h dlb e . E d s ndln`p t d s i` s `l t h idndcûl i` sus shmlhohnbids sdl suohnh`lt`s pdr e cdc`ltd. @e pultd` s `ln h b e ` s qu` t dids ` s t d s t è rc hlds t h ` l`l r ` eb n h þl ndl e b s r b z dl` s , edchscd qu` eds cdthvds. Eb xpehnbnhþl pdr ebs bnthtui`s d nr``lnhbs sedchscd, bprdxhcbibc lt`, qu` xpehnbnhdl`s l abs` b rbzdl`s.
@WZEHNBNHDL@ @L YÈQCHLD I@ NBP^B^
@e ndldnhch`ltd i` ebs rbzdl`s i` ulb bnnhþl pu`i` d ld prdpdr-n h dlbr ulb `xp e h n bn hþl sb t h s o bn t drh b 6 nublid ld e b p r dpdr n hdlb d nublids` t r b t b i ` `xp e h n br ulb n dli hn hþl d ` s t bid i` ul bsul t d , câs a h `l qu`ulb bnnhþl, s eþmhnd qu` s` trbt` i` hi`lthohnbr eb nbusb d nbusbs i`e d s c hscds .
Eb i h s t h ln h þl `l t r ` r b zþl y nbusb ` s c âs a h `l l`a ue d s b 6 pb r ` n` ab -s b r s ` , `l mrbl pb r t ` , `l e b p r ` s `ln h b d bus `l n h b i` ` e `c`l t d s qu` b o ` n -t`l p`rsdlbec`lt` be bntdr y qu` , b e c`l ds p d t `l n hb ec `l t ` , ` s t âl ab k dsu ndl t rd e . (Bulqu` s t b b o h rcb n h þl , t dcbib e h t` r b ec`l t ` , s ` bp e h nb x -n eus hvbc`l t ` b h li h vh iuds , pu`i` s ` r bp e h nbib `l s `l t h id o h murbid b ulmrupd ndlshi`rbid ndcd ul bntdr.) I` cbl`rb câs ndlnr`tb, ebs r`o`-
r `l n hbs b e b s r bzdl `s i ` ulb bn n hþl hcp e h n bl l drc b ec` l t ` e b l dn hþl i`ndli hn h dl `s y bndl t ` n hc h`l t ds y i ` sus n dl s`nu`ln hbs . ^ h a h `l e b s r bzd -l `s sdl ldrcb ec`l t ` p ` r sdlb e ` s , e b s n busbs sdl , `l m `l `r b e , s dn h b e ` s di`rhvbibs i`e c`ihd d bcah`lt` @l r`ebnhþl ndl eb nbusb, eb hi`b squ` e b p r ` s `ln h b i` ulb n h ` r tb ndl i h n hþl d e b ndl nurr`ln h b i` ul i` t ` r -chlb id bndl t `n hc h`l t d pu`i` b nbr r `br , d pu`i` b yuibr b p r diun hr , ulbndl s`nu`ln hb i ` t ` rchlbib . @s câs , e b n dl s`nu`ln hb dnur r ` p r` suc ha e ` -c`lt` i` bnu rid ndl ul prdn`sd r`muebr, shl stbr suk`tb b ul i`s`dd prdpþshtd nbpr hngdsd s. ^` i hn` , b v`n`s , qu` dnurr` c `nâl hnb d butdc â-t hnbc`l t` , ibibs ebs ndlihn hdl`s nbusb e`s . @stds tèrchld s pu`i`l s`r ût h-e`s, p`rd tbcahèl pu`i`l ndliunhr b `rrdr `l nubltd sumh`r`l qu` ebndl s`nu`ln hb ` s s h `cp r ` l `n ` sbr h b d n h ` r tb . @l r `b e hibi , eb s n dl s `nu`l -n h bs s ` s h mu`l i` n busb s i ` i h s t hl td m r bid i` p r daba h e hi bi y p dnbs v `n ` s
i` ulb n ` r t hiucar ` .Eb i hst hln hþl brr hab odrcuebib pr`s`ltb i h o hnuetbi`s dav hbs . Zdr ` k`c -ped, nþcd ndlshi rbr`cds ul hcpuesd i` thpd l`urþthnd4 Ed nebshoh-nbr `cds n dc d ul i`s`d bs dn hbid n dl ulb r bzþl ' p br b ulb bn n hþl , d n dc dulb ndl i h n hþl e h mbib b e b h i` b i` nbusb4 Ndc d ` e hcp ue s d l`urþt h nd ` s
dob ^dnhbe nh`ln`, pâms. =0 y shms. Zbrb ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl i eb `xpehnbnhþl nbusb y bihspdshnhdlbel, v`r IQBX,
Ebw bli @xpeblbthdls hl Ghstdry, pâms. 201-0>. No. Z@Y@Q , Yg` Ndln`pt do Cd-
thvbthdl, pâms. 221-2>6 ]HLNG, Yg` Hi`b do b ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`, pâms. 82->, 22=.
suorhid pdr e bntdr y ndcd bemd qu` ld stâ abkd su ndltrde sun`i` beb p`rsdlb qu` ed suor`, i`a`râ, prdaba e`c `lt`, s`r n ebs h o hnbid ndc d ulbnbusb, ndl pr`o`r`lnhb b ndcd ulb rbzþl pbrb eb bnnhþl. Z`rd eb abs`pbrb i`nhshdl`s l eb nebshohnbnhþl l nbsds ndcd èst` ld s sh`cpr`nebrb.
Ndls hi` r `cds i` lu`vd e b ` xp e h nb n h þl i` e ` s t b e eh id i` e b mu` r rb `l -tr` @stbids Plhids y e Kbpþl l 2892. Plb xpehnbnhþl i`e prdn`i`rbc `r h nbld `l t è rc hlds i` r b z dl` s pu`i` s ` r s b t h s o b n t d r hb , pd rqu` ` s t `prdn`i r r`oe`kb prdpþshtds y ohl`s b eds qu` stbcds bndstucarbids6
`l r`behibi, ebs rbzdl`s pu`i`l s`r tbl ou`rt`s y ndlvhln`lt`s qu` ebbn n hþl bpbr `znb n dcd ndc p e` t bc` l t ` l b tur b e hl `v h tba e ` . Plb `xp e hn b -nhþl i` eb ndliuntb kbpdl`sb l tèrchlds i` rbzþl ld s prdabae` qu`s`b tbl sbthsobntdrhb. h ld `stbcds obchehbrhzbids ndl eb nueturb kbpd-l`sb, y, pdr tbltd, ndl eds prdpþshtds y r`mebs i` eds kbpdl`s`s, ebs rb-zdl `s qu` e d s hl o euy`r dl lds p b r `n ` râl , p r daba e `c `l t ` , b sdc ardsbs , hl -n eus d h lnr ` ãa e ` s . Zd r s t b y d t r b s r b z dl` s h l t `l t b r `cds ulb xp e hnb n h þlcâs ndc pe`tb i` su ndliuntb y ausnbr`c ds nbusbs6 `std `s , ebs ndlihn hd-l `s qu` bnbr r `br dl e b s n dl s`nu`ln hbs qu` ` s t bc ds n dl s hi ` r blid Ru hzâi`cds hcpdr t bl n hb b e nu e t d i ` e `cp`r bidr , n dl s hi` râlid ed n dc d ulb d g -s ` s hþl r ` e h m h d sb , h r rbn h dlb e y l `urþth n b . Ru hzâ i`c ds hc pdr t bl n hb b e s h s -t `cb pd e ã th n d ab k d ` e nub e ulb p `qu`òb èeht` pdiãb mda` rlb r y `l ` e nub eeds `e`c`ltds i` eb èeht` chehtbr mdzbabl i` ulb.. `sp`n hb e pds hn hþl i`
pdi`r . D ndl s hi ` rbr `c ds e b s n h r nuls t bl n hbs ` n dlþc hnbs , `xp e hn blid e b sbn t h tui` s y r b z dl` s i` e b s b nn h dl` s `l t è rc hlds i` e b eungb i` n e b s ` s yi` e d s hl t ` r ` s ` s i ` n e b s ` . Zdi`c ds , t bca hèl , p r`mul t brlds p dr e b `xbn t h -tui y m`l` rb e hibi i` e b h l od rcb n h þl i` qu` i h s pdl ãbl e d s qu` t dcba ble b s i `n h s h dl `s `l Ydf hd , y ` s t d pu`i` n dliun h rl ds b n dl n eu hr qu` ul c b es ` rv hn h d i` h l od rcbn h þl ou` ulb i` e b s ndli h n h dl` s l` n` s b r hb s d nb usbsi` e b i `n h s hþl i` e n dc h`lzd i` e b mu`r r b .
I`a`cds r`ndribr i` lu`vd qu` nbib nbusb th`l`, b su v`z, ulb dcâs n busbs . ^ h ` e nu e t d i ` e `cp`r bidr ou` ulb n busb , ´què n dli hn h dl `spd e ã t hnbs , `ndlþchnbs , sd n hd eþm hnbs , ps hnd eþm hnbs - - -d ahdquãchnbs’`xpe hnbleb odrcbnhþl y i`sbrrdeed i` tbe nuetd4 ^h `e shst`cb pdeãthnd rb tbe qu`buc`l tbab e b s prdaba h e hibi` s i` qu` e b h l o eu`ln h b c h e h tb r h s t b e e` mb s ` bs`r eb idchlblt`, nþcd dnurrhþ pbrb qu` tbe shst`cb s` odrcbs` y s`
cbltuvh`s`4 X bsã6
bi hlohlhtuc,lhtuc, `l nbib ulb i` ebs nbusbs hi`lthoh-nbibs.
@WZEHNBNHÞL @L YÈQCHLD I@ @^YBID D ' HYPBNHDL@ OHLBE@^
@l Zs h n d e dm ãb e b n dliun tb gucb lb b v `n ` s s ` `xp e hn b l d t bl t d `l t è r -chlds i ` r bzþl d n busbs n dcd `l t è rchlds i ` l `n ` s hibi`s d ` s t bids o h -lbe`s. @st` thpd i` xpehnbnhþl btrb` eb bt`lnhþl gbnhb eds prdpþshtds dc` t bs i ` ulb n b t `mdr ã b i h o` r `l t ` i ` e d s n dl `n t bids n dl e b s r bzdl `s p br be b b nn h þl . Zd r ` ee d , s dl e e bcbids ` s t bids o h lb e ` s `l v` z i` o h l ` s . E d s ` s -t bids o hlbe`s `l nu`st hþl sdl i`s hmlbids ndcd sbt hs obnn hþl , r`iunn hþl i`
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
l`n shibi, r`iunnhþl i` t`lshþl y gdc`dstbshs. Eb xpehnbnhþl pdr `stdstèrchlds `s b v`n`s ûthe. Eds gdcar`s bntûbl ndcd ed gbn`l ld shcpe`-c`lt`, lh sh`cpr`, pbrb benblzbr eds t hpds câs `sp `n ã o hnds i` prdpþshtdsr` ebn hdlbids ndl eb s rbzdl`s. Pl `stbid m`l`rbe i` sbt hs obnn hþl pu`i` s`rsu c`tb. Ldrcbec`lt`, shl cabrmd, tbe`s stbids i` sbthsobnnhþl, r`-iunn h þl i` l ` n` s h ibi, r `iunn h þl i` t `ls h þl y gdc`ds t b s h s s dl câs e d ssuaprdiuntds i` eb bn t hv hibi qu` ul prdpþshtd d c` tb hlc` ihbtds . Nubl-id sdl sua pr diun tds ` s i h s nu t ha e ` s h i `a `l s ` r n dl s hi ` r bids n dc d r bzd -l` s d n busbs .
Eb i h s nus hþl i` e b `xp e h n bn hþl qu` g`cd s ` e bad r bid câs b r rha b p r ` s -tb bt`lnhþl prhc`rd b ebs rbzdl`s, eu`md b ebs nbusbs y câs tbri` b eds` s t bids . @s t ` d ri`l ld t h`l ` l hl mulb s h ml h o h n bn hþl . I` ulb c bl`r b c âs
ndlnr`tb ; ld t`l`cds eb hlt`lnhþl i r`ndc`libr qu` eb xpehnbnhþli`ab ausnbr s ` p r hc`r bc `l t ` p dr e b s r bzdl `s , eu`md p dr e b s n busbs y câst bri` p dr ed s ` s t bids o hl b e ` s . Ybc pdnd i`s`b cd s t r bl sch t h r eb hcp r `s hþli` qu` ul ` e `c`l t d i ` e b `xp e h n bn hþl ` s l `n ` s br h bc`l t ` c âs hcpdr t bl t `qu` dtrd. @e prdae`cb i` bshmlbr eb hcpdrtblnhb r`ebthvb b eds obntdr`s`xp e hn b t h v ds y ` e n r h t ` rh d p br b s ` e ` n n h dlbr eds s ` râl ` s tui hbids câs bab k d .
Eb xpehnbnhþl d blâehshs oulnhdlbe s l bemûl cdid shchebr tbltd
b e b ` xp e h nb n h þl `l t è rc hlds i` ` s t bids ndc d b e b ` xp e h nb n h þl `l t è rc h -lds i` n busbs . @ e s h ml h o h n bid i` e t èrchld oulnhþl s ` `l t h `li` c` k dr c` -ihblt` ulb r`o r`lnhb b su uthehzbnhþl l dtrbs ihsnhpehlbs. Nublid edsahþedmds gbaebl i` eb oulnhþl i` ul þrmbld `stâl gbnh`lid ulb r`o`-r`lnhb be pbp`e qu` e þrmbld ku`mb l bemûl shst`cb i`e nube s ulbpbrt` º . Zbrb eds sdnhþedmds eb oulnhþl i` ulb bnthvhibi s «eb pbrt` qu`i` s `c p`òb `l e b v h ib s d n h b e ndcd ul t did y , pd r t bl t d , e b ndl t r haun h þlqu` pr`stb be cblt`lhch`ltd i` eb ndlthluhibi strunturbe¶. Eds bl-t rdpþedmds gbaebl i` `xpe h nbr ebs bnt hv hibi`s «pdr sus oulnhdl`s , pdr ebpbrt` qu` i`s`cp òbl l e shst`cb hlt`mrbe i` eb nueturb, pdr eb cb-l`r b `l qu` ` s t âl r ` e bn h dlbibs ulbs n dl d t r bs i `l t r d i ` e s h s t `cb¶ =.
Ydid ed nube sumh`r` qu`, l ul shst`cb pdeãthnd, nbib hlsthtunhþl,prân th n b , bn t h v hibi d ` squ`cb i` n dliun t b , pu`i` i`n h r s ` , s dl ouln hdlb -
e`s sh byuib b pr`s`rvbr e shst`cb. ^h th`l` ulb t`li lnhb b chlbr di` s t ru hr ` e s h s t `cb pu`i` i` n h r s ` qu` s dl i h s ouln h dlb e ` s 7.E b n dcp r d -abnhþl i` qu` ulb bnthvhibi `s oulnhdlbe ld shmlhohnb l`n`sbrhbc`lt`qu` ` s cdr b ec `l t ` au`lb l h t bcpdnd qu` e b s bn t h v hibi`s i h s ouln hdlb e ` ss ` bl l` n` s b r h bc`l t ` cb e b s . Yb e ` s kuh n hd s i` vb e d r t `lirâl ulb nb e h o h n b .
r `l n hb p dir ã b s`r b ul c ulid d s h s t `c b pd e ã t hn d hl t ` rlbn hdlb e 6 `l d t r ds ,b ul s h s t `c b pd e ã t hn d l bn hdlb e d b ulb pb r t ` d i hv h s hþl i` e c hsc d . Nbibul hibi y þrmbld i` m da h ` rl d ` s , `l n h ` r t d s `l t hid , ul s h s t `cb i` bn n hþl 6s ã e d s dl e b s ou`r zbs brcb ibs , e d s p br t hids p d e ã t hn ds y e d s m rupds i` p r ` -s hþl y p r dpbmblib . Nbib hli hv hiud ` s ul s h s t `c b i` b n n hþl . Bp eh n bid bnubequh`rb i` `stds s hs t `c bs, ` e i`s`d i` ut h e hzbr ulb `xp e hnbn hþl ouln hd-lbe xhm` eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` ebs bnthvhibi`s hlt`rlbs y i` ebs ndlih-i hn h dl `s qu` r `b e d p d t `l n hb ec`l t ` b o ` n t bl b sus dp `r bn hdl `s . @s tbs bn -t h vhibi`s y n dli hn h dl `s i `a `l s ` r `l t dl n `s i `sn r h tb s y vb ed r bibs `l r ` -ebnhþl ndl sus o`ntds sdar` e shst`cb. Bsã, e kuhnhd i`a` o`ntubrs``l r`ebnhþl b eb nu`sthþl i` eb `xt`lshþl `l qu` ulb bnthvhibi ibib dndli h n h þl t h ` l` s dar ` ` e s h s t `cb ul ` o ` n t d i` bpdyd . @s t ` prd n` s d pu` -i`, lbturbec`lt`, hlv`rthrs`6 std s, ibid ul shst`cb qu` shrvb i` r`-o ` r `l n hb , ` e ` s ou`r zd hl h n hb e p d ir ãb a h `l s ` r hi `l t h oh n b r hcb m hl b t h v bc`l t `e bs bnt hv hibi`s qu` i`a`r ãbl r`b e h zbrs` , d ebs ndlihn hdl`s qu` i`a`r ãblnucpehrs`, sh e shst`cb i`ah`s` dp`rbr l ulb ihr`nnhþl i`s`bib. @l-t dl n `s , e b s bn t h v hibi`s y n dli hn hdl `s pu`i`l s ` r `xbc hlbibs `l r ` e bn hþlb e d s p r hl n hp hds bs ã o h kbids 6 y qu hzâ lu`vbs bn t h v hibi`s pu`ibl hl h n h b rs ` .
Ebs ouln hdl `s sdl cb l h o h ` s t bs d e b t `l t ` s . Ebs ouln hdl `s c bl h o h ` s t bsndls h s t `l `l b qu` ee b s ndls ` nu`ln h b s da k ` t hvb s i` ul s h s t `cb «qu` ndl -trhauy`l b su bkust` d bibptbnhþl y qu` bsã ou`rdl pebl`bibs¶, y ebsoulnhdl`s ebt`lt`s ndlshst`l l «ebs ndls`nu`lnhbs ld qu`rhibs y ld
h i`l t ho h n bibs i` e c h scd d ri`l ¶ º . Eb i h s t hl n hþl ` s hcpdr t bl t ` , ` sp `n hb e -c`l t ` pd rqu` ee bcb e b b t `ln h þl s dar ` e b ` x h s t`ln h b i` ouln h dl` s e b t `l -t ` s y , i` ` s t b c bl`r b , sum h ` r ` e b aûsqu`ib i` e b s c hscb s , aûsqu`ib `lqu` i` d t rb c bl` rb ld s ` p `ls b r ã b . @s tb aûsqu`ib pu`i` s ` r cuy hc-pdrtblt`. Fbre Zdpp`r, pdr `k`cped, dphlb qu` «eb prhlnhpbe tbr`b i`
cdstrbrs` oânhec`lt`. Z`ls`cds, pdr `k`cped, `l ne i`s`d ldrcbe i` e d spb ã s ` s h l o r bi` s b r rd ee bid s i` ` s t ba e ` n` r ulb h lius t rh b i` e b n` rd , pd s ` bld l d e b s c bt ` r h b s p r hcbs l `n ` sbr h bs . ^ h e `x bc`l i` s u i`s`d s ` e hc h t bb eb oulnhþl cblhoh`stb i` ulb pebltb shi`rûrmhnb, s i`nhr, eb prdiun-n h þl i` b n` rd , s ` b e nblzb râ h lc`i h b t bc `l t ` e b ndl n eus hþl i` qu` ` e ` s -tbae`n hch`l td i` tb e hliustr hb `s tâ hl kus t h o hnbid . Z`rd `xhs t`l oulnhdl` sebt`lt`s pdt`lnhbe`s, ltr` eebs sthcuebr y i`sbrrdeebr eb ndlnh`lnhb yd rmuee d lbn h dlb e . Yb e ` s ouln h dl` s e b t `l t ` s p u`i`l d ld kus t h oh n b r ` e p rd -
C@QYDL,^dnhbe Yg`dry bli ^dnhbe ^truntur` pâm. ?>.2` ZDZZ@Q,, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli hts @l`ch`s pâm. 17:.
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
y`ntd, p`rd, l tdid nbsd, c`r`n`l s`r bpr`nhbibs y tdcbibs l ndlsh-i` rbn h þl . I` c bl` rb s `c ` kbl t ` , eb s ouln h dl` s c bl h o h ` s t b s i` e b mu` r rbpu`i`l ndc pe`tbrs` ndl vbr hbs ouln hdl`s ebt `l t`s6 pdr ` k`c ped, eb mu`rrbpu`i` ehchtbr `e nr`nhch`ltd i` eb pdaebnhþl, `sthcuebr d r`tbribr `ei`sbrrdeed nh`ltãohnd y tènlhnd, tn. Eds pbrthids pdeãthnds th`l`l oulnhd-l`s ebt`lt`s tbe`s ndcd e r`neutbch`ltd y odrcbnhþl i` eds outurds ih-rhm`lt`s mua`rlbc`ltbe`s. ^h ul ch`card i` ebs Lbnhdl`s Plhibs gbbidp t bid ulb pds tur b qu` bc `lbzb n dl p ebl t `br ulb mu`r r b l d i`s`bib ,
y s h ld pu`i` n`i` r s h l s b e vb r e b nb rb , e b s Lbn h dl` s Pl hibs pu`i`l s ` r -vhr eb oulnhþl ebt`lt` i` gbn`r bpbr`n`r eb `lch`lib i` tbe pbãs ndcdul bntd ldae` y vhrtudsd, o`ntubid l i`o`r`lnhb b eds prhlnhphds i` ebNbrtb. Plb hlv`sthmbnhþl pbrebc`ltbrhb pu`i` nucpehr eb oulnhþl eb-t`lt` i` prdv``r i` ulb r`putbnhþl lbnhdlbe b eds hlihvhiuds qu` eb ih-r hm `l . Lb turb ec`l t ` , nublid s dl qu`r hibs y r ` n dldn hibs t b e ` s ouln hdl `ss ` vu` ev `l cb l h o h` s t bs .
@s p ds ha e ` qu` n dli hn h dl `s d bn t h v hibi`s qu` s ` p `l sbab ` s t babl b sd -n h bibs b ul s h s t `cb r ` su et `l s ` r i h s ouln h dlb e ` s , ` s t d ` s , s h l r ` e b n h þl b eouln h dlbch `l t d i` e s h s t `cb . D pu`i`l s ` t . : . .a h`l ouln hdlb e`s d ihs oul-n h dlb e ` s , cbl h o h ` s t b d e b t`l t `c` l t ` ;
Ruhzâ eb bnthvhibi d ndlihnhþl xbchlbib l r`ebnhþl ndl ul shs-t`cb dp`rbnhdlbe pu`i` tbcahèl ohmurbr l dtrd. Eb ndliuntb qu` si hs ouln hdlb e p br b ul sd eibid n dc abt h `l t ` , pu`s e ` n dliun` b e b c u`r t` ,
pu`i` s ` r ouln hdlb e p br b ` e p b ã s p dr ` e qu` n dc abt ` . Eb bn t h v hibi qu` ` soulnhdlbe pbrb ul pbrthid pdeãthnd pu`i` s`r ihsoulnhdlbe pbrb e Md-a h ` rld . Bs ã , e d s i` s nuar hc h `l t d s `l r ` e b n hþl b e d s ` o ` n t d s i` b n t h v hibi` sd n dl i hn h d l ` s ` l u l s h s t `cb i ` b n n h þl i ` a `l n dcp e `c `l t b rs ` n dl i ` s -nuar hch`l t ds b lâ edmds `l d t r ds s h s t `cbs n dl `xds , bl t ` s i ` b e n blzbr ulbndln eushþl m`l`rbe .
Plb v`z qu` s` gbl benblzbid ibtds nh`rtds r`o`r`lt`s b ebs ndls`-nu`ln h b s ouln h dlb e ` s , i h s ouln h dlb e ` s d ld ouln h dlb e ` s i` ulb b n t h vh ibid ndli hn hþl ibib `l vbr hds s h s t `c bs , e b p rþxhcb t br `b ` s e b bn n hþl , d s ` -r h` s b e t ` rlb t h vb s i` b nn h dl` s , qu` i`a` râl t dcb rs ` . E b nu` s t h þl pu`i` ,`vhi lt`c`lt`, r`sdev`rs` sþed sdar` eb abs` i` ul kuhnhd i` vbedr qu`ndlnh`rl` b nbib uld i` eds shst`cbs; ul kuhnhd sdar` eb nu`sthþl i` sh`s i`s`bae` cblt`l`r d suav`rthr `e shst`cb i` qu` s` trbt`. Zbrb ebs
ndli h n h dl` s d b n t h v h ibi` s qu` , s ` i` s nuar` , ld t h ` l`l s h ld ` o ` n t d s oul -nhdlbe`s l tdids eds shst`cbs «au`lds¶ ndl eds qu` s` r`ebnhdlbl, eprdae`cb `s `lndltrbr c`ihds pdr eds nube`s cblt`l`rebs d bet`rbredsi` cbl`rb be buc`ltd i` sus `o`ntds i`s`bae s. @l ed qu` s` r`oh`r` be b s n dli hn h dl `s d bn t h v hibi`s qu` sdl «i h s ouln hdlb e ` s ¶ `l t dids e d s « au` -lds¶ shst`cbs, e prdae`cb s gbeebr c`ihds pbrb pdl`re`s ohl. @l edqu` s` r`oh`r` b eds «cbeds¶ shst`cbs s` pu`i l hlv`rthr stbs bohrcb-n h dl `s . Ebs b n t h v hibi`s l d ouln hdlb e ` s p u`i`l s ` r supr hchibs d h ml dr b -ibs. Nublid eb chscb bnthvhibi d ndlihnhþl th`l` o`ntds ndltrbihntd-rhds l shst`cbs iho`r`lt`s, eb bnnhþl b k`nutbr s` absbrâ l ul kuhnhdsda r ` e b hc pdr t bl n hb d vb ed r r ` e b t hv ds i ` e . s h s t `cb `l nu`s t hþl .
ar` ul shst`cb, su prdpþshtd i`a` s`r `stbae`n`r r`ebnhdl`s i` nbusb b
`o`ntd. Eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` eb xpehnbnhþl nbusbe y oulnhdlbe s «basdeu-
tbc`lt` ndcpbrbae` b eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` i`nhr qu` A s e o`ntd i` B
y i`nhr qu` B s eb ndlihnhþl (d nbusb) i` A¶ 22 .
@WZEHNBNHÞL Y@E@DEÞMHNB
B v`n `s s ` gba eb i ` `xp e h n bn hþl t ` e ` d eþm h n b , s h ml h oh n blid qu` s ` ab sb`l ulb r ` o ` r`ln h b b prdpþs h td s . E b `xp e h nb n h þl nbusb e , t b e ndcd gb s h idi`ohlhib câs brrhab, ld s t`e`deþmhnb. Ld g`cds usbid e tèrchld «t`-e`dedmãb¶ b nbusb i` su bcahmõ`ibi, p`rd i`a cds, be c`lds, tdcbr
`xp e hn bn hþl qu` s i `ldc hlbib t ` e ` d eþm h n b y ' .2 -b. n ebs` i`s nr h t b câs brr h-
ab’sh xhst` tbe iho`r`lnhb’`s i` èlobshs d i` p` r sp` n t h v b 21B v`n`s,
s h l `ca brmd , eb ` xp e h nb n h þl t ` e ` d e þm h nb t dcb e b o d rcb i` ul b rmuc`ltdd b o h rcbn h þl i` qu` t did nbca h d d i` s b r rd ee d i`a` s`r `xpehnbid pdr eds
2 2âs brrhab s` gb trbtbid i` suarbybr qu` sh eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnbgb i` s`r vâehib, i`s`bae` y shmlhohnbthvb i`a` xpehnbr ebs ndlihnhdl`sy bndl t `n hc h`l t ds y qu` b e `xp e h n br e d s ` e n h `l t ã oh n d i `a ` ` o ` n tubr ` e `nn hd -
p e h n bn h dl `s , qu` ` s p r da eba ` qu` l hl mulb p ` r sdlb s `b n bp bz i` hi `l t h oh •n br e ds d bul i` n dc pr `li`r eds t dids . @ e s dn hþ edmd y ` e p s h n db lb e h s t b qu`ausnbl e b s r bzdl `s qu` `xp e hqu`l ulb n dl iun t b ` e ` n t dr b e ` s t âl s `murdsi` qu` s ` `l ndl t rb râl ndl s ` r h ` s cuy i h o ` r`l t ` s i` r b z dl` s . I` e b c h s -cb cbl`rb, `e ghstdrhbidr y `e `ndldchstb (d, ed qu` vh`l` b s`r edchsc d , id s g h s t d rh bid r ` s i h o` r `l t ` s d id s ` ndldc h s t b s i h o ` r`l t ` s , d h l -n eusd ids trb tbihs tbs i` n h `lnhb pd e ã t h nb ) qu` p`rs hmu`l ebs nbusbs i` ebmu`rrb sba`l qu` p r `mul t brâl nu`s t h dl `s i h o ` r `l t ` s y qu` s ` `l ndl t r b -râl ndl i h o ` r `l t ` s e hs t b s i` nb usbs 29.
Ebs i h o ` r `ln h b s qu` prd e ho ` r bl `l e d s t h pd s i` nu` s t h dl` s p e bl t ` bibsy `l e b s i hv` r sbs n e b s ` s i ` ib t ds n dl s hi ` rbids b e i `sbr r d e eb r e b r ` spu`s t br ` o e` k bl ` e ` n n h dl `s `l t r ` e d s i h s t hl t ds n bc hlds `c p e`bids p br b d a t `l `r e b ,y t bca h èl `l t r ` e d s i h s t h l t d s l h v` e` s i` e r b z dlbc h `l t d .
@e shmlhohnbid i` «vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd¶ y eds thpds i` vãbs i` bn`r-nbch`ltd `cpe`bids `l `e `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s`râl `xbchlbids `leb pbrt` t`rn`rb. Ar`v`c`lt`, eb pbebarb «vãb i` bn`rnbch`ltd¶ s` uth-e h zb p b r b hli h n br e d s n r h t ` rh d s p dr e d s nub e ` s e b s nu`s t h dl `s y ib t ds s h ml h -o h n b th v ds sdl s ` e ` n n h dlbids .
Ebs vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd s` hi`lthohnbl b v`n`s ndl ebs ihsnhpehlbsbnbièchnbs. I` stb cbl`rb, eds stuihblt`s i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb c-p e `bl v ã bs i ` bn ` r n bch`l t d g h s t þr hn bs , ` n dlþc hnbs , s dn h d eþm hn bs , p s h n d eþ -m h n bs , m `dm râ o h n bs y o h ed sþ o h n bs . ^` p r ` supdl` qu` n h ` r tbs n e b s ` s i ` ib t ds
`xp e h n b t hv ds sdl p r dp hds i ` n bib i h s n hp e hl b .Q`nãprdnbc`lt , ebs vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd sdl b v`n`s hi`lthohnbibs
ndl e b n dl n ` l t r bn hþl `l e d qu` s ` n dl s hi ` r b s ` r ` e rbsmd n `l t r b e d sda r ` -s b e h ` l t ` . E b hcpdr t bln h b pr ` `chl`l t ` i` e b s h l s t h tun h dl` s i` mda h ` rld yb o h l ` s sum h ` r `l ul cètdid i` b n` r nbc h `l t d h l s t htun hdlb e . E b hcp dr t bl -nhb i` eb e`y hlnehlb â ul bn`rnbch`ltd kurãihnd. Bemulds bidptbl `ecètdid i` eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i eds mrupds i` hlt`r`s`s. @l eds ûethcdsbòds s ` gb p r ` s t bid ulb b t `l n hþl n dl s hi ` rba e ` b e d s cè t dids qu` s ` n dl -n `l t r bl `l ` e p r dn ` sd p dr ` e qu` s ` ` e badr bl e b s i `n h s h dl `s d `l e b s chs -cb s i`n h s h dl `s , ` s t d ` s , `l e d s o hl ` s y c`i hds ` s n dm hids .
Be c`lds, ids vãbs i` bn`rnbch`ltd pbr`n`l p`rt`l n`r b sus prd-p hbs n e b s ` s . @s t bs sdl ; ` e e ebc bid c è t did i` . blâ eh s h s i ` e b s n dliun t bs ,qu` s` ihsthlmu` pdr su èlobshs `l ul prdpþshtd nh`ltãohnd (`std `s, pdr
nr`br ndldnhch`ltd qu` s`b v`rhohnbae`, shst`câthnd y m`l`rbe), y `e cè-tdid blbeþmhnd, eebcbid, `l m`l`rbe, t`drãb i`e shst`cb, nbrbnt`rhzbidpdr ul sou`rzd pbrb edmrbr ndldnhch`ltd i` shst`cbs i` thpds vbrhds( hl n euy`lid e d s s h s t `cbs pd e ã th nd s ), ndcp brâlid ed s ulds ndl d t r d s .
O hlb ec`l t ` , ed s c è t dids i` bn ` r n bch`l t d sdl b c`luid hi `l t h oh n bids
ndl g hpþ t ` s h s `xp e h n b th v bs d n d l t `dr ã bs n busb e ` s . X ` s t bs g hpþ t` s h s d t ` d -rãbs s` lnubirbl l tr`s mrupds prhlnhpbe`s, i`p`lih`lid i`e r`ebthvd
èl ob s h s qu` pdlmbl `l ebs hloeu`lnhbs i`e c`ihd (m`dmrâohnd d `ndlþch-nd), ibtds pshndeþmhnds d hi`dedmãbs.
Ld hlt`ltbr`cds blthnhpbr ed qu` s` ihn` sdar` `stds cètdids `l e bpbr t` t `rn`rb. @s dav hd, s hl `c abrmd , qu` pr`multbr y ndlt`stbr nu`st hd-l` s b n` r nb i` e b pd e ã th nb t h ` l` qu` ` s t b r l` n` s b r hbc `l t ` b o ` n t bid pd r ` ecètdid, d ndcahlbnhþl i` cètdids, qu` s` bidpt`l. M`lt`s iho`r`lt`s`l o r `l t bibs ndl e b c h sc b nu` s t h þl m`l` rb e ( pd r ` k `cp e d , «´Zdr què gbymu`rrbs4¶) s eþmhnd qu` trbt`l eb nu`sthþl i` cbl`rb iho`r`lt`, suarb-yblid ib t d s c uy i ho ` r `l t ` s . E b s r b z dl` s y e b s nbusbs i` e b c bydr ãb i`eds o`lþc`lds pdeãthnds sdl tbl ndcpe`kds qu` trbtbch`ltds iho`r`lt`si` e b chsc b nu`s t hþl pu`i`l s ` r hmub ec`l t ` p r d oulids .
LH_@E@ I@ QB[DLBCH@LYD @CZE@BID @L EB @WZEHNBNHÞL
Bi`câs i` e`mhr ulb vãb i` bn`rnbch`ltd pbrb i`sbrrdeebr ulb x-pehnbnhþl, e stuihblt` i`a` e`mhr ul lhv`e i` rbzdlbch`ltd. @st` tèr-chld ` s , qu hzâ , hli`a hibc `l t ` p r ` t `l n hdsd . I`ld t b ` e m r bid i` nu hibidy t d t b e hibi n dl qu` ul t `cb ` s i h s nu t hid . Eds l hv ` e ` s `c p e`bids s ` i `s -nrha`l i` cbl rb vbrhb, i`si` e lhv`e sup`rohnhbe be oulibc`ltbe6 dah`l, i`si` ul lodqu` i` eds obntdr`s hlc`ihbtds d r`suetbthvds gbstb
`e lodqu` i` ebs ndlihnhdl`s suaybn`lt`s qu` p`rcht`l qu` bqu`eedso b n t d r ` s s ` p r `n hp h t `l 6 d , t bca hèl , i `si` e d c hn r dsnþp h n d (cd e ` nu ebr ) b e dcbnrdsnþphnd (cdebr)6 d i` eb «`xpehnbnhþl l prhlnhphd¶ d «eb `xpeh-nbnhþl `l i`tbee`¶6 d i`e «`sadzd i` `xpehnbnhþl¶ be hi`be r`cdtd i``xp e hnb n h þl t d t b e y ndc p e ` t b 20
@l e lhv`e i` ed sup`rohnhbe uld pu`i` xpehnbrs` eb e`nnhþl i` ulpr`shi`lt` ihnh`lid qu` benblzþ eb cbydrãb i` vdtds l e nde`mhd e`n-tdrb e . @l ` e l hv` e i` eds obntdr`s r`sue tb t hvds s` pu`i ` `xpe h nbr eb i`neb -rbnhþl i` mu`rrb bc`rhnblb i` 2892, nhtblid b Z`bre Gbradr. @l `e lh-v`e chnrdsnþphnd (cde`nuebr) s` pu`i` ndlshi`rbr sþed ed qu` sdl, r`eb-t h vbc `l t ` , e b s chlun hbs , h ml dr blid e d s o bn t dr ` s c bydr `s qu` ` s t âl dp ` -rblid6 pdr ` k`cped, ed qu` s` i`ldc hlb «r` ebn hdl`s hl t `rlbn hdlb e`s¶ pu`-i` s ` r t r b t bid ndls hi` rblid e d s «pultd s i` t `ls h þl ) ) ` l ` e culid . Plb
`xpehnbnhþl «`l prhlnhphd¶ pdirãb, pdr k`cped, absbrs` l ul ndldnh-ch`l t d pr ` suc hid i` e b s i h s pd s h n hdl` s t ã p h nb s i` i` t ` rc hlbibs nb t ` md -
@e lhv`e i` rbzdlbch`ltd qu` s bprdphbid vbrãb l nhrnulstblnhbsiho`r`lt`s. Ihoãnhec`lt` pdirãb `xpehnbrs` `e r`suetbid i` ulb `e`nnhþli`t`rchlbib i` eb chscb cbl`rb b ul lhòd i` ih`z bòds qu` b ul trb-tbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb sp nhbehzbid `l e stuihd i` eb ndliuntb`e ntdrbe. @e lhv`e i` rbzdlbch`ltd cpe`bid l eb ihsnushþl i` ult`cb pdeãthnd l ulb n`lb l eb qu` eds ndc`lsbe`s th`l`l hlt`r`s`s yndldnhch`ltds iho`r lt`s iho`rhrâ, lbturbec`lt , be usbid l ulb r`ulhþli` ul p`qu`òd mrupd i` `xp`rtds. @e lhv`e `cpe`bid `l eds c`ihds i`ndculhnbnhþl pbrb e pûaehnd iho`rhrâ i`e cpe`bid l c`ihds i` nd-culhnbnhþl câs `sp`nhbehzbids, y b dtrd lhv`e s` r`nurrhrâ `l ebs r`vhs-tbs bnbièchnbs y l ebs cdldmrboãbs. Lhlmûl lhv`e ndlnr`td s l`n`sb-rhbc`lt e bn`rtbid y lhlmuld `rrþl`d6 eb s e nnhþl i e lhv e pu`i` e -
mãthcbc`lt` i p`li r i`e prdpþshtd ndlnr`td y i` ebs nhrnulstblnhbs hc-p`rblt`s.Zbsbr i` ul lhv`e i` rbzdlbch`ltd b dtrd (pdr k`cped, i`e lhv`e su-
p`rohnhbe be oulibc`ltbe d i`e r`suetbthvd be i` eds obntdr`s suaybn`lt s)shmlhohnb, b c luid, r`trdn`i r b trbvès i` ulb s`nu`lnhb i` rbzdl`s ynbusbs. @e pultd `l `e nube i`t`l`rs` be hi`lthohnbr eds `sebadl`s i` ebnbi`lb pdnbs v`n`s’sh ed `s bemulb’`stâ i`t`rchlbid i` blt`cbld. Câsah`l, s e`mhid, s`b brahtrbrhbc lt` d l abs` b bemûl nrht`rhd câs rb-nhdlbe6 quhzâ, ebs l`n`shibi`s d prdpþshtds qu` ulb p rsdlb s` sou`rzb`l s`rvhr, d ah`l sus nbpbnhibi`s d hlt`r`s`s, i`t`rchlbrâ què lhv`e s`e i`s`bae`.
EB HCZDQYBLNHB Q@EBYH_B I@ ED OBNYDQ@ @WZEHNBYH_D^
He`cds ldtbid qu` eb xpehnbnhþl gbn` trbseunhr ulb s`rh` i` e`n-nhdl`s r`sp`ntd be èlobshs r`ebthvd i` rbzdl`s y nbusbs, vãbs i bn rnb-ch ltd y lhv e s i` rbzdlbch ltd. Davhbc`lt , `l ndls`nu`lnhb, eb `x-pehnbnhþl s l mrbl mrbid s`e`nthvb, y, pdr ed chscd, hlndcpe`tb. @shmubec`lt` davhd qu` ul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` obntdr`s hloeuy`l l ebs e n-nhdl`s qu` s` r`behzbl6 pdr `k`cped, ebs nhrnulstblnhbs hcp`rblt`s, ebnurhdshibi i`e trbtbihstb, su odrcbnhþl y sus nbpbnhibi`s. Bsuc h`lid tdid`std, tdibvãb s` pu`i` peblt`br eb nu`sthþl i` sh xhst`l c`ihibs pbrb`sthcbr eb hcpdrtblnhb r`ebthvb i` eds obntdr`s xpehnbthvds sdar` ebs nub-e`s pdibcds pdl`rlds i` bnu`rid. ´Ruè abs` gby pbrb i`nhr qu` ul
obntdr s câs hcpdrtblt` qu` dtrd pbrb xpehnbr ulb ndlihnhþl d bndl-t`nhch`ltd ndlnr`tds4
@rl`st Lbm`e gb hi`lthohnbid nhlnd pdshae`s shmlhohnbids i` tbe s i`-nebrbnhdl`s, y, pdr tbltd, nhlnd abs`s pbrb r`nebcbr cbydr hcpdrtblnhb
pbrb ul obntdr qu` pbrb dtrd. u ihsnushþl s` n`ltrb l e supu`std i`qu` B `s câs hcpdrtblt` qu` A ndrld i`t`rchlblt` i` N 2? .
^h A `s r`ebthvbc`lt` ndlstblt` ch ltrbs B vbrãb, y sh ebs vbrhbnhd-l`s l B sdl s`muhibs pdr vbrhbnhdl`s `l N, b c`luid s` ihn` qu` B`s câs hcpdrtblt`. Zdr `k`cped, eb bmr`shvhibi kbpdl`sb pu`i` i`nhrs`
qu` s ulb nbusb i` eb mu`rrb câs hcpdrtblt` qu` eb i`nhshþl i` eds @s-tbids Plhids i` i`o`li`r su t`rrhtdrhd.
^h tbltd B ndcd A vbrãbl, p`rd sh eb vbrhbnhþl `l B th`l` ul `o`ntdprdpdrnhdlbe cbydr qu` eb vbrhbnhþl i` A, s` ihn`, b v`n`s, qu` B scâs hcpdrtblt`. Bsã, buc`ltds e` eb nblthibi i` ihl`rd qu` ul pbrthidpdeãthnd mbstb `l t`e`vhshþl iurblt` ulb nbcpbòb s` ndlshi`rb câs hc-
pdrtblt` l r`ebnhþl ndl ne ohl i` hloeuhr l e r`suetbid i` ulb e`n-
nhþl qu` eb nblthibi mbstbib l eb hcpr`shþl y ihstrhaunhþl i` pbl-
oe`tds.^h e`c`ltds bihnhdlbe`s s` ndcahlbl câs or`nu`lt`c`lt` ndl B qu`
ndl A pbrb prdiunhr N, s` ihn` qu` B s câs hcpdrtblt`. Zdr k`cped,`e ihl`rd i`e odlid pbrb eb nbcpbòb `e`ntdrbe s` ndlkumb câs b c` -luid y ndl câs èxhtd ndl ul nblihibtd pdpuebr qu` ndl ul au`l prd-mrbcb e`ntdrbe pbrb edmrbr eb pr`shi`lnhb l eds @stbids Plhids. @lr`ebnhþl ndl `st` shmlhohnbid y ndl `stb pru`ab i` hcpdrtblnhb r`ebthvb’ed chscd qu` l r`ebnhþl ndl eb qu` shmu`’s` bsuc` qu` «eb pr`-s`lnhb ndlkultb i` B y A ld `s l`n`sbrhb pbrb qu` s` prdiuznb N¶.
^h B bpbr`n` y prdiun` N ndl câs or`nu`lnhb qu` ed gbn` A, s` ihn`
i` ` s t ` t h pd ` s c uy pd s h a e ` qu` ib t d s s ` murd s s ` ndls h mbl , qu` pu`iblbpdyb r e b b o h rcbn h þl bvblzbib 6 `l nuyd nb s d , ul gb e e b z md ndln` rl h `l t `b eb hcpdrtblnhb r`ebthvb i` iho`r`lt`s obntdr`s xpehnbthvds pu`i` be-nblzbr ulb mrbl shmlhohnbnhþl. Z`rd b c`luid eds ibtds l qu` s` bpd-ybl ` s t ds gb e e bzmds sdl hl bi`nubids 6 y nublid e b n dc pbr bn hþl ld ` s sd -ebc`lt` ltr` B y A, shld ltr` B y ulb s`rh` ndcpe`tb i` obntdr`sbi hn h dl b e ` s , ` e m r bid i` n ` r t `zb i ` e b s b o h rcb n hdl `s r ` e b t h v bs b e b hcpd r -tblnhb r`ebthvb i` eds obntdr`s xpehnbthvds s prdmr`shvbc`lt` câs iu-idsd. @s hlneusd câs rbrd qu` ulb rbzþl d nbusb pu`ib s`r i`shmlbib
ndc d ûl h nb . ^ hl iuib , quh`l` s i` s nr h a`l e b s nb usbs ndc d «v` ribi` rb s ¶d «r`be`s¶ usbl ndl or`nu`lnhb stbs pbebarbs pbrb hlihnbr ul kuhnhd i`vbedr sdar` su hcpdrtblnhb r`ebthvb6 sh su s`lthid s qu` dtrbs nbusbssdl o b e s bs d h r r`b e ` s d hl `x h s t `l t ` s , su b o h rcb n hþl ` s cuy iuidsb .
G`cds ndlshi`rbid eb xpehnbnhþl `l tèrrl 6lds i` ' rbzdl`s , cdt hvds,n busbs , ` s t b ids o hl b e ` s y ouln hdl `s y ' `l t è rc hlds i ` v ã bs i ` `l o dqu`s yl hv ` e ` s i ` e r bzdlbc h`l t d .
@l v` z i` ` e e d , gua h ès `cds pdi hid gba` r gba e bid i` `xp e h nb n h þl `lt è rchlds i ` vbr h ba e ` s y n dl s t bl t ` s , pu`s b c `luid è s t ds sdl e d s t è rch -l ds `c p e`bids . Ndcd ` s eþm h n d , e d s o bn t dr ` s qu` n bca hbl i` b e mulb cb-l`rb `l t h`cpd d n hrnulstbln hbs i h o`r`l t`s s` i`ldchlb l vbr hba e`s , ch`l-t r b s qu` bqu` e ed s qu` ld nbc a h bl ( d qu` s dl . t r b t bids ndcd s h ld nbc -a h b s `l ) s dl i`ldc hlbids ndls t bl t ` s . Nublid ul nbca h d `l ulb vb r hb -ae` s` bsdnhb i` bemulb cbl`rb ndl ul nbcahd l dtrb, s` ihn` qu` ebsids stâl r`ebnhdlbibs, y ebs vbrhbae`s r`ebnhdlbibs pu`i`l s`r nebshoh-nbibs n dc d hli`p `li h`l t ` s d i `p `l i h`l t ` s . ^` ih n ` qu` ulb vbr h ba e ` ` shli`p `li h`l t ` nublid ul nbc a hd `l ` e e b p r `n `i` y p r ` sucha e `c`l t ` n bu -s b ul nb ca h d `l e b vb r h ba e ` ndl ` e e b r ` eb n h dlbib 6 y , ` vh i`l t `c`l t ` , ulbvb r h ba e ` s ` ndls hi` rb i`p`li h `l t ` nublid ul nb ca h d `l ` e e b ` s ndl t h l -m`l t ` i` ul nbca h d `l d t rb .
Eds oheþsdods i` eb nh`lnhb, qu` ldrcbec`lt` snrha`l p`lsblid le b s n h `l n hbs l b tur b e ` s , rbr bc `l t ` gba ebl i` r bzdl `s , y pu`i`l d l d gb -
a eb r i ` vbr hba e ` s d i ` n b usbs . Câs b c `luid gba ebl i` n dli hn h dl `s . I`` s t b c bl` rb , s ` i h n ` qu` «e b aûsqu`ib i` e b ` xp e hnb n h þl s ` ndl` n t b n dl` e h i` b e i` v` r h oh n b r e b s ndli h n h dl` s l ` n` s b r h b s y su o h n h` l t ` s p b rb e b p rd -iunn h þl i` o `lþc`lds ¶ u . @ e t è rc hld ndlihnhþl pu`i`, lbturb ec`lt` , i` -o h l hr s ` ndl e b t htui6 pd r pr ` s `ln h b i` ulb ndli h n h þl p u`i` `l t `li` r s ` e bndlnurr`lnhb i` ulb rbzþl, i` ul cdthvd, i` ulb bnthtui, i` ulb vb-
@QL@ Y LBN@E, «Yg` Edmhn do Ghstdrhnbe Blbeyshs¶, `l O`hme y Ardia,nf,Q`bihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, pâm. ?8=. No. ]HEEHBC^G. Qtn@Q, «Nbus`sbli @v`lts, Kdurlbe do Zghedsdpgy, 00 (1= i` cbrzd. 2807), pâms . 172-82.
@e chscd prdae`cb surm` nublid s` trbtb i` hi`lthohnbr ebs ndlih-n hdl`s suo hn h`lt`s . Nublid ulb cuet h tui i` obn tdr`s `s tâl dp`rblid, ndc dsun`i ãb `l 2801 y ndcd d nurr ` ld rcb ec`l t ` `l ` e nb s d i` sun` s d s pd -e ã t h nds ndcpe` kds , ´nuâe`s sdl suo h n h `lt`s4 Z`rsdlbs ih o` r`lt`s prdlul-n hbr ãbl kuhn hds i h o`r`l t`s .
@l ndl`x h þl ndl e d s ` s ou` rzd s pb rb h i`l t h oh n b r e b s ndli h n h dl` s l` n` -s b r h b s y su o hn h ` l t ` s i` o ` lþc` lds l b turb e` s ` s , b c `luid , pd s h a e ` ` o ` n -
tubr `xp`r hc`l tds ` hln euhr d `xneuhr vbr hbae`s `l nbib n bsd , gbs tb qu`ebs vbr hba e`s qu` sdl l`n` sbr hbs y suo hn h`l t`s sdl hi`lt h o hnbibs. @st` t hpdi` ndl t rd e ` s , ` v hi`l t `c`l t ` , hcpds h a e ` pb rb h i`l t h oh n b r e b s ndli h n h dl` si` ulb e`nnhþl pr`shi`lnhbe y pbrb nebshohnbrebs ndcd l`n`sbrhbs d su-ohnh`lt`s6 s, bshchscd, hcpdshae` l ulb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` eds prd-n`sds stuihbids pdr eds nuethvbidr`s i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb.
Ruhzâ, i`a hid b eb s i h o hnuetbi`s ` hln`r t hiucar`s qu` hcpe hnb, eds nue-thvbidr`s i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb rbrb v`z hlt`ltbi nebshohnbr ebs ndlihnhdl`sd nbusbs l l`n`sbrhbs y suohnh`lt`s. ` hlnehlbl câs b gbaebr i` ndl-ihnhdl`s d obntdr`s qu` hloeuy`l, y, quhzâ, b nebshohnbreds i` bnu`ridndl mrbids pr`suchae`s i` hloeu`lnhb, pdr k`cped, «cuy¶ hloeuy`lt s.^` hlnehlbl, tbcahèl, ndcd s` gb ihngd blt`s, b i`snrhahr ebs nbusbsndc d hcpb r bl t ` , cb ydr , « r`b e ¶ , t n . 6 g `cd s bld t bid b e mulds i` e d s s h m -
l h o hnbids y b e mulbs i` e b s vbmu`ibi` s qu` i h ngbs p b e barb s r ` o e ` kbl . @sihoãnhe dat`l`r ulb xpehnbnhþl pr`nhsb y s`murb, ed chscd qu` ulb x-pe hnbn hþl ndcpe` tb .
Be chscd th`cpd qu` sus r`o`r`lnhbs b «ndlihnhdl`s¶, eds oheþsdodsi` eb nh`lnhb qu` s` dnupbl i` eb `xpehnbnhþl th`li l b r`o`rhrs` b e` -y`s (d, ndl c`ldr or`nu`lnhb, b r`mebs) y b t`drãbs. Lds dnupbr`cds i`` s t d s t è rc hlds ndl cb ydr i` t b ee ` `l e d s nb p ã tue d s d n t bvd y ldv`ld , p` rdpu`i` s ` r û t h e ul a r `v ` n dc `l t br h d bgdr b .
@ e p bp ` e ` hc pdr t bl n hb i ` e b s r `m e bs , e `y` s y t ` dr ã bs `l e b ` xp e hn bn hþlpu`i` h eus t rbr s ` r ` o h r hèlidlds b e b nu`s t hþl i` p dr què e d s @s t bids Pl h -ids i `n eb r br dl e b mu`r rb b e Kbpþl i`spuès i` e a dc abri`d i` Z`br e Gbr -adr . Eb n dl `x hþl `l t r ` e d s ids bndl t ` n hc h`l t ds pu`i` pbr `n ` r dav hb . Lb -turbec`lt`, e d s @s t bids Pl hids i `n eb r br dl e b mu`r rb nublid ou`rdl b t b -
nbids. Z`rd ´què gbn` qu` `stb r`bnnhþl pbr`znb tbl lbturbe4 Eb r`s-pu` s t b pu`i` t dcbr ulb i` ids odrcbs, d ebs ids. Zdr ul ebid, eb r`-o ` r `ln h b pu`i` s ` r b ulb r ` m e b qu` e d s ` s t bi h s tb s bc ` r h nblds’d e d s ` s -t bi h s t b s `l m`l` rb e’s` s ba` s h mu`l 6 d a h `l , b ulb r ` m e b câs bc p e h b s ` -muhib m`l`rbec`lt` pdr eds gbahtblt`s i` st` culid. Eb r`meb s, lb-turb ec` l t ` , qu` bqu` e e d s qu` sdl b t bnb ids r `p ` e `l e b bm r ` s hþl , `l ` sp ` -n h b e , nublid p h `ls bl qu` t h ` l`l e b pd s h a h eh ibi i` gbn` r e d ndl èx ht d . Zd rdtrb pbrt`, eb r`o`r`lnhb pu`i` gbn`rs` b ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb6 `std `s,b e ib t d biqu hrhid i` qu` e d s @s t bids m `l `r b ec`l t ` n dc abt `l nublid sdlb t bnbids . @l r `b e hibi , l t dids , d `l n bs h t dids , ed s n bs ds `l qu` e d s @s -t bids gbl s hid b t bnbids `l n h r nuls tbl n hbs n dc d e bs `x h s t `l t` s `l ` e a dc -
@xpehnbnhþl 00
abri`d i` Z`b r e Gbradr , gbl r`bnn hd lbid i`n eb rblid eb mu`rrb. @s, pu`s,pdshae` ndlkumbr `e ndldnhch`ltd i` ed qu` eds @stbids gbn`l ldrcbe-c`l t ` nublid sdl b t bnbids n dl ` e g `ngd i` e b t bqu` y da t `l `r ulb bp e h -n bn hþl sb t h s o bn t dr hb i ` e b r `bn n hþl . Eb v ` ribi ` s qu` e b cb ydr ãb , d t dibs ,i ` e b s `xp e h n bn h dl `s s ` abs bl `l ` e n dldn hc h`l t d i ` e b s r `m e bs qu` r hm `leb ndliuntb d l e`y`s qu` eb r`oe`kbl, bulqu` ndl or`nu`lnhb tbe`s r`-mebs y e`y`s sdl tbl davhbs qu` s basurid ngbrebs. Bsã, s ulb r`meb yulb e`y i` eb pdeãthnb bc`rhnblb qu` eds pr`shi`lt`s i` ul pbrthid pd-e ãt h n d b ` s n b eb i ` e n dlibid , @s t bid y dr mbl hzbn hþl lbn hdlb e s `bl cb ydr `s
i` v ` hl t ` bòds .Eb xpehnbnhþl pdr r`o`r`lnhb b ulb r`meb d e`y s ldrcbec`lt` hl-
ndcpe`tb. @s hlndcpe`tb, ltr` dtrbs rbzdl`s, pdrqu` i`s`bcds sbt`r,ldrcb ec`l t ` , pd r què s ` das ` rvb e b r ` m eb y pd r què s ` cbl t h `l` e b e ` y.Zbrb eed ausnbcds ulb t`drãb. Gbah`lid xpehnbid e sun`sd pdr r`o`-r`lnhb b ulb r`meb d e`y, trbtbcds i` `xpehnbr eb r`meb d e`y r`ohrhèl-
id ebs b ulb t `dr ãb .Bulqu` `stbs bohrcbnhdl`s r`o`r`lt`s be pbp`e i` ebs r`mebs, e`y`s
y t ` d r ã b s `l e b ` xp e h nb n h þl s dl ` v hi`l t `c`l t ` h l suo h n h` l t ` s , ld e b s i` s -br r d e eb r `cd s `l ` s t ` p ul t d . Plb i h s nus hþl câs n dc p e` t b i ` e b nu`s t hþls` gb e e b râ `l e b p br t ` s `mulib .
Zdirãbcds ldtbr qu` eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` ebs ndlihnhdl`s qu` xpeh-nbl ul bndlt`nhch`ltd y ebs ndlihnhdl`s qu` ed prdiun`l s ulb iho`-
r `l n hb s hcp e`c `l t ` i ` t h `cpd y i` p ` r sp `n t h v b i ` e da s` r vbidr . I`spuèsi` qu` gb dnurrhid e bndlt`nhch`ltd gby rbzdl`s y nbusbs pbrb xpeh-nb r su bpb r hn h þl . Bl t` s i` qu` gb d nurrhid , eb s c h scbs r bz dl` s y nbu-sbs hlihnbl eds c`ihds d cètdids i` prdiunhred. h ulb nbrb i` eb cd-l`ib prdpdrnhdlb ndldnhch`ltd i` nbusbs, eb dtrb prdpdrnhdlb ndldnh-ch`ltd i` c`ihds. @stb ndlshi`rbnhþl ndliun` b eb shmuh`lt` oþrcueb;
«Ebs nh`lnhbs sdnhbe`s i`a`l s ` r purbs y bp e h n bibs b e c hsc d t h `cpd . I` -a `l o d rcu ebr sus p r da e `cbs l d sd e bc `l t ` `l t è rchlds i ` n busb y ` o ` n t d ,shld tbcahèl l tèrchlds i` c`ihds y ohl`s¶ 1: .
RPHLNX]QHNHHY,B tuiy do ]br (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss,2891), vde. HH, bp. WW_, «Yg` Bppehnbthdl do ^nh`lthohn C`tgdi td ^dnhbe Zrdae`cs¶,pâmhlb 2>?:.
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
Zr`ihnnhþl 87 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd
`l nubltd b eds r`suetbids i`e prdy`ntd. I`e chscd cdid, nublid s`ihn tb ulb s`lt`l n hb kuihn hb e d nublid s` nd ln euy` ul t rbtbid, nublid ul@s t bid s ` b rcb, nublid ul cul hn hp hd bidp t b d ba blidlb ` e p e bl i` e bi -chlhstrbidr i`e chscd, d ah`l nublid s` bi`ebltb ihl`rd pbrb ul prd-y`ntd l v`z i` pbrb ul dtrd, xhst` ulb pr`ihnnhþl i qu`, ltr` ebspdshae`s bnnhdl`s, `s câs prdabae` eb `sndmhib qu` `e r`std qu` prd-iuznb e r`suetbid d r`suetbids i`s`bids. @l dtrbs pbebarbs ; ebs `e`n-n h dl `s r bn h dlb e ` s qu` e b s m `l t ` s ` o ` n tûbl `l t r ` e b s p ds ha e ` s b e t ` rl b t h v bs`l tdibs ebs so`rbs i` eb vhib r`oe`kbl sus xp`ntbthvbs d pr`ihnnhdl`s
r ` sp` n t d b sus n dls ` nu`ln hb s .
EB^ AB^@^ ZBQB ZQ@I@NHQ
Bgdrb ah`l6 eb nu`sthþl `s ; ´^dar` què abs`s s` `o`ntûbl ebs pr`-i hn n hdl `s4 Eb r ` spu`s t b ` s qu` pds``l bp r dx hcb ibc`l t ` e b s c hscbs a b -s ` s qu` e b `xp e h n bn hþl . Ebs p r `i h n n hdl `s , e d c hscd qu` e b s ` xp e hn bn h dl `s ,s ` bs h `l t bl ` l n dldn hch`l t d i ` r ` e bn h dl `s’r` ebn h dl `s `l t r ` p `l sbc h`l t dy b nn h þl , c`i h d s y o h l ` s , nbusbs y ` o ` n t d s’, . ndli hn h dl` s y ndls ` nu`l -nhbs. (I`a`, quhzâ, gbn`rs` ldtbr qu` ebs pr`ihnnhdl`s pu`i`l. absbrs`s hcp e`c `l t ` `l ` e n dldn hc h`l t d i ` n dr r` e bn h dl `s , c h`l t r bs qu` , p dr i ` -ohlhnhþl, eb xpehnbnhþl xhm` e ndldnhch`ltd i`e pdrquè i` eb ndrr`-e b n hþl .) ^ba` cd s qu` n h` r t bs n e b s ` s i ` bn n h dl `s b ndc pbòbl b n h ` r tds t h -
p ds i ` p `l sb ch`l t d’rbzdl `s , c dt hv ds , bn t h tui`s’. I` cbl` r b s hc h e b r ,`l e ãc h t ` s qu` t r b t bcds i` `l sbl ngbr , s ba `c ds qu` n h ` rt bs n e b s ` s i ` o h -l`s bndcpbòbl b c`ihds ibids, què o`ntds shmu`l b nbusbs ibibs yquè ndl s`nu`ln hbs s ` i ` r hv bl i` n dli hn hdl `s ` sp `n h o h nbibs .
^ h n dldn hch`l t d i ` ` s t bs r ` e bn h dl `s pu`i` p r dpdr n hdlbr ulb `xp e h n b -nhþl i` g`ngds pbsbids, pdr què ld pu`i` s`rvhr i` abs` pbrb pr`i`-nhr g`ngds outurds4 h l abs` b ndldnhch`ltd pdst`rhdr pdi`cds i`nhrndl s`murhibi qu` rbzdl`s y r`mebs ndliuk`rdl b ulb bnnhþl, ltdln`s`s rbzdlbae` hlo`rhr qu` sh guahès`cds ndldnhid stbs rbzdl`s y r`mebsndl b l t ` r h d rhibi b e b b n n hþl gua hès `c ds pdi hid p r `i`n h r e b 6 y , i ` e b c hs -cb cb l` rb , s h pdi`c ds i` n h r nuâ e ` s ou` rdl e b s nbusbs i` ul g`ngd , ` srbzdlbae` hlo`rhr qu` sh guahès`cds pdihid hi`lthohnbr ebs nbusbs ndlblt`rhdrhibi be bndlt`nhch`ltd guahès`cds pdihid pr`i`nhred. h `xpeh-
nbc ds ulb s h tubn hþl `x h s t `l t ` hi `l t ho h n blid n h ` r t bs n dli hn h dl `s bl t ` r h d -r ` s kul t bc` l t ` ndl e b s r ` m e b s m`l` rb e ` s bp e h nba e ` s , s r b z dlba e ` p`l s b rqu` i` gba `rlds ibid nu`l t b i ` e b s n dli hn hdl `s y e `y` s n dl bl t ` r h d rhibibe prdn`sd i` `stb s h tubn hþl , gua hè s `cds s hid n bpb n `s i ` p r `i`n h re b . @s`vhi lt` qu` sh t`l`cds eb odrtulb i` ndldn`r suohnh`lt`s ndlihnhdl si` ul bndl t `n hc h`l t d , p di`c ds u t h eh z br s t ` n dldn hc h`l t d , s `b p br b `x -pehnbred d pr`i`nhred, i`p`lih`lid i` ph ` e bn dl t ` n hc h`l t d gb sun`i hidyb d ld. ^h `e 7 i` ihnh`car` i` 2892 eb i`nebrbnhþl i` mu`rrb be Kb-pþl ou` `xp e hnbib pdr ` e btbqu` b Z`b r e Gbradr , ` e ? i` i hn h`c ar` i` 2892pdiãb gba`rs` pr`ihngd qu` tbe btbqu` bnbrr`brãb eb i`nebrbnhþl i`mu`rrb.
@l d t r bs p b eba r bs ; e b p r `i hn n hþl s ` absb , b c `luid , `l e d s chsc ds`e`c ltds qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl. Eb ndcahlbnhþl i` obntdr`s qu` p`rcht`eb xpehnbnhþl p`rcht` tbcahèl eb pr`ihnnhþl6 ed nube shmlhohnb qu` ebs
su`ev`l prdae`cbs pdr eb sbthsobnnhþl qu` eed r`pdrtb, d a h `l p drqu`ebs nu`sthdl`s d prdae`cbs stâl bgã. Z`rd s iuidsd qu` eb sdnh`ibibpdybs` e b bn t h v hibi n h`l t ã oh n b n dl c`i hds ` n dl þchnds `l c bydr c`i hibqu` gbn` ndl `e cdltbòhscd sh su ûlhnd prdpþshtd ou`s` prdpdrnhdlbrsbthsobnnhþl b ebs c`lt`s hlquhshthvbs y `cdnhdl`s cdc`ltâl`bs b ed si`câs . @v hi`l t `c`l t ` , dp` rbl d t r d s o h l ` s , o hl ` s s d n h b e ` s . ^` gbl g` ngdcungbs b o h rcbn hdl `s r ` o ` r `l t ` s b ` s t ds o hl ` s .
^` ihn`, b v`n`s, qu` «eb odrcbnhþl i` eds nhuibiblds¶ s «ulb i`ebs prhlnhpbe`s c`tbs¶ i`e `stuihd y `ls`òblzb i` eb pdeãthnb 3, y qu`,
`l `sp`nhbe be lhv`e i` eds ulhv`rshtbrhds, eb `ls`òblzb i` thpd prdo`-shdlbe `s ul ohl `vhi`lt`. @stbs ids ndln`pnhdl`s gbl prdvdnbid r`s-pu`stbs d r`s`rvbs. ^` gb odrcuebid eb dphlhþl i` qu` «eb basdrnhþlndcpe`tb l e ohl i` eb «`iunbnhþl i`e nhuibibld¶, l e s`lthid lqu` st` tèrchld s ldrcbec`lt` hlt`rpr`tbid, s`rãb obtbe pbrb eb nh`l-nhb pdeãthnb...¶', y qu` ;
eb tbr`b i`e prdo`sdr i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ld s prdiunhr ul au`l nhuibibld, shld prd-iunhr ul gdcar` hlt`ehm`lt`. Ld s` trbtb i` prdpdrnhdlbr vbedr`s be stuihblt`, shldi i`sbrrdeebr su tbe ltd pbrb vbedrbr. h eb `ls`òblzb ndltrhauy b eb nhuibiblãb, edgbn` hlihr`ntbc lt` y ld ndcd c`tb n`ltrbe i` su `sou`rzdj.
e`ntd, eb ndcpr`lshþl i` eds prhlnhphds m`l rbe`s, eb odrcbnhþl i` cè-tdids i` p`lsbch`ltd, e bn`rnbch`ltd ndrr`ntd b eds prdae`cbs y ulpultd i` vhstb shst`câthnd i`e t`cb¶ 7 . Z`rd eb odrcbnhþl i` nbrânt rt è nl h nd p`ls bib p b rb `quhpb r b ulb p` r s dlb pb rb ` e s ` rv h n hd pûa e h nd ` sndli`lbib b v `n ` s . «Plb Pl hv ` r s hibi i` kb i ` s ` r ulb Pl hv ` r s hibi nubl -id odrcb pbrb `e s`rvhnhd pûaehnd¶ b
^dl c ungds e d s qu` gbn`l b o h rcbn h dl` s qu` nd h ln hi`l ndl e b s n h t b -ib s c âs b r r hab , r ` ngbzblid ` e p rdpþs h t d i` « o d rcb r n huibiblds ¶ . Ndcded xpr`sb Qdasdl, «`e ohl i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s brrdkbr euz sdar`e b s h i` b s pd e ã t hnb s y e b b nn h þl pd e ãt h nb pb rb qu` ` e mda h ` rld ` e ` e d s gdc -ar`s s`b c`kdrbid¶ = . I` bnu`rid ndl Mullbr Cyribe, `e ohl `s «gb-n ` r e b p d e ã t hn b c âs r bn h dlb e i `snuar h `lid e d s g`ngds s h ml h o hn b t h v ds y `l -nubirâlideds `l su v`ribi`rb p`rsp`n t hvb , n ebr h o hnblid ebs r` ebn hdl `s nbu-
pd e ã th nb i`a` p` r s ` muh r e b ad rb r oþ rcue b s pb rb pr `i` n h r bqu` ee d s b sp` n -tds i` eb ndliuntb i` mrupd qu` s` n`ltrbl l tdrld b eb t`lshþl, eu-ngb y ndloehntd¶ y qu` i`a` gbn`r tdid ed qu` pu`ib pbrb «buc`ltbreb prdabahehibi i` qu` l ebs pumlbs qu` xhst`l l e culid s` utheh-n`l sdebc`lt` c`ihds ndcpbthae`s ndl eb ihmlhibi y prdmr`sd gucb-
t dtè e hnb. . , lulnb s `râ blbnrþl hnb ¶ 2:. Gbr d ei Ebssw` e e gb bab lidlbid sur`pumlblnhb blt`rhdr pdr xpr`sbr pr`o`r`lnhbs ltr` eds vbedr`s rr. Edchscd qu` Fbpebl, ndlshi`rb eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ndcd ulb i` ebs nh`l-nhbs i` eb sdnh`ibi nuyb oulnhþl s «suchlhstrbr eb hlt`ehm`lnhb p`rth-l`lt` b eb hlt`mrbnhþl i` eds vbedr`s, r`behzbib pdr y `lnbrlbib l r`-ebnhdl`s hlt`rp`rsdlbe`s¶. I`snrha`l eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ndcd eb nh`lnhbi` e b s dn h `ibi «qu` ` s tui hb hl o eu`l n hb y p d i`r n dcd hl s t ruc`l t ds i ` t b ehl t `mrbn hþl¶ 's¶ . @l vbr hbs dnbs hdl `s `l bòds r`n h`l t`s Ebs sw`e e gb suarb-ybid e b dp hl h þl i` qu` e d s nu e t hvbid r ` s i` e b n h `ln h b pd e ã t hnb i`a `l p ` r -s`muhr prdpþshtds tbe`s ndcd, pdr ulb pbrt`, eb hi`lthohnbnhþl y nebsh-o h n b n h þl i` vb e d r ` s -c` t b s y , pd r d t r b , eb ` s t hcb n h þl i` e b s p d s h a h e hibi` sbet`rlbthvbs i` bnnhþl qu` s` r`ebnhdlbl ndl eb hcpebltbnhþl i` tbe`s
c`lt`) pu`i` s`r xpr`sbib l tèrchlds i` ihmlhibi gucblb. @l ebs ndlihnhdl`si` nrhshs qu` bgdrb pr`vbe n`l y qu` s` blulnhbl, `s i` eb câxhcb hcpdrtblnhb pbrbeds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb o`ntubr dpdrtulb y ndlthlub bnnhþl l su ldcar`.Lu`strd prdae cb `s ndcahlbr eb s`murhibi lbnhdlbe ndl eb eha`rtbi hlihvhiube, pbrbbenblzbr e cbyd.. r`suetbid l`td c`ihid l vbedr`s gucblds
@s tb s b o h rcbn h dl` s ` s tâl i` b nu` rid ndl e b b s ` r n h þl i` B e or `i Nda-abl qu` , i ` `x h s t hr t hl b c bl`r b n dr r `n t b i ` n dl s hi ` r br ed s p r da e `cb s pd -
ebhnds, b èstb pu`i` s`r, pds ha e `c `l t ` , eb i ` e d s m rbli`s p `l s bidr `s p d -e ã t hnds i` e pb sbid . . .¶ .
Ydids `eeds `snrhah`rdl ndl ul prdpþshtd prânthnd `l eb c`lt`. ^u ohl `rb hloeuhreb ndliuntb pdehthnb r`be. @snrhah`rdl pbrb ndli`lbr d bpdybr ebs hlsthtunhdl`s xhs-t`lt`, pbrb kusthohnbr ul shst`cb pdeãthnd d pbrb p`rsubihr b sus ndlnhuibiblds i`qud ed nbcahbs`l; pdrqu`, `l ûethcb hlstblnhb, s` pr`dnupbabl ndl eds ohl`s y edsprdpþshtds id eb sdnh`ibi pdeãthnb .
Eds n dc` l t br h ds bl t ` r h d r` s sum h ` r `l qu` ` e câx hcd p r dpþs h t d sdn h b e
i` e t rb tbihs tb i` n h `lnhb pd e ã th nb `s y i`a` s` r hl o euhr l ebs ` e `nn hdl`s ,ndltr hauhr b eb rbn hdlbe hibi i` ebs i`n hs hdl`s. Nublid p eblt`bc ds d ndl-t ` s t bcds nu`s t hdl `s , s `b b e `l s`òbr d ` s n r ha hr , ` s t bcds n dl t r hauy`lid be b r b n h dlb e h ibi pd t `ln h b e i` e b s i` n h s h dl` s . E b s i` n h s h dl` s `l nu` s t h þlpu`i`l `xt`li`rs` i`si` ebs i`e nhuibibld hlihvhiube, qu` i`nhi` ldpr`stbr bt`lnhþl b eb pdeãthnb gbstb ebs i` eds prhc`rds chlhstrds y k`-o ` s i ` @s t bid . Zu`i`l r ` o ` rh r s ` , s `b b p r dpþs h t ds d c è t dids , ohl ` s d c ` -ihds. Eds sou`rzds pbrb ndltrhauhr b eb rbnhdlbehibi i` ebs i`nhshdl`spu`i`l s` r d i hr`n tds d hlihr`n tds . Ebs i hst hl tbs pds ha h e hibi`s ou`rdl pr`-s `l t bibs bl t ` s , p ` r d su r `p ` t h n hþl `l ul c br nd i h o ` r`l t ` pu`i` n d l t r h-au h r b e b n e b r hibi y b e b n dc pr `l s hþl .
Eds ` s ou`r zds i h r ` n t ds pu`i`l gbn ` r s ` `l nub equ h` rb i ` ids c `i hdsndlnurr `l t ` s . @l pr hc` r eumb r , pu`i` gba` r ul ` s ou` rzd pb rb r ` v` e b r yb t r b ` r e b b t `ln h þl s da r ` e b pd s h a e ` nbi`lb i` ` e ` nn h dl` s 6 ` s t d ` s , s dar `eb ehstb i` bet`rlbthvbs qu` s` dor`n` b quh`l tdcbrâ eb i`nhshþl l edsidchl h d s i` e d s o h l ` s ( vb e d r ` s ) y c`i h d s h s . Ruh `l` s t dcb l e b s i` n h s h d -l`s l d s h `c pr ` t r b t bl i` hi `l t h o hn b r e b s p ds ha e ` s b e t ` rl b t h v bs , y nublided hlt`ltbl su èxhtd s, b v`n`s, hlndcpe`td. Cungbs i nhshdl`s s` td-cbl shl r`oe`xhþl, d sdar` eb abs` i` p`lsbch`ltd pdnd pr`nhsd ` hl-bi` nubid , d `l ab s ` b h l od rcb n h þl hlndc p e ` t b . E b s i` n h s h dl` s pu`i`ls ` r t dcbibs hcp` tudsbc`l t ` d pd r hl tu hn hþl , d n dc d n dls ` nu`ln h b i` ulgâahtd, l ndlodrchibi ndl eb trbihnhþl, d pbrb bmrbibr b Ihds d b edsihds`s. Cuy b c`luid, quh`l`s tdcbl ebs i`nhshdl`s ld s` r`pr`s`l-tbl ndl nebrhibi eds vbedr`s qu` sus bnnhdl`s r`oe`kbl y pu`i`l ld s`rr ` b ec`l t ` n dl s n h ` l t` s i ` b e m ul d s i ` ` e ed s . Y bcp d n d s dl s h `c p r ` n dl s -n h `l t ` s i` gbs t b què pultd sus prdp h d s vb e d r ` s s dl ndg` r `l t ` s y s ` r ` -ou`rzbl cutubc`lt`, d gbstb què pultd sdl ndltrbihntdrhds. Eb hmld-
rblnhb r`sp`ntd b eds vbedr`s i` dtrds, nuybs bnthvhibi`s pu`i`l t`l`rulb r `p `r nus hþl `l e b sb a hiur ãb i ` e b s i `n h s h dl `s , ` s p r daba e ` qu` s `bbûl c bydr . ´Ruè p` r s dlbs bidp t bl què vb e d r` s , ndl què h l t `ls hibi udri`l i` prhdrhibi4 ´Zdr què ph`lsbl nþcd ed gbn`l, y `l què ndl-ih n hdl` s nb ca h b r ãbl sus dp hl h dl` s4 ´Gbs t b què pultd y pb rb què p` r -
HHBbdul I. EB^ H^@EE, uNurr`lt ^tuih`s do tg` I`nhshdl Zrdn`ss; Butdcbthdlv`rsus Nr`bthvhtys, ]`st`rl Zdehthnbe Rubrt`rey, = (s`pth`car` 2800), pâms. 8.2=.
Zr`ihnnhþl?>
s dlbs d m rupds ` s ulb prân t h nb d ndli h n h þl ul vb e d r qu` ` s cbl t `l hid ,quhzâ, n dcd ulb nu`s t hþl i` o ` `c dn hdlb e , l d r bn h dlb e , y gbs t b què pul -t d y pb rb quhèl ` s ul c ètdid d h l s t ruc`ltd r ` sp` n t d b e nub e pu`i` gb -a`r i hsnushþl y blâe hs hs rbn hdlb e`s4
Zbrb bemulbs p`rsdlbs, pdr `k`cped, eb hi`b i` eb hli`p`li`lnhbsda ` r blb i` e d s @s t bids hl sp h r b ulb i`vdn hþl o blâ t h n b , ` hl s hlubn hdl `si` qu` i`a` nub e h o h n b r s ` d bablidl br s` sdl n dl s hi ` r bibs n dcd s bn r ã e` -m bs d `qu hvb e `l t ` s d t r b h n hþl 6 p br b d t r bs , eb s da ` r bl ã b s ` `l t h `li` n dc dc`ihd i` edmrbr prdpþshtds prânthnds6 pdr `k`cped, `e ah`l`stbr i` eb
tdtbehibi d pbrt` i`e pu`aed i`a` s`r bablidlbib nublid i`kb i` s`r-vhr `stds ohl`s tbl sbthsobntdrhbc`lt` ndcd pdirãbl s`red pdr dtrd c`-i hd b e t ` rl b t hv d . Eb i `c dnr bn hb t bc a hèl pu`i` s ` r d ul o ` t h ng` d ul hl s -truc`ltd, ndlshi`rbid au`ld d cbed, i`p`lih`lid i` `l què c`ihibshrv` b eds ohl`s prdpu`stds. Plb i`vdnhþl o`rvh`lt` b eb v`z b eb i`-cdnrbnhb y b eb sda`rblãb pu`i` ndliunhr b ul ihe`cb l eds nbsds lqu` ebs ids bpbr`n`l ndcd hlndcpbthae`s. I` eb chscb cbl`rb qu` bv`n`s s` tdcbl i`nhshdl`s shl pr`stbr ndcpe`tb bt`lnhþl b ebs nu`sthd-l` s qu` s ` r ` o h ` r`l b vb e d r ` s , b s ã t bca h èl s dl b c `luid bidp t bibs s h lndlnh`lnhb d shl xbc`l ndcpe`td i` eds cètdids pdshae`s. Ed chscdqu` e trbtbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb pu`i` ndltrhauhr ihr`ntb d hlihr`n-
tbc`lt` b eb r bn h dlb e hibi i` eb s i `n h s h dl `s , `xbc hlblid y e e bcbl id e bbt`lnhþl eds prdae`cbs i` eds vbedr`s, pu`i` gbn`red tbcahèl hi`lthoh-nblid y vbedrblid eds c ètdids b e t `rlbt hvds d pds ha h e hibi`s i` bnn hþl qu`pdirãbl s`r bidptbids .
Eb ihsnushþl blt`rhdr i` eds cètdids ihr`ntds pbrb prdcdv`r eb rb-n hdlbe hibi bsuc` qu` ` e n h`l t ã o hnd pde ã t hnd s` `l or`l tb, bprdx hcbibc`lt`,ndl e chscd prdae`cb qu` lnbrbrâ quh`l gbyb i` tdcbr eb i`nhshþly qu` , pd r t bl t d , gb râ i` n eb rb n h dl` s p` r t h l `l t ` s b e p rda e `cb , prdab a e ` -c`lt` pdr snrhtd, ndl eb sp`rblzb i` hloeuhr l eb bnnhþl.
Lds g`cds d nupbid c âs b r rh ab i` e b s b o hrcbn h dl` s i`snrhpthvbs qu`
gbn`l e d s t r b t bi h s tbs i ` n h `l n hb p d e ã t hn b n dl e b hl t `l n hþl i` byuibr 6 l b -turb ec`l t ` , pu`i`l t bca hèl `xpdl `r p ds tu ebids l drcbt hv ds .
^` `c p e ` bl t bc a h èl c ètdids h li hr ` n t d s i` h l o euh r eb s i` n h s h dl` s `l`e s`lthid i` eb rbnhdlbehibi. Eb cbydrãb i` eds ehards i` t`xtd y i`ebs `xpe hnbn hdl`s i` nât`irb i`a`l, prdabae`c`lt` , n ebs h o hnbrs` ndcd ndc-pr `li h`lid ` s ou`r zds hli h r ` n t ds . @l su cb ydr p br t ` , l d s ` i h r h m `l b p r d -
ae`cbs `sp`nãohnds qu` ulb p`rsdlb qu` tdc` i`nhshdl`s i`a` bordl-tbr, y, l su cbydr pbrt`, ld s` i`sthlbl b hlihvhiuds l nubltd nbpb-n` s i` t dcb r i` n hs h dl` s i` r ` spdlsba h eh ibi . Câs a h `l s ` i` s t h lbl b e d -m r br ed s vbr h ds o hl ` s n dc pr `li hids `l e b i `n eb r bn hþl n h t bib câs br r ha b ;suchlhstrbr ul odlid i` hlodrcbnhþl, suchlhstrbr ndldnhch`ltd sdar`prhlnhphds y e`y`s i`snrhpthvbs, obnhehtbr xpehnbnhþl y bemulb ndlsnh`l-nhb i` eds r`quhshtds qu` i`a l nucpehrs` pbrb qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl s bsbthsobntdrhb, sthcuebr eb hlv`sthmbnhþl i` ohl s y c`ihds y i` ebs r`-e b n h dl `s `l t r ` e d s chsc ds , b e `l t br ` e ` sp ã r h tu i` hl v `s t h m bn hþl ` hl nu en brbemulb c`ihib pbrb kuzmbr eds nrht`rhds i` eb nr`bnhþl nh`ltãohnb s`rhb,
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
Y`bnghlm do dnhbe nh`ln`s, pâms. 221-2>.' N. ]QHMGY CHEE^, «Ywd Yyp`s do ^dnhbe Blbeyshs)), Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln`, 1:
(dntuar` 280>), pâms. 1?7.?86 ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s, pâmh-lbs 9:>-?6 KDGL G@QCBL QBLIBEE y M@DHHN@ GBHL@ , «Ndltrdeehlm Bsucpthdls hltg` Z r b n t h n ` d o Bc` r h n bl H e hs t d r h bls , , `l ^dn h b e - ^ n h `ln ` Q`s ` b r ng Nduln h e , Ndcc h t t ` `dl Hehstdrhdmrbpgy, Auee`thl 09, Yg`dry bli Zrbnthn` hl ghstdrhnbe ^tuiy (Lu`vbXdrf6 ^^QN, 289?), pâms. 11.>6 BQLDEI AQ@NGY, Zdehthnbe Yg`dry (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhl-
n`tdl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2808), nbpãtueds HH y HHH.
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8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
Z`rd ´què sdl eds g` ngds4 ´Ruè s` quh`r` i`nh r pdr ul g`ngd «ndl -nr`td¶ d «m`l`rbe¶4 ´Ruè g`ngds sdl eds «g`ngds¶ i` eb nh`lnhb pdeã-thnb4 X què g`ngds s` r`ebnhdlbl ndl eds qu` bo`ntbl b eds ohl`s y be d s c`i hds4
I@OHLHNHDL@^ I@ ((G@NGD¶
^` gbl ibid ulb s`rh` i` i`ohlhnhdl`s i` g`ngd qu` pu`i`l byuibrb ndlo`rhr s`lthid b eb pbebarb. Mddi` y Gbtt ed i`ohl l ndcd «ulbdas`rvbnhþl `cpãrhnbc`lt` v`rhohnbae`¶’i`ohlhnhþl qu` `s tdtbec`lt`bn`p t ba e ` s h s ` nd ls hi` rbl e b v` r h o hn b n h þl i h r ` n t b ` h li h r ` n tb y e b das ` r -vbnhþl 1-.]hesdl i h n ` qu` « ed s g`ngds sdl s h tubn hdl `s d n h r nuls t bl n hbs
qu` b o ` n t bl b bqu` e e d sda r ` e d qu` l d pb r `n ` pu`ib `x h s t h r e ` m ã thcbc `l t `eumbr i` i`sbnu`rid¶’i`ohlhnhþl qu` s ûthe, `sp`nhbec`lt` sh eds tèr-chlds «shtubnhdl`s¶ y «nhrnulstblnhbs¶ sdl hlt`rpr`tbids ndl bcpehtuiy shl mrbl rhmdr `
-.@bs t dl i` o hl ` ` e g `ngd n dc d «ulb dri`lbn hþl pbr -thnuebr i` eb r`behibi l tèrchlds i` hlt`rès t`drèthnd¶’i`ohlhnhþl qu`bpbr `n ` râ câs n e b r b i `sp uès i` qu` gbybcds i h s nu thid ` e s h ml h o hn bid i`eb pbebarb «t`drãb¶ 9’6 bgdrb `s c`kdr p`lsbr i` ulb dri`lbnhþl i`'htbid pdr GBQDEI I. EB^ % @EEyBAQBGBC FBZEBL, Zdw`r bli ^dnh`ty;B Orbc`wdrf odr Zdehthnbe Hlquh`ry (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe` Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâ-m h l b 2 : .
• ]HEEHBCH. MDDI@ y ZBPE G. GBYY, C`tgdis hl ^dnhbe Q`s`brng (Lu`vbXdrf6 CnMrbw-Ghee, 2801), pâm. 7.
• OQBLNH MQBGBC ]HE^DL, Yg` @e`c`lts do Cdi`rl Zde hthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6CnMrbw-Ghee, 28>?), pâm. 1.
eb r`behibi l tèrchlds i` eb nu`sthþl qu` gbyb shid peblt`bib. Dtrbpdshahehibi `s qu` pdibcds i`ohlhr ul g`ngd ndcd ul gbeebzmd d ulbbohrcbnhþl bn`rnb i` eb r`behibi, be qu` s ` g b e e` m bi d c `i h bl t` u l c è -tdid ihmld i` ndlohblzb. Pl cètdid `s ihmld i` ndlohblzb sh prdiun``e chscd r`suetbid b tdids eds qu` ed `cpe`bl. I` stb cbl`rb, eb i`-o hl h n hþl qu` s ` gb bi` ebl t bid pu`i` t r biun h rs ` i ` c bl`r b qu` i hm b qu`ul g`ngd s ul gbeebzmd d ulb bohrcbnhþl bn`rnb i` eb r`behibi sdar`` e qu` ul bnu`rid ul hv`rsbe `s , `l pr hln hp hd, b enblzba e` .
EB ^@QH@ I@ IBYD DQI@LBID ZDQ ED G@NGD^
B v`n `s e d s g`ngds s ` i `sn r ha `l , p dr ulb pbr t ` , n dcd ndl n r ` t ds , e hc h -tbids d i`tbeebids, y, pdr dtrb, ndcd m`l`rbe`s d bcpehds. Eb iho`r`lnhbr`shi` l eb nblthibi i` ibtds qu` sdl dri`lbids d r`suchids, d, i`b emulb c bl`r b , bn br r `bids p br b s ` r v h r i ` abs` b e g `ngd . Nubl t d cb ydrs`b e b n bl t hibi i` ib t ds s hcad e h z bids `l ` e g `ngd , câs `x t `l sþ d m `l `r b e` e g` ngd ` s .
@stbs pds ha h e hibi`s pu`i`l h eus trbrs` oân h ec`l t` . ^updlmbc ds qu` `l-t r bcds `l e b nâc brb i` e ^`lbid `l ` e Nbp h t d e h d i ` ]bsg hl m t dl . Lds ib -cds nu`ltb i` qu` ul oulnhdlbrhd qu` pr`shi` stâ l su pu`std, qu`
ul s`lbid r ` s t â gba ebl id y qu` uld d vbr h ds s `lb idr `s ` s t âl s `l t bids`l sus ` s nbòds . Ydids e d s qu` ndcpru`a`l ` s t b s b o h rcbn h dl` s e b s ndl -ohrcbrâl. Zdi`cds i`nhr, pu`s, qu` ed qu` g`cds ldtbid sdl g`ngds6eb pbebarb g`ngd, l `st ` nbsd, i`ldtb p`rn`pn hdl`s s`lsdr hb e`s i hr`n tbs .^updlmbcds qu` , gba h `lid ` s t ba e ` n hid e b s p ` r n `p n hdl `s s `l sdr h b e ` s b r r h -a b i `sn r ht b s n dc d g`ngds , i `n hcds qu` ` e ^`lbid s ` `l nu`l t rb `l s ` s hþl .@l st` nbsd, stbcds hlohrh`lid ul g ngd i` dtrds yb stbae`nhids6 d,pbrb i` n h r e d i` d t rb c bl` rb , ` s t bcds h l t ` rpr ` t blid e d s g` ngds ` s t ba e ` -n hids 6 y e b hl t ` r p r` t bn hþl - -i ` s ` r n dl o h rcbib’s `râ , ` e eb t bc a hèl , ul g` -ngd . ^ h das ` rvbcds ` e ^ `lbid iurbl t ` ul t h `cp d suo h n h` l t ` , d s h gba e b -cd s n dl e b s p ` r sdlb s bi`nubibs , p dir `c ds i`snuar h r ul t ` r n ` r g`ngd ;p dir `cd s bp r `li`r qu` e d s p r dy`n tds i ` e `y y e b s r ` sd eun hdl `s s dl hl vb -r h ba e `c`l t ` i `n eb r bids bp r dab ids p dr ` e ^`lbid nublid , `l n h r nuls t bl -
n h bs ` sp ` n ã oh n bs , s ` da t h `l ` ul quþruc i` t ` rchlb id 6 `l d t r bs p b eba r bs ;ulb prdpds hn hþl qu` `stba e`n ` r`bec`l t` «ulb s`nu`ln hb hlvbr hba e` d ndl-kulnhþl i` nbrbnt`r`s¶ s` i`ldchlb oânthnb. @s câs ; eb pbebarb g`ngdpu`i` i`ld t br b e m d bûl câs bc p e h d . Zu`i` bp e h n br s ` b e b s n dl n eus hdl `sm `l `r b e ` s b e n blzbib s i`spuès i` gba`r ` s tui hbid d t r ds g`ngds . Eb n dl -neushþl m`l`rbe pu`i` s`r qu` e `lbid gb `stbid i`ihnblid ulb prd-pdrnhþl nr`nh`lt` i` th`cpd b eds bsultds xt`rhdr`s, qu` l e nursdi` eds bòds eb hloeu`lnhb y pdi`r i`e `lbid s` gb hid ndln`ltrblid lnbib v `z c`ld r lûc`rd i` p ` r sdlbs , ` t n . ^ h e b s p ru`abs qu` bpdybl t b -e ` s b o h rcbn hdl ` s sdl su o h n h`l t ` s , s ` t r b t brâ i` b o h rcbn hþl i` g`ngds . @lnbsd ndltrbr hd , ebs b o h rcbn hdl`s’i` gbn`rs`’i`a`l s`r ndlshi`rbibs ndcd
G`ngds =>
ghpþt`shs, ebs nube`s `stuihbr`cds câs bi`eblt`. Eb eãl`b ihvhsdrhb `l-tr` ul g`ngd y ulb ghpþt`shs ld `s ohkb 0 .
^` pu`i`l b òbi h r d t rd s t h pd s i` ` k `c p e d s . I` spuès i` ulb ` e ` nn h þllbn hdlb e pdi`cds `s tba e`n`r eds r`suetbids pdr urlbs, ndlibids , pdr @s-tbids d l e ndlkultd i`e pbãs, y nbib bohrcbnhþl pu`i` s r oânthnb.Zu`i` s`r ul g`ngd qu` ul oulnhdlbrhd hlihvhiube gb tdcbid ulb i`-nhshþl y tbcahèl qu` e Mdah`rld gb g ngd ed chscd, quhzâ b trbvèsi`e ebadr hdsd p rdn`sd nd lst h tun hdlb e . @e ndltrde d e hmârquhnd i` e pdi`r pd-eãthnd l ul ihstrhtd y eb ulhv`rsbe «e`y i` gh`rrd i` eb dehmbrquãb¶ pu`-
i`l s ` r , bcab s , g`ngds . I` cbl`r b s hc h e b r pu`i` s ` r ul g`ngd qu` ulbp`rsdlb b pr`lib b i hspb rbr ulb nbrba hlb, qu` r`n hab hlst runn hþl che h t br ,y qu` ul Mdah`rld gbyb dri`lbid ` stbs y ulb c uet htui i` dt rbs bnn hdl `spbr b `v h t b r s ` r da e h m bid b n `i`r b d t r b p d t `l n hb gds t h e i ` r`ngds vb e h d sds .
Ru` i`n eb r bn h dl `s i ` g`ngds pu`i`l ba r bzbr , babr nbr d absbr s ` `lmrbl lûc `rd i` ih o `r`lt`s ibtds s` sum h`r` `l ed qu` s hmu` ;
y blâehshs i` g`ngds pusd `l n e b r d qu` e b s p e bl tb s y bl hcb e ` s ld pui h ` r dl s ` r n r `bids`l su odrcb bntube, shld qu` gbl i`ahid suorhr ul ebrmd prdn`sd i` i`sbrrdeed6 `ldtrbs pbebarbs, qu` eb `vdeunhþl `rb ul g`ngd .
Ruhzâ s`b n ebrd, i`spuès i` ed i hngd blt`r hdrc` lt`, qu` « eds g`ngds¶i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb y, `l m`l`rbe, i` lhlmulb cbt`rhb, ld s` pr`s`l-t bl dri`lbids p r `v hbc `l t ` . Ndcd i h n ` Gb e e dw` e e, « ed s g`ngds l d s ` p r ` -s `l t bl b e d s hli hv hiuds ( n h ` r tbc `l t ` l d n dl ` t hqu` t bs yb p r `li hibs ). .. ¶ .
Ndc`lzbr b bpr`li`r d b `l s `òbr e d s g` ngds i` , h l n eus d , ulb p b r t ` i`eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb quhvbeirãb b hlhnhbr ulb hlt`rchlbae` y nbsh nbr`lt`i` s`lthid aûsqu`ib, pdr eds g`ngds hlohlhtds y vbrhbids. Eds «g`ngds¶bn`rnb i` eb Nâcbrb i` Q`pr`s`ltblt`s, pdr `k`cped, pdirãbl hlneuhrb o h rcb n hdl `s sd a r ` hlluc`rba e ` s cb t ` r hb s ' y r` o e ` kb r m r bli`s n b l t hibi`si` ibtds. Zdirãbl hlneuhr ibtds ohshdeþmhnds bn`rnb i` eds ch`cards’`e
` s t bid i` sus n dr bzdl `s , ib t ds i ` sus c` t bad e h sc ds , e b p h mc`l t bn hþl i`
º Eds s hmlh o h nbids i` eb pb e bar b g`ngd `stâl ndlshi`rbids dl CDQQH Q. NDG@L
y@QL@^Y LBM@E, Bl Hltrdiunthdl td Edmhn bli ^nh`lthoh n C`tgdi (Lu`vb Xdrf6
Gbrndurt, Arbn`, 28>9), pâms. 12=-27. No. HIL@XGddx, «Zrdae`cs do Y`rchldedmy
thdl`s y i` ndlt`stbnhþl i` nu`sthdl`s. I` eb chscb cbl`rb, eb bohrcb-nhþl i` qu` eds @stbids Plhids y eb Mrbl Ar`tbòb sdl pbrt`s shmlbtb-rhbs i`e Yrbtbid i`e Bteâlthnd Ldrt` `s ulb bohrcbnhþl i` hlodrcbnhþlv`ribi`rb, qu` hcpeãnhtb d `xpeãnhtbc`lt` ndlt`stb b ulb pr`multb... Zdrdtrb pbrt`, eds g`ngds pu`i`l s`r ndlshi`rbids ld tbltd ndcd v`ribi`-rbs r`spu`stbs, shld ndcd pru`abs qu` bo`ntbl b pr`multbs qu` ld gblshid ndlt`stbibs. Bsã, `e g`ngd i` eb `vdeunhþl pu`i` s`r ndlshi`rbidndcd ulb pru`ab l eb nu`sthþl i` sh eb vhib v`m tbe y blhcbe vhld b
`xhsthr suastblnhbec`lt` `l eb odrcb bntube pdr ul sded bntd i` nr`b-nhþl, y i` sh eb p`rt l`lnhb be Yrbtbid i`e Bteâlthnd Ldrt` pu`i` s rndlshi`rbib ndcd pru`ab i` ulb ndliuntb pr`vhstb `l nh`rtbs ndlthl-m`lnhbs outurbs.
Gby eumbr pbrb `stbs ids cbl`rbs i ndlshi`rbr eds g`ngds. @s l`n -sbrhd r`ndphebr y becbn`lbr hlodrcbnhþl v`ribi rb6 ndcd s` gb sum`rhidblt`s, eds ehards i` r`o`r`lnhb, ndcd e ]drei Becblbn v `e Plht`i ^tbt`s
Mdv`rlc`lt Drmblhzbthdl Cblu`e, nucpe`l ohl`s ûthe`s. @s, quhzâ, hl-`vhtbae` tbcahèl qu` bemuld s ehards i` t`xtd s`bl pbnd câs qu` sou`r-zds pbrb trblschthr g`ngds l st` s lthid.
Z`rd e ndldnhch ltd ld s` e vb, y s` dath l` p`qu`òb sbthsobnnhþlhlt`e`ntube, shcpe`c`lt` r nhtblid d c`cdrhzblid ed qu` s ndldnhid,`sp`nhbec`lt` nublid eds g`ngds sdl ndlnr`tds y ehchtbids y, pdr tbltd,
`quhvbe lt`s b chlunhbs. @e ohl i` eb bnthvhibi nh`ltãohnb ld s tbltdndls`rvbr ndcd `lsblngbr `e ndldnhch`ltd6 y `std s` edmrb tbl sþed sheds g`ngds sdl p`rs`muhids y trbtbids ndcd pru`ab l r`ebnhþl ndl nu`s-thdl`s qu` tdibvãb ld gbl shid ndlt`stbibs, d gbl shid ndlt`stbibs i`cbl rb ld ndlneuy`lt` d ld sbthsobntdrhb.
Nublid gba e bc ds i` e b Nbs b A e blnb , d i` Fgrusng`v , d i` e b adc -ab e blzbib s dar ` H e h rd sg hcb , lu` s t r b s pb e ba rb s s dl ` sp` n ã o hnb s y i` s h m -lbl b emd ndlnr` td . Hi`lt h o hnbl ndsb s , p`rsdlbs d bndlt`n hc h`ltds , y t h`l`l
ulb ûl hnb bp e hnbn hþl . @stbs pbebarbs `s p`n ã o hnbs, ndlnr`tbs, sdl , lbturbe-c`lt`, hcpr`snhlihae`s. Be chscd th`cpd, sh lds ehchtâs`cds b tbe`spbebarbs, suorhrãbcds ulb i`sv`ltbkb qu` pdirãb s`r obtbe pbrb e i`s-br r d e ed i ` e n dldn hc h`l t d . Zdir ãbc ds gbn ` r da s ` r vbn hdl `s bn ` r n b i ` uldd vbrhds pultds ndlnr`tds y sp`nãohnds, p`rd b c`ihib qu` trbtâs`cdsi` ndc`ltbr dtrds pbsbrãbcds eb cbydr pbrt` i` lu`strd th`cpd ldc-ar blid s hcp e`c`l t ` e b s n dsbs . Ld s ` r ãb p ds ha e ` gbn ` r l hl mulb da s` r vb -n hþl bn ` r n b i ` e d s s ` r ` s gucblds ` l m `l `r b e s hl l dc arbr eds b t dids hl -ihv hiubec`lt` .
Q`sdev`cds st` prdae`cb c`ihblt` ul prdn`sd davhd, p`rd i` hc-pdrtblnhb oulibc`ltbe. @std s; ldtbcds s`c`kblzbs y i`s`c`kblzbs,s hc h e h tui`s y i h o ` r `l n hbs 6 v `cd s ` squ`cb s , m rupds , n e b s ` s d n dca hlbn hd -l`s i` `l t`s . @ltdln`s ld ca rbcds d hi`lt h o hnbc ds ed qu` pbr`n` hr kultd,
y l ds r ` o ` r hcd s b ` s t ds `l t ` s l dc arâlid eds i ` o d rcb nd e ` n t h v b . Bs ã, p d -i`cds gbaebr i` gdcar`s y cuk`r`s shl ldcarbreds hlihvhiubec`lt`6pdi`c ds gba ebr i` @stbids , pde ãt hnds, vdtblt`s, prdpþshtds, ` t n . Zdi`cdsp`lsbr `l tèrchlds i` nebs`s, nbt`mdrãbs d thpds, y ld `l tèrchlds i`e b c ue th tui i` ` l t ` s h li h v hiub e ` s ndc pr`li hids `l ` e e d s .
Nubt rd p b eba r bs sdl hc pdr t bl t ` s `l e b i `sn r hp n hþl y n dc pr `l s hþl i``st` prdn`sd y i` eds a`l`ohnhds qu` i` èe s` i`rhvbl. dl; bastrbnnhþl,
nebs h o h nbn hþl, ndln`ptd y m`l`rb e h zbn hþl. Lu`s trd prdpþs h td bgdrb `s `x-pedrbr sus shmlhohnbids hcpdrtblnhb, y ebs hlt`rr`ebnhdl s ltr` eeds.
I`cdnrbnhb y s`murhibi nde`nthvb sdl n dl n ` p t ds i ` ul b e t d l hv` e i ` ba s -t rbn n hþl , p drqu` s ` r ` o h r `l b luc`rdsds o `lþc` lds , c ungds i` e d s nub-
e`s sdl câs ah`l prdae`câthnds y ihoãnhe`s i` hi`lthohnbr.Eds ndl n`p t d s `l n bib l h v` e i` bas t r b nn h þl s dl ût h e` s , y l hlmûl l h -
v`e s l`n`sbrhbc`lt`, lh sh`cpr`, c`kdr qu` eds dtrds. Zdr i`ohlhnhþl,ul b e t d l hv ` e i` ba s t r bn n hþl ` s t ba e ` n ` ulb s `c ` k blzb `l t r` c bydr lûc`-rd i` o`lþc`lds. Zdr ulb pbrt`, `std e`s ndlvh`rt` `l pdt`lnhbec`lt`câs hc pdr t bl t ` s pb rb r ` o e` k b r r ` eb n h dl` s y , i` d t r b p b r t ` , hcp e h nb ` e p ` -ehmrd i` qu` pu`ibl s`r tbl ebtds y vbmds qu` ld prdpdrnhdl`l ul shm-lhohnbid nebrd6 pu`i`l shmlhohnbr tbltd qu` ld shmlhohqu`l lbib.
EB ND HOHNBNHÞL I@ ED^ NDLN@ZYD BA^YQBNYD^
^` i h n ` qu` s ` n ds h o h n b ulb ba s t r bn n hþl s h s ` e b t rb t b n dc d b e m d n dl -nr`td. Eb pbebarb `stbid, pdr k`cped, s ulb bastrbnnhþl. Ld s bemd
qu` s` pu`ib v`r, s`lthr, dhr, tdnbr u de`r. Lbih` pu`i` tdcbr ulb od-t d mrb o ãb i` ul @s t bid `l b nn h þl . ^ hl `c abrmd , `l e b p rân t hnb ` s nd cûlgba ebr i ` e d s o hl ` s d ouln hdl `s i ` e @s t bid . B v `n ` s ` s t d `qu hvb e ` s hcp e` -c`lt` b ulb xpr`shþl ohmurbib6 ul e`lmubk` ohmurbid s, bv`n`s , ndl-v`lh`lt`. B v`n`s, pdr ulb ehm`rb xt`lshþl, quhvbe` b trbtbr be @stbidndcd b ul lt` ndrpdrbthvd’ulb p`rsdlb c`ihblt` ulb ohnnhþl bich-t hib , y , i ` lu`vd , e b p rân t h n b ` s n dl v`l h `l t `’. Z`r d , b v `n ` s , p br `n ` s u -pdl`rs` eb ndshohnbnhþl6 std s, qu` bemulbs r`o`r`lnhbs be @stbid pb-r ` n `l p r `i h n br eb `x h s t `l n hb r `b e i ` ul `l t ` n dc p e` t bc `l t ` i h o ` r`l t ` i `eds s ` r ` s guc blds ( ed s qu` dnupbl e d s pu`s t ds i ` i h r` n n hþl y d t r ds ) qu`sdl eds bntdr`s vhshae`s6 quhzâ s` e` i shmlbrâ ndcd ul drmblhscd ndlv hib y vd eul t bi p rdp h b s , ` x hs t h ` lid ndl h li`p`li`ln h b i` e d s s ` r ` s gu-cblds qu` ed ndcpdl`l. Y`lh`lid `l nu`ltb `e cèrhtd i` bemulds i`
e d s ` s n r h t d r ` s qu` pbr `n `l gba `r r ` h oh n bid d n ds h o h n bid ` e @s t bid , ` s qu h-zâ c` k dr l d e e bcb r b ` s t b p rân t h n b ul t dl t ` r ãb da v hb . Ld da s t bl t ` , l bibs` pu`i` br muc`l t br `l o bvdr i ` ` s t b p rân t hn b , y e b c hsc b `l n h ` r r b cu-ngds p`ehmrds'.
Psds n dl `n t bids n dl c ungbs d t rbs p b eba r bs p r ` s `l t bl p r da e `cbs s h -c h e b r ` s . Mdah rld s` usb i` eb chscb cbl`rb qu` @stbid. Eb. Ghstdrhb,
t bca h èl , s ` p` r s dl h oh nb b v` n` s , s ` b `l s `l t h id o hmurbid , ndcd ulb o h n -
Y. I. ]@EIDL,Yg` _dnbauebry do Zdehthns, Z ehnbl Addfs B1=7 (Gbcdliswdrtg6Z`lmuhl Addfs, 280>), pâms. 2=->:6 FBQE Q. ZDZZ@Q,Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts
@l`ch`s (Zrhln`tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 280:), pâms. 12->? y pâsshc.
Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd
Bastrbnnhþl s ibrs` nu`ltb pdr prhc`rb v`z i` ul lu`vd e`c`ltd m`l`rbe leb `xp`rh`lnhb prdphb y ibre` ul ldcar`. Pl `e`c`ltd m`l`rbe `s ulb odrcb, `s-qu`cb d n b r b n t ` r ã s t hn b , `l t `li hid s n dc d dpu`s td s b e d p b r t h nue b r d h li h vh iub e . Ydcb rndlnh`lnhb i` ulb vbnb l ul nbcpd ld s` eebcb «bastrbnnhþl¶. Z`rd s` e ebcb bas-trbnnhþl tdcbr ndlnh`lnhb i` eb odrcb vbnb, `l ndltrbst` ndl eb odrcb dv`kb'.
I` c bl`r b s hc h e b r , bn dl t ` n ` e b ba s t r bn n hþl nublid s ` n da r b n dl n h `l -n h b i ` d t r ds ` e `c`l t ds m ` l `r b e ` s `l e b `xp `r h `l n hb , n dcd Mda h ` rlds , p br -t hids, mrupds i` pr`s hþl , mu`rrb, kust hn hb, i`cd nrbn hb, butdr h t br hscd, `t n .
Zbrb i`o hl hr eb bas t rbnn hþl g`cds t `l hid qu` usbr ndln`ptds . Pl ndl-n ` p t d ` s ` e l dca r ` i bi d b u l ` e `c`l t d m ` l ` r b e i`
e b p r dp hb xp ` r h `l n hb .@l eb nhtb blt`rhdr, vbnb, tdrd y dv` kb s` suarbybl ndcd ndln`ptds , bul-qu` eb n h t b tbc ahèl ndcpr`li` dt rds ndln`ptds .
Nublid bndlt`nhch`ltds shchebr`s sdl bmrupbids l eb chscb nebs` y ibcds ulldcar` b eb nebs`, g`cds g`ngd usd i` ul ndln`ptd.
Pl ndln`ptd s ulb ndlstrunnhþl c`ltbe, ulb hi`b bastrbntb qu` s` r`oh`r`, ah`lb ulb nebs` i` o`lþc lds, ah`l b nh`rtds bsp`ntds d nbrbnt`rãsthnbs qu` ulb s`rh` i`o`lþc`lds th`l`l `l ndcûl... Eds ndln`ptds sdl bastrbnnhdl`s i eb r`behibi qu`i`shmlbl thpds i` cdvhch`ltd, p`rsdlbs, ndliuntb u dtrb nebs` i` o`lþc`lds'.
@s ` v hi`l t ` qu` e b i` n e b rb n h þl bl t ` r h d r ndcpr`li` e b s h i` b s i` n e b -s h o hn bn hþl y m `l `r b e h zbn hþl . Nublid n e bs h o h n bcds n d edn bcd s ` e `c `l t ds `lnebs`s d nbt `md r ãbs b such`l id qu` s`râ ûth e ndlshi`rbr eds kultds. @e c`rdbn t d i` ldc arb r e d qu` g`cds `xpr ` s bid `l t è rc hlds ba s t r b n t d s d n e b -
shohnbid s l sã chscd ulb m`l rbehzbnhþl hcpeãnhtb (`std s, ul ndl-n`p t d ` s `l s ã c h scd ulb m`l` rb e h zb n h þl hcp e ã n h tb , y b qu` s` bo hrcb qu`eds `l t ` s l dc arbids p ` r t `l `n `l , i ` b e mulb c bl`r b , b ul ndl kul t d , qu`pds ` `l n b rb n t ` r ãs t h nb s ndcp br t hib s ) . @l s `l t h id câs bc p e h d , ulb m`l` -r b e hz b n h þl ` s «ulb prdpds h n h þl qu` i` s nr h a` b e mûl b t r haut d ndc ûl pb rbids d câs dak`tds¶ b.
@s pr`suchae` qu`’eb m`l`rbehzbnhþl’s` i`rhv`i` e `xbc`l i` ` s t ds da k ` t ds y pu`ib s ` r kuzmbib v ` ribi`rb d o b e s b .
Bulqu` bastrbnnhþl, nebshohnbnhþl y m`l`rbehzbnhþl sdl pbebarbs hl-t`rr`ebnhdlbibs, ld pdi`cds gbaebr i` `eebs b eb v`z. ^`râ c`kdr n`l-t r br ` s t ` n bp ã tued `l e d s n d l n `p t ds y t r b t br i ` e b ba s t r bn n hþl `l r ` e bn hþlndl eds ndln`ptds. @l `e prþxhcd nbpãtued ihsnuthr`cds eb nebshohnbnhþly eb m`l`rbe hzbn hþl .
@ELH_@E I@ BA^YQBNNHÞL I@ ED^ NDLN@ZYD^
Eds ndl n `p t ds vbr ã bl `l su lhv`e i` bast rbnn hþl . @std `s, vbrãbl `l`e lûc`rd i` o ` l þ c` ld s ndl eds qu` `stâl r`ebnhdlbids y, o r ` nu`l t ` -c`lt ` , `l eb obnhehibi ndl qu` pu`i`l s ` r hi `l t h oh n bids ndl bemd qu` `s
Eb vhib hlt e ntube i e gdcar` ndlshst` nbsh ndcpe tbc`lt` `l eb susthtunhþl pdrul dri`l ndln`ptube i e dri`l i` eb p`rn`pnhþl i e qu` surm` drhmhlbrhbc`lt` eb `x-p`rh`lnhb... Nbib ehard lu`vd ib odrcb v`rabe b bemûl ndln`ptd lu`vd, qu` ee`mb bs`r hcpdrtblt` l prdpdrnhþl be usd qu` i` èe s` gbmb
?
Dnurr` sh`cpr` q u` ` x h s t` l ` s q u `cbs d n e b s ` s i ` o ` l þc`l d s l d d a -
s`rvbids, quhzâ iurblt` ul ebrmd p`rãdid i` th`cpd. Lbih` eds v` i`cbl`rb ihsthltb, lbih` eds shtûb bpbrt` y e`s ib ul ldcar`. I`spuèsi` tdid, eb m`lt` ld ausnb i` drihlbrhd bemd shl t`l`r bemulb rbzþlpbrb p`lsbr qu` `xhst`. Z`rd nublid, ohlbec`lt`, bemuh`l p`rnha` ullu`vd cdi` e d d n e b s ` i` o `lþc`l ds y e ` ib ul ldca r` , n r ` blid b s ã ullu`vd n dl n `p t d , c ungds d t r ds s ` t d rlbl n dl sn h `l t ` s i ` s u `x h s t`l n hb y` s p r dab a e ` qu` e d p ` r n ha bl . Bs ã , ` e n dl n `p t d l ds b e ` r tb i ` e b `x h s t `l n hbi` e d l dca rbid , y s h n br `n hès `c ds i` è e i ` kb r ã bcds pbs br e d s o `lþc`ldsshl das`rvbreds. Zy`i`l, tbcahèl, n`mbrlds ; ulb v`z qu` g`cds dat`-lhid ulb s`rh` i` ndln`ptds t`l`cds t`li lnhb b ld v`r sh ld bqu`eeds dar ` e d qu` gbl b e ` r t bid lu` s t rb b t `ln h þl 6 i` k bcds i` v` r lu`vds o ` -lþc` lds d, s& eds v`c ds, quhzâ trbt `c ds i` odrzbr eds `l lu`st rd nubirdndl n `p tub e , bulqu` ld `l nb k `l `l è e . I`a` bòbi h r s ` l drcb ec` l t ` n h ` r tbids hs i` hcbm hlb n hþl y i` buibn hb b eb p`rn`pn hþl pbrb dat`l `r ulb abs`bi`nubib b eb ndln`p tube hzbn hþl d r`ndln`ptube hzbn hþl .
Zu`i`l h eus trbrs` ar`v`c`lt` eds p rdae`cbs ndln`ptube`s , bulqu` bquãld `s lu`s t rd prdpþshtd ` e trbtbr i` e i`sbrrde ed i` lu`vds ndln`ptds . Gb-aebcds, pdr `k`cped, i` eb ednbehzbnhþl i e pdi`r pdeãthnd `l eds shst`-cbs i` mdah`rld. Be gbaebr i` `eed, ´i`a`cds p`lsbr `l tèrchlds i`e
´pdr ulb èeht`4, ´pdr e d s m rupds i` p r ` s hþl4 , ´ d p dr e d s hl t ` r ` s ` s idc h -
lblt`s y `stbae`nhids4 @e hlt`rès pûaehnd y e hlt`rès lbnhdlbe `xhst`lndc d ndl n `p t ds , p ` r d ´gbs t b què pul t d , s h e d gbn `l , l ds n h ` m bl b p rân -t h n bs qu` s h r v `l e d s hl t ` r ` s ` s p br t h nu ebr ` s4 X `l r ` e bn hþl n d l ` s t d , ´què
`s ed qu` shmlhohnb `e ndln`ptd i` hlt`rès4 ´Be eebcbr b bemd ul hlt`-
rès gbn`c ds c `lds p r daba e ` qu` s `b n dl s hi ` r bid n dcd ul o hl d ul c` -ihd y kuzmbid `l ndls`nu`lnhb4 Bemulds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb
gbl cpe`bid e ndln`ptd i` bichlhstrbnhþl i` cbl`rb qu` sumh`r`l
qu` eds bichl hst rbidr`s `s tâl bhs ebids y s`pb rbids i` eb pde ã t hnb, p`rd ebdp hl hþl m `l `r b e ` s qu` ` e n dl n `p t d bs ã `l t `li hid l d s ` n d r r` spdl i` n dleds g`ngds . N ebs h o hn bcd s , m `l `r b ec`l t ` , e b s b n t h vhibi`s mua`rlbc`l t b e ` s`l e`mhsebthvb, k`nuthvb y kuihnhbe, p`rd pdirãbcds pr`multbrlds gbstbquè pul t d e d s n dl n `p t ds b e t ` r bl d o b e s `bl lu`s t r d p `l sbc h`l t d 6 `v hi `l -t `c`l t ` , e b s p ` r sdlbs `l - n bib ulb i` ` s t bs e e bcbibs r bc bs i` e m da h ` rl d` k ` r n `l ouln hdl `s y p di`r ` s qu` pbr `n `l p ` r t `l `n `l n dl n `p tub ec`l t ` bd t r b i` e b s r bc bs . Ruh zâ i`a h è rbcds pr ` s n h li h r i` e d s ndln`p t d s i` e ` -mhsebthvd, k`nuthvd y kuihnhbe d ndcpe`c`ltbreds ndl dtrds qu`, i` cb-l` rb c âs ûth e , n e b s h o hn bc ds y i`ldchlbc ds ndc d b n t h v hibi` s mua` rlb -c` l t b e ` s . @l ` e âca h t d hl t ` rlbn hdlb e e d s n dl n `p t ds i ` sda`rblãb, lbnhþl,
sdl `cp e ` bids , bsã ndcd cungds d t r ds . @s ul pul t d i`ab t ha e ` s h b e muldi` ` e e d s `xp r `sb n dc a hlbn hdl `s i ` o `lþc `lds qu` `l e b r`b e hibi bpbr ` -
n`l kul t d s 6 b e mulds i` ` e e d s , `l v` z i` s ` r ût h e` s pb rb blb e h z b r ndcpdr -tbch`ltds y i`sbrrdeebr ndldnhch`ltd, pu`i`l s`r dastânueds pbrb ulp`lsbc h `l t d y ndcpr`ls h þl r ` b e h s tb s . ´X quh èl s ba ` què n e b s ` s d ndc -a hlbn h dl` s i` o `lþc`lds s ` p rdiun `l kul td s s hl gba ` r e d s das ` rv bid , blb -
e ãt h n b y i h o` r `l n hbibc `l t ` , y l dc arbid4
EB I@OHLHNHÞL I@ ED NDLN@ZYD^
Zbrb qu` snbl ûthe`s eds ndln`ptds i`a`l s`r i`ohlhids. @stb bohr-cb n hþl ` s dav h b , p` rd sus hcp e h nb n h dl` s ld . Hlluc`rba e ` s bòds i` t r b -abkd hlt`e`ntube s` gbl p`rihid y, ndl tdib prdabahehibi, e nursd i`e d s bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds gucblds gbl s hid b e t ` rbids , l cungbs i h r ` n n hdl `s ,b nbusb i` eds `rrdr`s hi`bs obesbs l ed qu` s` r`oh`r` b eb i`ohlhnhþl
i` e b s pb e barb s . @s t ` t hpd i` prda e `cb s gb s h id ` s tui hbid , ndlv h n `l t ` -c`lt`, pdr Qhngbri Qdahlsdl, y nubltd shmu` s` i`iun` nbsh l su td-
t b e hibi i` su t r bab k d = .
Lu`strd hlt`rès r`shi` `l eds ohl`s qu` ebs i`ohlhnhdl`s nucpe`l yld l eds cètdids cpe`bids pbrb i`ohlhr prdn`sds. @l abs` b sus oh-l`s, ebs i`o hl hn hdl` s s` i hv hi`l `l ids nbt `m dr ãbs, ldchlb e y r`be . @e prd-
ulb ndsb ’hi`l t ho h n b r e d s r bsmds i ` e d qu` s ` i ` o hl `’. «@ e or bn bsd ` l i h s -t hl mu hr , tdid ` e t h `cp d , `l t r ` ` e blâ e h s h s i ` n dsbs y e b i ` o hl h n hþl l dc hlb ei ` p b eba r bs gb s hid e b n busb i` e b c bydr ãb i ` e d s ` r r dr` s n dc ul`s `l e bt`drãb i` eb i`ohlhnhþl¶ 7
I`ohlhnhdl`s ldchlbe`s; I` eèxhnd y i` `sthpuebnhþl.
Ebs i`ohlhnhdl`s ldchlbe`s s` ihvhi`l l e`xhndeþmhnbs y sthpuebth-vbs. Ebs i`ohlhnhdl`s e`xhndeþmhnbs r`ndm`l d ibl nu`ltb i`e g`ngd qu`
eb pbebarb gb r`nhahid l eb prânthnb ul shmlhohnbid sp`nhbe. Ebs i`oh-l h n h dl` s s t h pu e b t hvb s s dl câs pr `i h nb t hvb s qu` g h s t þ r hnb s . E ` m h s e bl lnubltd be shmlhohnbid, iblid nu`ltb i` qu` nublid s` us` eb pbebarb`l e outurd t`lirâ ul shmlhohnbid stbae`nhid. @s eãnhtd pr`multbrs` shebs i`ohlhnhdl`s e`xhndeþmhnbs prdpdrnhdlbl ul r`oe`kd v`ribi`rd y bi`-nubid i` e usd , p ` r d i `si` ul pul t d i` v h s t b p ds h t h vh s t b ` s b a surid p r ` -multbrs` s h e bs i` o hl hn hdl` s , e `x hnd eþmhnbs d ebs `s t hpueb t hvbs sd l v`rib-i`rbs, l e s`lthid i` qu` ndhlnhibl ndl bemûl s`lthid pr`vhd, cãsth-nbc `l t ` i` t ` rc hlbid . I` b n u` rid ndl e d s pd s h t h v hs t b s , e b s pb e barb s t h ` -l`l ` e s `l t h id qu` e` s ndl o h ` r `l e d s s ` r ` s gucblds 6 nb r ` n`l i` s h ml h o h-nbids i`snd ldn hids, pr`v hds, qu` s`b l`n`sb r hd i`snuar hr . Bca ds t hpds i`i` o hl hn h dl `s pu`i`l s ` r ` s t hcbids i` bnu`rid n dl su u t h e hibi 6 d , i ` c b-l `r b câs p r `n h s b , e b s p b eba r bs d n dl n ` p t ds n dl e d s qu` s ` r ` ebn h dlbl e b si`ohlhnhdl`s pu`i`l s`r sthcbids i` bnu`rid ndl su uthehibi. Zu`i`ls`r ûthe`s i` ihv`rsbs odrcbs, pdr k`cped, pdr su nbpbnhibi i`snuarh-idr b , n dcd s h s t `c bs i` ibr e b b e ` r t b , d n dc d hl s t ruc` l t ds p br b ` e p `l -s bc h `l t d y e b r dcul h nb n h þl . E b s i` o h l h n hdl` s ` s t h pu eb t h vb s pu`i`l , lb -turb ec `l t ` , e e ` m br b s ` r e `x h n d eþm h n bs .
Eds n d l n `p t ds qu` sdl i` usd n dr r h `l t ` y qu` , p dr n dl s hmu h `l t ` , t h` -l `l i` o hl hn h dl `s e `x h n d eþm h n bs , o r ` nu`l t `c`l t ` p ds` `l t bl t bs n dlld t bn hd -l `s i h o ` r `l t ` s y t bl t ds s h ml h o h n bids qu` su u t he hi bi pbr b ` e t r bab k d n h `l -t ã o hnd qu`ib b o`n tbib. Nublid s ` i`s`b n ebr hibi y pr`n h s hþl ` e n h `lt ã o h nds ` `l o r `l t b ndl ul i h e`cb . ^ h ` s tba e ` n` ul s h ml h o h nbid , s ` b d ld ul s h m .lhohnbid lu`vd, xhst` e p`ehmrd i` qu` dtrds shmlhohnbids shmbl bo`n-tblid su p`lsbc h`ltd d b e t`r`l eb ndcp r`ls hþl i` d trbs p`rsdlbs . ^ h bab l-idlb ` e bl t h mud ndln`p t d y bidp t b uld l u`vd , ` s t ba e ` n h`lid su s h ml h oh -nbid, gbarâ bemuh`l qu` s` dpdlmb b eb odrcbnhþl i` ul e`lmubk` qu`
b e m ul b s p ` r s dl b s’ s ` g by bl d l d d p u ` s t d’ l d n dc p r `l i` r âl .B e ` s t ba e ` n ` r lu`vds s h ml h oh n bids p br b v h ` k d s n dl n `p t ds s ` i `a `l bi -
chthr nh`rtbs ehchtbnhdl`s sh s` gb i` pr`s`rvbr eb hlt`mrhibi nh ltãohnby `vhtbr eb ndloushþl. @e `snrhtdr qu` `cpe`` ulb pbebarb qu` pds`bhcpdr t bl t ` s n dlld t bn hdl `s `cdn hdlb e ` s s ` gbrâ sdsp `ngdsd i` hl t `l t brp r dvdnbr ` s t bs n dlld t bn hdl `s , hl n eusd s h ` s t ba e ` n ` p dr i ` o hl h n hþl qu` e b sdcht`6 ld s` pu`i`l nebshohnbr b eds vdtblt`s l pbtrhdtbs d trbhidr`si`p`lih`lid i` su vdtd `l obvdr i`e pbrthid `l `e Zdi`r, b c`lds qu`
Nlnpd
s ` i` s ` ` prdiun hr hcp e h nb n h dl` s `c dn h dlb e ` s . E d s s h ml h o h nbids ` s t h pu eb -ids l d i`a`l s ` r `l mbòdsds 6 s ` râl `l mbòdsds s h p b eba r bs o bch e h b r ` s r` n h -a `l s h ml h oh n bids qu` i h oh ` r `l i râs t h n bc`l t ` i ` e d s d t dr mbids l drcb ec`l -t`. ` pu`i`l stbae`n`r, pdr k`cped, què eãl`bs i` bnnhþl qu` ndltrh-auy`l b e cb l t `l hc h `l td i` ul s h s t `cb i` n e hlbl t ` s dl n dls ` rv bidrb s , quèeãl`bs i` bnnhþl qu` ed sdnbvbl sdl rbihnbe`s6 p`rd, `l `st` nbsd, edspbrthibrhds i`e L`w I`be l eds bòds tr`hltb pu`i`l s`r eebcbids ndl-s`rvbidr`s , y eds qu` s` dpd l ãbl be L`w I` be , rbi hnbe`s . @e nbrânt`r prd-phnhd b eb ndloushþl i` `stb bohrcbnhþl `s davhd. I` cbl`rb shchebr,
h l n eusd s h ul bu tdr n dcul hs t b ` s t ba e ` n h ` s ` n e b r bc `l t ` qu` «i `cd nr bn hbprde`tbrhb¶ quh`r` i`nhr «ihntbiurb i`e prde`tbrhbid¶, s prdabae` qu`su usd i` e b p b eba r b «i `cd nr bn hb ¶ r` su e t bs ` `l mbòdsb .
I`ohlhnhdl`s r`be`s ; ^hmlho hnbid y thpds.
G`c ds i h ngd qu` e b s i ` o hl h n h dl `s r `b e ` s ` s t âl p `l sbibs p br b hli h n brld ` e s h ml h o hnbid i` ulb pb e barb , s h ld e b lb turb e ` zb i` ulb nd s b’pb rbhi`lthohnbr eds rbsmds i` ed qu` stâ i`ohlhid’. (^hmuh`lid b Qdahlsdl,
eb pbebarb ndsb s ` usb b quã ,. cuy Eb t b ` hc pr `n h sbc`l t ` , p br b i `s h mlbr ul da k ` t d , ul b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d , ul prd n` s d , ulb nb rb n t ` r ãs t h nb , ulb h l s -t h tun h þl d nub equh ` r d t rb nd s b qu` p u`ib s ` r s hc ad e h zbib pd r ulb pb e b -arb.) @l eb r`behibi, s` ndlshi`rb qu` ul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` iho`r`lt`s
n e bs ` s i ` bn t h v hibi n dl s t h tuy`l ulb i` o hl h n hþl r `b e , y ` s hc pdr t bl t ` i h s -thlmuhr ltr` eebs6 bemulbs r`oe`kbl p`lsbch`ltd s`rhbc`lt` ndlousd d
`rrþl`d .^þnrb t ` s y Z eb t þl ausnbabl i` o hl h n h dl `s r `b e ` s nublid s ` p ebl t `ba bl
pr `mul t bs i ` e t h p d i ` « ´Ruè ` s e b kus t hn h b4 ¶. Q` h o hn bab l ulb ba s t r bn n hþly , `l t dln` s , aus nbabl ulb i` o h l hn h þl pb rb e b nd s b ndl nr ` t b . ^ ` b sucãbqu` eb kusthnhb y dtrds cungds ndln`ptds t`lãbl ulb s lnhb d odrcbpr`vhb qu` eds gdcar`s s` sodrzbabl l i`snuarhr. Ed qu` `stbab hc-peãnhtd rb qu` ulb v`z qu` s` ndldnh`s`l eb kusthnhb y ebs dtrbs vhrtu-i`s , e d s gdc ar `s ` s t br ã bl `l s h tubn hþl i` ` s t ba e ` n ` r ulb sdn h `ibi v ` rib -i` rbc`l t ` a u`lb . @s câs , e b ldn h þl i` qu` `x hs t ã bl ` s `ln h b s d o d rcb shi `b e ` s b e `l t babl ` e p `l s bc h`l t d i ` qu` p ` r sdlbs qu` b e n blzbs`l ` e i ` -a hid n dldn hchl t d s ` `l nbr mbr ãbl i` qu` ou`s` r `b ec`l t ` n r `bib e b au`lbsdnh`ibi y i` i`st`rrbr `e cbe. Bemulds gbl p`lsbid qu` ulb ihntb-
iurb r `p r` s hv b y sblm r h `l t b ` s t bab kus t h o hn bib s h ` r b l `n ` sb r h b p br b r `b -ehzbr eb v`ribi`rb kusthnhb y gbn`r trhulobr ebs dtrbs vhrtui`s. Z`rd lb-ih` gb edmrbid lulnb gbn`r vâehid e supu`std i` qu` xhst`l s`lnhbs`l ` e s `l t h id pr ` t `li hid . E b nd ln eus h þl i` Qda hls dl ` s qu` ` s `ln h b « ` sshcpe`c`lt` ulb `e`nnhþl gucblb sdar` què shmlhohnbr c`ihblt` ulldc ar` , o b es bc `l t ` h l t ` rpr ` tbib ndc d r ` b e h ibi c ` t b o ãs h nb ¶ 7. @l dtrbspb eba r bs ; qu h`l `s p `l sba bl qu` ` s t bab l i` o hl h`lid ulb n dsb ` s t bab l ,pdr ` e n dl t r br hd , s hcp e`c `l t ` ` s t hpu eblid ` e s h ml h o hn bid i` ulb pb eba r b .
DAHL^DL I`ohlhthdl pâm. 2==. Hahi., pâm. 200;
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
Eb s`lnhb i` eb kusthnhb rb ed qu` ulb p`rsdlb ndlnr`tb i`ohlãb qu`ou` s ` . E b ndl ous h þl s dar ` ` s t ` pultd gb nd s t bid h lluc `rba e ` s bòds i`trbabkd hlt`e`ntube p`rihid. Câs s`rhbc`lt` bûl ; gb bet`rbid, hliuib-a e `c`l t ` , ` e nurs d i` e d s b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s pd e ãt h nd s , pu` s e b s m`l t ` s pb -r ` n`l câs nbpbn ` s i` `l t r ` mb r s ` td t b ec`l t ` b ulb ` s `ln h b pr `i` t ` rc h -lbib qu` b ul s h ml h o h n bid ` e badr bid pdr e d s gdc ar `s . @ e s `l t hc h`l t d i `qu` stâl eungblid l e ablid i e `òdr e`s ib vbedr y ou`rzb. Bûl` s c âs ; eb l dn hþl i` ' ` s `l n hbs r ` ou`r zb ` sp ` n hb ec`l t ` b e bu t drh t b r hsc d,pdrqu` hcp e h n b qu` e b _`ribi `x hs t ` hli`p `li h`l t `c `l t ` i ` e b vd eul t bi
i` e b c bydr ã b e d .Plb i`ohlhnhþl r`be ld s, cungbs v`n`s, câs qu` ulb r`ndc`lib-
nhþl r`sp`ntd b vbedr`s. Ed qu` dst`lshae`c`lt` s ulb i`ohlhnhþl i`s-nrhpthvb `s, `l r`behibi, ulb bp`ebnhþl ldrcbthvb. Plb i`ohlhnhþl r`bei` st` thpd «`s ulb eebcbib cdrbe d vbedrbthvb, hlt`rpr`tbib rrþl`b-c`lt` ndcd ulb bohrcbnhþl i` g`ngd, qu` mblb ou`rzb b nbusb i` sunbrânt`r s`uidn h`l t ã o hnd¶ 22 . Bsã, e ihntbidr pu`i` i`ohlhr eb kusthnhbndcd ed qu` eb e`y `stbae`n`. Bqu`eeds qu` i`s`bl nbcahbr eb e`y, s`bpdr c `i h d s pb n ã o h nd s d v h d e `l t d s , i` o hl h râl p rdaba e `c `l t ` e b kus t h n hb i`tbe cbl`rb qu` eb i`ohlhnhþl hlndrpdr` sus pr`o`r`lnhbs. Eb bohrcbnhþli` qu` eb pdeãthnb s «`e brt` i` edmrbr qu` eds gdcar`s ndlvhvbl y nd-dp`r`l l bsultds i` hlt`rès ndcûl¶ s ulb `xgdrtbnhþl r`be, bulqu`ds t `l s ha e `c`l t ` s`b ulb i`ohlhnhþl, y ed chscd pu`i` i`nhrs` i` eb
Eb o i`cdnrâthnb ld `stâ ehmbib b lhlmûl shst`cb pdeãthnd d sdnhbe. Bo ntb b tdidseds shst`cbs (hlneuy`lid eb «i`cdnrbnhb¶) ndcd hlstruc`ltd pbrb eb r`behzbnhþl ndc-pe tb i` eb lbturbe zb gucblb6 y sh ebs hlsthtunhdl`s r`pr`s`ltbthvbs pbr`n`l ld nuc-pehr yb ûthec`lt` st` ohl, ltdln`s, e i`cþnrbtb i`a` ausnbr, bpbrt` i` eebs, dtrdshlstruc`ltds y c`kdr`s hlsthtunhdl`s ': .
@st ` p `l sbch`l t d l d s ` râ bn `p t bid pdr cungbs p ` r sdlbs qu` s ` n dl -s h i` rbl i`cþnrb t b s 6 ld das t bl t ` , s ` o d rcueþ ndcd ulb i` o h l hn h þl d g` -ngd . E b s h mu h `l t ` b o hrcbn h þl ndl t h `l` e b c h sc b n e b s ` i` `lmbòd ;
@e nbrânt`r i`cdnrâthnd d blthi cdnrâthnd i` eb vhib i` ul @stbid, i` eb pdeãthnbi` ul Mdah`rld, stâ i`t`rchlbid ld pdr e lûc`rd i` pbrthids, shld pdr eb suastbl-nhb i` eb pdeãthnb i` `st` @stbid, i` `stds pbrthids, i`p`lih lid i` sh `stb d bqu eebpdeãthnb s` k`nutb ndlodrc` b eds hlt`r`s`s i`e pu`aed, l hlt`rès i` eb cbydrãb ba.sdeutb, d l hlt`rès i` eb chldrãb ¶.
2: No. ]@EIDL,Yg` _dnbauebry do Zdehthns, pâsshc6 ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^d-nh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s, `u `sp. pbrt` prhc`rb.
y QDAHL^DL,I`ohlhthdl, pâm. 2?=.Q. G. . NQD^^IHBL, nht. pdr QDAHL^DL, I`ohlhthdl, pâm. 2?=.
@stb bohrcbnhþl r`o`r`lt` b eb lbturbe`zb i` eb i`cdnrbnhb s darb
i` ul ndcul hs t b . Eds n dc ul hs t bs p h `l sbl , l b tur b ec`l t ` , qu` sþ ed ` e e d spu`i`l i`t`rchlbr eds «v`ribi`rds hlt`r`s`s¶ i`e pu`aed, y, pdr tbltd,eb xhst`lnhb i` eb i`cdnrbnhb vh`l` b s`r hmube, pdr i`ohlhnhþl, qu` emda h`rld i` eds e ãi`r`s i` e Zbr t hid Ndc ulhstb. Ndcd ihn` Qda hlsdl, dor`-n`r tbe i`ohlhnhþl s, «`l e c`kdr i` eds nbsds, ul rrdr y l e p`drulb c`lthrb, pdrqu` ndlshst` l edmrbr qu` bemuh`l nbcah` su vbedrb-nhþl, abkd e obesd pr`t`xtd i` qu` stâ ndrrhmh`lid su ndldnhch`ltd i`
eds g`ngds¶ 29.
@st` ehard r`ndch`lib ulb ndln`pnhþl nh`ltãohnb shmlhohnbthvb y i `-s`bae`, y, b v`n`s, s` bn`rnb p`ehmrdsbc`lt` be rrdr nhtbid. @std `s, sd
bp r dx hcb b t r b t br ulb r ` n dc`lib n hþl r` o ` r `l t ` b vb ed r ` s n dcd, s hcp e` -c` l t ` , ulb nu`s t hþl i` g`ngd . Z`r d e b r ` n dc` libn hþl ` s t â n dl t `l hib `lthlb i`ohlhnhþl (d shmlhohnbnhþl) qu` `s ldchlbe y `sthpuebthvb `l v`zid r`b e .
Eb i`ohlhnhþl r`be ndlshst`, b v`n`s, shcpe`c`lt` l ul blâehshs i`eb ndsb i`ohlhib. @std s, l ulb hi`lthohnbnhþl i ebs pbrt`s, y quhzâ`l ulb i`nebrbnhþl bn`rnb i` ebs hlt`rr`ebnhdl`s `ltr` ebs pbrt`s qu`kultbs ndcpdl`l e tdid. Bsã, e ndln`ptd `stbid gb s h id i` o h l h id pb rbi`shmlbr ul mrupd gucbld, ednbehzbid l ul t`rrhtdrhd ibid, abkd ebkur h si hn n hþl i` ul Mda h ` rld qu` ` s hli`p `li h`l t ` d sda ` r bl d .
Ydcb id n dc d ul g`ngd qu` n h ` r t d lûc` rd i` p r dpþs h tds d p r dn ` sds
i h o ` r`l t ` s ` s t âl bsdn hbids n dl ulb i` o hl h n hþl r `b e , . y ibid qu` b e muldsi` ` s t ds p r dpþs h t ds r ` o e ` kbl ulb n dl ous hþl i` p ` l sbc h`l t d n dl s hi ` r ba e ` ,`s iuidsd sh s` pu`i` cblt`l`r `e tèrchld @s nebrd qu` ed qu` s` gbbvblzbid n d cd ulb i` o hl h n hþl l d ` s s h `c pr ` i ` o hl h td r h d . Ndliun h r ãbl bc`l dr n dl ous hþl e d s t è rchlds qu` i`sn r ha `l n dl c bydr p r `n h s hþl e d qu`lds prdpdl`cds i` s h m lb r.
Be gbaebr i` ndln`ptds y i` sus i`ohlhnhdl`s g`cds supu`std qu`ul ndln` p t d ` s ulb pb e barb h li h v h iub e . B v` n` s , ` e t èrc hld s ` usb pb rbi`shmlbr ulb ldnhþl m`l`rbe d `squ`cb, `l nuyd nbsd, ndln`ptd, ndl-
n`pnhþl y squ`cb ndln`ptube e e ` m bl b s ` r s hlþl hcd s . Ebs l dn hdl `s m ` -l`rb e`s d `squ`cb s sdl, b c`l uid, t`dr ãbs , y ebs trb tbr`c ds i`spuès câs`l r ` e b n h þl ndl e b s t ` d r ãb s qu` ndl e b s p b e barb s .
@l r ` suc`l ; e d s n dl n `p t ds `xp r `sbl n dld n hch`l t d , r ` o e` k bl p ` r n `p -nhdl`s i` eb r`behibi. Be chscd . h`cpd, th`l`l vbedr pbrb i`snuarhr,b e ` r t blid b e d s n h `l t ão h n ds , y b e b i `câs m ` l t ` , s da r ` e b `x h s t `l n hb y s h m -lhohnbnhþl i` ebs ndsbs ldcarbibs. @e usd e`s prdpdrnhdlb shmlhohnbidsqu` sdl e`xhndeþmhnds y eds nh`ltãohnds e`s i`a`l btrhauhr shmlhohnbnhdl`squ` s`bl sthpuebthvbs. Ld s au`l trbabkd nh`ltãohnd hlt`ltbr hlnuenbrvb edr` s p r ` s `l t blid i` o hl hn h dl `s qu` pbr `n `l s ` r b o h rcbn hdl `s i ` g`ngd .
QDAHL^DL, I`ohlhthdl, pâm. 2=:.
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
ZBPE O. EB[BQ O@EI y BEE@LG. ABQYDL, ( (Rub e h t b t hv` C` bsur `c` lt h l tg`^dnhbe nh`ln`s; Nebshohnbthdl, Yypdedmh`s bli Hlihn`s¶, l Iblh`e E`rl`r y GbrdeiI. Ebssw`ee, is., Yg` Zdehny ^nh`ln`s, Q`n`lt I`v`edpc`lts hl ^ndp` bli C`tgdi
Eb n e b s h o h n b n h þl pu`i` ndcp r`li` r ulb s ` r h ` i` ` t bpb s . Zb rb i` t ` r -chlbids p r dpþs ht ds ` s su o hn h `l t ` i hvhi hr e d s ` e `c `l t ds `l n b t `mdr ãbs cuybc p e h bs y m `l `r b e ` s , n dcd nublid i hv hi hcd s e d s bn t dr ` s p d e ã t hn ds `l mu -a `rlbc `l t b e ` s y l d mua`rlbc`l t b e ` s . Zbr b d t r ds p rdpþs h t ds sdl i`s`b -ae`s iho`r`lnhbnhdl s câs bmuibs, l nuyd nbsd, pdr k`cped, eds suk`-t d s mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s pu`i`l s uai hv hi h r s ` `l o `i `r b e ` s , ` s t b t b e ` s y edn b -e ` s . Zb rb d t r d s prdpþs h t d s e b s i h o ` r`ln h b n h dl` s i`a` l s ` r bûl câs b mu-ibs , `l nuyd n bs d e b s t r ` s n b t `mdr ã bs ( o `i ` r b e , s t b t b e y e dn b e ) pu`i`l s ` rsuaihvhihibs b su v`z. @e pultd i` ee`mbib s nublid nbib suk`td s
ulb nbt`mdrãb l sã chscd. B ul pebl i` nebsho hnbnhþl qu` ndcpr`li`ulb s ` r h ` i ` ` t bpb s s ` i h n ` ` s t â br th nu ebid .
Eb nebshohnbnhþl hcpehnb tbcahèl eb eþmhnb. Pl pebl d squ`cb i`n e bs h o hn bn hþl s ` n dl s hi ` r b qu` sb t h s o bn ` e d s r `quhs h td s i ` e b eþm h n b nublid`l n bib ulb i` e b s ` t bpb s br t h nuebibs e b s n b t `mdr ã bs p r dpdr n hdlbibs sdl`xgbus t h vbs y s ` `x n euy`l c utubc `l t ` . ^dl `xgbus t h v bs nublid `x h s t `ul eumbr p br b n bib ` e `c `l t d 6 s dl c utubc` l t ` `x n euy`l t ` s nublid n bib`e`c`ltd ld lnbkb câs qu` l ulb i` eebs.
Ndl tdtbe hli`p`li`lnhb i` ebs nu`sthdl`s6 i` . odrcb y `strunturb,eds squ`cbs i` nebshohnbnhþl i`a`l nucpehr r`quhshtds vbmds p`rd hc-pdrtblt`s6 i`a`l s`r bptds. I` ul ebid, std shmlhohnb qu` i`a`l bibp-t b r s ` b e d s p r dpþs h t ds i ` e n h `l t ão h n d `l r ` e bn hþl n dl ` e p r da e `c b qu` è s t db t b nb . @ e n h ` l t ão h n d i`a` a us nb r ` h i`l t h o hn b r e b s n e b s ` s ndl nr ` t b s i` nb -
rbnt`rãsthnbs ndcpbrthibs qu` sdl shmlhohnbthvbs pbrb sus prdpþshtds, yi`a` ` s t ba e ` n ` r n b t `mdrã bs `l n dl s` nu`ln hb . Ebs n br bn t ` r ãs t h n bs i ` e d s ib .t ds i `a `l s ` r , `l ` s t ` s `l t hid , p r dp h n h b s p br b o bn h e h t b r e d s i `snuar hch`l -tds, sumhrh`lid nbt`mdrãbs bprdphbibs. B eb v`z, e p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnbi` eb nu`sthþl d prdae`cb qu` s` ndlshi`rb i`a` be`rtbr 'be nh`ltãohndbn`rnb i` eds t hpds d nbt`md r ãbs i` ibtds qu` pu`i`l s `r ût h e` s . Bs ã , e dsib t d s ` s t hcue bl ` e p `ls bc h `l t d `l ` e i` s b r rd ee d i` ul ` squ`cb i` n e b -s h o hn b n h þl y ` e p `l s bc h `l t d ` s t hcue b e b a ûsqu`ib i` ib t d s . ^ h d nurr h` s `qu` ld xhsth`rb lhlmûl ibtd pbrb ulb nbt`mdrãb sum`rhib pdr `e p`l-sbch`ltd, st` g`ngd th`l` tbltd shmlhohnbid ndcd sh eds ibtds pbrb ebnbt`mdrãb ou`s`l baulibl t`s .
Eb n ebs h o h nbn hþl bpbr`n` , v h r tub ec`lt` , `l tdib bnt hv hibi hlt` e `ntub equ` ndlshi`r`cds. @st` ehard s ul r`oe`kd i` st` g`ngd. Eb ihvhshþl
i`e t`cb `l pbrt`s `s `l sã chscd ul `squ`cb i` nebshohnbnhþl i` edsibt ds y i ` e b s n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s n dc pr `li hibs . N ebs h o h n bn h dl `s p ds t ` r h d r` sbpbr `n `l ` l n bib p br t ` . @l e b p br t ` s `mulib , n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s r ` e bn h dlb -ibs ndl «g`ngds¶ ndlsthtuy`l e prhc`r nbpãtued. @e nbpãtued s`mulids` r`ebnhdlb ndl ndln`ptds. @e t`rn`r nbpãtued, e pr`s`lt`, stâ r`eb-n h dlbid n dl e b n e b s h o h n bn hþl chsc b . E ` s s `mu h râl n b t `mdr ãbs bi h n h dl b e ` s .@e ` squ`cb i` n e b s h o hn b n h þl `cp e ` bid ld ou` `l b as d eut d dav h d nublid
qu` shmu `st â absbib `l `e trbabkd i` Ebzbrso`ei y Abrtdl, l sp`nhbe pâms. 20?.?0.No. YBENDYY ZBQ DL^y@I]BQIB. ^GHE , `is., Ydwbris b M`l`rbe Yg`dry do Bn.thdl (Nbcarhim 6 Gbrvbri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2802), pâm. 98.
Nebshohnbnhþl, m`l`rbehzbnhþl, ghpþt`shs, r`mebs y prhlnhphds 78
s` ndc`lzþ e trbabkd l e ehard6 i` g`ngd, s` xpedrbrdl ihv`rsds s-qu`cbs y s cuy pdshae` qu` bemuh`l stbae`znb ul `squ`cb i` nebsh-ohnbnhþl’d ulb odrcb i` nebshohnbnhþl’c`kdr qu` e bquã cpe`bid.Ed hcpdrtblt` s qu` `e i`sbrrdeed i` ul squ`cb i` nebshohnbnhþl i`-s ` ba e ` r `quh ` r` b v` n` s p`l` t r b n h þl y nbpbn hibi i` p` r n`pn h þl , p`ls b -ch`l t d n r `bidr ` hcb m hl b t h v d , hl n eusd pu`i` s ` r c uy vb e hd sd ` s t è th n b -c`lt`.
Eds ibtds ld sh`cpr` s` ihvhi`l l nebshohnbnhdl`s nebrbs. B v`n s,e b s n e b s h o hn b n h dl` s s dl s hcp e ` s vb r h b n h dl` s i` mrbid c âs a h `l qu` i h o ` -r`lnhbs i` nebs`. Zdirãbcds, pdr k`cped, ihvhihr b eds s`r`s gucblds`l ids nb t ` md r ã b s `l ab s ` b su `ibi6 t dids ed s c` ldr` s i` v` h l t ` bòdsp`rt`l n`rãbl b ulb nbt`mdrãb y eds cbydr`s i` v`hlt` b eb dtrb. Z`rd`stb nebshohnbnhþl s`rãb cuy brahtrbrhb d ld byuibrãb cungd. Zbrb cu-ngds o hl ` s s ` r ãb c âs p rân th n d n d e dn br b e b s p ` r sdlbs n dl odrc` b ulb ` s -nbeb, std s, dnupbrs` l ul prdn`sd i` dri`lbnhþl i` eds ibtds, câsqu` i` n ebs h o h nbn hþl. Ebssw` e e y Fbpebl sumh`r`l qu` eb ih o` r`lnhb `ltr`nebshohnbr y dri`lbr quhvbe` b eb iho`r`lnhb ltr` «ulb nh`lnhb qu`t r b t b i ` e b s ` sp `n h ` s y ulb , n h `l n hb i ` n dr r ` e bn h dl `s ouln hdlb e ` s . ¶. , y s ` -òbebl qu` «ulb v`z qu` eds ndln`ptds s` odrcuebl l tèrchlds i` tu.-i`l , i` vb r h b n h þl `l mrbid , pu`i`l i` s b r rd e eb r s ` ` s nb e b s y c è t dids i`c`i h n h þl pb rb s ` rv hr e b s l` n` s h ibi` s i` prda e `c bs p b r t hnu e b r ` s ¶ > .
M@L@QBEH[BNHÞL
G`cds yb ldtbid qu` ul ndln`ptd s ulb m`l`rbehzbnhþl, yb qu`bohrcb eb xhst`lnhb i` nbrbnt rãsthnbs ndcpbrthibs pdr iho`r`lt`s e`-c`ltds. Câs bi`eblt` i`nhcds qu` ulb m`l`rbehzbnhþl s «thlb prdpd-s hn hþl qu` i`snr ha` b emulds b t r hautds ndc ul`s b ids d c âs dak`tds¶ . @std`qu hvb e ` b i ` n h r qu` ` e p r dn ` sd i ` m `l `r b e h z bn hþl ` s ` e p bsd i ` ulb b o h r-cb n hþl i` s nr hp t h vb i` ul ` k `cp e d das ` rvbid b ulb b o h rcbn h þl i` s nr h p -thvb i` câs i` ul `k`cped i` ulb nh`rtb nebs`. Ndg`l y Lbm`e sdl cu-ngd câs rbihnbe`s, pu`s i`ohl`l ne prdn`sd i` m`l`rbehzbnhþl ndcd «`epbsd i` ulb b o h rcbn hþl v ` ribi`r b i` b e mulds ` k `cp eds da s` r vbids b ulbbohrcbnhþl v`ribi`rb i` tdids eds pdshae`s k`cpeds i` ulb nebs`¶'.Psbr`cds ulb i`ohlhnhþl c`lds `xtr`cbib. B c`lds qu` s` hlihqu`
d t r b n dsb , l ds d nupbr `cds i` m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s qu` sdl câs i`sn r hp t hv bsqu` ldrcbt hvbs d p r`snr hp t hvbs .Nublid n h t bcds ul ` k `cp ed d i `n hcds qu` b e m d ` s r `b e , s t bc ds m ` -
l`rbehzblid. Plb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` lu`strbs orbs`s, hlneuhib eb pr`-s `l t ` , `cp e`bl n dl n `p t ds qu` sdl m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s y ul`l e d s n dl n `p t ds`l t r ` s ã , i` cbl` rb qu` ` s t ba e ` n`l d t r b m`l` rb e hz b n h þl . ^ ` pu`i` i` n h rqu` e dak`td i`e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s e i`sbrrdeed i` «m`l rbehzb.
• GBQDEII. EB^ ]@EEy BAQBGBC F.B2'EBL, Zdw`r bli ^dnh`ty; B Orbc`-
nhdl`s qu` s`bl b eb v`z s`murbs y vâehibs pbrb `lt`li`r eb ndliuntbpdeãthnb¶ > .
@l ` e n bp ã tu ed s `mulid g`c ds da s` r vbid qu` e b s nu`s t hdl `s b e b s qu`ndlt`stbl eds nh`ltãohnds qu` s` dnupbl i` eb pdeãthnb vbrãbl l su lh-v` e i` m`l` rb e h ibi . Be mulds s ` d nupb l i` e b h i`l t ho h n b n h þl i` e b s nb rb n -t `r ãs t hnbs ndc pbr t hibs pdr ulds 'pdnds ` e`c `ltds, ch`l trbs qu` dt rbs t rb-t bl i` ibr dri`l , ` s t run turb y s h ml h o h n bid b cb sbs n dl s hi ` r ba e ` s i ` ` e ` -c`ltds pbrthnuebr`s. Dtrb cbl`rb i` i`nhr ed chscd s qu` lu`strbsm`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s s` `lnu`ltrbl `l i h o`r`l t`s l hv` e`s i` m`l` rbe hibi6 b emu-
lbs s ` bp e h nbl b ulds pdnd s ` e `c `l t d s y d t rb s b c ungds ._brhbs pbebarbs s` bsdnhbl ndl eb pbebarb «m`l`rbehzbnhþl¶. Plb m`-l` rb e hz b n h þl ` s t bca h èl ulb i` n e b rb n h þl d ulb p rdpds h n h þl . Nublid s ``cp e`bl i`sn r hp t hv bc`l t ` , ` s t bs t r` s p b eba r bs i `s h mlbl ku hn h d s qu` sdl ,`l pr hln hp hd, v`ribi`rds d ob esds . Zdstuebids, supu`stds, pr`chsb s y pr hl -n hp hds pu`i`l s `r m`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s . Ghpþt`s hs , e`y`s i`snr hp t hvbs y t `dr ãbssdl m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s. @e shmuh`lt` pârrbod i` Ibvhi @bstdl shrv` tbltdpbr b h eus tr br ` e usd i` ` s t bs y d t rbs p b eba r bs n dcd pbr b bvblzbr ul p `l -s bc h `l t d qu` ` s hcpdr t bl t ` `l ` e p r ` s `l t ` ndl t `x td .
@l y pdr sã chscds eds g`ngds ld lds p`rcht`l xpehnbr d lt`li`r ul bndlt -nhch ltd. Eds g`ngds t h l`l qu` s`r dri`lbids i` bemulb cbl rb pbrb qu` pdibcdsp`rnhahr sus ndl`xhdl`s. Nubltd cbydr s`b e lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi be dri`lbr tbe`sbntds y be nebshohnbr sus r`ebnhdl`s, câs bcpehb s râ eb snbeb i` eb xpehnbnhþl y i`e`lt`lihch ltd. Plb s`rh i` m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s qu` dri`l` tdibs ebs nebs`s i` g`ngds.qu` i`ldchlbcds pdehthnds s`rãb, davhbc`lt`, câs ûthe pbrb e lt`lihch`ltd i` ebbnthvhibi pdehthnb qu` ulb sdeb m`l rbehzbnhþl qu` r`ebnhdlbs` tbl sþed ids i` tbe`sg`ngds. Zdr stb rbzþl, ltr` dtrbs qu` s` ihsnuthrâl câs bi`eblt`, eb aûsqu`ib i`ndldnhch`ltd s`murd bn`rnb i` o`lþc`lds pdeãthnds cpãrhnds xhm`, l ûethcb hls-tblnhb, eb ndlstrunnhþl i` ulb t`drãb shst`câthnb, ldcar` abkd e nube s` i`ldchlbe câxhcd uri`l i` m`l`rbehzbnhþl'.
@e tèrchld m`l`rbehzbnhþl ` s , pu` s , e d su o hn h ` l t `c`l t ` b cp e hd pb rbnuar h r e r ` s t bl t ` t `cb i` e b p b r t ` s `mulib , e d nub e s h ml h oh n b qu` e b s i h -vhshdl`s suashmuh`lt`s r`oe`kbl pr`o`r`lnhbs i` `sthed y i` èlobshs, câsqu` i` eþm hnb. @xbchlbr`cds t r`s n ebs`s i`T m`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s’ghpþt`s hs ,r`mebs y prhlnhphds’`l ed qu` r`stb i` st` nbpãtued y i`ihnbr`cds nb-pã tueds s`pb rbids b ebs d trbs ids n ebs`s i` m`l`rb e hzbn hdl`s , e`y`s y t`dr ãbs .
GHZÞY@ H
I`ohlhnhdl`s i` ghpþt`shs.
E b s p b e b a r b s ghpþt`shs ` ghpdtèthnd r ` n ha `l i h o ` r`l t ` s s `l t hids y c b-t hn`s i` s`l t hid.
Nebshohnbnhþl m`l`rbehzbnhþl ghpþt`shs r`mebs y prhlnhphds 2Ebs bohrcbnhdl`s y pr`multbs qu` s` absbl l eb ndlthlm`lnhb sdli`ldc hlbibs m `l` rb ec`l t ` ghpdtèthnbs. Zdr k`cped, «^h mblb l Lu vbXdrf, mblbrâ eb. pr`shi`lnhb¶, s ulb bohrcbnhþl ghpdtèthnb. @l st`chscd s`lt hid, ebs m`l`rbe hzbn hdl`s `cpãr hnbs y i`snr hp t hvbs sdl ghpdtè -thnbs, pdrqu` e ndldnhch`ltd m`l`rbe qu` s hliunthvd s ndlthlm`lt`i` eb pdshahehibi i` qu` ebs das`rvbnhdl`s l e outurd ndhlnhibl ndlebs i` e pbsbid.
Lu`s t rd h l t ` rès ld r ` s h i` t bl t d ndl e b s g h pþ t` s h s qu` hcp e h nbl n dl -t h lm`ln h b ndc d ndl bqu` ee b s qu` hcp e h nbl ndl k ` turb . Bs ã , «e b s p rdpds h -
nhdl`s qu` bohrcbl eb `xhst`lnhb i` r`ebnhdl`s ltr` o`lþc lds...¶ dpr dpds h n h dl `s qu` ` s t ba e ` n `l ulb r ` spu`s t b b ulb p r `mul t b , d ulb sd -e un hþl b ul prda e `c b , s dl g h pþ t` s h s , s h s dl , `l b e mûl s `l t h id , ndl k ` tu-rbe`s . ` bi` ebl t bl pbr b qu` s ` t dc `l `l n dl s hi ` r bn hþl , susp `li h`lid`e kuhnhd r`sp`ntd b su v`rbnhibi d obes`ibi gbstb qu` s` ndcpe`t` ebndlshi`rbnhþl 7.`l`rbec`lt`, s` odrcuebl l orbs`s bohrcbthvbs, p`rdpu`i`l ` s t b r ndc pr`li hibs `l e b p r ` multb qu` gby qu` ndl t ` s t b r . Zd r` k`cped , pdirãbcds i`nh r , «Eb ihs tr haunhþl i` hl o eu`lnhb sdar` ebs i`nh -s h dl `s qu` b o ` n t bl b e s h s t `c b n dl s t h tun hdlb e i ` e b sdn h `ibi t h `li` b n d -rr`spdli rs` ndl eb ihstrhaunhþl i`e ndltrde i`e pdi`r chehtbr¶. D pd-ir ãbc ds p r `mul t br ; «´Y h`li` b n d r r` spdl i`r s` e b i h s t rhaun hþl i` e b hl -oeu`lnhb sdar` ebs i`nhshdl`s qu` bo`ntbl be shst`cb ndlsthtunhdlbe i`eb sdnh`ibi ndl eb ihstrhaunhþl i`e ndltrde i`e pdi`r chehtbr4¶. Eb chs-
cb i`n eb r bn hþl d p r `mul t b p dir ãb `xp r `sbr s ` `l ulb o r bs ` n dli hn h dlb e ;«^h bndlt`n` ul nbcahd l eb ihstrhaunhþl i`e ndltrde i`e pdi`r cheh-t b r , `l t dl n `s `x h s th r â ulb t `li`ln hb gbn hb ul nbc a hd qu` s ` n dr r ` spdl -ib l eb ihstrhaunhþl i` eb hloeu`lnhb sdar` ebs i`nhshdl`s qu` bo`ntblb e s h s t `cb ndls t h tun hdlb e i` ulb s d n h `ibi¶. @xp e ãn h t b d hc p e ãn h t bc`l t ` ,nbib ulb i` stbs odrcuebnhdl`s xpr`sb ulb ghpþt`shs. ` ehchlb ebghpþt`s h s s h s ` ` e hchlb eb prdp ds hn hþl, `s td `s , s h eb orbs` ld sum h`r` pdrs ã c hsc b ulb r ` spu`s t b p r dv hs h dl b e . Zdr ` k`c p ed , «^ h bn dl t ` n ` ul nbc -ahd `l eb ihs tr haunhþl i` e ndl trd e i` e pdi`r c h e h tbr , ´què dnurr` , s h dnu-r r` b e m d , b e b i h s t r haun hþl i` e b hl o eu`l n hb s da r ` e b s i `n h s h dl `s qu` b o ` n -tbl be shst`cb ndlsthtunhdlbe i` ulb sdnh`ibi4¶. .
Ndcd ulb vbr h bn hþl i` e d bl t ` r hd r ; e b s g hpþ t ` s h s s dl , b v`n`s, `xpr`-sbibs `l o d rcb i` cdi` eds d t hp ds ` sp `n hb e ` s’ul hl s t ruc`l t d b e qu` l ds
r` o`r hr`cds câs bi` eblt` .
Dnbshdl`s pbrb `e usd i` ebs ghpþt`shs.
Eb p r `mul t b b n bib nu`s t hþl i` g`ngd i`a` o d rcu ebr s ` p r hc`r bc`l t `ndc d ulb g h pþ t ` s h s y s ` r eu` md s dc ` t h ib b pru`ab , aus nblid e b n dl o h r-
81lbnhþl d eb obetb i` ndl o h rcb n hþl . Eb i `s`ba h e hi bi i` ` s t ` p r dn `i hch`l -t d vbr ãb . Nublid s ` i h spdl ` i` ulb r ` spu`s t b ul hv ` rsb ec`l t ` bn `p t bib ,quhzâ l ul ehard i` r`o`r`lnhb, ed câs shcpe` s bn`ptbreb shl cde`s-t brs` `l `stba e`n`r ulb ghpþt`s hs 6 `stb s h tubn hþl b v`n`s pr`vbe`n` `l r`-e bn hþl n dl nus t h dl `s cuy ndl n r ` t bs’nu`s t h dl `s i ` ul l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b -ehibi cuy abkd’. @s câs, nublid eb r`spu`stb s` pu`i` dat`l`r shliuib c`ihblt` ul prdn`ihch`ltd r`ndldnhid, nbr`n` i` hlt`rès trbtbri` blthnhpbr eb r`spu`stb odrcueblid ulb ghpþt`shs. Zdr k`cped, sh ebnu`s t hþl s ` r ` o h` r ` b e b `x t `l s hþl i` e b n d r r` e bn hþl `l t r ` e b b o h eh b n hþl r ` -
ehmhdsb y eb pbrthnhpbnhþl `l ulb `e`nnhþl `l ul ihstrhtd i`t`rchlbid,ld s ` da t `lirâ p r daba e `c `l t ` a `l ` o h n h d b e muld bvblzblid ulb g hpþ t` -s h s 6 eb r ` spu`s t b s ` pu`i` da t `l `r c`i hbl t ` i ` t ` rchlbibs n e b s ` s i ` dp ` -rbn hdl`s ndld n hibs, hln eusd pdr ulb `l nu`stb i` pu`r tb b pu`r tb. @s câsprdabae` qu` ebs ghpþt`shs s`bl ûthe`s nublid eb pru`ab y `e rrdr sdlcâs p r daba e ` s’nublid `x hs t ` ul ` e `c `l t d i ` hl n ` r t hiucar ` d i ` n dl k ` -turb hl`vhtbae`’6 quhzâ xhstb iuib bn`rnb i` eb nebs` i` cètdid v ebn e bs ` i ` ib t ds qu` n dliuznbl b ulb r ` spu`s t b i hmlb i` nrèihtd. ^h , pdr` k `cp ed , p r `mul t bcd s , l d bn ` r n b i ` e b s r ` e bn h dl `s ` l t r ` e b b o h eh b n hþl r ` -ehmhdsb y eb pbrthnhpbnhþl l e`nnhdl`s, shld bn`rnb i` eds obntdr`s qu`h l o euy`l `l e b i `n h s hþl i` p br t h n hp br d ba s t `l `r s ` , n r `bcd s e b l ` n ` s hibii` ulb s ` r h ` i ` g hpþt ` s h s’qu` , s hl iuib , hl n euh râl e b c `ln hdlbib câsbrr hab’. Nbib ghpþt`s hs `l ebs s`r h`s pdir ãb, `l tdln`s, s`r pu`stb b pru`-
ab y n b e h o h n bib i` v ` ribi`r b d o b e s b , d i ` p r daba e `c`l t ` v ` ribi`r b d o b e -s b , y s ` p d ir ãb da t `l `r ulb m `l ` r b e h zbn hþl sucb r hb .
Eb pru`ab i` ebs ghpþt`shs.
Ndc d eb b o h rcb n hþl qu` bnbab cd s i` gbn ` r hli hn b , p br b qu` s `b hl -c`ih b t bc `l t ` ût h e pb rb mu h b r e b h lv` s t h mb n h þl n h `l t ã o hn b , s ` s updl` qu`s ` pu`i`l p dl` r b pru`ab e b s g h pþ t` s h s 6 ed qu` ` s d t r b cb l` rb i` i`n hrqu` e b s p r `mul t bs qu` e b s d r h m hl bl s ` supdl ` sdl n d l t ` s t ba e ` s . @s t ` r ` -qu hs h t d i `a ` hl t ` r p r` t br s ` i ` ulb cb l`r b ` s t r h n t b y `x t r`c b, s h ml h o hn bl -id ` s t d qu` l hlmulb nu` s t h þl i`a` ndls hi` rb r s ` , b e c`l ds qu` ulb g h -pþt ` s h s s h ml h oh n b t hv b pu`ib n dl o h rcb r s` d l d n dl o h rcbr s` n dl n ` r t`zb n bs htdtbe. D pu`i` hlt`rpr`tbrs` i` cbl rb câs vbmb pbrb p`rchthr tdcbr`l ndlshi`rbnhþl nu`sthdl`s ghpþt`shs i` ebs nube`s xhst` suohnh`lt`
pru`ab pb r b bv `l turbr i `n eb r bn h dl `s i ` p r daba h e hi bi 6 p dr ` k `cp ed , qu``x hst `l bemulbs rbzdl` s pbrb p` lsb r qu` eb g hpþt`s hs `s v`ribi`rb ( d ob e -s b ) . Cungbs nu`s t h dl `s p d e ã th n bs hc pdr t bl t ` s s ` r ã bl `x n eu hibs i ` n d l s h -i` rbn h þl p d r e b p r hc` rb i` ` s t b s h l t ` rpr ` t b n h dl` s 6 pd nb s , s h b e mulb , s ` -r ãbl ` x n euhibs p dr e b s `mulib . Ndc d ` s eþm h n d , ed s r `qu hs h td s i ` p ru`ab`xn euy`l e b s g hpþ t` s h s qu` sdl ldrcbt hv bs , p r ` sn r hp th v bs d r bn h dlb e h s t bs ,pu`s , p dr su chsc b lb tur b e `zb , l d pu`i`l s ` r sdc` t hibs b p ru`ab . Ebsghpþ t` s h s p r ` s nr h p t hvb s , ld da s t bl t ` , pu`i`l s ` r t r biun hib s `l sus ` e ` -c`ltds ldrcbthvds y i`snrhpthvds, y, ltdln`s, e `e`c`ltd i`snrhpthvdpu`i` s`r sdc`thid b pru`ab. I` cbl`rb shchebr, e r`quhshtd i` nbpb-
n h ibi i` s ` r s dc ` t h id b pru`ab `xn euy` ebs bca hmõ`ibi` s y vbmu`ibi`s
h ll `n `sb r h bs 6 ` s i `s `ba e ` e b p r `n h s hþl , s h `cp r ` qu` pu`ib da t `l `r s ` s hl`x n euh r i ` e b n dl s hi ` r bn hþl hc pdr t bl t ` s nu`s t h dl `s .
B r h ` smd i ` hl s h s t h r hli`a hibc`l t ` , i h m bcds qu` e b s g hpþt ` s h s l d bpb -r ` n `l chs t ` r h d sbc`l t ` yb n dl s t ruhibs 6 l h t bcp dnd ` s p r daba e ` qu` s `blodrcuebibs pdr `e nh`ltãohnd qu` ndch`lzb pdr chrbr b eds «g`ngds¶. @epul t d i` br r blqu` ` s ul bn t d qu` n dl o r ` nu`ln hb `x hm ` n dl s hi ` r ba e ` p ` -l`trbnhþl ; ibrs` nu`ltb i` ulb nu`sthþl d prdae`cb. Plb v`z qu` s`nda r b n dl sn h `l n hb i ` è e s ` râl l `n `sbr h bs bûl p `l ` t r bn hþl ` hc bm hl bn hþl
pbrb o d rcue b r nd r r` n t bc`l t ` e b nu` s t h þl d ` e p rda e `c b . @l cungds nb -sds , « e b i h o h nue t bi r ` s hi ` `l o d rcu ebr e b nu`s t hþl n dr r `n t bc`l t ` , ulb v `zqu` s ` gb e d mrbid pu`i` nbsh ndl t ` s t br s ` p dr s ã c hsc b¶ 7. h ld s ` ndl -
t ` s t b b s ã c h scb , `l t r b râ `l ku` md e b h l tu hn h þl , y ` s i` i` s ` b r qu` ulbng h spb i` m `l hb e hibi , p br b sum`r h r ulb d câs g hpþ t ` s h s qu` c`r `n `l s ` rn dc prdabibs . Plb v `z qu` ` e p `l sb ch`l t d y e b hcbm hl b n hþl gbl mu hbidebs t b r `bs i ` r ` n dm ` r p ru`abs , pu`i` s ` r qu` `l c ungds n bsds ` e t r bab k ds ` p r d s h m b i ` u l b c bl ` r b n b r ` l t ` i ` hcbm h l b n h þl y c ` n âl hn bc`l t ` 6 l ddas t bl t ` , hl n eusd s h ` s t d ` s p ds ha e ` , ` e p `l sbch`l t d c âs d c `lds r h murdsd`s l `n ` s br h d , ulb v `z qu` eb s p ru`abs gb l s hid bm rupbibs , bl t ` s i ` p d -i`r benblzbr ul kuhnhd sdar` e mrbid i` prdabahehibi ndl qu` ulb gh-
pþt ` s h s gb s hid n dl o hrcbib d i `l ` mbib .Zu`i` s ` r dpdr tulb ` s t b n h t b r ` suchib ;
@l e nbpãtued t`rn`rd i`snrhahcds b eds bntdr`s i` eb vhib pdeãthnbp`rs hmuh`lid prdpþshtds y s hmuh`lid r`m ebs . Ld `s l`n` sbr hd i`n hr lbib `l`s t ` cdc `l t d sda r ` e d s i`s `ds d p r dpþs h t ds p ` r s `mu hids , p ` rd i `a `c dsc`ln hdlbr e b r`meb, b p `sb r i ` qu` e d s t r b t bi h s tbs l d gbl p r ` s t bid m r bl
b t `l n hþl b ` s t ` t è rchld .@e suastblthvd r`meb r`nha` iho`r`lt`s shmlhohnbids. @l ed qu` lds
hlt`r`sb r`meb s ul nrht`rhd qu` shmu` ul bntdr be tdcbr i`nhshdl s yqu`, sh `s s`muhid, e` ndliun` b gbn`r eb chscb nebs` i` ndsb `l eb
chsc b n e bs ` i ` dnbs hþl 22 . Zu`i` d ld s ` r ndc p e ` t bc`l t ` ndl s n h `l t ` i`
º AQDxd]sht, Yg` Ndcc dl ^`ls` do ^nh`ln`, pâm. 0?.«Q`s`brng hl Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdr ; Yg` Hcpehnbthdls do Q`s`brng hl Zdehthnbe
A`gbv h d r s , Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 9? (ihnh`car` 2801), pâm. 2::=.
Z@Y@Q ]HLNG,Yg` Hi`b do b ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss,
2807), `l `sp`n hb e , pâms. 08-?2.
80Nh`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Nebshohnbnhþl, m`l`rbehzbnhþl, ghpþt`shs, r`mebs y prhlnhphds89
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
eb r`meb, d i` ibre `xpr`shþl v`rabe. Z`rd `s ul rbsmd i` `st ndln`ptdqu` e bntdr, y dtrds, i`a`l s`r nbpbn s, be c`lds l cungds nbsds, i`ndldn`r sh gb bpehnbid eb r`meb ndrr`ntbc`lt` d sh gb ndc`thid ul `rrdr.Ebs r`mebs sdl pr`snrhpthvbs d ldrcbthvbs, i` pr`o`r`lnhb b i`snrhpthvbs.
Abkd stb i`ohlhnhþl s` lnu`ltrbl cungbs r`mebs qu` muãbl eb ndl.iuntb gucblb. Plb i`ohlhnhþl `s `l sã chscb ulb r`meb pbrb `e usdi eb pbebarb i ohlhib. Gby r mebs i mrbcâthnb, i eþmhnb, i s`murhibi,i` cdrbe y èthnb, i` thqu`tb, i` prui`lnhb, i ohnh lnhb, i drmblhzb.nhþl, i` ihr`nnhþl, i` `strbt`mhb, `tn. Gby r`mebs i` i`r`ngd, `stbtu-
tbrhd y ndcûl. Eds vdtblt`s y eds pbrthids pdeãthnds shmu`l r`mebs be ldc-arbr b sus nblihibtds, eds nblihibtds shmu`l r`mebs l su nbcpbòb, edsoulnhdlbrhds shmu`l r`mebs pbrb e nucpehch`ltd i` sus i`a`r`s, eds Md-ah`rlds s` bth`l`l b r`mebs `l sus r ebnhdl`s `ltr` sã, e s`nr`tbrhd m`-l`rbe i` ebs Lbnhdl`s Plhibs shmu` r`mebs l su `sou`rzd i` edmrbr qu`eds @stbids ch`cards nucpebl ebs daehmbnhdl`s i` eb Nbrtb, tn. Ydidsshmu`l k`rbrquãbs i` r`mebs, ebs r`mebs câs m`l`rbe`s s` bpehnbl nublidgb i` o ntubrs` ulb e nnhþl ltr` ebs qu` sdl câs `sp nãohnbs. Ndld-nhch`ltd i` ebs r`mebs m`l`rbe`s. qu` s` shmu`l, d bûl s câs, ndldnh-ch`ltd i` . ebs r`mebs ndlnr`tbs qu` ' gbl shid bidptbibs prdpdrnhdlbrâlulb abs` pbrb xpehnbr d pr`i`nhr eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb.
Ebs r`mebs ku`mbl ul pbp e hcpdrtblt` l eb pdeãthnb. I` g ngd, s`e`s gb ldcarbid ndcd ulb i` eds ids ndcpdl`lt`s i` eb pdeãthnb, sh`lid`e dtrd eb bnnhþl. Ebs r`mebs sdl ebs muãbs pbrb eb bnnhþl. Zu`i`l sp`-nhohnbr «eb suastblnhb i` eb r`spu`stb b bemulb shtubnhþl outurb¶, pdr`k`cped, eb r pr`sbehb i`e chscd thpd b ul btbqu` lune`br. D pu`i`l`sp nhohnbr. «eb dnbshþl i` ulb r`spu`stb d ebs ndlihnhdl`s l ebs nube st`lirâ eumbr ulb r`spu`stb ndlnr`tb¶, pdr `k cped, byuib b eds Mdah`r.lds i`e Drh`lt` C ihd, nublid stâl bc`lbzbids pdr e ndculhscd hl-t`rlbnhdlbe, sh cpr qu eb byuib s`b p`ihib. D ebs r mebs pu`i`l `sp -nhohnbr ulb «hlt`rpr`tbnhþl i` bndlt`nhch`ltds y nhrnulstblnhbs outurds¶,pdr `k cped, ndlshi`rbr nubequh`r r`vdeunhþl ndculhstb ndcd, `s`lnhbe-c`lt , eb darb i` Cdsnû 21
Ebs r`mebs `stâl câs ãlthcbc`lt ehmbibs b ebs rbzdl`s pbrb eb bn-nhþl qu` b ebs nbusbs i` eb bnnhþl, pu`s stâl ehmbibs ndl eds prdpþshtdsy eb e`nnhþl. Eb ndliuntb qu` s` bibptb b ulb r`meb i` cbl`rb ndl-mru`lt` pu`i` pbr`n`r r`oe`kbr ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb (i`snrhtb l e nbpã-
tued shmuh`lt`), p`rd eds `e c`ltds i` `e nnhþl y prdpþshtd s` r`ndldn`lc`kdr sh ebs r`mebs sdl trbtbibs ndcd r`mebs pr`snrhpthvbs, y eb ndliuntbndcd bibptâlids b eb r meb >. ^h `s ul prdpþshtd i` eb bnthvhibi nh`l-tãohnb xpehnbr y pr`i`nhr, s` shmu` qu` i`a` s`r ul prdpþshtd hi`lthohnbrebs r`mebs c`ihblt` ebs nube`s eds bntdr`s pdeãthnds muãbl su ndliuntb. Be.
QHNGBQI N. ^LXI@Q, HH. ]. AQPNF y APQYDL BZHL, I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm bsBl Bpprdbng td tg` ^tuiy do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Zdehthns (Zrhln tdl6 Zrhln`tdl Plhv`r-shty, Drmblhzbthdlbe A`gbvhdr ^`nthdl, 2809), pâm. 01.
Q. ^. Z@Y@Q^, Yg` Ndln`pt do Cdthvbthdl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss,2807), l sp., pâm. 0.
E`y`st h nb , s dar ` t did `l ` e nbc pd i` e b bic hl h s tr b n h þl . Bs ã , s ` gb o d rcue bid`e prhlnhphd i` qu` beb ohnbnhb bichlhstrbthvb s` buc`ltb drmblhzblide d s c h`cards i ` ul m rupd n dl odrc` b ulb i` t ` rchlbib k ` r brqu ãb i ` bu -tdr hibi¶ 27.b i h s nus hþl i` p r hl n hp h ds i ` ` s t ` t h p d , qu` supdl`l ` s t ba e ` -n`r e`y`s i`snr hp t hvbs, s` `ln dltrbrâ `l ` e nbp ã tued s hmuh`l t` .
Eds prhlnhphds s` i`rhvbl i` vbrhbs ou`lt`s, i`p`lih`lid i` sus th-pds. Eb pdshnhþl pdshthvhstb s, ndcd s eþmhnd, qu` eds prhlnhphds ldr-cb t hvds `stâl pdstuebids. Eds pr hln hp hds i`snr hp t hvds sdl `c pãr hnds, sur-mh`lid i` eb das`rvbnhþl. Ebs r`mebs d prhlnhphds pr`snrhpthvds sdl ulb
ndca hlbn hþl i` bc ads 6 n dca hlbl ul o hl p ds tu ebid n dl ul supu`s t d qu`s` r ` o h ` r` b ulb c bl`r b i` e dm r br su n dl s`nun hþl . ^`bl l drcbt hv ds , i `s -nr hpt hvds d pr`snr hpt hvds , e ds pr hlnhp hds pu`i`l s`r tbcahèl i` o hl h tdr hdsd i`n eb r bn h dl `s eþm hn bs . B e p ds tu ebr e b i `s `ba h e hi bi i` e b i `cdnr bn h . . p dr` k `cp e d , t bca h èl pd s tu e bcds n h ` r td s p r hln h p h d s ld rcb t h vd s qu` o h murbl`l eb i`ohlhnhþl i` eb i`cdnrbnhb. I` cbl`rb blâedmb, sh pdstuebcdse b i` s ` ba h e h ibi i` pr ` s ` rvb r e b h li`p`li`ln h b i` e @s t bid s ` hcp e h nb e þ -m h nbc`l t ` e b big` s h þl b n h ` r t d s pr h ln h p hd s .
HCPL,Bichlhstrbthv` A`gbvhdr, pâms. 1:.12.Nublid ` s tâabc ds i h s nut h `lid e b ` xp e h nb n h þl `l ` e nbp ã tu ed t ` r n` rd
lds r`o`rhcds ar`v`c`lt` be pbp`e i` ebs e`y`s. Bohrcbcds qu` ebs x-p e h n bn hdl `s `l t è rchlds i ` n busb s ` ab sbl ldrcb ec`l t ` `l ulb d vbr h bse`y`s m`l rbe`s, cungbs i` eebs tbl shcpe`s y davhbs qu` s basurid
n h t b r eb s . G hn hcds l d t br ulb e `y i ` e b p d e ã t h n b hl t ` rlbn hdlb e ; qu` e d s b t b -qu`s che h t br`s i` e ha` rbids pdr pb r t ` i` ul @stbid nd ltrb ` e t `rrh t dr hd i`dtrd ndliun`, m`l rbec`lt , b eb mu`rrb. Z`rd eb r`o`r`lnhb b eb e`y `l`e nbpãtued t`rn`rd ld hlneuãb ulb i`ohlhnhþl i`e tèrchld6 lh tbcpdndbyuibab cungd b nebrhohnbr e pbp`e i` eb e`y l e stuihd i` eb pd-
e ãt hnb.
@e prdae`cb i` eb i`ohlhnhþl s nrunhbe. @e i`snuarhch`ltd d i`s-brrdeed i` ebs e`y`s i` eb pdeãthnb pu`i` ndlshi`rbrs`, d ah`l ndcd ulda k ` t h vd ` s `l n hb e d n dc d uld c br m hl b e , i`p `li h`lid i` e b i ` o hl hn hþl qu`s ` bidp t ` . Nublid e d s t r b t bi h s t b s i` n h `ln h b p d e ãt h nb i h o h` r `l b n` r nb i` epbp` e i` e b e ` y , eb c bydr ãb i` e b s v` n` s ` e i` s b nu` rid r ` o e` k b s d e bc `l t `qu` bn`ptbl i` o hl hn hdl`s ih o `r`lt`s .
Bquã lds dnupbcds sdebc`lt` i` eb e`y i`snrhpthvb. Zbrb i`nhred i`cbl` rb l` m b t h vb ; ld ld s d nupbc ds i` e b pu` s t b `l v h md r , i` s nuar hc h `l tdd h l t ` rpr ` tb n h þl i` e b e ` y pr ` s nr hp t h vb 6 ` s td ` s ; ld ld s d nupbc ds i` e bn ebs` i` e `y , eeâc`s` kurãihnb , èt h nb d r` e h m hdsb , qu` vb bndc pbòb ib pdrulb b e ` m bib da e h m bn hþl i` da `i h `l n hb 2 .
âcahtd i` eb pdeãthnb pdnds shst`cbs sdl n`rrbids `l `e s`lthid i` A`rm-cbll, y s pr`suchae` qu` ebs e nnhdl`s gucblbs hloeuy`l d i`t`rch-lbl l mrbl c`ihib e prþxhcd stbid d stbihd i`e shst`cb.
Ndcd quhzâ s`b yb nebrd, `xhst` pdnd bnu`rid ltr` quh`l`s trbtbli` hi lthohnbr thpds i` e`y s i`snrhpthvbs, y eds stuihdsds i`e t`cb ldgbl g` ngd gb s t b ` e p r ` s `l t ` prân t hnbc `l t ` l hlmûl ` s ou` rz d pb rb n e b s h -ohnbr ebs e`y`s i`snrhpthvbs qu` sdl i` sp`nhbe r`e`vblnhb pbrb eb nh`l-n h b p d e ã th n b . Ybcpdnd gb s hid ` e p r dpþs h t d i ` ` s t bs p âm hl bs p r dpdr n hdlbrulb n ebs h o h nbn hþl ndc pe` tb . @ e prdpþs h td gb s hid, câs ah`l, ihsnut h r tblsþ e d ` e ndln`p t d i` e ` y y cds t r b r qu` , `l ab s ` b ul s h ml h o hnbid ndc p e ` -t bc` l t ` bn `p t ba e ` , ed s nh`ltãohnds pd e ãt h n d s b suc`l ld rcb ec`l t ` e b bibp -t b n h þl b e ` y ` s i` mrbl pb r t ` i` e b ndliunt b pd e ã t hnb y qu` `xpr` s bl o r ` -nu`lt`c`lt` ndldnhch`ltd i` eb pdeãthnb l odrcb i` e`y. @l r`behibi,eb e`y s ldrcbec`lt` xpeãnhtb d hcpeãnhtb l ebs xpehnbnhdl`s nbusb-e`s. Eb chscb i`ohlhnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl nbusbe xhm` stbae`n`r r`eb-nhdl`s `ltr` ed qu` s` `xpehnb y ulb e`y m`l`rbe. Ndcd s` gb hlihnbidblt`s, ebs e`y`s sdl 'b c`luid tbl davhbs d tbl trhvhbe`s qu` lbih` s`dnupb r `b ec `l t ` `l n h t b r e b s , p ` r d b v `n ` s l d sd l l h dav hbs l h t r h vh b e ` s 29 .
Ebs `xp e h n bn h dl `s c âs sb t h s o bn t drh b s i ` cungds o `lþc`l ds p d e ã t hn ds ` s -p`rbl ` e i`sbrrd e e d i` e`y`s s hmlh o h nb t hvbs .
Ebs e y`s xpehnbl lu`strb xp`rh lnhb pdrqu` eb dri`lbl r`ohrh lid k cpeds pbr-thnuebr`s b prhlnhphds m`l`rbe`s6 eb xpehnbnhþl s`râ câs sbthsobntdrhb nubltd câsm`l`rbe s`b e prhlnhphd, y cbydr e lûc`rd i` k cpeds qu` pu`i`l r`o`rhrs` b èe b.
- A`rmcbll xpr`sb st` p`lsbch`ltd i` cbl`rb bemd iho`r`lt` be i`-n h r ; «I` spuès i` t did , ` e ndldn hc h `l t d i` e b s nbusbs y ` e ndldn hc h `l t di` ebs e`y`s sdl vhrtubec`lt` ed chscd¶ eb.
u No. ^YBLE@X G. GDOOCBLL,«Hlt`rlbthdlbe Q`ebthdls, Yg` Edlm Qdbi td Y g`d-ry¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 22 (barhe 2808 ), pâms. >0=-07.
NBCZA@EE, ]gbt hs ^nh`ln`4, pâm. =8. No. N. M. G@CZ@Ey ZBPE DZZ@LG@HC,« tuih`s hl tg` Edmhn do @xpeblbthdl¶, l G`ra`rt O`hme y Cby Ardia`nf, is., Q`b-ihlms hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bpe`tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots, 280>),pâmhlbs >12.116 FBQEQ. ZDZZ@Q, Yg` Dp`l ^dnh`ty bli Hts @l`ch`s (Zrhln`tdlPlhv rshty Zr`ss, 280: ), pâms. 900-0=.
Zghedsdpgy do nh`ln`, pâm.
Y`drãbs
Eb p b e barb « t ` d r ãb ¶ ` s tâ r ` p e` t b i` b ca h mõ`ibi . B c`luid , quh`l` seb cpe`bl ld pbr`n`l sba r què shmlhohnbid i`s`bl trblschthr6 y ndlmrbl or`nu`ln hb quh`l`s e` bt r hauy`l ul s hml h o hnbid `stâl `l i`sbnu`rid`l t r ` ` e ed s . Zb r ` n` , pu` s , ndlv`l h `l t ` pb s b r r ` v h s tb’ndc d g h n hcds ndle b e `y’b sus vbr h ds s h ml h o h n bids .
Y@DQÃB I@OHLHIB NDCD Z@L^BCH@LYD , NDLK@YPQB D HI@B^
Y`drãb s` cpe`b b c`luid ndcd shlþlhcd i` p`lsbch`ltds, ndl-k`turbs d hi`bs. Bsã, t`drãb pdeãthnb quhvbe` b p`lsbch`ltd pdeãthnd d` sp `nu ebn hþl pd e ã t hn b , y e d s t r ` s t è rchlds hc p e h n bl e b ` xp r `s hþl i` hi `b spd e ã t h nbs d « o he dsd obr bn`rnb i` e Mdah`rld¶ 2 . @s t` s`lt hid m`l` rb e y vbmdi` e b p b eba r b b pbr `n ` `l vbr h ds n dl t `x tds .
@l e b prân t h nb i h b rh b dpdl`c ds b v` n` s t ` d r ã b y prân t h nb 1. `n hcds ,pdr k`cped, qu` l t`drãb e i`sbrc` s ulb au`lb ndsb, p`rd qu` t`-l`cds iuibs i` sh l eb prânthnb s`rãb i`s`bae`... @l st` thpd i` ndl-t`xtd t`drãb pbr`n` i ldtbr ndlk`turb d p`lsbch`ltd, y eb prânthnb i`-ldt b bn n hþl 6 y ulb hcp e h n bn hþl n dl s hmu h`l t ` ` s qu` ` s t ` p `l sbc h`l t d s `pr`s`ltbrãb ndcd obesd d hlbi`nubid, d ndcd ndliun`lt` b rrdr, ulbv`z prdabid l eb bnnhþl @l r`ebnhþl ndl xpr`shdl`s i` st` thpd i`-
nhcds b v`n`s «`l prhlnhphd¶, c`kdr qu` «`l t`drãb¶.C`ihblt` ulb e`v` vbrhbnhþl i` ed blt`rhdr ndltrbpdl`cds t`drãb y
g`ngdI`n hcds qu` `l t ` d r ã b i`cdnrâ t hnb s ` ` s p` rb qu` e d s n huibiblds
`stâl ou`rt`c`lt` hlnehlbids b pbrthnhpbr `l eb vhib pdeãthnb, b `stbrh l o d rcb ids , s ` r r bn h dlb e ` s , p ` r d qu` , i ` g`ngd , p dnds n huibiblds nuc-p e `l `stbs `sp`rblzbs .I`n hcds qu` `l e d s pb ã s ` s n dc ul h s t b s ` e Mda h ` rld«`k`nutb shcpe`c`lt` eb vdeultbi i`e pbrthid, tbltd i` g`ngd ndcd lt`drãbv`
B v`n `s bc p e h bcds e d s usds n h t bids câs b r rha b r ` o h rh èlidlds b nub e -quh`r prdpdshnhþl, câs ah`l, ndcpehnbib d iuidsb ndcd ulb t`drãb yt r b tblid ulb p r dpds h n hþl da v hb n dcd ul g`ngd d ulb da s` r vbn hþl p rân -thnb. Zdr k`cped, pdirãbcds nhtbr eb nu`sthþl i` eb r`ebnhþl ltr` ebhloeu`lnhb i`e pr`shi`lt` i` eds @stbids Plhids sdar` ebs bnnhdl`s i`eNdlmr `sd y ` e lûc` rd i` pu`s t ds dnupbids p dr su pbr t hid . h s ` o d rcu-ebs` eb prdpdshnhþl i` qu` e pr`shi`lt` p`ri râ hloeu`lnhb nublid supbrthid pbsb i` ulb cbydrãb i`e 00 pdr 2:: b ulb cbydrãb i` 7: pdr2:: , s ` n dl s hi ` r br ãb ` s t b p r dpds h n hþl n dcd ulb t `dr ãb , c h`l t r bs qu` e bprdpds hn hþl i` qu` ` e pr`s hi`lt` mblb hl o eu`ln hb nub lid su pbr t hid sbe t bi` ulb pdshnhþl chldrhtbrhb b ulb cbydrhtbrhb s` ndlshi`rbrâ prdaba e`-c`lt` ndcd ulb das`rvbnhþl ldrcbe @l dtrbs pbebarbs eb t`drãb s`r ` e bn h dlb n dl ulb l `n `s hibi p r ` suchib ` e ` . cbydr p `l sbc h`l t d y p ru` -abs , y iuib
B v`n`s, eb pbebarb «t`drãb¶ `s `cpe`bib pbrb i`shmlbr ul p`lsb-ch`l t d d hi `b bn ` r n b i ` nþc d r ` sd ev ` r ul p r da e `cb . Bs ã, b e mulds bn tûbl`l abs` b eb t`drãb i` qu` ul c`ihd pbrb r`odrzbr eb i`cdnrbnhb s hl-
iun h r b cbydr lûc `rd i` vd t bl t ` s b pb r t h n hpb r `l e b ` e ` nn h þl , s h l t `l` r l nu`l t b e b `x t `l s hþl i` su h ml dr bl n hb9
Ndcd s ` su p dl ` c âs b r rh a b , e d s p ` l s bc h ` l t d s p u `i `l s ` r e ebc b - e d st ` d r ãb s nublid s dl ld rcb t h vd s d i` s nr h p t hvd s . Zb rb h eus tr b r s t ` p . 9l t d`xp e ãn h t bc`l t ` p dir ã bcds r ` n dribr e b t ` dr ãb i ` qu` n bib l b n hþl i`a`r ã bs ` r e h a r` pb rb ndls t h tu hr s ` ndcd ul @s t bid h li`p`li h `l t ` 6 y pdir ãbc dsldtbr e usd s`muhid nublid i`nhcds qu` ebs r`ebnhdl`s ndl e pbãs B,pdnd bc hs t dsd n dl ` e lu`s t r d , s dl n dliun hibs sda r ` e b a bs` i ` e b t ` dr ãbi` qu` th`l` ulb behblzb s`nr`tb ndl `e pbãs A, qu` lds `s pdnd bchmd.
Ndcd t bc a hèl s ` supdl ` câs br r ha b , b v `n ` s usbcds e b p b eba r b « t` d -r ãb ¶ p br b i `s h mlbr ulb n dl k ` turb b n ` r n b i ` r ` e bn h dl `s n b usb e ` s d b n ` r n bi` eds c`ihds câs ohnbn`s i` benblzbr ul ohl ibid. Zbrb xpehnbr st`pultd n h t br ãbcds eb t `d r ãb i` qu` eb r`pr`s`ltbn hþl prdpdrn hdlb e ou` ulb
i` ebs nbusbs i` eb i`ahehibi i` eb Q`pûaehnb i` ]`hcbr6 y pdirãbcdss`òbebr eb t`drãb i` qu`, ndl e ohl i` hcp`ihr ul btbqu` sdvhèthnd, ec`kdr c`i hd ` s bc`lb zbr n dl r `p r ` sb e hb s c bs hvbs .
B o hrcbn hdl `s i ` e d qu` i`ldchlbc ds t `dr ã bs pu`i`l `x t `li`rs ` i `s -i` ul lhv`e cuy abkd b ul lhv`e cuy betd i` m`l`rbehibi. Ruh`l`s i`-
▫ No. nbpãtued 29, «I`cdnrbthn Zrbnthn` bli I`cdnrbthn Yg`dry¶, `l A`rlbriQ. A`r`esdl, Zbue O. Ebzbrso`ei y ]heehbc CnZg`r`, _dthlm (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshtydo Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 2809).
Y . ]. Gut ng hl sdl ` s t ba e ` n ` ulb i h s t hl n hþl b lâ edmb b. baeb i` «prd-pdshnhdl`s i` t`drãb purb¶ y i` «prdpdshnhdl`s i` t`drãb bpehnbib¶. Ebsids sdl t`drãbs `l e s`lthid i` qu` r`oe`kbl p`lsbch`ltd. «Y`drãb pu-
rb¶ , s` ihn` , 6 ndls hs t` . `l 'prdpds hn hdl`s i` e t hpd «s h p, 6 `l t dl n `s q¶, y .
@l st` pultd xhst` ulb ihohnuetbi pdt`lnhbe `l qu` eb pbebarb «sh¶t h ` l` i h o ` r`l t ` s s h ml h o h nbids . B v` n` s ndll d t b nublid d hlneusd yb qu`,
md, ld s` gbn` lhlmulb bohrcbnhþl i` thpd oânthnd6 y èst` s e s`lthidi` sh qu` ausnb Gutnghlsdl. @l st` shmlhohnbid, eb odrcuebnhþl «sh p
`l t dl n `s q¶, ld hcpehnb «lhlmulb bohrcbnhþl `cpãrhnb `l nubltd b eb
v` ribi i` p d q¶. @s vhi`lt` qu` l ebs dtrbs odrcuebnhdl`s («yb qu`
(`xhst`) p, pdr n dl s hmu h `l t ` q¶) s ` i` n e b rb qu` e b p r `ch s b ` s `c p ã r hnb -c`l t ` v` ribi` rb . Zb rb h eus t rb r e b i h o ` r `ln h b’y e b bc a h mõ`ibi hc p e h nb -ib’nhtbr`cds eb i`nebrbnhþl i` qu` «ul mrupd t`lirâ ulb cbydr prd-pdrn hþl i` vdtbn hþl s h sus hl t `r`s`s `stâl c âs bo`n tbids p dr ebs pde ã t hnbsi` e Mda h ` rld¶ . upu`stb ulb hl t `rpr`tbn hþl purbc` lt` ndl k`turbe ` g h-p d t è t h n b i ` e b n eâusu eb n dli hn h dlb e sh), shl bohrcbr qu` pu`i`l `xhsthr
mrupds bo`ntbids i` cbl`rb iho`r`lt`, eb bohrcbnhþl s`rãb i` «t`drãbpurb¶ l e s`lthid i` Gutnghlsdl. Zdirãb s`r i`ldchlbib ul bxhdcb
d t `dr`cb 7.`rd quh`l`s ndlst ruy`l sh s h ml h o h n blid nublid i`a`l n dl -
n eu h r qu` e b b o h rcb n hþl `xp r `sb ulb « t`dr ã b bp e h n bib¶ .@l e b cbydr ã b i` e d s usd s c âs b r rh ab c `ln h dlbids , s h ld `l t dids ,ed qu` s` eebcb ulb t`drãb pdirãb i`ldchlbrs` ulb ghpþt`shs. B v`n`s,
• YlcCBs Z. KQLFHL, Yg` tuiy do Zdehthnbe Yg`dry (Nbri`l Nhty6 Iduae`iby,2800), pâms. ?-=.
• Y. ]. GPYNltsdL, Yg` ^hmlhohnbln` bli Abshn Zdstuebt`s do @ndldchn Yg`dry
(Edlir`s6 Cbncheebl, 28>7), pâm. 1>.@XCDPQC. EHZ^@Y,- «Yg` Zsyngdedmy do _dthlm; Bl Blbeyshs do Zdehthnbe
A`gbvhdr¶, l Mrbihl`r Ehlir`y, iht., Gbliaddf do ^dnhbe Zsyngdedmy (Nbcarhim 6Biihsdl-]`se y, 2809 ), HH, 2217.
d BLBYDEQBZDZDQY «_brhdus C`blhlms do jYg`dry's, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`
l`r b e ` s i` prdpþshtds y cètdids, ohl`s y c`ih d s , `l ul nbcp d i` b n t h -
vhibi nh`ltãohnb, std s, l ulb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb. Eb t`drãb `l e
s`lthid i` ohedsdoãb s` ihrhm` b nu`sthdl`s ndcd ebs s hmuh`l t`s ; ´Ruè s
ed qu` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds i`a`l hlt ltbr benblzbr4 Ruè nrht`rhdsi` kuhnhd i`a`l muhbre`s be sndm`r ed qu` gbn`l4 Ruè nrht`rhds i`a`l
`cpe`brs` pbrb i`nhihr què snrhahr d `ls òbr, y pbrb bpr`nhbr ed qu`
dt rds `ls`òbl d `s nr ha`l4 ´Ruè t hpds i` `lnu`stb i`a`l nd lshi`rbrs` vb-ehdsds y què nebs`s i` edmrds sbthsobntdrhds4 Bsã, pu`s- eb ohedsdoãb ndl-s h s t ` `l p `l sb ch`l t d sda r ` p `l sbc h`l t d . Zds tu ebids l drcbt hv ds , eþm h n b
y blâ e h s hs s ` n dc a hlbl ` l ul ` s ou`r zd p br b i `sbr r d e eb r ul r bzdlbch`l t dndg`r`l t` qu` s h rvb i` muãb b e n h `lt ã o h ndy
i` blâ e hs h s i ` e d s s h s t `cbs i` n r ` `l n hbs ` s i `ldchlbib , b v `n ` s , ohedsdoãb.
@l st` s`lthid, B. Q. C. Currby ihn` «Ebs ohedsdoãbs pdeãthnbs... pu`-i`l prdvhshdlbec lt` ihvhihrs` l t`drãbs cdrb e ` s d lb turb e ãs t h nb s i` e@st bid¶ . Z` r d , bulqu` e d s t è rchld s sdl b v `n ` s usbids hl t ` r n bc a hbids ,
`s e ãn h tb e b ihs t hln hþl.
EB Y@DQÃB I@OHLHIB NDCD @^RP@CB NDLN@ZYPBE
I`ohlhr eb t`drãb ndcd nubequh`r ndlk`turb, p`lsbch`ltd d hi`b sbs h mlbr b e b p b eba r b ul s `l t hid `l `x t r`cd b cp e h d ` hcpr `n h sd’tbl bc -
p e h d ` hcpr` n h s d qu` e b pb e ba rb ` s i` pd nb ut he hibi pb rb t r blsch t h r ulbshmlhohnbnhþl ndlnr`tb’. I`ohlhreb ndcd ulb suaihvhshþl i` eb nh`lnhbpdeãthnb eebcbib t`drãb pdeãthnb `s bemd câs ûthe, p`rd bûl `s l`n sbrhdausnbr ulb i` o hl hn hþl câs `s tr`ngb. Lu`strb aûsqu`ib i`a` r` ebn hdlb rs` ,sda r ` t did , s h l d `x n eus hvbc` l t ` , n dl e b t ` dr ãb i `sn r hp t h v b .
i` su hmldrblnhb, orbnbsbl, y b v`n`s sdl uthehzbids d i`spebzbids pdr shlh`strds ndls-phrbidr`s, y `ltdln`s dnurr` eb mu`rrb. @ltdln`s, eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb s` susthtuy` pdreb bnnhþl chehtbr, eds ihpedcâthnds sdl susthtuhids pdr eds m`l`rbe`s, gbstb qu`, i` be-mulb c bl`rb, s` r`stbae`n` eb pbz.
@l `s t ` ` squ`cb ndl n `p tub e `l nb k bl cungds g`ngds y n dl n `p t ds , ybemulds ed gbl nd lshi`rbid sbt hs obn tdr hd. Z`rd dt rds v`l ul lûc` rd suas-t bl n hb e i ` g`ngds y n dl n `p t ds qu` l d `l nb k bl , y bablidlbl ` e ` squ`cbpdr d t r d qu` r `zb , câs d c` lds , n dc d s h mu` ;
@st ` t hp d i ` ` squ`cb ndl n `p tub e gb sus t h tuhid suas t bl n hb ec` l t ` b eprhc`r thpd, pu`s ndcpr`g`li` cungds câs g`ngds y ndln`ptds i` ebpdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe. Zdshae`c`lt , ul t`rn`r thpd i` squ`cb pu`i
i` s b r rd ee b r s ` qu` nucp e b su ouln h þl bûl c âs ût h ec`l t ` .
EB Y@DQÃB NDCD HLY@QZQ@YBNHÞL D ZPLYD I@ _H YB
Fbre Zdpp`r dor`n` ulb i`ohlhnhþl i` t`drãb qu` s, l nh`rtd cdid,s hc h e b r b e b ldn h þl i` .qu` ` s ul ` s qu`cb ndl n`p tub e . ^ ` r ` oh ` r ` b t ` d -rãb d b nubsh-t`drãb ndcd hlt`rpr`tbnhþl d «nrhstbehzbnhþl i` ul pultdi` vhstb¶.
Zdpp`r absb `stb ndln`pnhþl i` eb t`drãb `l ul g`ngd qu` i hsnut h-c ds `l ` e n b p ã tued t ` r n ` rd ; qu` cungds n dl kul tds , câs a h `l n dc p e` k ds ,i` ndli h n h dl` s dp` rbl ld rc b ec`l t ` pb rb prdiun hr e d s b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d ssdnhb e `s y pd e ã t h nds qu` ndls hi`rbc ds s hmlh o h nb t hvds , y qu` ih o` r`lt`s t h -pds i` `xp e h n bn hþl pu`i`l ausnbr s ` sda r ` e b a b s` i ` vbr h bs v ã bs i ` bn ` r -
n bc h`l t d `l i h o ` r `l t ` s l hv ` e` s i ` e r bzdlbc h`l t d . Eb i `sn r hp n hþl y e b `x -pe hnbn hþl, i`n ãbc ds, sdl pdnbs v`n`s ndc pe` tbs 6 i`a`l s` r s` e`n t hvbs . Z`rd´`l abs` b què ` sndm `cd s e d s ib t ds qu` g`c ds i` n dl s hi ` r br4 Plb ` e ` n -nhþl be bzbr ld s prdabae` qu` prdiuznb ul r`suetbid sbthsobntdrhd,pu` s ` s prdab a e ` qu` ndliuznb b n h ` r t d lûc`rd i` i` n e b rb n h dl` s h lnd -l`xbs. Eb bet`rlbthvb b eb `e`nnhþl be bzbr, `l dphlhþl i` Zdpp`r, `seb bidpnhþl, s`b i` ul pultd i` vhstb, s`b i` ulb hlt`rpr`tbnhþl. I`pr`o`r`lnhb, e bntd i`a` s`r ndlsnh`lt` y xpeãnhtd, pbrb chlhchzbr ebpdshahehibi i` butd`lmbòd y cbxhchzbr eb pdshahehibi i` qu` eds nrht`-r hds i` s` e`nn hþl snbl bp e hnbids nr ã t hnbc`lt` ` hl t ` e hm`l t`c`lt`; Bidptbr
ul pul t d i` vhstb ` s s `c ` k bl t ` b ` s n dm ` r ul pul t d ` e `vbid i`si` ` e nub en dl t `c p ebr ul pb h sb k ` . Z` rch t ` ` s t ba e ` n ` r hl od rc`s v ` ribi`r ds , t `l h `l -id l nu`ltb qu` eb sn`lb bpbr`n`râ ihsthltb sh s` das`rvb i`si` dtrdâlmued6 `l dtrbs pbebarbs; iho`r`lt`s hlodrc`s qu` r`oe`kbl iho`r`lt`spultds i` vhstb pu`i`l s`r tdids ndrr`ntds, l ed qu` b nbib uld be-nblzb. Pl pultd i` vhstb pu`i`, ld dastblt`, i`sbrrdeebrs l ulb hl-t`rpr`tbnhþl6 std s, pu`i` gba`r «ulb nrhstbehzbnhþl i` ul pultd i`
vhstb¶.s@l e squ`cb i` Zdpp`r ul pultd i` vhstb nrhstbehzbid d ulbhlt`rpr`tbnhþl quhvbe`l vhrtubec`lt` b ulb xpehnbnhþl6 eb iho`r`lnhbr`s hi` `l qu` ebs `xpe hnbn hdl`s pu`i` l s`r r` outbibs d `s tb ae`n hibs , ch`l-t r bs qu` e b s hl t ` r p r` t bn h dl `s s dl s h `c pr ` , `l n h ` r t d cdid , n dl k ` turb e ` s .@l su dphlhþl, bulqu` eb xpehnbnhþl s pdshae` l ebs nh`lnhbs lbtu-rbe`s idli` eb r`pehnbnhþl pu`i` bndlt`n`r (`s i`nhr, eb r`p`thnhþl i`echsc d `xp `r hc`l t d , quhzâ pdr i ho ` r `l t ` s p ` r sdlb s ) 6 eb hl t ` r p r ` t bn hþl ` sldrcbec`lt` e pultd ohlbe i` eds i`sbrrdeeds sdnhbe`s. Ebs hlt`rpr`tb-n h dl `s sdl b n `p t ba e ` s `l i h s t hl t ds m rbids . Zbr b qu` s `bl câs bn ` p t ba e ` si`a`l s ` r n dl s h s t `l t ` s hl t ` rlbc`l t ` y n dl s h s t `l t ` s n dl ` e n dldn hc h`l t di` e d s g` ngds 6 ` s , e lâs , i`a`l prdv` ` r ` e .câx hcb l ' bc` rd i` g` n gds y .
ndln`p t d s ` l ulb r ` e b n h þl ndl s `l t h id . E b s h l t ` rpr ` tb n h dl` s qu` ld r ` -s h s t bl e b n dc p` t h n hþl n dl d t r bs i `a `l s ` r ba blidlbibs . D t r bs r ` ebn h dl `si`a`l s ` r c bl t `l hib s s dar` ulb a b s ` purbc`l t ` iè `lsb yd , r` n dldn h `lidqu` d t r bs hl t ` rp r ` t bn h dl `s c âs bn `p t ba e ` s pu`i`l i`sbr r d e eb r s ` .
Ndcd hli hn b ` e c hscd Zdpp`r , nublid i` o hl ` e b t ` dr ãb n dc d pul t d i`v hstb d hl t `rpr`tbn hþl , `stâ i hn h`lid qu` `quhvbe` b ulb ghpþt`s hs i` t rb-abkd 7
Qda`rt F. C`rtdl s` r`oh`r` b ulb ndln`pnhþl shchebr i` eb t`drãbnublid i h n ` ;
C@E_HL G. CBQW, «Yg` M`l`rbe Lbtur` do Yg`dry Ndlstrunthdls, `l C`evhlG. C brx, `iht., Zsyndedmhnbe Yg`dry (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cbncheebl, 2802), pâm. ?. No. OQBL FB. EDMBL y beuclds, A`gbvhdr Yg`dry bli ^dnhbe ^nh`ln` (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe Plh-v`rshty Zr`ss, 2800 ), y Z. I. CBQNHHBLY, «Yg dry bli Zrbnthn` hl tg` tuiy doHlt`rlbthdlbe Q`ebthdls,, Hlt`rlbthdlbe Q`ebthdls, 2 (barhe 2800), 2:2.1.
c`lt` qu` uld i` eds s`lthids i` eb t`drãb ndlshst` l xpehnbnhþl `l es`lthid i` dri`lbr ebs xp`rh`lnhbs6 l stb ndln`pnhþl, ebs t`drãbs vb-rãbl i`si` ebs pbrnhbe s b e b s n dc pr `g`l s hvbs , i `p `li h`lid i` e b n bi`lbi` `xp`rh`lnhbs pdeãthnbs qu` dri`lbl . Kbc`s ]. Zrdtgrd ndc`ltbqu` «nbib trbtbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb qu` nucpe` ndl su i`a`r t`d-rhzb, l e s`lthid i` qu` trbtb i` ee`vbr b m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s pbrb xpeh-nbr , b e c`lds, b emulbs ndliuntbs pde ã t hnbs¶ 19. A``r y Pebc `xpr`sbl ebdphl hþl i` qu` ` e t rb tbihs tb i` n h `lnhb pd e ã t hnb i`a ` «ausnbr ebs ulh odr-chibi`s i ` n dliun t b y e b s r ` e bn h dl `s r ` nurr `l t ` s y t r b t br i ` m `l `r b e h zbr
i`si` ` s t b ab s` `c p ã rh n b ¶ . X , gba h `lid ` s t ba e ` n hid m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s `c -p ãr hnbs d e`y`s, i`a`l ib r ul pbsd c âs ` hl t rdiunhr t `dr ãbs qu` `xp e hnbl .Eb odrcuebnhþl i` A``r y Pebc s qu` «eb e`y d m`l`rbehzbnhþl cpã-rhnb stbae`n` ed qu` sun`i`6 eb t`drãb xpehnb pdr què¶ 10. A`rmcblldphlb ed chscd ; «bohrcbnhdl`s i` g`ngds hlihvhiube`s s` xpehnbl pdre b s e `y` s 6 e b s e `y` s s ` `xp e h n bl p dr t ` dr ãbs ¶ 1?.
H.. Plb t drãb s ul mrupd i` e y`s ndl`ntbibs i`iunthvbc`lt . Câs xbntbc lt ,ulb t`drãb s ul mrupd i` e y`s, ldrcbec lt` pdnbs, i` ebs qu` dtrbs ’ldrcbec`lt``l lûc`rd sup`rhdr’ gbl shid i`iunhibs r`bec`lt`, y i` ebs nube`s s` `sp`rb i`iunhrbûl câ.
Zdirãbcds r`ndribr eb i`nebrbnhþl e` A rmcbll i` qu` e ndldnh-ch`l t d i` nbusbs y ` e ndl dn hc h `l t d i` e ` y ` s y t ` d r ãb s s dl v h rtub ec`l t `
ed chscd. Zbrb @rl`st Lbm e eb pbebarb t`drãb i` s h mlb «ulb od rcue b -nhþl xpeãnhtb i` r`ebnhdl`s i`t rchlbibs ltr` ul ndlkultd i` vbrhb-ae`s, `l tèrchlds i` ebs nube`s ulb nebs` `xt`lsb i` r`muebrhibi`s (de`y`s) ndcprdabae`s `cpãrhnbc`lt` pu`i s`r xpehnbib¶ 17. Lbm eihn` ; «@l nh`lnhb eb r`spu`stb b eb pr`multb «pdr què¶ ` s s h `cpr ` ulbt`drãb. Ld hcpdrtb gbstb què pultd s` ee`vb eb pr`multb «pdr qu趒ypu`i` p r d edl mbr s ` hli` o hl hibc`l t `’i`a` t ` rchlbr `l ulb t `dr ãb ¶ 18.
Zu`i` t bca hèl r ` n dldn ` r s ` qu` l hl mulb i` ` s t bs o d rcu ebn hdl `s p r d -pdrn hdlb ulb s`r h` i` nr h t `r hds pr ãs t hlds p brb hi`lt h o hnbr ulb t `dr ãb. Nube-quh`rb i`ohlhnhþl qu` s` bidpt` `s prdabae` qu` eb iuib surkb `l nd-l`xhþl ndl eb bohrcbnhþl i` qu` ulb i`nebrbnhþl ibib d ulb s`rh` i`i`nebrbnhdl`s ndlsthtuy l ulb t`drãb. @e prdae`cb s` tdrlb câs ihoãnhe
@NF Y@HL, «Zdehthnbe Yg`dry bli tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns¶, pâm. 972." «Yg` Ldls`ls` Ohmgt Dv`r ^nh`lthohn C`tgdi; B Ze`b odr Z`bn`s, Kdurlbe
do Zdehthnhs, 27 (bmdstd 280? ), pâm. 0?=.1 . A@@Q, BIBC A. PEBC y dtrds, Zbtt`rls do Mdv`rlc`lt (Lu`vb
@QL@^Y L BM@E y NB QE N. G@CZ@E , «^ycpdshuc; Zrdae`cs do Ndln`pt bliYg dry Odrcbthdl hl tg` dnhbe nh`ln`s¶, l Bc`rhnbl Zghedsdpghnbe Bssdnhbthdl,@bst`rl Ihvhshdl, vde. H, nh`ln`, Eblmubm` bli Gucbl Qhmgts (Ohebi`eohb6 Plh-v`rshty do Z`llsyevblhb Zr ss, 2801 ), pâm. 9?.
pdr eb s`c`kblzb `l t r ` t ` dr ãbs , g hpþ t ` s h s y e `y` s . @l r `b e hibi , `l e b c b-ydrãb i` eds ndlt`xtds, sh ld sdl tdids, ebs pbebarbs «ghpþt`shs¶ y «t`b
r ãb s ¶ s dl h l t ` r nbca h ba e ` s , y e` y ` s y t ` d r ãb s t h ` l`l t bl t d `l nd cûl qu`ul sou`rzd pbrb `stbae`n`r ulb ihsthlnhþl nebrb ld c`r`n` eb p`lb.Ndcd s` hli h nþ câs br r ha b , A `r mc bll dp hl b qu` e b s t ` dr ãbs hl ndrpdr ble `y`s . Ibib e b vbmu`ibi i` e b s i h s t hl n h dl `s , s ` pu`i` i` o `li`r e b p rân -t h n b , l d p dnd n dcûl , i` `vhtbr d chl hc hzbr ` e `cp e`d i ` ` s t bs p b eba r bs ,gbaebl id `l v`z i` ` e ebs i` m`l`rb e hzbn hdl`s , prdpds hn hdl`s , ndln`pn hdl`sy ldn hdl`s .
E d s LH_@E@^ I@ M@L@QBEHIBI I@ EB^ Y@DQÃB^
G`c ds g`ngd ld t br bl t ` r h d rc`l t ` qu` ed s g`ngds pu`i`l b e hl `br s `i`si` e d s c uy ndl n r` t ds b e d s c uy m `l `r b e ` s , y qu` s ` pu`i`l o d rcu ebrm `l `r b e h z bn h dl `s b i h o ` r`l t ` s l hv ` e ` s i ` m `l `r b e hibi . ^ h ulb p r dpds h n hþl`xpehnb sdebc`lt` uld d pdnds bndlt`nhch`ltds s` ihn` qu` s i` abkdl h v` e i` m`l` rb e hibi , c h `l t rb s qu` s h ` xp e hnb ul mrbl lûc `rd i` b ndl -t`nhch`ltds s` ihn` qu` s i` betd lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi. Bgdrb ah`l6 sdav hd qu` e d s g`ngds y e b s p r dpds h n h dl `s s ` n dca hlbl pbr b n r `br t ` dr ãbs ,y qu` e b s t ` d r ãb s pu`i`l `xpr` s b r s ` `l i h o ` r `l t ` s l h v` e` s . Zdi`cds ` l -ndltrbrlds ndl t`drãbs i` abkd lhv`e d «c`ihib str`ngb¶, d pdi`cdsgbaèrldsebs ndl t`drãbs i` betd lhv`e d m`l`rbe`s (ulb ((t`drãb i` betd
`sthed¶), d ndl t`drãbs c`ihbs 8:. Ruhzâ s`b ûthe ndcpbrbr ul shst`cbt `drè t hnd b ul ârad e . Ebs r bc bs c âs p `qu`òbs r `p r` s `l t br ã bl e d s ib t ds’eds g`ngds y eds ndln`ptds’ndl eds qu` s` ndch`lzb. B c`ihib qu`pr ds`mu hcds v `cds qu` ` s t bs p r hc`r bs r bcbs s ` ul`l b d t r bs câs m r bl -i` s . Nbib rbcb mrbli` s ` ndl v h ` rt ` `l ulb t ` d r ãb i` a b k d l h v` e qu` `x -p e h n b e b s r ` e bn h dl `s ` l t r ` lu`s t r ds ib t ds i ` i ` t b e e ` . B su v `z , e b s r bc bsblngbs s ` ul`l b d t r bs t dibv ãb c bydr `s 6 ` s t d ` s , ulb t `dr ãb c `i hb bpb -r ` n` . O hlb ec`l t ` , e e` mbc ds b e t r dlnd i` e â rad e , qu` r `pr ` s `l t b ulb t ` d -rãb i` betd lhv`e, m`l`rbe. h bemûl stuihdsd i` eb pdeãthnb gb ee`mbidbe t r dl nd’`s t d ` s , s h b e mu h `l gb p r diun hid ulb t `dr ã b m `l `r b e d n dc pr ` -g`lshvb’`s, quhzâ, i hsnut ha e` . X quh`l`s iuibl s h s` gb i`sb rrde ebid ulbt `dr ãb i ` ` s t ` t h p d i `a ` l susp `li`r su kuh n h d sda r ` s h pu`i` e dm r brs ` . ^ hed qu` t`l`cds s bgdrb ul lûc`rd ndlshi`rbae` i` t`drãbs pbrnhbe`s
o d rcue bibs b vb r hd s l h v` e` s i` m`l` rb e h ibi y r ` o e` k blid vb r h d s cè t didsi` bn`rnbch`ltd b eb pdeãthnb, ld pdi`cds bûl stbr s`murds i s h s `pu`i` b e n blzbr ulb t `dr ã b n dc pr `g`l s hvb , m `l `r b e , i` e b bn n hþl pd e ã th n b .@s davhd qu` `s câs oânhe `xpehnbr pdnd qu` `xpehnbr cungd. @l dtrbspb eba r bs ; eb s t ` dr ã bs i ` p `qu`òb c` i hib sdl c âs oân he ` s i ` i `sbr r d e e b rqu` ebs t`drãbs m`l`rbe`s, y s câs prdabae` qu` s`bl ohrc`s. Bulqu`s`b i h o ã n h e , t`l`c ds eb pd s ha h e hibi i` i`sb rrde ebr ulb t `d r ãb qu` `xp e hqu`
pdr què ul ch`card i`e Ndlmr`sd i`t rchlbid vdtþ l obvdr i` ulbr ` sd eun hþl qu` bu t drh zbab b e p r ` s hi `l t ` bc `r h n bld b `c p e`br b e b s ou`r -zbs b rcbib s `l ` e Z rþx hcd Dr h `l t ` `l i` t ` rc hlbibs n h rnuls t bln h b s . @sdtrb ndsb cuy iho`r`lt` i`sbrrdeebr ulb t`drãb m`l rbe qu` xpehqu` td-
lb t h v b s pd s h a e ` s >1Eds ibtds das`rvbae`s y eb eþmhnb `xneuy`l eb bidp-nhþl i` bemulbs t`drãbs, p`rd `l cungd s n b sd s n dl s hi `r b n hd l `s s up e ` td -rhbs ltrbl l ku`md l ebs e`nnhdl`s qu` s` gbn`l. @xhst`, i` drihlb-
k b ¶, ` s i `sbr r d e e b r ul c di` ed 6 ` s t d ` s , hcâm`l ` s qu` ` s t âl s hcp e h o h n bibsy v`rshdl`s ndcpu`stbs i` ul lûc`rd i` vbnbs, tdrds u dv`kbs hlihvh-iub e ` s . @l ` s t ` `cp e ` d , ul c di` e d ` s ulb hcbm`l bas t r b n t b’ulb v` r -s h þl s hcp e ho h n bib y ndcpu`s t b’i` ulb n e b s ` i` o `lþc `lds . Yb e cdi` -ed `s, `s`lnhbec lt`, hchtbthvd d hsdcþrohnd, bulqu` e hsdcdrohscd `shlndcpe` td .
Nublid s` xpdl` eb ldnhþl i` ul «gdcar` ndlþchnd¶ y s` ed i `-ldchlb cdi` ed s ` b eui` , p r daba e `c`l t ` , b ulb hcb m`l c `l t b e ba s t r bn tb 6ed chscd pu`i` i nhrs` l r`ebnhþl ndl eb ldnhþl i` ul «gdcar` pdeã-
thnd¶ d « th p d p d e ã t hn d ¶ . (Pl «gdcar ` ` n dlþchnd ¶ s h `c pr ` ` s n dm ` e b s dpd r -tulhibi s pbrb eb mblblnhb l tdib shtubnhþl y ul «gdcar` pdeãthnd¶s h `cpr ` ` s n dm ` e b s dpdr tul hibi`s i ` p di`r , n dl p r ` o ` r `l n hb b d t r bs dpdr -tulhibi`s >=.) Z`rd, l st` nbsd, s iuidsd sh e e`c`ltd hchtbthvd sidchlb l t ` . @ e p `l sb ch`l t d l d ` s qu` ` e c di` ed s `b h s dc þr oh n d n dl ulbp`rsdlb d hln eusd ndl ulb v`rs hþl ndcp u`stb i` ih o `r`lt`s p`rsdlbs . L eâsa h `l , cdi` eds i ` ` s t ` t h p d s ` `xpdl `l `l r ` e bn hþl n dl a ûsqu`ibs i` `x -pehnbnhþl. Plb s`pbrbnhþl ndcpe`tb i` eb r`behibi `s bn`ptbib ndl eb`sp`rblzb i` qu` prdy`nt` euz sdar` eb r`behibi. Bquã eb ldnhþl i` ulcdi`ed pbr`n` ndhlnhihr str`ngbc`lt` ndl eb ldnhþl i`, «t`drãb purb¶,i`sn r h t b câs br r ha b . @s t d ` s , p br `n ` p r dpdr n hdlbr eb a b s` p br b p r dpds h -nhdl`s i` eb nebs` «sh... `ltdln`s¶. @l dtrbs pbebarbs ; p`rcht` eb bohr-cbnhþl i` qu`, sh ulb p`rsdlb ibib bntûb ndcd ul gdcar` pdeãthnd,` o`n tubrâ tb e`s y tb e`s ` e`nn hdl`s ` l ulb s h tubn hþl i`snr h t b . Ybe`s bo hrcb-n h dl `s pu`i`l s ` r p r dv`ngdsbs p br b sum`r h r ulb `l nu`s t b `c p ã rh n b , p ` r d`l sã chscbs ld bòbi`l lbib be ndldnhch`ltd cpãrhnd.
@s davhd qu` eds cdi`eds oãshnds, ebs hcâm`l`s c`ltbe`s y ebs ndl-n `p n hdl `s ba s t rbn t bs d o h n n h dl `s b e b s qu` l ds g`c ds r ` o ` r hid pu`i`l s ` ri`snr h tds . @l dtrbs 6pb eba r bs ; e d s cdi` eds pu`i`l s ` r v ` r ab e ` s . Eds cd -i`eds v`rabe`s qu` sdl xpehnbthvds ee`mbl d ld pdi`r s`r ihsthlmuhidsi` ebs t `dr ãbs .
@s câs ; pdi`cds n dc`l zb r ndl ul cdi` e d v` rab e . Pl nþi h md e` mb ed ul ehard d ulb orbs` pu`i`l s`r ul cdi`ed pbrb dtrds. Plb r`meb dulb e `y i`snr hpt hvb pu`i` s` rvh r i` c di` ed pb rb d trb r`meb , e`y i`snr hp-thvb d t`drãb. Bsã, «sh e b s e `y` s i ` ulb t `dr ãb t h `l `l e b chsc b o d rcb qu`e b s e ` y ` s i` d t r b t ` d r ãb , s ` pu`i` i` n h r qu` s dl ul cd i` e d pb rb ` e e b ¶ >h.
Bquã bpbr `n ` i ` lu`vd ` e h s dc dr o hsc d . ^` ` sp `n h o h n b ulb n dr r ` spdli`l -
n h b `l t r ` e d s b t r haut d s i` e c di` e d y i` e d qu` ` s cdi` e bid . Ld h l t ` rvh ` -l`l l h xp e h nb n h þl l h i` s nr h pn h þl .
Ydibs ebs r`o`r`lnhbs blt`rhdr`s sdl b cdi`eds shcpe`c`lt` hchtb-t h vds d i`snr hpt hvds ( `xpe hnb t hvds ) . Z`rd g`cds i` l dtbr qu` eds cdi` edsb v `n ` s r `p r` s `l t bl ulb n dl n `p n hþl i` e d qu` ` s i `s`ba e ` , n dl s t htuy`lidpbtt`rls d thpds hi`be s, y ndarblid bsã ulb nbehibi ldrcbthvb d pr`s-
" No. GBQDEI I. EB^^]@EE, Zdw`r bli Z`rsdlbehty (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ldrtdl, 2897),pâmhlb 12.
nr hp t hvb. Bsã, uld i` eds p`rsdl bk`s i` Eds phrbtbs i` Z`lzbln` `xnebcb;
«Xd sdy `e cdi`ed chscd i` ul cbydr m`l`rbe¶. @l `st` s`lthid `xhs-t `l cd i` eds i ` p r d o ` sdr ` s , i ` ` spdsbs y cdi` eds i ` ` s tui hbl t ` s . @x hs t `lcdi`eds qu` pr`s`ltbl eds trbk`s l ebs th`libs i` eds cdihstds y cd-i` e d s qu` «pd s bl ¶ pb rb e d s b r t h s t b s . Ldcarb r e d s ndcd c di` e d s ` s pr ` s -nr ha hr . ` r `ndch` lib eb hchtbn hþl . Bqu`e eds qu` i`s`b l i`stbnb rs` ndcdcb ydr `s m `l `r b e ` s , p rd o ` sdr ` s , ` spdsbs d ` s tui hbl t ` s , y qu h l `s i `s` blbenblzbr eb a`ee`zb i` eb cdi`ed i` cdibs d i` eb cdi`ed i` brthstbsausnb râl ulb nd r r` spdli`l n h b h s dcþr o hnb i` e t h pd t d t b e ndl ` e c di` e d .Bgdrb a h `l 6 ul cd i` ed p r ` sn r hp t hv d ` s , `v hi `l t `c`l t ` , ulb t `dr ãb p r ` s -nrhpthvb.
@l r ` suc`l ; s ` ibl i h o ` r `l t ` s i ` o hl hn h dl `s i ` c di` ed , i `p `li h`lidi` s h ` e n `l t rd i ` e b b t `l n hþl s ` p dl ` `l e d s bs p `n t ds hc h t b t h v ds i ` e cd-i`ed d l eds bsp`ntds xpehnbthvds d pr`snrhpthvds. Cby Ardia nf x-pr` s b e b p r hc` rb i` o h l hn h þl suarbyblid ` e h s dcdr o h scd y ndl s hi` rblid«hll`n`sbrhd¶ ibr be tèrchld ul shmlhohnbid tbl bcpehd qu` s` ndlvh`r-
t b `l s hlþl hcd i` t `dr ãb ^ 8 . G`ra`rt B. ^hcdl `lnu`ltrb qu` cdi ` e d
`s, i` g`ngd , ul s hlþl hcd i` t`drãb y pbr`n` pr`o`rhr e ûethcd tèrchld.Gbahèlids ` e` p`ihid qu` pr`s`ltbs` ul trbabkd sda r` «Cdi` eds ; ^us usdsy ehchtbnhdl`s¶, i`ohlhþ su t`cb `l ids orbs`s hlhnhbe`s ; «@e `cpe`dndlt`cpdrâl`d i`e tèrchld 'cdi`ed' `s, nr`d, ul shcpe` shlþlhcd i`' t `dr ãb '. Gba eb rè , pu`s, i` 'Y`dr ãbs ; ^us usds y sus e hc htbn hdl `s ' ¶ 9: . @l
` o ` n t d , `l ndl t r bab e b p b eba r b «cd i` ed ¶ hll `n `s br h b .
Y@DQÃB, BNNHÞL X IDNYQHLB
@l ndl kul t d , g`c ds t r b t bid eb t`drãb (ndcd `e g`ngd, `e ndln`ptd ,`tnèt`rb) ndcd ulb `xpehnbnhþl i`e ndldnhch`ltd. Nubequh`rb qu` s` b
`e lhv`e i` m`l`rbe hibi, ulb t `dr ãb ` s ulb b o h rcbn hþl sucbr hb i` ed qu`p`lsbcds b n ` r nb i` eb `xp e hnbn hþl i` o `lþc`ld s .
I` e b s pâm hl bs p r `n `i`l t ` s , shl `cabrmd, bpbr`n` qu` eb t`drãb l d`s ulb c`rb xpr`shþl i`e ndldn hch`l td h 2 . Zu`i` tbcahèl bpultbr `e
c`ihd i` biquhr hr lu`vd nd ldn hc h `l t d . updlmbc ds , pd r k `c p e d , qu`lu`st rds `s ou`rzds pbrb `xp e hnbr ebs r`m ebs i`e i`r`ngd hl t `rlbn hdlbe ld s
Hahi., pâm. >72.G@A@QY B. ^HCCdL y BEE@L L@]@EE, «Cdi e ; Yg`hr Ps`s bli Ehchtbthdls¶,
`l ]GHY@, Yg` ^tbt` do tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s, pâm. ??. No. @QL@^Y Q. GHENBQI yIBLH@E E@QL@Q, «Yg` Z`rsdl; ^uak`nt bli Dak`nt do ^nh`ln` bli Zdehny ¶, `l Ib-lh`e E`rl`r y Gbrdei I. Ebssw`ee, `iht., Yg` Zdehny ^nh`ln`s, Q`n`lt I`v`edpc`lts
hl ^ndp` bli C`tgdi (^tblodri6 tbliodri Plhv rshty Zr`ss, 2802), pâms. 17-186FBQE ]. I@PY^NG, «C`ngblhsc, Y`e dedmy, bli Chlis, Zghedsdpgy bli Zg`ld-
219ndliun`l b eb t drãb i` qu`, l m`l`rbe, eb hloeu`lnhb i` ul @stbid`l e i`sbrrdeed i`e i`r`ngd l nubequh`r cbt`rhb i p`li` i` ids obn-tdr`s ; 2) ^u nbpbnhibi r`be d supu`stb i` hcpdl`r sus i`s ds c`ihblt`nd`rnhthvbs, y 1) u vdeultbi r`be d supu`stb i` cpe`br tbe`s c`ihibs.Ihngd i` dtrb odrcb, qu` e i`r`ngd hlt`rlbnhdlbe stâ l oulnhþl i`epdi`r hlt`r s`s i` eds @stbids bo`ntbids. Eb c`rb lulnhbnhþl i` ebt drãb lds peblt b nu`sthdl`s r`o r`lt s b ebs nhrnulstblnhbs `l ebs nub-e s s` cblhoh`stb d ld ndcd v`ribi rb, y stbs nu`sthdl`s pu`i`l r`sue-
t`s b eds obntdr`s qu` ndlohmurbl eb e y l e âcahtd i` eds pbãs`s. h`e i`r ngd hlt`rlbnhdlbe r`oe`kb ulb ndcahlbnhþl i` pdi`r hlt`r s`s,´què pdi`cds i`nhr i` ebs supdshnhdl`s i` qu` `e i`r`ngd hlt`rld r`-pr`s`ltb e ah`l ndcûl, e hlt`rès pûaehnd d eb kusthnhb4 X què i` ebsupdshnhþl i` qu` `e Mdah`rld y `e @stbid ndlsthtuy`l ulb `sp`nh` i`ârahtrd hcpbrnhbe qu` shrv` d «bibptb¶ eds i`r`ngds `l ndloehntd4 @s `vh-i`lt qu` eb t drãb bpultb b hlv`sthmbnhdl`s ou`rb i e nbcpd `l eb qu`ou` i`sbrrdeebib. Ndlblt pdl` sp`nhbe èlobshs `l stb nbrbnt`rãsthnb.Bulqu` èe pbr`n` i`ohlhr eb nh`lnhb câs qu` eb t`drãb l `e pârrbod sh-muh`lt`, tbltd `l èe ndcd `l dtrbs pbrt`s trbtb ebs ids pbebarbs ndcdshlþlhcbs.
C` btr`vd b i`ohlhr eb nh`lnhb ndcd ulb s`rh` i` ndln`ptds y `squ`cbs ndln`p-tube`s hlt`rndl`ntbids qu` surm`l i` eds xp`rhc`ltds y i` eb das`rvbnhþl y qu` so è r th e `l pd s t ` r h d r ` s `xp` r hc`ltd s y das ` r vbn h dl`s . E b p ru`ab i ` ulb t ` d r ã b n h `l t ã o hn b`s, sumh`rd, su o`rthehibi (su nbpbnhibi) i` sum`rhr, `sthcuebr y ihrhmhr eds `xp`rh-c`ltds... Plb t`drãb nh`ltãohnb `s... ulb pdeãthnb6 ulb muãb `ndlþchnb y prdv`ngdsbpbrb eb bnnhþl i` eds hlv`sthmbidr`s nh`ltãohnds º.
@l dtrd bsp`ntd, tbcahèl eb t`drãb s bemd câs qu` eb xpr`shþl i `ndldnhch`ltd. Q ndri`cds qu` l e nbpãtued nubrtd ldtâabcds qu` eb`xpehnbnhþl stâ ãlthcbc lt` ulhib b eb pr`ihnnhþl ; qu` sh pdi`cds x-pehnbr ul bndlt`nhch`ltd i`spuès i` qu` gb sun`ihid, ltdln`s, supu`s-td e ndldnhch`ltd i` eds `e c`ltds i` eb xpehnbnhþl, s`r cds nbpbn`si` pr`i`nhred, be c`lds `l tèrchlds i` eb prdabahehibi i` qu` dnurrb.^h std s v`ribi, y sh eb t`drãb s eb ndlsucbnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl, s`shmu` qu` eb t`drãb s`râ ûthe pbrb eb pr`ihnnhþl. Ibib ulb t`drãb, s`rãb-cds nbpbn`s i` gbn r i`iunnhdl`s i` eeb r sp`ntd b bndlt`nhch`ltdsouturds, d r`o r`lt`s b ebs prdabae s ndls`nu`lnhbs i` stb u dtrb bnnhþl.Zdirãbcds pr`i nhr, pdr k`cped, qu` ul buc ltd i`e pdi`r r`ebthvd i `Nghlb trb râ ndlshmd p`thnhdl`s hlshst`lt`s i` bet`rbnhþl i` bemulds bs-p`ntds i` su stbtu qud kurhihndhlt`rlbnhdlbe. D, supu`stb eb t`drãb i` qu`eds pu`aeds sbthso`ngds y s`murds th`li`l b i s`br eb pbz y vhtbr e rh`s-md, pdirãbcds pr`i`nhr qu` eb prdcdnhþl i`e i`sbrrdeed `ndlþchnd i`eb Plhþl dvhèthnb y eb r`iunnhþl p`rn`pthae i` ebs bnthvhibi s dnnhi`l-
u KBC@ @. NDLBLY, Cdi`rl ^n h `ln` bli Cdi`rl Cbl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ndeuc.a hb Pl hv `r s h ty Zr `ss , 2801) , p hm s . 09 , 0= .
tbe s qu pbr n`l bc`lbzbr e pultd i vhstb i Cdsnû, pu`i`l buc`l-tbr ebs prdabahehibi s i` pbz. Zdr e ndltrbrhd, sh bn`ptbcds eb t drãb i`qu` eds ihrhm`lt`s sdvhèthnds `stâl bo`rrbids b su i`nhshþl i` xt`li`r`e ndculhscd `l nubequh`r pbrt` qu` e`s s`b pdshae`, pdir`cds biunhrqu` `e i`sbrrdeed `ndlþchnd i` eb Plhþl ^dvhèthnb prdpdrnhdlbrâ sdeb-c`lt` ulb abs` pbrb ulb pumlb c âs `ohnbz ndltrb `e Dnnhi`lt`, y tbcahèlqu` nubequh`r bpbr lt` r`iunnhþl i`e pdi`r d i`t rchlbnhþl i`e Dnnh-i`lt` be`ltbrâ ulb pdeãthnb sdvhèthnb câs buibz y bmr`shvb. D ah`l,ibib eb t drãb i` qu` l ebs e nnhdl`s ebs m`lt s vdtbl i` bnu`rid ndl
sus prdphds hlt`r`s`s `ndlþchnds, pdi`cds pr`i`nhr ebs r`bnnhdl`s i`iho`r`lt`s mrupds i` bnu`rid ndl sus hlmr`sds r`sp ntd b ebs iho`r`lt sbnthtui`s i` eds nblihibtds l nu`sthdl`s ndlþchnbs6 y pdi`cds bvbl-zbr câs y pr`i`nhr qu` ulb sdnh`ibi suastblnhbec`lt` hmubehtbrhb s er`suetbid prdabae i` eb i`cdnrbnhb y i`e suorbmhd ulhv`rsbe.
@l e nbpãtued nubrtd ihkhcds qu` pr`i nhcds, `l pbrt`, pbrb ndl-trhauhr b eb rbnhdlbehibi i` eb ebadrbnhþl i` ebs i`nhshdl`s. Bgdrb pd-i`cds i`nhr qu` sh xpdl`cds t`drãbs s, l pbrt`, pdr eb chscb rbzþl.@e prdpþshtd nh`ltãohnd i` t`drhzbr pu`i` s`r tbl sþed `xpr`sbr ndldnh-ch`ltd y ndebadrbr b su xpblshþl. @e prdpþshtd sdnhbe s suchlhstrbrulb abs pbrb pr ihnnhdl`s câs s`murbs, `l abs b ebs nube s s pu`iblgbn`r e`nnhdl`s rbnhdlbe s.
^tuiy do Zdehthns ld ndlth`l` lbib’be c`lds lbib `xpeãnhtd’qu` hl-ihqu` què nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` su ndlt`lhid ee`vbrdl b usbr eb pbebarbbpprdbng `l e tãtued 2 . Nhlnd i` sh`t` tãtueds i` nbpãtueds i` dtrd ehard
s` n `l t r bl `l bpprdbng`s, hi`l t h o h nbids ndc d i`iunt hvd , i`snr hp t hvd , nubl-thtbthvd, sdnhdeþmhnd, pshndeþmhnd y prânthnd6 p`rd tbcpdnd l èe lndl-
2>9@s vhi`lt` qu` eb ghstdrhb ndcd bntubehibi babrnb b ulb cuethtuii` thpds iho`r`lt`s i` bnthvhibi. Eb ghstdrhb ndcd darb `snrhtb pu`i`,pdr tbltd, vbrhbr `l sus t`cbs. Zu`i` gba`r ghstdrhbs i`e brt`, i` ebnh`lnhb i` eb r`ehmhþl, i` eb vhib pdeãthnb, tn., y pu`i` gba r ghstdrhbqu s dnup i ebs hlt`rr ebnhdl`s `ltr vbrhbs nebs`s i bnthvhibi`s. @lsu cbydr pbrt`, eb ghstdrhb ndcd darb snrhtb s e trbabkd i` eds ch`c-ards i` ebs Obnuetbi s i` Ghstdrhb6 p`rd tbcahèl s snrhtb pdr dtrbsp`rsdlbs. Eb pbebarb ghstdrhbidr pu`i` i shmlbr ed chscd, pdr tbltd, bul ch`card i` ulb Obnuetbi i` Ghstdrhb ndcd b nubequh`rb qu` `s-
nrhab ghstdrhb6 bsã, ul trbtbihstb i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb pu`i` s`r tbcahèlghstdrhbidr, sh `snrha` ghstdrhb pdeãthnb. (Zbrb qu` std ld pbr`znb quh-tbr hcpdrtblnhb y ihsthlnhþl b eds ch`cards i` eds i`pbrtbc ltds i`ghstdrhb, bòbibcds qu` eeds th`l l eb dpdrtulhibi i` snrhahr i` tbeodrcb qu` s`bl ndlshi`rbids trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb.)
Eb bohrcbnhþl pr`n`i`lt` hcpehnb qu`, shl t`l`r l nu`ltb eb ohehb-nhþl bnbièchnb i`e butdr, eb ghstdrhb th`l` nbrbnt`rãsthnbs ihsthlthvbs. (Lþ-t s` qu` `l bi eblt ghstdrhb `quhvbeirâ b ghstdrhb snrhtb, y eb pbebarbghstþrhnd s` r`o`rhrâ b eb ghstdrhb l st` s`lthid.) Eb nu`sthþl s bgdrbnuâe`s sdl ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs ihsthlthvbs i` eb ghstdrhb l st` s`lthid.@l dtrbs pbebarbs ; eb nu`sthþl s` r`oh`r` b ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eds `l-odqu`s g hstþrhnds.
Zdirãbcds ndc`lzbr r ndriblid qu` l e nbpãtued s`mulid ihsnu-
thcds `e trbtbch`ltd i` nu`sthdl`s qu` `xhm`l drh`ltbnhþl d blt`n`i`lt`s.Ndcpbrbcds eb pdeãthnb b ul irbcb ndl e culid pdr t`btrd, ` ghnhcdsldtbr qu` s` `ltrb `l e t btrd ulb v`z e irbcb ndc`lzbid. Das`rvb-cds qu` eb l`n shibi i` drh`ltbnhþl d blt`n`i`lt s pu`i` s r sbthso`-ngb i` vbrhbs cbl`rbs6 std s, c`ihblt` ulb nrþlhnb i` eds bndlt`nh-ch`ltds pr`vhds, c`ihblt` lbrrbnhdl`s shmlhohnbthvbs i`e pbsbid d c`-ihblt` ulb xpehnbnhþl ghstþrhnb d m`lèthnb. Ydid eed prdpdrnhdlbab be-mulb hlihnbnhþl pbrb ihsthlmuhr ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` eb ghstdrhb, p`rd`xhm qu s`b i`sbrrdeebid.
Bpbrt` i` eb g t`rdm`l`hibi i` eb cbt rhb i` qu` s` trbtb, e prhl-nhpbe rbsmd nbrbnt`rãsthnd i` eb ghstdrhb s qu` eb bt`lnhþl s` n`ltrb l`e pbsbid. Câs ndlnr`tbc`lt`, eb bt`lnhþl s` n`ltrb `l ul p`rãdid i`th`cpd s`e`nnhdlbid (qu` pu`i` d ld ee`mbr be pr`s`lt`) y l ulb s`-
nu`lnhb i` bndlt`nhch`ltds s`e`nnhdlbids l e p`rãdid. «Plb oulnhþlnbrbnt`rãsthnb qu` s`pbrb be ghstdrhbidr i` eb cbydrãb i`e r`std i` edsprdo`shdlbe`s bnbièchnds s qu` ph`lsb l eb ghstdrhb ndcd ul prdn`sdm`lèthnd, ndcd e stuihd i` nþcd e gdcar` ee`mþ b s r e gdcar` qu`ulb v`z ou` y bgdrb s¶ z. dirãbcds nbsh i`nhr qu` ulb ihsthlnhþl l-tr` eb ghstdrhb y dtrbs cbt`rhbs s` lnu`ltrb l eds th`cpds i` eds v`r-ads `cpe`bids. ^h pr`multbcds què pdi`r`s e` ou`rdl bshmlbids `l `edrhm`l be pr`shi`lt` i` eds @stbids Plhids y nþcd gbl nr`nhid stds pd-
Eduts MDYY^NGBEF, bB Zrdo`ssdr do Ghstdry hl b Rublibry", Bc`rhnbl ghs-
n`ltrbl `l `e pr`s`lt` d `l `e outurd, i`a`l `sndm`r `e lhv`e i` m`l`-rbehibi be qu` i`s bl trbabkbr, y ebs nbrbnt`rãsthnbs i` sus snrhtds vb-
rãbl i` bnu`rid ndl eb `e`nnhþl qu` gbybl g`ngd. Cungds i` eds qu``snrha`l ghstdrhb s` gbl ehchtbid b lhv`e`s cuy abkds i` m`l`rbehibi,p r `mul t blid sd e bc`l t ` p r `mul tb s nuyb s r `Opu`s t b s sdl o ân hec`l t ` b e n bl -zbae`s. Gbl ee`lbid sus `snrhtds ndl i`nebrbnhdl`s i` g`ngds pbrthnuebr`s,
i` pr`o`r`lnhb b eds m`l`rbe s. ^us g`ngds pbrthnuebr`s, bi`câs, sdl pr`-
r h b . Cungds g h s t d rh bidr `s gbl r `bn n hdlbid n d l t r b t b e ` s n dl n `p n hdl `s e h -chtbibs i` eds ohl`s i` su trbabkd nh`ltãohnd, y gbl hlshsthid l eb hc-pdr t bln h b i` ba d rib r e b s nu` s t hdl` s m` l` rb e ` s qu` r `quh ` r`l ulb d ri` -lbnhþl y pr`pbrbnhþl i` ndlshi rbae`s s`rh`s i` ibtds. Eb shmuh`lt`i`n ebrbn hþl h eust rb `st ` p`lsb ch`l td ;
Eb ghstdrhb, b eb euz i` ebs c`kdr`s prânthnbs cdi`rlbs, i`a` s`r ihsthlmuhib neb-rbc`lt` i` ebs blthmõ`ibi`s d i` eb r`nde`nnhþl i` ibtds pdr sã chscds, y i`a` s`ri`ohlhib câs ah`l ndcd ul stuihd i` prdae`cbs y nbusbs eb hlt`rpr`tbnhþl i` o`li.c` lds , ld b nucue blid s hcp e `c `lt ` p ru`abs , s h ld r ` eb n h dlâlid e b s , iâlid e` s o d rcb ,s`lthid y strunturb .
@l d t r bs p b eba r bs ; n dl e d s c` k dr ` s cè t dids c di`rlds , e d s g hs t d r h b -idr`s pr`multbl ld sdebc`lt` quhèl ghzd tbe ndsb y nuâlid, shld pdrquè s ` g hzd , nþcd ulb i` t ` rchlb ib s h tubn hþl bndl t `n hþ y nuâ e` s ou`r dlebs ndls`nu`l n hbs i` ebs bnn hdl`s d s h tubn hdl`s . @s câs ; pu`i`l, hln eusd,h r câs b e e â , p r ` multâlids ` pd r e b pd s h a e ` ` x h s t `ln h b i` t `li`ln h b s d r ` -mu e b rh ibi` s d e ` y ` s . Zu`i`l pr ` multb r b n` r nb i` r ` e b n h dl` s nbusb e ` s , ypu`i`l ausnbr t`drãbs. Mdttsngbef xpr`sb ul p`lsbch`ltd shchebr i`ulb cbl`rb bemd câs odrcbe, hlihnblid qu` eb sdnh`ibi phi be ghstd-r h bidr «qu` hl t `l t ` ` s t ba e ` n ` r e d s n dl t r bs t ` s y n dcpb r bn hdl `s i ` e d s ` p h -sdihds g hstþr hnds, s h tubn hdl`s ` hlst h tun hdl`s p brb ndls t ruhr nbt `mdr ãbs `s-trhntbs i` ebs xp`rh`lnhbs r`nurr`lt`s gucblbs, y qu` prdpdlmb m`l`
r b e h zbn h dl `s qu` pu`ibl t `l `r vb e hi `z p br b b e mulbs i` e b s m `l `r b e h z bn h d -l `s i ` e b s `xp `r h `l n hbs p bsbib s ¶ .
Eds g h s t d rh bidr `s qu` hl t `l t bl s `mu h r n ` e b s c ` k dr` s p rân t h n bs c di`r -lbs¶, tbe ndcd gbl shid i`snrhtbs, ihoh`r`l, lbturbec`lt`, `l `e mrbidi` nbut`eb d bablidld qu` cu`strbl l su sou`rzd i` i`sbrrdeebr m`-l`rbehzbnhdl`s. Yrbihnhdlbec`lt`, lbturbec`lt`, gb xhsthid ul èlo bshsndlshi`rbae` l eb ldnhþl i` qu` eb ghstdrhb trbtb ndl bqu`eed qu` sûl hnd 6 l d ` s p dnd o r ` nu`l t ` v ` r eb g h s t d r h b `l n dl t r bpds h n hþl b e b s « n h`l -n h bs m `l `r b e h z bidr bs ¶. H l n eusd qu h`l `s p ` r s h mu`l i`sb r rd e e b r m `l `r b e h z b -nhdl`s ghstþrhnbs stâl câs d c`lds hloeuhids pdr `stb trbihnhþl. Bsã,Mdttsngb ef ihn` qu` ` e ghs tdr hbidr «s` ihs t hlmu` i` d trds n h `lt ã o h nds , sd-ar` tdid, pdr `e èlobshs qu` pdl` `l `e pbp`e i` eds cdthvds, bnnhdl`sy edmrds hlihvhiube`s, orbnbsds y ndlthlm`lnhbs l ndlthluhibi y nbc-
ahds g hstþrhnds¶ ?.
X Byi`edt t ` , bulqu` p hi h`lid m`l`rbe hzbn hdl` s, cbl t h`-l` qu` eb ghstdrhb trbabkþ l ndltrb i` eebs. @s ulb i` ebs tbr`bs i`eds ghstdrhbidr`s (`std s, i` eds ch`cards i` ebs Obnuetbi`s i` Ghs-t d r hb ) , i hn ` , n dc prdabr e b s m `l `r b e h zbn h dl `s i `sb r rd e e bibs l n h `l n hbs sd -n h b e ` s câs ` sp` n h b e h zbibs , p rdpd rn h dlblid «ulb p h `irb i` t dqu` ndl t rbe b nub e ` s t b s m`l` rb e h zb n h dl` s pu`ibl s ` r prdabibs y ` v hi`ln h bids sus
]HEEHBCD. BXI@EDYY@, «Ghstdry hl b Eha`rbe @iunbthdls, Kdurlbe do M`l`rbe@iunbthdl, > (dntuar` 2897), pâm. 2.
• MdYY^NHHBEF, Zrdo`ssdr do ghstdry hl b Rublibry, pâm. 1=8.º Hahi.
pul t ds ièa h e ` s ¶ º . Dtrds ghstdrhbidr`s (pdr k`cped, Ydyla``) ld gbl
hls hs t hid `l eb l`n`s hibi i` tbl tb nbut` eb.Eds `lodqu`s ghs tþr hnds b ebs nu`s t hdl`s pd e ã t h nbs ih o h ` r`l `l ihs t hl-
t b s c bl`r bs , bpb r t ` i ` e l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b e hibi hcp e ã n ht d . I`spuès i` t did ,e b i `n h s hþl i` n `l t r br e b b t `l n hþl `l ` e p b sbid `x hm ` d t r b i `n h s hþl ; ulb`e`nn hþl `ltr` eds pds ha e`s `l odqu`s be pbsbid. @l r`be hibi, tdids eds i`-c âs `l odqu`s qu` g`cd s i` `stuihbr `l `st ` nbp ã tued pu`i`l suasuc hr -s` `l `e ghstþrhnd6 `std `s, ulb v`z qu` s` gb tdcbid eb i`nhshþl i``x hm hr ulb `xp e h n bn hþl m `lè t hn b , ` s t d t b ec `l t ` p ds ha e ` ausnbr e b t dc blid
`l n dl s hi ` rbn hþl ib t ds ` n dlþc hnds d p s h n d eþm h n ds , d bidp t blid d t r ds n r h-t`rhds i` s`e`nnhþl. Bsã, `l ul s`lthid, eb cbydr pbrt` i` ed qu` r`stbi` ` s t ` n bp ã tu ed s ` râ tbl t d bp e h n bid b e ` s tui hd g hs t þrh n d n dc d b d t r ds ` s -
tuihds i` eb pd e ã t h nb .Zu`i` s r ûthe hlshsthr l bemd yb lulnhbid ; qu` eds ch`cards i`
e b s Obnu e t bi`s i ` N h`l n hb p d e ãt h n b b c `luid ` sn r ha `l g h s t d r h b . Plb p r d -pdr n hþl n dl s hi ` r ba e ` i ` e t r bab k d ` o ` n tubid pdr e d s t r b t bi h s t bs i ` n h `l n hbpd e ã t hn b `l ` e n bc pd i` e b s r ` e bn h dl `s hl t ` rlbn hdlb e ` s n dl s h s t ` `l e b `x -pds h n hþl i` e b g h s t d r hb i hp edcât h n b r ` n h `l t ` i ` vbr h ds p b ã s ` s’b c `luid ,b ul abkd lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi’. Eb suaihvhshþl i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnbeebcbib t`drãb pdeãthnb s ldrcbec`lt` badribib ghstþrhnbc`lt`. Plbi hs t hl mu hib p ` r sdlb e hibi i` e n bc pd i` e b bic hl h s t rbn hþl pûa e h n b , ` e i h -oultd E`dlbri ]ght`, mblþ ul pr`chd Ablnrdot i` ghstdrhb pdr su `s-
tuihd i` Yg` Kbnfsdlhbls y ul pr`chd Zuehtz`r pbrb ghstdrhb pdrYg`
Q`puaehnbl @rb 27?8-28:2. X eb ghstdrhb, ndl or`nu`lnhb, buc`ltb l
e d s t r bab k d s i` t r b t bi h s t b s i` n h `ln h b pd e ã th nb `l d t r b s suai h v hs h dl` s i`e b i h s n hp ehl b = . Bsã, ed qu` s` ihn` câs brrhab bn`rnb i` ebs nbrbnt`rãs-
thnbs ihsthlthvbs i` eb ghstdrhb th`l` r`ebnhþl ihr`ntb ndl e trbabkd i`cungds i` e d s qu` s ` n dl s hi ` r bl b s ã c hsc ds n dc d t r b t bi hs t bs i ` n h `l n hb
, odqu`s ghstþrhnds, ulb r`o`r`lt` b eb t`li`lnhb, sp`nhbec`lt` ltr` edscbrxhstbs, i` p`rsdlhohnbr d r`hohnbr eb ghstdrhb y eb dtrb r`o`r`lt` b ebndl n `p n hþl i` e ` s tui hd i ` e b p d e ã t h n b i ` Chngb` e Dbf`sgd t t .
@sp`nhbec`lt`, ltr` eds cbrxhstbs `s ndcûl gbaebr i` eb ghstdrhbndcd sh ou`rb ul s`r ndl prdpþshtds, d ul s`r ndl prdn`sds vhtbe`s qu``stâl r`muebids pdr e`y`s câs beeâ i`e ndltrde gucbld. @stb prânthnb`s ndcpbrbae` b eb i` r`hohnbr d ndshohnbr `e @stbid, c`lnhdlbib `l `enbp ã tued s `x t d . @l ` s t b n dl n `p n hþl , e d s gdcar `s sdl r `p r ` s `l tbids n dc dnr hb tur bs r ` e b t h vbc `l t ` hcp d t `l t ` s qu` pu`i`l gbn ` r p dnd c âs qu` r` -t rbsbr d bn` e` rbr ul nursd i` i`sb rrde ed pr`i`s t hlbid. ^h eb g hstdr hb `stâp`rsdlhohnbib l ul s`lthid strhntbc`lt` ohmurbid, quhzâ ld s` nbus`
e`s6 `std `s, ndcd ul ndlkul td i` `xp`ntbthvbs r`nãprdnbs qu` eds hlihvh-iuds d mrupds th`l`l r`sp`ntd b eds ndcpdrtbch`ltds i` ulds y dtrds61) ndcd bul bcpehd mrupd `l `e qu` bndlt`n`l ebs r`ebnhdl`s¶, y >) ndcdbul ndlkultd i` hlsthtunhdl`s qu` prdpdrnhdlbl ul c brnd pbrb eb vhibsdnhbe¶. @stbs hlsthtunhdl`s pu`i`l s`r pd e ã t hnbs , `ndlþchnbs , r` e hm hdsbs ,obc he hbr`s, p`ibmþm hnbs, i` r`nr`d, ` t n . Nublid eds s dn hþedmds ndlshi`rblb eb sdnh`ibi l st` t`rn`r s`lthid, blbehzbl stbs hlsthtunhdl`s y ebsr`ebnhdl`s ltr` eebs. @s davhd qu` eb pbebarb «sdnh`ibi¶ s` bpehnb bbsdn hbn h dl ` s gucbl bs i` i hv ` r sâs n e b s ` s . @l n h ` r td s `l t hid , `x hs t ` ulbsdn h`ibi culihbe 6 `x hs t `l sdn h`ibi`s lbn hdlbe`s , y gby, pdr ` k`cped, sd-n h `ibi` s o `c`l hlb s i` s d n d r rd s .
I`lt rd i` ulb s d n h `ibi e d s h li h vh iuds pd s ` `l stbtus y i` s `cp`òblpbp`e`s6 i` ulb cb l`rb o hmurbib eds mrupds y ebs suasdn h`ibi`s sd l p`l-
sbids `l t è rchlds i ` stbtus y oulnhdl`s. ^tbtus i`s h mlb e b s h tubn hþl y ,b e c hscd t h `cpd , n dlld t b e b hi `b i ` r ` e bn hþl `l t r ` ulb s h tubn hþl y d t r b 6e b s r ` e bn h dl `s i ` stbtus t h`l`l r` ebn hþl ndl b t r hautds i` i h o`r`l t`s s h tub-n h dl `s , t b e ` s n dc d bu t dr hibi , rblmd , p r ` s t h m h d y p di`r . Zbp`e i` s h m lb ` e` squ`cb i` n dcpdr t bch`l t d l drcb ec`l t ` bsdn hbid n dl ul stbtus ibid.
Zbrb eds sdnhþedmds, ul mrupd sdnhbe `s bul nh`rtd lûc`rd i` p`r-\sdlbs ulhibs l ulb r`i d shst`cb i` r ebnhdl`s sdnhbe`s¶. Eds hlihv h-
iuds i` ulb sdn h`ibi pu`i`l ihv hihrs` `l ihv`rsbs bs dn hbn hdl`s (pdr ` k `c-ped, eb Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` Bssdnhbthdl)6 y s` bmrupbl l ihv`r-s b s nbt`mdrãbs ( p dr k `cp ed , p r d o ` sdr ` s , t r bab k bidr `s , hlius t r hb e ` s , o h ` e ` si` ebs hm e`s hbs ) .
Nublid s ` n dl s hi ` rb b e b s sdn h `ibi`s n dcd s h s t `cb s dp `r bl t ` s câsd c `lds hl t `m r bids , bpbr `n ` ` e n dl n `p t d i ` oulnhþl. Ed g`c ds i hsnut hidar`v`c lt` l e nbpãtued t`rn`rd l ndl`xhþl ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl oul-nhdlbe. Oulnhþl i`ld t b e b s « n dl s`nu`ln hbs da k ` t h vbs d a s` r vba e ` s ¶ i ` e d s
) o `lþc`lds s dn h b e ` s . ^` i h n ` qu` ulb b n t h vhibi ` s ouln hdlb e nublid n dl -t r hauy` b eb sup`rvhv`lnhb , p`rs h s t`lnhb , hlt`mrbnhþl d `s tb ah e hibi i` ebsdn h `ibi `l nu`s t hþl . Ndrld g`cd s v h s t d `l ` e n bp ã tu ed t ` r n ` r d , e b s oul -n h dl `s pu`i`l s ` r c bl h o h ` s t bs ( « qu`r hibs y r ` n dld n hibs ¶ ) d e b t `l t ` s ( «l hqu`r hibs l h r`ndl dn hibs ¶ ).
L`n`sbr h bc`l t ` , ed s sdn hþ edmds o d rcu ebl e b p r dpds h n hþl oulibc `l t b ei ` qu` «e d s hli hv hiuds qu` pds``l ulds bl t ` n `i`l t ` s sdn h b e ` s s hc h e b r ` ss ` n dc pdr t brâl , bp r dxhcbibc `l t ` , i ` eb c hscb c bl`r b `l n h r nuls t bl -n h b s s hc h e b r ` s ¶. E b s c h scbs l dn h dl` s i` nu e turb y s d n h `ibi hcp e h nbl e b`x hs t `l n hb i ` b e mulds ` squ`cb s i` n dc pdr t bch`l t ds n dcul`s .
Eb tbr`b i` eds sdnhþedmds s hi`lthohnbr r`ebnhdl`s ltr` eds squ`-cb s i` n dcp dr t bch`l t d y e b s n dli hn hdl `s sdn h b e ` s’`l t r` , i ` ulb pbr t ` ,e d s ` squ`cbs i` n dcp dr t bch`l t d y , i ` d t rb , ` e stbtus y `xp`n tb t hvbs r`s -
bsdnhbnhdl`s y nbt`mdrãbs i` p`rsdlbs bn`rnb i` ebs nube`s’d bn`rnb i`nuybs r`ebnhdl`s’pu`i`l odrcuebrs` m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s shmlhohnbthvbs. @s`v hi `l t ` qu` ulb v `z qu` ` s sb a hid qu` n h ` r tds t hp ds i ` n d li hn h dl `s sd -n h b e ` s p r diun`l n h ` r tds t hp ds i ` n d cpd r t bch`l t ds sur m ` e b p ds ha h e hi bi i`hloeuhr e b n dl o h murbn hþl i` e n dc pdr t bch`l t d cb l hpu eblid e b s • n dli hn h d -l ` s sdn h b e ` s .
@e ndcpdrtbch`ltd pdeãthnd, ebs r`ebnhdl`s pdeãthnbs y ebs hlsthtunhd-
@l r`behibi, eb ihsthlnhþl `ltr` sdnhdedmãb y pshndedmãb ld ` s s h `cp r `n e b rb . Yrb t bi h s t b s i` nbib nbc pd s ` `x t rbv ã bl `l ` e d t r d . Nublid ` e h l -
29 9 h lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd Ebs ihsnhpehlbs bnbièchnbs ndcd lodqu`s 290
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
(@e Ndrbzþl ndlthl`ltbe i` Cbnfhli`r ndcpr`li` eb bntube Plhþl^dvhèthnb y bemulds t`rrhtdrhds bihnhdlbe`s be d`st` y be sur i` eb chs-cb. ^u Culid-Hseb ndcpr`li` @urdpb, Bshb y Borhnb.) Eb hlm`luhibi
i` oþrcuebs ndcd èstb ld i`a` i`sbnr`ihtbr eds bn`rnbch`ltds m`dmrâ-ohnds b eb pdeãthnb. Eds g`ngds i` eb m`dmrboãb s` lnu ltrbl, vhi lt`-c`lt`, ltr` eds qu` hloeuy`l l cungds thpds i` i`nhshdl`s pdeãthnbs.^upu`s t d s ndldn hc h `l t d s i` vb r h d s d t r d s t h pd s b n` r nb i` e b n t d r pd e h t hn d( p dr ` k`c p ed , n dldn hch`l t d i ` e d s p r dpþs h tds i ` e d s ` s t bi h s t bs , `l e b s r ` -e b n h dl` s h l t ` rlbn h dlb e ` s ) , e n dldn hc h `l t d i` e b m ` dmrb o ãb p u`i` byuibrb biquh r hr ulb ab s ` pb rb pr `i` n h r i` n hs h dl` s qu` s ` gbl i` t dc br y e d sprdabae`s r`suetbids i` tb e`s i`n hs hdl`s .
@lodqu`s ohedsþohnds.
Y`lh`lid `l nu`ltb `e tãtued i` `st` ehard `s p`rthl`lt` i`nhr bemu-lbs p b e barb s r ` sp` n t d b e b o h e d s d o ãb y e d s cd ids i` b n` r nbc h `l t d o he d s þ -ohnds i` eb pdeãthnb. Nþcd eb pbebarb ohedsþohnd s` usb l e tãtued s
`l r`ebnhþl ndl e p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i` p`lsbch`ltd6 ul blâehshs o h-edsþohnd s ul hlt`ltd i` nebrhohnbr e p`lsbch`ltd bn`rnb i` eb lbturb-e`zb i`e t`cb y bn`rnb i` eds ohl`s y c`ihds i` su stuihd. @xpr`sbidi` cb l` rb c âs m`l` rb e ; ulb p ` r s dlb qu` ` e h m ` ul b n` r nbch `l t d o h e d s þ-ohnd b ul t`rlb trbtb i` edmrbr nebrhibi ehlmõãsthnb y r`iunhr eb ndlou-s hþl e hlm h h ãs t hnb6 bsuc ` qu` ` e e`lmubk` `c pe`bid `l i` snr hpn hdl`s r` o e` kbn dl n `p n hdl ` s i ` e b r `b e hibi , y qu h` r ` ` s t ba e ` n ` r n dl n `p n hdl `s i ` e b r `b -ehibi tbl nebrbs6 ndlshst`lt`s, ndg`r`lt`s y ûthe`s ndcd s`bl pdshae`s.Yrbtb i` hloeuhr y muhbr e p`lsbch`ltd y eb `xpr`shþl i`e p`lsbch`ltdpbrb cbxhchzbr eb pdshahehibi i` qu` eds bsp`ntds e`mhids i eb r`b-ehibi (pbrb ldsdtrds, `e bsp`ntd e`mhid s eb pdeãthnb) s`b g`ngd hlt`-
e h m ha e `@l ` e nbp ã tued ldv`ld, nublid i hsnut hcd s eb t `dr ãb pde ã thnb ndc d sua-
usb tbcahèl l dtrds s`lthids. Zu`i` i`ldtbr ul hlt`ltd pbrb ee`mbr b
eb v`ribi c`ihblt` `e usd i` eb rbzþl. Eb v`ribi qu` s` ausnb pu`i`s`r ldrcbthvb, i`snrhpthvb d pr`snrhpthvb. @e dak`td i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþlohedsþohnb l st` s`lthid s stbae`n`r eds nrht`rhds i` ed qu` s au`ld,bi`nubid y kustd y vbedrbr d pr`snrhahr hlsthtunhdl s y prânthnbs pdeãth-
Z@Y@Q ]HLNHE, Yg` Hi`b do b ^dnhbe nh`ln` (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss,2807), pâms. 0, 20.
nbs b e b euz i` i h ngds n r h t` r h d s . @s t b n dl n `p n hþl s ` r ` o e` k b `l e b i `sn r hp -nhþl i` ^t`pg`l F. Abhe`y, i`e `lodqu` ohedsþohnd. Ihn` qu` `e dak`td`s i`t`rchlbr ed qu` s`b i` hlt`rès pbrb e pûaehnd6 hi`lthohnb hlt`-rès câs ndl e d s o h l ` s qu` ndl e d s c `i h d s 12 .
@e l dcar ` i` ulb i h s n hp e hl b bnb ièchnb i` k b hliuiba e `c `l t ` cungdqu` i`s`br `l tèrchlds i` n eb r hibi i` eds nr ht `r hds qu` prdpdrn hdlb pb rbs ` e ` nn h dlb r e b s nu` s t h dl` s y e d s ib t d s . Pl t r b t bi h s tb i` n h `ln h b pd e ã t hnbqu` u t he h zb ul `l o dqu` g h s t þrh n d t h `l ` , bi`c âs , qu` gbn ` r c ungbs ` e ` n -nhdl`s , ndcd e `s dnurr` b eds c hsc ds ghs tdr hbidr`s 6 `l r`b e hibi, ` e tèr-
chld «`lodqu` ghstþrhnd¶ s, prdabae`c`lt`, ou`lt` i` ndloushþl, pu`s`x h s t `l c ungds `l o dqu`s g h s t þr hn ds . ^ h ul t r b t bi h s t b i ` n h `l n hb p d e ãt h n bs` i`nhi` b sndm`r ul bn`rnbch`ltd ghstþrhnd dat`lirâ tbltb muãb i`` s t b ` t h qu` t b ndc d ul g h s t d r h bid r qu` ` s ndm h ` s ` ul b n` r nbch `l t d p d e ã-thnd b eb ghstdrhb. Pl thpd m`l`rbe i` hlv`sthmbnhþl s sum`rhid, i` ulbcbl`rb vbmb, shl iuib, p`rd sd s tdid. Ld s` hlihnb lhlmûl nrht`rhd` sp` n ã o hnd i` s ` e ` nn h þl . E d s p rda e `cbs v` ribi` rbc `l t ` b riuds qu`ibls hl r`sdev`r .
Ed c hscd pu`i` i`n h r s ` i ` e d s bn ` r n bch`l t ds ` n dlþc hnds , s dn h d eþm h -nds, ps hndeþm hnds, m`dmrâo hnds y o h edsþo hnds . Nbib tèrchld sum h`r` vbmbc `l-t ` ul t hp d i ` hl v `s t h m bn hþl , p ` r d p r ` s t b p d nb byuib pb r b e b o d rcu ebn hþli` e b s nu`s t h dl `s b p ebl t `br y e d s ib t ds b s ` e ` n n h dlbr .
^ h quh`l `s b idp t bl ul b n ` r nbc h`l t d hi `l t h oh n bid n dl ulb i h s n hp e hl bbnbièchnb ld gbn`l lbib câs pbrb hi`lthohnbr sus nrht`rhds i` s`e`n-nhþl, s cuy prdabae` qu` t`rchl`l pdr pr`s`ltbr ulb ndcphebnhþl i`h l o d rcb n hþl vbr hb `l sus ` s n r h t d s y `l e b s ` xp e hn bn h dl `s i ` sus nâ t `irbs .Zds`` râl t bl sþ ed e d s hl s t ruc`l t ds c âs `ca dt bids ` hl ` o h n bn ` s p br b b t b -nbr eds prdae`cbs hlt`e`ntube`s ndl eds qu` s` lor`ltb e culid. Hl-n eusd pu`i`l `l ndl t r br s ` hl nbpbn `s i ` s ` r n dl sn h `l t` s i ` e d s p r da e `cbs 6y sh ed sdl, ul g`ngd pu`i` pbr`n`re s tbl hrr`e`vblt` ndcd dtrd sh sg hs t þr h n d d ` n d lþchnd d sd n h d eþm hn d , d i ` d t r b n b t `mdr ã b nub equ h` r b . ^ h e bhlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb gb i` s`r i`s`bae`, shmlhohnbthvb y ndltrhauhr b ebrbnhdlbehibi i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s, eds bn`rnbch`ltds i`a l i`eh-l`br s` n dl c bydr l h thi `z i ` e d qu` e d sdl l dca rblid s hcp e`c `l t ` ulbihsn hp e hlb bnbièchnb .
" ^Y@ZG@L F. ABHE@X
«L`w Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs do Hlt`r`st td E`mhsebtdrs bliBichlhstrbtdrs)), `l Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs hl Zdehthns bli Mdv`rlc`lt (]bsghlmtdl6Arddfhlms, 2800), pâm. 1:;
NBZÃYPED PLIÈNHCD
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
l`s qu` s` r`oh`r`l b eb pdeãthnb i` ul mrupd d b ebs hlt`rr`ebnhdl`s i`mrupds. Plb i`o hl hn hþl i` `st ` t hpd, d ulb ar`v` i`snr hpn hþl , lds eb d or`-n` N. K. Orh`irhng.
Eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb cdi`rlb `s `l mrbl pbrt` ul `xbc`l nrãthnd i` ebs ldnhd-l`s i` s`lthid ndcûl qu` s` r`oh`r`l be oulnhdlbch`ltd i` ebs hlsthtunhdl`s y prd-n`ihch`ltds. @l su abs` ybn`l tr`s v`ribi`s bxhdcâthnbs r`o`r`lt`s b eb lbturbe`zbi`e pdi`r. B sba`r, qu` `e pdi`r ldrcbec`lt` pr`supdl` ul mrupd i` s`r`s gu-cbl ds qu` n dcp br t `l da k ` t h vd s , hl t ` r ` s ` s , vb e d r` s 6 `l d t r b s pb e bar b s , ulb n dculhibi 6s `mulid , qu` , p d r n dls h mu h `l t ` , ` e p di `r p r ` supdl` d a k ` t h vd s , h l t ` r ` s ` s , vb e d r ` s , o h l` squ` i h ngds s ` r ` s gucb lds p u`i`l n dc pbr t h r, e ungbr pd r ` e ed s d h l t ` r n bca h b r 6 t ` r n ` rd ,qu` tdibs ebs shtubnhdl`s i` pdi`r ndcpr`g`li`l b eb v`z ndls`lthch`ltd (dak`thvdsndcpbrthids) y cdi`rbnhþl (dak`thvds dpu`stds)... Eb nh`lnhb cdi`rlb... s` dnupbi` eds hlstruc`ltds b tènlhnbs i` eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb l tèrchlds i` eds dak`thvds qu`s` supdl` s` p`rshmu`l'. eh
I` c bl`r b s hc h e b r , e b rd ei Ebssw` e e , r` n dc` liblid s ` n `l t r ` e b b t `l -n hþl `l e d s p r dn ` sds i ` e 'b s i `n h s h dl `s , `xpdl ã b ulb n dl n `p n hþl i` e b p d -eãthnb i`e chscd thpd m`l`rbe.
^`b qu` ndlshi`r`cds ul nu`rpd pdeãthnd ndcd ;ul 6tdid d ndlshi`r`cds shtub-n h dl`s n dln r ` t b s , ` s t bcd s p `lsb lid `l pb e ` s t r b s `l qu` e d s «p b r t h n hp blt ` s ¶ `s tâl pum-lblid pbrb nucpehr sus prdpþshtds hloeuy`lid `l eds r`suetbids. Eds prdpþshtds s`ihrhm`l b «bndlt`nhch`ltds pr`o`rhids¶ («vbedr`s¶ ` «hlt`rpr`tbnhdl`s¶ i` vbedr`s `l
tèrchlds i` «prânthnbs hlsthtunhdlbe`s¶). Eds pbrthnhpblt`s trbtbl i` cbxhchzbr `epdi`r y dtrds vbedr`s hloeuy`lid l eds r`suetbids. Psbl eds vbedr`s b su ihspdshnhþl
i` ulb cbl`rb u dtrb, ihr`ntb d hlihr`ntbc`lt`, eb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnb s` r`ebnhdlb
ndl eds i`t`rchlblt`s i` eb pdeãthnb pûaehnb. I`a` cdstrbr nþcd y pdr què ebs bn-t h v hi bi `s , h ls t h tun hdl`s y ` s t run turb i ` ulb sd n h `ibi ibl eumb r b ulb p d e ã th n b i ` p r ` -
o`r`lnhb b dtrb. Nbib nbcpd i` hlv`sthmbnhþl l eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb trbtb i` i`snu-
2 NBQQEK. OQH@IQHNG, Ndlsthtuthdlbe Mdv`rlc`lt bli I`cdnrbny (Ad s t dl 6 E h t -te`, Ardwl bli Nd., 2892), pâms. 08>-089. No. KdGL G. GBEED]@EE, «Zdehthns bli
I` bnu`rid n dl ulb i` o hl hn hþl câs bl t h mub ;
^hl hcpdrtbr nþcd eb nu`sthþl stâ ihshcuebib, sh`cpr` qu` th`lib b hcpehnbreb uthehzbnhþl i` eb cbquhlbrhb i` mdah`rld s` ndlvh`rt` l ulb «nu`sthþl pdeãthnb¶6quh`l`s s` dnup`l i` eeb stâl hcpehnbids l ulb «bnthvhibi pdeãthnb¶, y `e o `lþ-c`ld s` ndlvh`rt` l uld i` bqu`eeds nuyb das`rvbnhþl ndrr`spdli` b eds nh`ltãohndspde h t h nds ' .
Ohlbec`lt`, ulb i`ohlhnhþl sunhltb i` Ruhln`y ]rhmgt c`r`n` s-p`nhb e b t`lnhþl. ]rhmgt i` o hl` eb pd e ã t h nb ndcd . «`e brt` i` hloeuhr¶, cb-lhpuebr d ndltrdebr (mrupds)6 pbrb 'c`kdrbr' eds prdpþshtds i` bemuldsor`lt` b eb dpdshnhþl i` dtrds¶ «.
Bulqu` ebs pbebarbs i` `stbs i`o hl hn hdl`s i h o h`r`l ndlshi`rba e`c `lt`,e d s s h ml h o h n bids t rbl sc h t hids t h `l `l c ungd `l n dc ûl . ^ h e b s i `sbr r d e eâ -s `cd s y e b s vb r h â s `cds e h m ` r bc`l t ` surm h r ãb ulb ndln`pn h þl i` e b pd e ã -thnb ndcd eb qu` shmu`.
Eb pdeãthnb surm` i` ebs l`n`shibi`s y i`ohnh`lnhbs gucblbs, d i`i`s`ds y p r dpþs h t ds bsdn hbids . Eds i `s`ds n dc pbr t hids p rdpdr n hdlbl e babs` i` eb `xhst`lnhb i` eds mrupds, y i` eds mrupds i`ltrd i` eds mru-pds . ^dl m rupds p d e ãt h n ds bqu` e ed s qu` ` s t âl dr mbl hzbids i` t b e c bl`r bqu` s` pu`i`l tdrlbr i`nhshdl`s y r`behzbr bnnhdl`s l su ldcar`. Ebpdaebnhþl i` ul @stbid s ul mrupd, bntublid e Mdah`rld l ldcar`i`e mrupd.
Eds ohl`s y i`s`ds ndliun`l b eb bnthvhibi, y pbrt` i` eb bnthvhibi`s pdeãthnb. Eb bnthvhibi s pdeãthnb nublid s` r`ebnhdlb ndl ulb nu`s-thþl pûaehnb, y s` r`ebnhdlb ndl ulb nu`sthþl pûaehnb nublid s` nuc-pe`l ids ndlihnhdl`s. Zrhc`rbc`lt`, i`a` r`ebnhdlbrs` ndl eb tdcb i`i`nhshdl`s i`e mrupd6 `std `s, i`a` bo`ntbr b eb pdeãthnb i`e mrupd, eb
drmblhzbnhþl i`e mrupd, eb ihr`nnhþl i`e chscd, d i`a` bo`ntbr b eb r`-mu ebn hþl i` e b s hl t ` r r ` ebn h dl `s `l t r ` e d s m rupds . @l s `mulid eumbr , i `a `
nb`r i`ltrd i`e nbcpd i` ed ihsnuthid. «Eb pdeãthnb `xhst` sdebc`lt`nublid eds ohl`s y eds c`ihds sdl ihsnuthae`s¶ =.b cbydrãb i` ebs v`-n`s eb bnthvhibi i a` lor`ltbrs` ndl dpdshnhþl, sh gb i` nebshohnbrs`ndcd pdeãthnb. @std `stâ sum`rhid pdr eb ldnhþl i` qu` eb pdeãthnb i`a`i`t`l`rs` l eb drheeb, ed qu` quh`r` i`nhr qu` `e i`sbnu`rid i`a` n`sbrbeeã y qu` ul or`lt` ulhid i`a` rhmhrs` be l`chmd xtrblk`rd. Ybcahèl
`stâ sum`rhid pdr `e i`s`d qu` xhst` b v`n`s i` cblt`l r ulb nu`s-thþl be`kbib i` eb pdeãthnb6 std s, ul i`s`d i` cblt`l reb ou`rb i`eidchl hd i ` e b i h s nus hþl nublid o bn n h dl `s b e h s t bibs `l pd s h n h dl `s n dl t r b -
ih n t d rh b s s ` ` s ou` rzbl pd r b s ` murb r e b b n `p t b n h þl i` sus pultds i` v hs tby , l n bc a hd , cbl t `l `r e b `l ul nbcp d idli` e b hl v `s t h m bn hþl r bzdlbibsurm` i` m`lt` ld behstbib qu` ausnb ulb sdeunhþl pbntbib. Hlneusd ebbn t h v hibi mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s n dl s hi ` r bib bpd e ã t hn b nublid t dids e d s p br -thnhpblt`s eb bn`ptbl ndcd ruthlb. Bsã, eb `ihnhþl i` eb cbydrãb i` eb spua e hn bn h dl `s mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s ` s b pd e ãt h n b’b c`ld s qu` b e mu h `l i`n hibpeblt`br ulb nu`sthþl bn`rnb i` tbe puaehnbnhþl y eb ebln` be nbcpd i`eb ndltrdv`rs hb.
H eba eblid e h t `rbec`l t`, sþed eds hlihv hiuds pu`i`l t `l` r i`s`ds d prd-pþs h t ds y b e h s t b rs ` `l bn t h v hibi`s p d e ã t h nbs . Z` r d nublid bn tûbl `l l dc -ar` i` ul mrupd ` s b c`l uid ndlv`l h `l t ` gba e b r `l s `l t h id o hmurbid yr`o`rhrs` b eds i`s`ds d prdpþshtds i`e mrupd. Bsã, eds hlihvhiuds y, ls `l t hid o h murbid , e d s m rupds , pu`i`l s ` r bn t dr ` s p d e ãt h n ds . Ru h`l `s aus -
nbl hloeuhr d ndltrdebr eds Mdah`rlds y quh`l`s bntûbl `l ldcar` i`eMdah`rld pu`i`l, tdids ` e eds , s`r bn tdr`s pde ã t hnds .
Zbrb r`suchr, eb pdeãthnb pu`i` i`ohlhrs` ndcd ; 2) bnthvhibi qu`dnur r` `l y `l t r ` e d s m rupds , 1 ) qu` dp `r b `l abs ` b e d s i `s ` ds qu` sdl ,gbstb nh`rtd pultd, ndcpbrthids, >) sh`lid ul rbsmd oulibc`ltbe i` ebchscb eb pumlb `ltr` eds bntdr`s, 9) pbrb r`behzbr sus i`s`ds, 0) `lnu`s t hdl` s i` pd e ã t h nbs i` mrupd, i` eb drmblhzbnhþl i` mrupd, i` ih r`n-n hþl i` e mrupd d i` r`muebn hþl i` ebs r` ebn hdl `s `l tr` eds mrupds, ?) ndl-trb eb dpdshnhþl e` dtrds nuyds i`s ds sdl dpu`stds. I` ulb cbl rbcâs ar`v`, eb pdeãthnb pu`i` s`r i`ohlhib ndcd ulb pumlb `ltr` bntd-r`s qu` p`rs hmu`l i`s`ds `l ndltrbids `l nu`st hdl`s . pûae hnbs .
@stb i`ohlhnhþl s` bn`rnb be nbrânt`r e`xhndeþmhnd6 s i`nhr, b r`oe`kbr
eb prânthnb. ` bpehnb b ebs pumlbs pdeãthnbs l y `ltr` tdibs ebs nebs`si` mrupds . E d s n h `l t ão h n d s pd e ã th nd s , lb turb ec`l t ` , ` s ndm`l m` l` rb ec`l -t` ul t`rr`ld c âs r`s tr hlmhid, y bidptbl b s ã ulb i` o hl hn hþl `s t hpueb t hvbcâs ` s t r ` ngb qu` ` sp `n h o h n b qu` su p r hc dri hb e p r`dnupbn hþl sdl e d s bn -t d r ` s y eb s nu` s t h dl` s r ` e b n h dlbibs i` b e mulb od rcb ndl e d s b sultd s n ã -v h n ds , mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s d hl t ` r mua`rlbc `l t b e ` s . Bs ã ` s tui hbl ` e e d s b e d shlihvhiuds y b eds mrupds nuybs bnnhdl`s stâl nbenuebibs pbrb bo`ntbr
RPHLNY ]QHNHHY, «Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` bli ]drei ^tbahehzbthdl¶, Bc`rhnbl Zd-
ehthn e ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 99 (cbrzd 280:), pâm. 7.
be Mda h` rld 6 y ` s tui hbl e b s bn n h dl `s i ` e d s Mda h ` rlds , b e c`lds nublidebs nu`s t h dl `s pûa e h n bs ` s t âl r `b e d p d t `l n hb ec`l t ` hc p e h n bibs s .
@l ` sp` n h b e , ` l e b v` r s h þl câs a r ` v` i` ` s t b i` o h l h n hþl `x h s t ` cbydrèlobshs l eb pumlb qu` e qu` s` pu`i` lndltrbr l ebs dtrbs i`ohlh-n hdl`s n h tbibs .
@e èlobshs s i`eha`rbid, p`rd ld i`a` s r hlt`rpr`tbid ndcd sumh-r h`lid qu` eb nddp`rbn hþl ld `s ul rbsmd hc pdr tblt` i` eb pde ã t hnb. Ruh`-l` s ` s tâl `l ` e c h sc d e bid `l ulb pumlb prdaba e `c`l t ` nddp` rbl `l -tr` sã6 ldrcbec`lt` i`spuès i` ulb pumlb `ltr` `eeds chscds sdar`
e d s t è rchld s `l qu` gb i` r `b e h zbr s ` e b n dd p `r bn hþl .@v hi`l t `c`l t ` , ` s t bs vbr h bs i ` o hl hn h dl `s r ` o e ` k bl y p r dpdr n hdlbl n r h -
t ` r hds pbrb eb s` e `nn hþl i` ebs nu`s t hdl`s y ibtds i` eb vhib pd e ã t h nb . @leb c`ihib l qu` ulb i`ohlhnhþl pu i` prdpdrnhdlbr tbe`s nrht`rhds, ebibib c âs br r ha b’i`r hvbib i` e b s d t r bs n h t bibs’pbr `n ` s ` r câs p r `n h s b`l nubl td i`snr hpn hþl ar`v`, y, pdr tbl td, câs i hmlb i` n rèihtd `l nubl-td muãb pbrb eb ls`òblzb hlv`sthmbnhþl. Ebs v`ltbkbs qu` pu`ib pd-s ` ` r s ` `v hi `l n hb râl c `i hbl t ` n dcpb r bn hdl `s n dl d t r bs i ` o hl h n hdl `s . Zd -ir ãbc ds gbn` r l d t b r , s hl `c abrmd , qu` e b nb e h ibi i` s nuar hid rb i` ulbi` o hl hn hþl t`lirâ sus e ãc h t`s . B e hi`lt h o h nbr eds rbsmds sda r`sb e h `lt`s i`eb pd e ã t h nb sumh`r` ul n`l trd `l ` e qu` o h kbr eb b t`l nhþl, sumh`r` què ch -rbr6 p`rd ld hlihnb què gbn`r ndl ed qu` s` v`. Plb r`ndphebnhþl i`g`ngd i` abkd lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi’hlodrcbnhþl shl sbehib’`s `e pd-
s ha e ` r ` su e t bid i` ul `l o dqu` i` o hl h td r h d .
@s ndrrh`lt` e lodqu` hlsthtunhdlbe l eb pdeãthnb. Eb e`nnhþl i``l o dqu`s s ` i `iun` n dc pr `l s ha e `c `l t ` i ` e pul td i ` v hs t b bc p e h bc`l t `bn`ptbid i` qu` e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb s e `stuihd i`e @stbid d i`eMda h ` rld ` h l s t htun hdl` s ndl è e ndl` n t bibs . Ruh `l` s i` o h l `l e b pd e ã th nbi` stb cbl`rb pr`multbrâl prdabae`c`lt` nu`sthdl s qu` `xhm`l ul`xbc`l i` uld u dtrd bsp`ntd i` eb bnthvhibi hlsthtunhdlbe, hli`p`l-i h`l t `c`l t ` i ` e b l b tur b e `zb i ` e b s nu`s t h dl `s p r ` s `l t brâl `l sus r ` s -pu`s t bs , eþm hn bc` l t ` , ib t ds r ` e bn h dlbids n dl e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s .
Ruh `l` s bidp t bl ul `l odqu` h l s t h tun h dlb e `lnu`l t rbl p dnb i h o h nu e-tbi l hi`lthohnbr ebs hlsthtunhdl`s i` ebs qu` s` dnupbl. Pl Mdah`rld` s , `l r ` suc`l , ulb hl s t h tun hþl , y l d n ba ` iuib i` qu` ` e l dc ar ` pu` -i` s ` r bp e h n bid n dl p r dp h `ibi b cungds i` e d s þr mblds y suai hv hs h dl `si`e Mdah`rld’be Ndlmr`sd , pdr ` k`cp ed’. Eds pbr t hids pde ã t hnds sdl hls-thtunhdl`s. Z`rd sh s oânhe ldcarbr ebs hlsthtunhdl`s, s ihoãnhe i`ohlhr`e tèrchld. 6Nuâe`s sdl eds btrhautds i` ul Mdah`rld, d i` ul þrmbld,d i` ulb suaihvhshþl i`e Mdah`rld, qu` kusthohqu`l e usd i` tbe i`ld-
Zbrb ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` ulb pdshae` `xt`lshþl i`e nbcpd i` hlv`s t hmbn hþltrbihnhdlbe, vhi. QDA@QY B. IBGE, «Aushl`ss bli Zdehthns; B Nrhthnbe Bpprbhsbe doZdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 0> (cbrzd 2808), pâms. 2->9.
209h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd Cdids i lodqu s hi lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds 20 0
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
chlbn h þl4 E b nu` s t h þl ld ` s d n h d s b . Ruh `l` s ` s tui h bl e b s h l s t h tun hdl` s`stâl daehmbids b dp`rbr sdar` eb i`ohlhnhþl i` ul tèrchld, y `e o`lþ-c`l d qu` ndl t `c p e bl vb r h b râ i` b nu` rid ndl e b i` o h l h n h þl .
B v`n`s, eb pru`ab vhshae` i` ulb hlsthtunhþl `s `e `ihohnhd qu` ebbea`rmb, p`rd ulb ndln`pnhþl qu` hi`lthohqu` ulb hlsthtunhþl ndl sub ea ` r mu` s ` râ , v hi `l t `c`l t ` , ba s urib . Ebs hl s t htun hdl `s sdl n dl n `a hibsb v`n`s ndcd dohnhlbs y þrmblds dri`lbids l odrcb k`rârquhnb, nbibd o h n hl b u þr mbld pds`y`lid n h ` r tbs ouln hdl `s y p di`r ` s . @s `v hi `l t ` qu`c bydr lûc`rd i` r bsmd s s h ml h o h n b t h vds i ` ulb hl s t h tun hþl s ` hi `l t h oh n bl
c`ihblt` stb ndln`pnhþl qu` ndlshi`rblid eds ihohnhds `l qu` stâl` s t ba e ` n hids , p ` r d t bca hèl `l ` s t ` n bsd gby b e m d hl ndcp e` t d y p dnd r `b -e hstb.
Zbrb qu` xhstb ulb hlsthtunhþl i`a` gba`r p`rsdlbs, y ld shcpe`-c`l t ` d o h n hlb s y þ rmblds . E b s p ` r s dlbs i`a `l b n tubr y r ` b nn h dlb r . @s -t b s p` r s dlbs d nupbl e b s d o h n hlb s y ndls t h tuy`l e d s þ rmblds , y p e bl t ` blp` t h n hdl` s b e b s d o h n hlb s y b e d s þ rmblds . B e mulbs ` s tâl `lnb rmbibs i` ei`s`cp`òd i` nh`rtbs oulnhdl`s y dtrbs `sp`rbl qu` ebs prhc`rbs ebs •i`s`c p`ò`l . Eds p br t h n hp bl t ` s m dzbl i` ul ` s t b tut d y i `s`cp`òbl oul -nhdl`s . Bs ã , ulb hls t h tunhþl pu`i` i`n h rs` qu` ndls hs t` `l ebs bn t hv hib-i` s i` p ` r s dlbs `l ulb ` s t run turb h l t ` mrbib ( ` s t d ` s , ul s h s t `cb h l t ` -mrbid i` ndcpdr tbch`ltd ) , `stblid `stbs bn t hv hibi`s r`muebibs `l n h`r tdcdid, d shmuh`lid t`li`lnhbs, d gh`l butdrhzbibs, d ah`l sp`râlids`
qu` bndl t `znbl , y s h `lid câs d c `lds p ` r s h s t `l t ` s 6 b e mulds i` e d s qu`pbr t h n hp bl `l e b s bn t h v hibi`s hl s t h tun hdlb e ` s i `s `c p`òbrâl nbr mds , p ` r dld tdids eeds. Eds vdtblt`s qu` ld i`s`cp`òbl nbrmds, pdr k`cped,sdl p br t h nhp bl t ` s i ` e b s bn t h v hibi`s hl s t h tun hdlb e ` s i ` e b m da `rlbn hþl i`eb sdnh`ibi º. Hlneusd stb i`ohlhnhþl, bulqu` s bcpehb, ld r`oe`kb eshmlhohnbid qu` s` i`s`b nublid s` i`ldchlb hlsthtunhþl b eb mu`rrb db eb obchehb, d nublid lds r`o`rhcds b ulb hlsthtunhþl pbrb lo`rcdsc`l tb e ` s . @s prdaba e ` qu` l hlmulb i` o h l hn h þl r ` oe ` k` t dids e d s usd s i` etèrchld. h s` i`s`b ulb i`ohlhnhþl bcpehb y ar`v`, quhzâ eb qu` shmu`s ` b t bl au`lb n dcd nub equh ` r d tr b ; ulb h l s t htun h þl ` s ul s h s t `cb p` r -shst`lt` i` bnthvhibi`s y xp`ntbthvbs, d nubequh`r squ`cb `stbae` i`ndcpdr t bch`l t d i ` m rupd .
nhdlbe vbrãb ndl eb i`ohlhnhþl i` hlsthtunhþl. Ruh`l`s gbl ndln ahide b s h l s t h tun h dl` s i` mda h ` rld ndc d d o h n h lb s y þ rmblds s ` gbl h ln e h lbidb ` sn r ha h r y `l s`òbr sda r ` ` e Mda h ` rld 6 `l n d l s`nu`ln hb , e d s d r mbl hm r b -cb s ibl hi `b i` c ungd i` e d qu` gbl g`ngd . @l ` s t b n dl n ` p n hþl , e ` s -tuihd i` eb pdeãt hnb s` ndlvh`rt`, l e xtr`cd, l e stuihd `sp`nã-o h n d y e hc h t bid i` ul g`ngd t rbs d t r d . ^` hi `l t ho h n b s `l n h e e bc`l t ` ` e l hv ` ei`e Mdah`rld qu` hlt`r`sb (o`i`rbe, `stbtbe, ednbe) y `e pdi`r d oulnhþl
_hi. NGBQE@A. GBMBL,bYg` Mrdup hl b Zdehthnbe nh`ln`¶, l QdebliXdulm, iht., Bpprdbng`s td tg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns (@vblstdl6 Ldr tgw`st`rl Plhv`rs h tyZr`ss, 2807), pâm. 9?.
(`k`nuthvd, e`mhsebthvd, kuihnhbe). @l abs` b stbs e`nnhdl`s, s` prdn`i`b hi `l t h o hn b r e d s n br mds y þr mblds n dl e d s qu` s ` t r b t b , y `l t dl n `s s ` gb -aeb i` eb ndcpdshnhþl y i`a`r`s, d oulnhdl`s, i` nbib ulb, quhzâ ndl-kultbc`lt`, ndl bohrcbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` ebs hrr`ebnhdl`s ltr` eds chs-cds . Ndls hi ` rbn hdl `s n dl s t h tun hdlb e ` s y e ` m b e ` s o h mur brâl , p r daba e `c `l -t ` , ` l t b e ` s i` s nr h pn h dl` s . I` cbl ` rb blâ e d mb , e d s ` s tui hd s d s i` e b pd -e ãt h n b hl t ` rlbn hdlb e qu` n dl> hi`r bl e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s n dc d d o h n hl bs y þr -mblds gbl cblho`stbid hlnehlbnhþl b suarbybr bqu`eeds bsp`ntds i` ebpdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe l eds qu` s` pu`i`l usbr drmblhmrbcbs y nhtbr
` e i` r ` ngd . ^ ` suarbyb e b d r mbl h z b n hþl i` e b s Lbn h dl` s Pl hibs y i` e b sbm `l n hbs n dl ` e e b s n dl ` x hdlbibs , bn dc pbòâlids` , qu hzâ , i ` ul ` s tui hdi` t b e e bid i` e b Nbr t b .
Eb ndln`pnhþl str`ngb i` ulb hlsthtunhþl,s` gb ulhid, prdabae`-c`l t ` i ` ulb cb l`r b n busb e , n dl vbr hbs t `li`ln hbs i ` e b n h `l n hb p d e ã t hn bqu` pbr`n`l pdnd bodrtulbibs. Plb i` eebs s eb t`li`lnhb, be c`ldsgbstb gbn` pdnds bòds, i` eds trbtbihstbs i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb i` devhibrb eds hlihvhiuds. I`spuès i` tdid, stuihbabl hlsthtunhdl`s, ld hlihvh-iuds ; @ e r` su e t bid ` s qu` s ` gb i` k bid , `l m r bl c `i hib , b d t r ds’pr hl -n h pb ec`l t ` b e d s s d n h þ e d md s y ps h nþ e d md s s d n h b e ` s’i`sb r rd ee b r e b s t è nl h -nb s i` s dli`d s , ` s tui h b r ` e ndcpd r t bch `l t d ` e ` n t d rb e , i` s nuar h r eb s r ` -e b n h dl `s ` l t r ` e b b n t h tui pd e ã t hn b y d t r bs bn t h tui`s , ` t n .
Eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds qu` gbl bidptbid ul lodqu` hlsthtunhdlbe
`str`ngd gbl t`lihid tbcahèl b i`si òbr eb pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe. Xbqu` iurbl t ` c ungd t h `cpd l d `x h s t h` r dl h l s t h tun h dl` s c ulih b e ` s blâ -edmbs be `stbid d be Mdah`rld, pbr`nãb qu` ld gbaãb lbib l st` id-chl hd i ` e d qu` pui h` s ` gba ebr ` e n h `l t ã o h n d p d e ã th n d . ¡ @s t ` t `cb i`a`r ã bs`r i`kbid be ghstdrhbidr d, quhzâ, b eds badmbids Eds ehards qu` pr`-t`li`l suchlhstrbr hltrdiunnhdl`s b eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb d pbsbr r`vhstbb e d s p r hl n hp b e ` s ` e `c `l t ds i ` e b p d e ã t h n b s ` n dl n `l t r bab l , p dr t bl t d , `leb pdeãthnb hlt`rlb. X Zheblid gbnãbl hlnurshdl`s l e âcahtd hlt`rlb-nhdlbe rb prhlnhpbec`lt` pbrb peblt`brs` ed qu` s` r`o`rãb be i`r ngdy b eb drmblhzbnhþl. @l nh`rtd s`lthid, `e tèrchld r`ebnhdl`s hl t`rlbn hd -lbe`s mblþ nbrtb i` lbturbe`zb, i` pr`o`r`lnhb b pdeãthnb hl t`rlbn hdlb e ,pdshae`c`lt` b nbusb i` ulb obetb i` nbpbnhibi pbrb p`lsbr l tèrch-lds i` p d e ã th n b , `l bus`l n hb i ` hl s t htun hdl `s i ` m da h ` rl d . B e c hscd t h `c-
pd, ` e `l odqu` hlst h tun hdlbe , ndln`a hid `st r`ngbc `lt`, s` gb ul hid b ulbt`li`lnhb b i`si`òbr eb oulnhþl i` eb vhde`lnhb `l eb pdeãthnb. @vhi`l-t `c`l t ` , e b v hd e `l n hb y eb bc `lbzb i`s`c p`òbl ul pbp ` e i ` hcpdr t bl n hbvhtbe. Plb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` eds @stbids i`e culid gbl lbnhid y th`-l`l o h k bibs sus o r dl t ` rbs c `i hbl t ` e b v h d e `l n hb . I`l t rd i ` e d s p b ã s ` s , e d sMdah`rlds vh`l`l y s` vbl’b v`n`s ndl or`nu`lnhb ndlshi`rbae`’mrb-n h bs b mu`r rbs n h v h e ` s y m d ep ` s i ` @s t bid 6 ` hl n eusd nublid t b e ` s bn dl t ` -nhch`ltds ld bndlt`n`l stâl b v`n`s bc`lbzbids. Ch`id i` eb mu`rrby ` sp` rblzbs `l ulb mu` r rb v h n t d rh d s b , y p e bl` s pb rb e b i` o `ls b y b mr ` -shþl, gbl shid i`si` gbn` cungd ulb pr`dnupbnhþl prhcdrihbe i` edsMda h` rlds . Z` r d nublid s ` n dl s hi ` r b b e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s `l t è rchlds i`
20?h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþo hnd Cdids i lodqu s hi lthohnbids ndl eds rbsmds 20 =
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
d o h n hlb s y þ rmblds qu` pu`i`l s ` r r ` pr ` s `l t bids pd r d r mbl h mrbc bs , ldgby eumbr p br b r `vd eun hdl `s y mu`r rbs . E b mu`r r b n h v h e y e b hl t ` rlbn hdlb es ` supdl `l , i` ` s t b c bl` rb , b k `lb s b e b pd e ã t hnb’ruibs h l t ` r rupn h dl` si` eb vhib pdeãthnb 2º’. X bsã, `e trbabkd i` eds nh`ltãohnds pdeãthnds ldib nu`l t b i` ` s t d s b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s pd e ãt h nd s i` pr hc` r d ri`l .
Pl `l odqu` hl s t h tun hdlb e , d ul `l o dqu` absb id `l ulb i` o hl h n hþl `leb nube eb pdeãthnb `s e stuihd i`e Mdah`rld y i`e @stbid, ld sh`cpr`s` ndlnha` i` cbl`rb tbl str`ngb, y ld gby l`n`shibi i` qu` bsã s`b.Ndc d s` gb sum`r hid câs br r ha b , i ` o hl h n hdl `s c âs bcp e h b s `c p e`bl , `l
ebs nube`s ulb hlsthtunhþl s` ndlshi`rb ndcd ul squ`cb stbae` i`ndcpdr tbch`ltd ir 6 mrupd. Ndln`a hibs bs ã , ebs hlst h tun hdl`s ndlshst `l `lndcp dr t bch `l t d s ` s t h e hz bids , y byuibl b n r ` b r ed s . Q` o e ` kbl e b ndl od rc h -ibi y eb r`muebrhibi i`e ndcpdrtbch`ltd, y su `xhst`lnhb byuib b hl-iunhr b eds hlihvhiuds b bn`ptbr eb ndlodrchibi y eb r`muebrhibi. Chlh-chzbl ed qu` s nbþthnd y `rrâthnd. Plb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` ebs i`nhshd-l` s qu` t dcbl e d s h li h v hiuds e d s dl ld nd rld ndls ` nu`l n h b i` ul p`l -sbch`ltd ndlsnh`lt` y i`eha`rbid, shld câs d c`lds butdcâthnbc`lt`y s hl p`lsbr `l abs ` i` ul ndlihn hdlbtl h`l td hlst h tun hdlbe . Ldrcbec `lt`,bulqu` ld s h `cpr` , ed s ` squ`cbs i` ndc pdr t bch `l t d qu` ndcpr`li`lh l s t h tun hdl `s sdl r bn h dlb e ` s 6 `l t did n bsd , e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s sd l c `i hdsi` s`rvhr ohl s, ed qu` prdpdrnhdlb abs` pbrb nu`sthdl`s r`ebthvbs b surbnhdlbehibi rr.
Nr ht ` r hd s c âs r `b e h s t bs i ` s ` e ` n n hþl sdl p r dpdr n hdlbids p d r ulb n dl -n`pn h þl câs bc p e h b i` e b s h l s t htun h dl` s qu` pd r ulb nd ln`pn h þl ` s t r ` -ngb . Hl n eusd bs ã , ` s iuidsd s h s dl t bl û t he ` s n dc d ` s i `s`b a e ` . Plb r ` n d -c`l ibn hþl i` qu` s ` ` s tui h`l e d s ` squ`cb s ` s t ba e ` s i ` n d cpdr t bch`l t di` nbrânt`r pdeãthnd s câs ah`l vbmb. Ld s` hlihnbl nrht`rhds cuy neb-rds pbrb eb hlneushþl d `xneushþl i` nu sthdl`s y ibtds. Eb bohrcbnhþli` qu` e b pd e ãt h nb ` s ulb pumlb `l t r ` b n t d r ` s qu` p` r s hmu`l i` s ` d s `l -ndltrbids `l nu`st hdl`s pûae hnbs `s , prdaba e`c `lt`, câs n ebrb `l nubltdbe nrht`rhd muãb qu` prdpdrnhdlb. @l tdid nbsd, quh`l s sndm`l e l-odqu` hlst h tun hdlbe su`e`l sup e`c `ltbr hd ndl b emûl dt rd, hln eusd s h bidp-tbl ulb i`ohlhnhþl bcpehb i`e tèrchld «hlsthtunhþl¶.
@E @LODRP@ KPQÃIHND
Eds ` l odqu`s d bn` rnbc h`ltds hlst h tun hdlb e y kurãi hnd `stâl, b su v`z,hl t ` rr ` e bn h dlbids . @v hi`l t `c` l t ` , e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s i ` m da h ` rl d ( l drcb e -c`l t ` ndln`a hib s `l ` s t ` ndl t `x td ndc d d o h n hlb s y þ rmblds ) th ` l`l c u -
2: No. eb ndlshi rbnhþl i «Yg Bc rhnbl Bpprdbng td ]brs, `lQDA@QY@. DsnddI,Ehcht`i ]br (Nghnbmd6 Yg` Plhv`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 280=), pâ-m h lb s 17-90.
ngb r`ebnhþl ndl eb e`y. @xhst`l i` bnu`rid ndl e i`r`ngd ndlsthtunhd-lb e y sus b n t h v h ibi` s s ` r ` e b n h dlbl ndl e b p rdcue mbn h þl , `lch `lib , h l -t`rpr`tbnhþl y `k`nunhþl i` eb e`y. I` `stb cbl`rb, quh`l`s bidptbl di hs nu t`l ul `l o dqu` hl s t h tun hdlb e pu`i`l s hcp e`c `l t ` `qu hpbr br ed b ul`l odqu` kurãi hnd 21.
odqu` kurãihnd 2b. @l r`ebnhþl ndl nbsh nubequh`r nu`sthþl m`l`rbe qu`pu`ib peblt`brs`, cungds s` hlnehlbl b supdl`r qu` bemulbs d tdibsebs nu`sthdl`s l qu` s` pu`i` ihvhihr d qu` bemulds d tdids eds ibtds
s hmlh o h nb t hvds pu`i `l s` r i` nbrânt`r kurãihnd . Bs ã , eb pr`m ultb i` quhèls ` râ ` e p rþxhcd pr ` s h i`l t ` i` e d s @s t bids Pl hids pu`i` s ` r nd l t ` s t bib`l pbrt` c`ihblt` ulb r`o`r`lnhb b eds r`quhshtds ndlsthtunhdlbe`s i`qu` i`a` gba r lbnhid l e pbãs y ndltbr, be c`lds, tr`hltb y nhlndbòds i` ibi6 y pu`i` ndlt`stbrs` b eb hlt`rrdmbnhþl sdar` eb prdabae`bnnhþl i` eds @stbids Plhids l e nbsd i` qu` Ebds bòbih`s` Nbcad-i hb c`i hbl t ` ulb `xèm `s h s nu hibidsb i` e b Nbr t b i ` e b s Lbn hdl `s Pl hibs .
Ybcp dnd p u`i` i`sbn r `i h t b r s ` ` e `l o dqu` kurãi hn d . I`spuès i` t did ,t bl t d e d s p r dn `i hch`l t ds ; n dc d e b ` s `l n hb . i ` Hs ' b n n hþl pd e ãt h n b `l n biblhv`e b c`luid sâl ndltrdebids pdr eb e`y. @l e idchlhd i` tbltd ebpdeãthnb hlt`rlb ndcd eb hlt`rlbnhdlbe ndl or`nu`lnhb e i`r`ngd pr`s-n r ha ` e b b n n hþl qu` gb i` t dcb r s` `l n h r nuls t bl n hbs i ` t ` rchlbibs 6 t bc -ahèl `e i`r`ngd prdgha` eb bnnhþl d ohkb eds eãcht`s i` eb bnnhþl p`r-
or`nu`lnhb’`e ndldnhch`ltd i`e i`r`ngd suchlhstrb ulb abs` cuy hc-pdrtblt` pbrb eb pr`ihnnhþl. uchlhstrb ulb abs` pbrb squ`cbs p`r-s h s t `l t ` s i ` bn t h v hibi y `xp `n t b t hv b’pbrb ` squ`cbs ` s t ba e ` s i ` n dcpdr -t bc h`l t d i ` m rupd .
I`nhr qu` ul lodqu` kurãihnd s cuy hcpdrtblt` ld quhvbe` b i`-n hr qu` `s s h`c pr` ` e câs bprdp hbid . @s `v hi`lt` qu` cungb s nu`st hdl`spd e ã th n bs s ` r ` e bn h dlbl n dl ` e i ` r `ngd sd ebc`l t ` i ` ulb c bl`r b r `cdt b ,sh `s qu` s` r`ebnhdlbl i` bemulb cbl`rb. Hlneusd nublid `e i`r`ngd`s r`e`vblt`, pu`i pr`stbr b ndloushþl absbrs` l èe tdtbec`lt` pbrbgbeebr eb r`spu`stb b eb nu`sthþl pr`multbib. Zdr k`cped, ebs pr`mul-tbs r`o`r`lt`s b eb ednbehzbnhþl i`e ndltrde sdar` ebs bnnhdl`s dohnhbe`si` e Mda h ` rld l d pu`i`l s ` r s h `cpr ` n dl t ` s t bibs abs âlids` s hcp e`c`l t ``l `e `xbc`l i` eds bsp`ntds kurãihnds. @e pdi`r i` i`nhshþl qu` `stâ
o d rcb ec`l t ` b t r h au hid b ul þ rmbld i` t ` rc hlbid p u`i` s ` r ` k ` r n hid , `le b prân t hnb , pd r p` r s dlbs qu` ld p d s ` `l l hlmûl stbtus e`mbe. Ed qu` `scâs, i`a` r`ndribrs` qu` e i`r`ngd ld sh`cpr` s nebrd. Ebs nu`sthd-l`s r ` o ` r `l t ` s b su s h ml h o h n bid y b su bp e h n bn hþl b nu`s t h dl `s n dl n r ` t bs'urm`l sh`cpr`. B v`n`s, tbe`s nu`sthdl`s s` sdc`t`l b eds ku`n`s, qu`’`s i` p r ` suchr’t rb t bl s ` r h bc `l t ` i ` b e n blzbr n dl t ` s t bn h dl `s hcpbr -
bABHE@X, HDN. Nht.
No. OD^Y@Q G . HH@Q]DDI,bYg` Qde` do Zuaehn Ebw hl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`s,`l XDPLM,Bpprdbng`s td tg` tuiy do Zdehthns, pâms. 7?-8?.
n h b e ` s y i `s hl t ` r ` sbibs . H l n eusd `l t b e ` s n h rnuls t bl n hbs , s hl `c abr md , ` eprdn` s d c `i h bl t ` ` e nub e eb s vbmu`ibi` s y bc a h mõ`ibi` s s dl n e b r ho h n b -ib s ` s t b e qu` e b o d rcbn h þl y e b s p r `i hs pd s h n h dl` s p` r s dlb e ` s i` e h l t è r-pr`t` i` eb e`y gbl i` kumbr ul pbp`e. @l dtrbs pbebarbs ; l e nbsdi` cungbs nebs`s i` nu`sthdl`s qu` sdl bpbr`lt`c`lt` kurãihnbs, ib-t d s ld kur ãi h nd s s dl p rdaba e `c `l t ` r ` e ` vbl t ` s . O hlb ec`l t ` , i`a` r ` nd r -ibrs` qu` ul lodqu` e`mbe stâ ehchtbid l dtrb ihr`nnhþl ; th`l` pdnbr`e`vblnhb, sh bemulb, pbrb ebs nu`sthdl`s qu` s` peblt`bl nþcd i`a`s`r eb e`y. Eb i`t`rchlbnhþl i`e ndlt`lhid i` eb e`y b trbvès i`e pdi`r
e`mhsebthvd `s ul bntd pdeãthnd, `xpehnbae` i` drihlbrhd `l abs` b bemdihsthltd be lodqu` e`mbe.
Gb `xhs t hid ulb t`li` lnhb , i` pbrt` i` quh`l`s ut h e h zbl ul `lodqu`kurãihnd, b r`hohnbr e i`r`ngd d, be c`lds, b trbtbred ndcd bemd qu``xhst`, lbturbec`lt`, câs beeâ i`e ndltrde i` eds gdcar`s. @l r`ebnhþlndl c ungbs nu` s t h dl` s , t b e p ` r sp` n t hvb ` s pd nd ndc pb t h a e ` ndl ulb h l .v`st hmbn hþl pde ã t hnb r`be hs tb.
@s c âs r ` b e hs t b ndls hi` rb r ` e i` r ` ngd ndc d ul r ` o e ` kd i` e d s i` s ` d si` quh`l s trhulobl l eb pumlb pdeãthnb6 s ul hlstruc`ltd b trbvèsi`e nube `xpr`sbl su vdeultbi y e` ibl `o`ntd. I` `stb cbl`rb, `e i`-r`ngd r`oe`kb e r`suetbid i`e ku`md 29.
@E@LODRP@ I@E ZDI@Q
@e pdi`r s, vhi`lt`c`lt , ul rbsmd sdar`sbeh`lt` i` eb vhib pdeã-thnb y e tèrchld s usbid b v`n`s pbrb i`shmlbr ul lodqu`. Zdr eed,s ` sum h ` r ` qu` qu h`l `s t r bab k bl `l ` e n bc pd i` e b n h `l n hb p d e ã th n b i `a `l`sndm`r nu`sthdl`s y ibtds qu` s` r`oh`rbl be pdi`r y b eb eungb pdr epdi` r , quh zâ i` o h l h`lid ` e nbc pd `l ab s ` b ` s d s t è rc hlds . Zd r ` k `cp e d ,Or`i`rhnf ]btfhls ee`mþ, gbn` ulds bòds, b eb ndlneushþl i` qu` ;
@e benbln` ndrr`ntd i` eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ld s e stuihd i`e @stbid d nubequh`rndcpe`kd hlsthtunhdlbe ndlnr`td, shld eb hlv`sthmbnhþl i` tdibs ebs hlsthtunhdl`s qu`pu`ibl cdstrbr y k`cpehohnbr e prdae`cb i`e pdi`r ' '.
Câs r ` n h `l t `c`l t ` , ]h e eh bc B . Qdas dl gb i` n e b rbid ;
Eb nh lnhb pdeãthnb s` dnupb prhcdrihbec`lt` i e pdi`r `l eb sdnh ibi’su lbtu-rbe`zb, abs`s, prdn`sds, benbln` y r`suetbids...’. @e «`lodqu` i`e hlt`rès i`e nh`l-tãohnd pdehthnd `s nebrd y ld bcahmud6 s` n`ltrb l eb pumlb pbrb mblbr d r`t`l`r`e pdi`r, pbrb k`rn`r e pdi`r d hloeuhr b dtrds, d pbrb r`shsthr tbe k`rnhnhd ¶j.
2? OQ@I@QHNF C. ]BYFHL^, Yg` ^tbt` bs b Ndln`pt do Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` (Lu`vbXdrf6 Gbrp`r, 28>9), pâm. 7>. No. M. @. M. NBYEHL, Yg` nh`ln` bli C`tgdi doZdehthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6, Fldpo, 281= ), `l sp., pâms. 2>8-91.
]HEEHBC B. QdbsdL, Yg` Plhv`rshty Y`bnghlm do ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s; Zdehthnbe^nh`ln` (Zbrãs, Pl snd, 2809 ), pâms. 2=-27.
_br hbs i ` o hl hn h dl `s i ` e p di`r s ` gbl p r ` s `l t bid . Gbls C dr m `l tgbu ,pdr k`cped, cpe`b e tèrchld pbrb i`shmlbr b`e ndltrde i`e gdcar`sda r ` e b s c `l t ` s y bn n h dl `s i ` e d s d t r ds gdca r `s ¶ . B n dl t hlubn hþl pbsbb ihsthlmuhr ltr` pdi`r pdeãthnd y pdi`r chehtbr. Eb s`lnhb i`e pdi`rpdeãthnd, ihn`, s «ulb r`ebnhþl pshndeþmhnb ltr` ids c`lt`s¶, ch`ltrbsqu` `e pdi`r chehtbr `stâ ulhid b eb vhde`lnhb’ndl «eb r`ebnhþl oãshnb`ltr` ids nu`rpds, uld i` eds nube`s s ed suohnh`lt`c`lt` ou`rt` pbrbidchlbr eds cdvhch`ltds i`e dtrd¶’. I` bnu`rid ndl Cdrm`ltgbu, ebou ` rzb brcb ib i` ulb lbn hþl pu`i` n e b s h o h n b r s ` s `b n dc d pdi`r p d e ã t hn d
d pdi`r chehtbr, i`p`lih`lid i` sh `s d ld `cpe`bib r`bec`lt` `l ebvhde`lnhb. «Nublid eb vhde`lnhb ee`mb b s`r ulb r`behibi shmlhohnb eb ba-ihnbn hþl i` e pdi` r pde ã t hnd `l obvdr i`e pdi`r chehtbr d s`uidchehtbr¶ 2=.=
Eb i`ohlhnhþl nhtbib câs brrhab i`e pdi`r th`l` bemd câs pbrb s`rr`ndc`libib qu` eb suashmuh`lt` ihsthlnhþl ltr` pdi r pdeãthnd y pd-i`r chehtbr. Eb ihsthlnhþl pu`i` s`r pu`stb b pru`ab hcbmhlblid b ulgdcar ` n dl ulb ` spbib , a e bli hèlid eb i ` ulb c bl`r b bc `lbzbidrb o r `l -t ` b d t r d gdca r ` qu` s ` `l nu`l t r b n dl e b ` spb eib n d l t r b e b p br `i , b p ` -ngd i`snuah`rtd. Ch`ltrbs eb spbib ndrtb shcpe`c`lt` e bhr`, eb r`eb-n hþl l t r ` e d s ids gdca r `s s p r ` sucha e `c`l t ` p s h n d eþm h n b . updlmbcds ,ld dastblt`, qu` e qu` th`l` eb `spbib ndch`lzb ndl eeb b phlngbr ebp h ` e i` su dpdl`l t ` . ´@l què cdc `ltd e b r ` e b n h þl «ps h nd e þm h nb ¶ s ` ndl -vh`rt` `l chehtbr4, ´`l nubltd s` i`smbrrb eb ph`e4, ´sh eb vhib y `e vh-mdr ld suor`l ibòds, pdr què s eb r`ebnhþl c`lds «pshndeþmhnb¶ qu`blt`s4 I` g`ngd, eds mdep`s i` eb `spbib i`a`l hloeuhr `l eds p`lsb-ch`ltds y vdeultbi i` eb vãnthcb (y, pdr tbltd, prdiunhr ul `o`ntd «psh-ndeþmhnd¶) ch`ltrbs ndls`rvb eb ndlnh`lnhb. X eds mdep`s qu` drhmhlbleb pèrihib i` eb ndlnh`lnhb pu`i`l t`l`r ul `o`ntd pshndeþmhnd ulb v`zr ` n da r bib e b n dl n h `l n hb .
Eb ihsthlnhþl câs brrhab xpu`stb ltr` e pdi`r pdeãthnd y e pdi`rch e h t b r ` s vu el `rba e ` b nu`s t h dl `s i ` i hv ` r sds t hp ds . Bulqu` s `murbc`l -t` ld gb gbahid hlt`lnhþl i` eed, th`li` b r`odrzbr eb dphlhþl, nhtbibcâs brrhab, i` qu` eb vhde`lnhb s bk`lb b eb ,pde ã t hnb’ulb hl t `rpr`tb-nhþl cuy abstb i e prdn`sd pdeãthnd’. Ed qu` s câs, r`ou`rzb e su-pu`std pdnd r`oe`xhvd, qu` bpbr`n` b v`n`s, i` qu` nublid stbeeb ulbmu`rrb eds ihp edc ât hnds (y quhzâ tdib eb ih r`nn hþl pd e ã t h nb ) i`a`r ãbl ba -ihnbr l obvdr i` eds m`l rbe`s. Nebus`whtz gb cblt`lhid ulb dphlhþl
i`ldtb «`e pdi`r i` ul gdcar` sdar` ebs c`lt`s y bnnhdl`s i` dtrdsgdca r` s ¶. B e mulds p r ` o h` r `l qu` pdi` r i`ld t ` e b ` x h s t `ln h b i` ulb gb -a h e hibi d n bpbn hibi i` n dl t r d eb r , câs a h `l qu` e b `x h s t `l n hb i ` ul ndl -trde r`be. ^h i`ohlhcds eb pdeãthnb ndcd ulb pumlb `ltr` bntdr`s qu`p`rs hmu`l i`s`ds `l ndltrbids `l nu`st hdl`s pûae hnbs , pdi`cds i`n hr qu``l r ` e b n h þl ndl ulb s ` r h ` i` t ` rc hlbib i` nu` s t h dl` s ul b n t d r t h ` l` pd -i`r `l r` ebn hþl i hr`n tb ndl s u nbpbn hibi i` r`be hzbr sus i`s`ds . Pl pul-td i` vhstb ehm`rbc`lt` iho`r`lt` s qu` « p di`r ` s e b n bpbn hibi i` b o ` n -tbr b dtrds shl s`r bo`ntbid l eb chscb c`ihib¶ 27.
Eb i h s nus hþl p r `n `i`l t ` sum h ` r ` qu` ` e p di`r p d e ã th n d pu`i` s ` r sua -ihvhihid, s h `lid ` e pdi` r ch e h tbr ulb i` sus sua ihvh s hdl`s . Ed qu` s`bl`xbn t bc`l t ` e b s d t r b s suai h v hs h dl` s `l ul ` squ`cb i` n e b s h o h n b n h þl 2 ?mhnd y brt h nuebid `s ih o ãn h e i` pr`n h sb r . @xhs t`l r` o`r`ln hbs b e pdi` r `nd-lþch nd y b e pdi` r qu` s ` ab s b `l e b `iunbn h þl y prdpbmblib . ^ ` gba e bi` pdi`r p`rsubshvd y nd`rnhthvd, r`ndldnh`lid tbe v`z qu` e pdi`r i`nd`rn hþl ndl or`nu`ln hb r` ou`rzb ` e pdi`r i` p`rsubshþl . Ebs i hsnushdl`si` pdeãthnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe hlneuy`l ndl ld pdnb or`nu`lnhb ebrmbs ehstbsi` « ` e`c` l t ds i ` p di`r ¶, bm rupâlids` b v `n ` s e d s ` e `c `l t ds i ` ulb c b-l` rb o d r zbib `l nb t ` md r ãb s i`ldc hlbibs t blm h a e ` ` h l t blm h a e ` .
Zdnd o rut d s ` da t `lirâ s hmu h `lid ` squ`cbs i` n e b s h o hn bn hþl i` e b l b -turb e ` zb i ` e d s b r rha b hli h n bids . Zdir ãbc ds , s hl `c abr md , b t bn br ` e p r d -a e `cb i`si` ul âlmu ed b e m d i h o ` r`l t ` . ^updlir`c ds ulb s h tubn hþl `l e b
qu` gby ids bn tdr`s pd e ã thnds, uld i`t`l tbid r i` pdi`r y dt rd v ãn t hcb i` echscd. Ldt`cds qu` stb shtubnhþl stâ shcpehohnbib l eb c`ihib lqu` sdebc`lt` ul bntdr i`t`ltb pdi`r, ch`ltrbs qu` l eb cbydrãb i`e b s s h tubn h dl` s i` g` ngd nb ib b n t d r e d i` t `l t b râ’y, s hcue tâl`bc `l t ` ,nbib uld s`râ vãnthcb i`e pdi`r i`e dtrd’. Ed `s`lnhbe s qu` eds `e`-c`l t ds i ` p di`r qu` ul bn t dr p ds` ` p ` r t `l `n `l b ids n b t `mdr ãbs .
Eb p r hc` r b n b t `mdr ãb hl n euy` ` e`c `l t ds hi `l t h o hn bids p r hcb r hbc`l t `ndl e chscd i`t`ltbidr i`e pdi`r. @st` th`l` i`s`ds. Eb r`behzbnhþl ypu` s t b `l ` k ` nun h þl i` ` s t d s i` s ` d s hcp e hnb i` b e mulb cb l` rb b e b v ã n -thcb. Eb xt`lshþl i`e pdi`r i`e i`t`ltbidr i`p`li` l pbrt` i` eb hl-
t ` ls hibi i` sus i` s ` d s 6 ` s t d ` s , i` su vd eul t bi i` b n`p t b r e d s nd s t ` s yrh`smds pbrb benblzbr ed qu` i`s`b. Câs beeâ i` `std, eb `xt`lshþl i`epdi`r i`e i`t`ltbidr i`p`li` tbcahèl l pbrt` i` su nbpbnhibi, b ulndst` y rh`smd rbzdlbae`, pbrb gbn`r ulb d ids ndsbs6 i` ulb pbrt`,ndlohmurbr d hloeuhr eds i`s ds i` eb vãnthcb y, u d, pdr dtrd ebid, prd-pdrnhdlbr, bpbrtbr d sustrb`r bemd i` ed qu` eb vãnthcb i`s b (`l dtrbspbebarbs, ndln`i r hliuem`lnhbs b eb vãnthcb d hloehmhre` prhvbnhdl`s).Ebs p ds ha e ` s hliu em `l n hbs y p r hvbn hdl `s s dl i` c ungds t hp ds i h o` r `l t ` s ,t bl t d c bt ` r h b e ` s n dcd hlcb t ` r hb e ` s . A h `l `s , s ` r v h n hd s i ` i h s t hl t bs n e b s ` si` dpd r tul hibi` s ( pd r ` k`cp e d , dpd r tul hibi` s ` ndlþch nb s ) pu`i`l su-chl hst rbrs` d sust rb`rs` . Ndldn hch`ltd y tènl hnbs pu`i`l prdpdrn hdlbrs`
d l`mbrs`. ` pu`i`l ndln`i`r d l`mbr sbthsobnnhdl`s pshndeþmhnbs. Ebchsc b v hib pu`i` s ` r sb ev bib d br r`ab t bib 6 d , l ` e n bsd i ` e d s m rupds ,s` pu`i` ndln`i`r su xhst`lnhb, mbrblthzbreb d i`struhreb. Eds c`ihdsi` hl o euhr l eds i`s` ds i` ndl n`i`r obvdr`s y i` hl o e h m h r pr hvbnhdl`s n u-ar ` ulb mbc b cuy bc p e h b i` si` eb s sum` r `ln h b s câs sut he ` s b e d s cb -ydr `s `x t r`c ds i` v h d e `l n hb .
Eb s`mulib nbt`mdrãb hlneuy` e`c`ltds i` pdi`r hi`lthohnbids ndleb vãnthcb. us gâahtds, prdp`lshdl`s, r`mebs y prhlnhphds’i` cbl rbcâs m`l ` rb e , sus i` s ` d s’byuibl b c`l uid b i` t ` rc hlb r e b ` x t `ls h þli`e pdi`r i`e qu` ed i`t`ltb. @e pdi`r i` ul Mdah`rld sdar` sus sûa-ih t d s vb r ãb i` b nu` rid ndl e b ` x t `ls h þl ` h l t `ls hibi i` e gâa h t d i` da` -ih`lnhb b eb e`y. @e pdi`r i` ul k`o` i` pbrthid pbrb `xtrb`r ndcprbchsds pdr pbrt` i` ul nblihibtd vbrãb ndlodrc` b eb hlt`mrhibi y bc.ahnhþl i` eb vãnthcb. Eds pr`shi`lt`s i` eds Ndchtès `l e `lbid i`e d s @s t bids Pl hids t h `l `l pdi`r p drqu` e b s v ãn t hcbs hlc `i hb t bs i ` e p d -i`r cblt h`l `l ` e pr hln hp hd i` eb k rbrquãb abs bib `l eb bl t hmõ`ibi. Nubl-id Hlmebt`rrb y Orblnhb s` hcpush`rdl ndcd r`meb l e bsultd i` @thd-p ãb ld hcp dl` r s bln h dl` s qu` puih ` s `l ndliun h r b e b mu` r rb , y nublidp`rchth`rdl qu` std s` suph`rb, su r`meb dtdrmþ pdi`r b Cussdehlh, `enube puid i`t`rchlbr eds eãcht`s i`ltrd i` eds nube`s i`aãb ehchtbr subnnhþl. Nublid Mgblih ndliukd b eb Hlihb b eb i`sda`ih`lnhb nhvhe, supdi`r s` absþ, gbstb ul pultd ndlshi`rbae`, l ebs r`mebs y prhlnhphds
qu` ehmbabl b Hlmebt`rrb6 sh Hlmebt`rrb s` guah`s` big`rhid b prhlnhphdslbz h s d n dc ul hs t bs , ` e p di`r i ` Mgbli h gua h` s ` su o r hid s hl iuib , `l ` en bsd qu` è e gua h ` s ` sda r `v hvhid . Eds n dc prdchsds i ` e d s @s t bids Pl hidsi` das ` rvb r ` e i` r` ngd h l t ` rlbn h dlb e d t d r mb , b v` n` s , b e câs p `qu`òd yièahe i` eds @stbids e pdi`r i` i`sbohbred. Bodrtulbid s e bntdr pdeã-t h nd qu` i` r h vb ` e pdi` r i` gbn` r e d qu` i` s ` b `l t ` rbc`l t ` i` e d s gâa h -t d s , p r dp `l s hdl `s , r `m e bs d p r hl n hp h ds i ` e d s d t r ds bn t dr ` s .
@e prhlnhpbe cèrhtd i`e lodqu` i` pdi r s câs hcpeãnhtd qu` x-peãnhtd. Q`pdsb hcpeãnhtbc`lt` `l eb supdshnhþl i` qu` `l eb vhib pbeãthnb eds bntdr`s (s`bl s`r`s gucbl ds hli hv hiub e ` s d m rupds dr mbl hzb -ids ) s ` ` s ou` rzbl p b rb b e nblzb r r ` su e tbids . Ndcp br t ` ` s t b v`l t b k b ndldtrds `lodqu`s, hlneuhid e c`lnhdlbid câs brrhab, l e nube eb pdeh-thnb s` ndlshi`rb ndcd ulb pumlb ltr` bntdr`s qu` p`rshmu`l i`s`ds
`lndltrbids `l nu`s t hdl`s pûae hnbs .Eb prhlnhpbe i`ahehibi i`e `lodqu` i` pdi`r `s su obetb i` pr`nh-
s hþl . Ndc d s ` hli h n b câs br r ha b , e b p b eba r b pdi`r nuar ` ulb mbc b ndl -s hi ` r ba e ` i ` s h ml h oh n bids .
^` i h n ` qu` ` e p di`r i `r hv b i ` ou`l t ` s qu` s ` `x t h `li`l i`si` e b p ` -t h n hþl i` qu` s ` p bs` ` e s b e ` r d `l e b c `sb `l t r ` e d s n dc `lsb e ` s gbs t b ulbs h tubn h þl `l qu` e d s @s t bids s ` h l t ` rnbc a h `l md e p` s lun e ` b r ` s i` o h l ht h -vd s . E b nu` s t h þl b o ` n t b ld b e b v` ribi i` t b e ` s b o h rcb n h dl` s , s h ld b sushcp e h nb n h dl` s . Pl ndln`p t d ndl ulb s h ml h o h nb n h þl t bl bc p e h b ld pu`i`s ` r cuy n e b r d . Nublid nuar ` t bl t bs n e b s ` s i ` bndl t ` n hc h`l t ds y r ` e bn hd -l`s s` hcpdl` ulb i`ohnh`lnhb tbltd l e hlihvhiud qu` trbtb i` odr -
u " NGBQE@ Z. HNHLIE@A@QM@Q, `l ]heehbc Q. Odx, `iht., Yg`dr`thnbe Bsp`nts
do Hlt`rlbthdlbe Q`ebthdls (Ldtr`-Ibc 6 Plhv`rshty do Ldtr`-Ibc` Zr`ss, 2808), pâ-mhlb =8.
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
2?9pds yb n`l `l « ` e nd rbzþl i` e p rd n` s d mua` rlbc `l tb e ¶ , t r b t b i` i` s b r rd -e e b r «ulb n dl n ` p n hþl i` e p r dn ` sd p d e ãt h n d `l e d s @s t bids Pl hids qu` t `l -irâ l nu`l t b bi`nubibc `l t ` ` e p bp ` e i ` e d s m rupds , l ` sp ` n hb e i ` e d smrupds i` hlt`r s`s¶. I`ohl` ul mrupd i` hlt`r`s`s ndcd «ulb bnthtuii` mrupd ndc pbr t h ib qu` pr ` s `l t b n h ` r tb s `x h m`ln h b s b d t r d s m rupds `lulb sdnh`ibi¶. ` ndlvh`rt` l pdeãthnd «sh y nublid pr`s`ltb stbs i`-cb libs b t r bvès d sda r ` ulb i` e b s hl s t h tun hdl `s i ` m da h ` rl d ¶. Y rucbllh`mb qu` n`ltrbr eb bt`lnhþl l eds mrupds shmlhohqu` ul devhid i` edshlihvhiuds. Bpultb qu` «nublid eds gdcar`s bntûbl y r`bnnhdlbl `l
`squ`cb s ndlmru`lt`s `s rbzdlba e` `stuihbr `sds `s qu`cbs y i`s hmlbr eds`l tèrchlds nde`nthvds «ndcd mrupd, d pbrthid, d lbnhþl¶. @e stuihd i`m rupds y ` e ` s tui hd i ` hli hv hiuds s ` n dl s hi ` r b qu` sdl «ids `l o dqu`s i`eb chscb ndsb¶ =>1
Eb ndl n`pn h þl i` Yrucbl i` e d s `l odqu` s i` mrupds i` h l t ` r ` s ` s e dgbn` ndcpbthae` . ndl dtrds qu` gbl shid i`snrhtds d qu` qu`ibl pdri`snrhahr. @l pbrthnuebr, s ndcpbthae` ndl e lodqu` i ohlhtdrhd abkd`e nube eb pdeãthnb `s ndlshi`rbib ndcd ulb eungb `ltr` bntdr`s qu`p`r s h mu`l i`s`ds n dl t rbpu`s t ds `l bsul t ds pûa e h n ds , y pu`i` p r dpdr n hd -lbr bi`nubibc`lt` `lodqu`s qu` s` n`ltrbl `l `e Mdah`rld, `l eb e`yy `l `e pdi`r. I` cbl`rb shchebr, ul `lodqu` i` mrupds i` hlt`rèspu`i` s`r «a`gbvhdrhstb¶ y ndcpe`tbc`lt` bk`ld b hi`lthohnbr ul rbsmdsdar`sbeh`lt` i` eb pdeãthnb pu`i` s`r ndlkumbid ndl ulb i` ebs vbrhbs
t `dr ãbs pds ha e `s pbrb prdpdrnhdlbr `xpe h nbn hþl i` eds i`sbrrd e e ds pd e ã t h -nds. @stds thpds i` lodqu`s gbl i` s`r ihsnuthids câs babkd. Yrucblgb i`cdstrbid qu` ul lodqu` i` mrupd i` hlt`r`s`s pu`i` ndltrhauhrcuy ` o h nb zc`l t ` b e b p r `i h nn hþl y `xp e hnb n h þl i` b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s pd e ã -
t hnds.Odrcuebib i` ulb cbl`rb `strhntbc`lt` oh`e b A`lte`y, `e `lodqu`
i` m rupds i` hl t ` r ` s ` s ` s c `lds sb t h s o bn t drh d’qu hzâ pdrqu` s `b c `ldsnebrd’. A`lte`y r`ndch`lib be `stuihblt` i` eb pdeãthnb qu` s` n`ltr``l eb . bn t hv hibi. @l su dp hl hþl , ul hlihv hiud ld ` s r`bec `lt` ulb ul hibibprdphbib i` stuihd6 eb ulhibi bprdphbib s e bntd i`e hlihvhiud. «@e
hli hv hiud `s su bnt hv hibi¶ =s.I` cbl rb blâedmb, ul mrupd ndlshst` l «bnthvhibi i` cbsb¶. Ed
qu` `s câs, ul hlt`rès `s «`e `quhvbe`lt` i` ul mrupd¶. «@e mrupd y
` e hlt`rès ld `s tâl s`pbrbids . @xhs t` sd ebc`lt` ulb nd sb , `s td `s , cungdsgdcar`s ulhids l e nbchld i` ulb nh`rtb bnthvhibi¶ 19 @l ndl` x hþl
ndl ` e èl ob s h s `l e b b n t h v hibi , A`l t e ` y ndlv h ` rt ` `l ulb nu` s t h þl c bydr` e pbp` e qu` s` gb i` bs hmlbr b « eds cd t hvds , s`lt hc h`ltds , i`s`ds , `cdn hd-l`s , hls t hltds , hcpuesds d `s tbids c `ltb e`s s hch ebr`s , ` e`c`ltds y nube hib-i`s¶ . Z`lsb ab qu` `rb ndrr h`lt` ndls hi`rbr b tb e`s o `lþc`lds ndc d « obn td-
" BQYGPQ O. A@LYE@X,Yg` Zrdn`ss do Mdv`rlc`lt (Nghnbmd6 Plhv`rshty do
Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 28:7), pâm. 122.
n h b e ¶. Ndcd o bn t dr ` s hli`p `li h`l t ` s d s `c h hli`p `li h`l t ` s , e d s e e bcb i` -r dmb t dr h bc`l t ` « p b k b ¶’`s t d ` s , « p b k b i ` e b ecb ¶’. Z`l sba b qu` n dr r h`l -t`c`lt` `rbl ndshohnbids6 y dak`tbab b eb prânthnb i` nhtbr «pbkb i`eb ecb ¶ n ds h oh n bib `l e d s hl t `l t ds i ` `xp e h n br ed s n dc pdr t bch`l t ds y bndl -t`nhch`ltds. «@e cpe`d i` odrcbs sp`nãohnbs i` «pbkb sphrhtube¶ ldlds prdpdrn hdlb l hlmulb b yuib pbrb hl t `rpr`tbr ebs bnn hdl`s i` eds gdc -ar`s sdn hb e`s¶ 10 .
Ed qu` qu h` r b i `n h r r`b ec `l t ` A `l t e `y p r` s `l t b b e mulb iuib . Eb bn -
thvhibi pdeãthnb i` eds gdcar`s hlneuy`, vhi`lt`c`lt , ed qu` gbaebl,` sn r ha `l , ` e i ` sbr r d e e d ` hi `l t h o hn bn hþl i` e b s r `m e bs i ` n dl iun t b , e b p r d -cuembnhþl i` ndlsthtunhdl`s y e`y`s, tn. hl iuib, ld s sdebc`lt` ebn t d e d qu` ` s hcp dr t bl t ` `l n bib n bsd , tbc a hèl nu`l t bl e d s r ` su et bidsi` eb bnnhþl. Ed qu` s` ihn` pu`i` s`r câs hcpdrtblt` qu` `e bntd i`i`nhred. @e ndldnhch`ltd i` eb r`meb d i`e i`r ngd pu`i` s`r câs hc-pdr t bl t ` p br b e b ` xp e h n bn hþl y p r `i h n n hþl i` e n dc pdr t bch`l t d qu` ` e n d -ldnhch`ltd i` eb bnthvhibi qu` prdiukd d qu` r`oe`kb eb r`meb d e`y. @endldnhch`ltd i` squ`cbs hlsthtunhdlbe`s i` ndcpdrtbch`ltd y e nd-ldnhch`ltd i` ebs cdthvbnhdl`s p`rshst`lt`s i` eds gdcar`s sdl, `vh-i`lt`c`lt` , hcpdrtblt`s .
I`spuès .i` hl t `l tds i`sp r`n hbt hvds i` suchl hst rbr `xp e hnbn hþl `l tèr-chlds i` i`s`ds, cdthvds, hi`bs, s`lthch`ltds, tn., e chscd A`lte`ypbr`n` r`hltrdiunhreds l su squ`cb. Zdr k`cped, ihkd qu`
Ld s nebrd biþli` lds ndliun` std. Zdr ulb pbrt`, s`lthch`ltds,obnuetbi`s, hi`bs hi`be`s ld lds prdpdrnhdlbl «byuib¶, y, pdr dtrb,« s hr v`l pb rb h li h nb r ed s vb e d r ` s i` e b s b n t h v h ibi` s qu` s dl l u` s t r b cb -t`rhb prhcb¶.
ohlhnhþl i` A`lte`y i` hlt`rès ` s , pd r e d c`l ds , pd nd nd r r h `l t ` . @l ` s t `thpd i` ndlt`xtd ld s` ndlshi`rb ldrcbec`lt` suohnh`lt` hi`lthohnbr ebpb eba r b n dl e b bn t h v hibi . Eb p b eba r b s ` bsdn hb n dl cb ydr or ` nu`ln hb n dlul ku hn h d d n r ` `l n hb bn ` r n b i ` e b i `s `ba h e hi bi i` p ` r s `mu h r ul o hl i ` t ` r -chlbid d bn`rnb i` eb v`ltbkb i` `cpe`br ul c`ihd ibid. Bsã, pu`i``stbr l e hlt`rès i` ul gdcar` (ndcd c`tb d ohl) trbtbr i` s`r e`-mhid pbrb e `lbid, l nuyþ nbsd pu`i` s`r tbcahèl su hlt`rès (ndcdul c `i hd ) bidp t br ulb bn t h tui pdpu ebr `l ulb nu`s t hþl p `li h `l t ` 6 pu` -
Hahi., pâms. 22:, 22=.Hahi., pâms. 2==, 2=8.
2??h`lnhb pdeãt hnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd
i` s`r ndltrbrhd b su hlt`rès (`std s, p`rkuihnbr e edmrd i` eb c tb prd-
hlt`rès, eds hlt`r`s`s-c`ihds i` ul gdcar` pu`i`l s`r i`t`rchlbids ndlcbydr s`murhibi b trbvès i` ulb lnu`stb tdtbec`lt` bnbièchnb qu`c`ihblt eb das`rvbnhþl i su bnthvhibi.
Zbrt` i` eb ndloushþl qu` s` i`rhvb i`e lodqu` i` A`lte`y pu`i`i`rhvbrs` i` su ndln`pnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl. Zbrb èe eb xpehnbnhþl shm-lhohnb ulb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` nbusbs. X ndcd eds s`lthch`ltds, obnuetb-i`s, hi`bs hi`be s ld pbr n`l qu s`bl nbusbs, trbtb i `xpuesbreds i e
nbcpd i` eb lnu`stb’pbrb lndltrbr, b eb pdstr`, qu` ld pu`i` prd-s`muhr shl eeds’. Zbr`n` cungd câs rbzdlbae ndln`i`r qu` eds s`lth-ch`ltds, obnuetbi`s, hi`bs hi`be`s pu`i`l byuibr b `xpehnbr eb ndl-iuntb. ^` sumh r` câs brrhab qu` pu`i`l p`ro ntbc`lt s`r nebshohnbidsndcd rbzdl`s, i` pr`o`r`lnhb b ndcd nbusbs. Lbturbec`lt`, ndcd tbc-ahèl s` sumh`r` câs brrhab, eb xpehnbnhþl qu` bp`eb sdebc lt` b eds obn-tdr`s i`e thpd i` eds nhtbids stâ badnbib b s r hlndcpe`tb. Plb v z qu`s` gbl nhtbid ebs rbzdl`s pbrb eb bnnhþl s` pu`i` i`s`br ndlthlubr nh-tblid rbzdl`s y nbusbs pbrb eb rbzþl y nbusbs i nbusbs 1=
@l r`suc`l ; s kusthohnbib eb ndlneushþl i` Z t`r G. Di`mbri r`s-p`ntd b eb ndln`pnhþl i` A`lte y sdar` e lodqu` i` mrupd d i` mru-pds i` hlt`rès ; «Plb t`drãb i` eb pdeãthnb qu` xneuy`, nublid ld r`-ngbzb bah`rtbc`lt`, eb pr`dnupbnhþl pdr eds vbedr`s, qu` lh`mb qu` ebrbzþl t`lmb ul pbp`e hcpdrtblt` qu` kumbr l e prdn`sd i` mdah`rld,yT qu` i`vbeûb be hlihvhiud c`ihblt` eb `xbetbnhþl i`e mrupd, `s, c`pbr`n`, hlbi`nubib¶ 17.
@LODRP@ N@LYQBID @L EB BNNHÞL I@ YDCBQ I@NH HDL@^
Eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s dnupb ul eumbr pr``chl`lt `ltr` eds rbsmdsn`ltrbe s d sdar sbeh lt`s i eb pdeãthnb, b p`sbr qu gbstb r nh lt`c`lt`r`nhahþ ulb bt`lnhþl r`ebthvbc`lt` c`ldr qu` ebs hlsthtunhdl`s, e`y`sy e pdi`r ndcd abs` pbrb ul lodqu` sp nhbe. I`spuès i` tdid, nbibbntd r`oe kb ulb i nhshþl6 y ed chscd, tânhtbc lt`, dnurr` ndl eb hlbn-nhþl. Nbib bntdr tdcb i`nhshdl`s. Ruh`l`s bntûbl `l ldcar` i` eds pbr-thids pdeãthnds i`nhi`l què nblihibtd s` i`a` ldcarbr, eds `e ntdr`s i`-nhi`l sh vdtbr y pdr quhèl. Eds e mhsebidr`s i`nhi`l què prdpu`stbs pr`-
s`ltbr d bpdybr. Eds ch`cards i`e pdi`r k nuthvd i`nhi`l què e`mhs-ebnhþl i`a`l prdpdl`rs` qu` s`b bprdabib, sh ohrcbr d v`tbr bntds e`-mhsebthvds, què pbsds i`a`l ibr pbrb `k`nutbr d bichlhstrbr eb e`y yquè pdeãthnb s`muhr nublid, eb bnnhþl qu`ib b su ihsnr`nhþl.
8= No.MP^YB_ A@QMCBLL, «Hi`dedmy¶, l su Yg` C`tbpgyshns . do Edmhnbe Zdsh-
qu` n`ltrbl su bt`lnhþl l i`nhshdl`s ndlnr`tbs, pr`multblid pdr e prd-n`sd hcpeãnhtd l su ndls`nunhþl, y 9) quh`l s xpedrbl d cpe`bl ebt`drãb i` eds ku`mds. @stbs ihvhshdl`s, `l bemulb c`ihib, s` `ltr`nru-zbl. Eb ndlshi`rbnhþl i` eds ids prhc`rds thpds s` absb l e stuihd i`Z`t r G. Qdssh, Ndcculhty I`nhshdl-Cbfhlm º .
Eds stuihds i` stb nbt`mdrãb vbrãbl l benbln` y lbturbe`zb. `gbn`l `stuihds ahdmrâohnds’`xbc`l hlt`lshvd i` eds bl t ` n `i`l t ` s , b n t h-tui`s y bnthvhibi s i` hlihvhiuds ndlnr`tds >:’. @l v`z i` ulb ahdmrb-oãb ndcpe`tb pu`i` gba`r ulb hlv`sthmbnhþl sdar` ul bsp`ntd i` eb bn-tubnhþl i` ulb p`rsdlb6 pdr `k`cped, ul `stuihd pshquhâtrhnd i`sthlbidb trb`r b euz sus cdthvbnhdl`s b .
Bemulds `stuihds s` n`ltrbl `l ul lû-c`rd r`ebthvbc`lt` bcpehd i` hlihvhiuds6 pdr `k cped, `l eds ch`cardsi` ulb e mhsebturb, d `l eds ku`n`s qu` gbl i`s`cp`òbid sus oulnhdl`s`l e Yrhaulbe upr`cd b ed ebrmd i` eb ghstdrhb bc`rhnblb, d l nebs`siho`r`lt s i` chldrãbs >1.@l nbsds i` st` thpd, ebs nu`sthdl`s peblt`b-ibs s` dnupbrâl, prdabae`c`lt`, i` nbrbnt`rãsthnbs tbe`s ndcd `e drhm`l
ètlhnd y eb nebs`, iunbnhþl, ohehbnhþl r`ehmhdsb, blt`n`i`lt`s prdo`shdlb-
e`s y vdnbnhdlbe, lhv`e i` r`ltb, pr`ihe`nnhdl`s hi`deþmhnbs y `ibi. B v`-n`s s` ndcpr`li` b tbltds hlihvhiuds (pdr k`cped, l lnu`stbs sdar`ebs i`nhshdl`s i` eds vdtblt`s) qu` i`a`l `cp e`brs` cètdids i` cu`str`d.
@stuihds i` `stds thpds pu`i`l s`rvhr uld i` ids ohl`s, d bcads @lprhc`r eumbr, pu`i l suchlhstrbr qu` cu`str` què thpds i` p`rsdlbs
]hesdl bli Ndedl`e Gdus`; B Z`rsdlbehty ^tuiy (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Kdgl Iby, 280?)." GBQDEII. EB^^]@EE,Zdw`r bli Z`rsdlbehty (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ldrtdl, 2897),`l `sp., pâms. 08-8>.
ID•BEI Q. CBYY@ws,Yg` ^dnhbe Abnfmrduli do Zdehthnbe I`nhshdl-Cbf`rs
(Mbri`l Nhty6 Iduae`iby, 2809)6 KdGL Q. NK CHIlBP^@Q, «Yg` Kusthn`s do tg`^upr`c` Ndurt; B Ndee`nthv` Zdrtrbhts,Chiw`st Kdurlbe do Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln`, > (o -ar`rd 2808), pâms. 2.0=6 GB22DEI I. EB^^]@EH., IBLHZH. E@QL ZQ y N. @B^YDLQDYHH ]@EE,
Ndcpbrbt hv` tuih`s do @eht`s; Bl Hltrdiunthdl bli Ahaehdmrbpgy (^tbli-odri6 ^tbliodri Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 2801).
Eb i`snrhpnhþl y blâehshs câs `ebadrbids i` tbe lodqu` s e i`Qhngbri N. ^lyi`r >>. Bulqu` s` dnupþ oulibc`ltbec`lt` i` eb pdeã-thnb hlt`rlbnhdlbe, su trbabkd s bpehnbae` tbcahèl b eb pdeãthnb hlt`rlb.
Eb p ` r s `nun hþl i` o hl ` s y ` e c p e `d i ` c` i hds sdl , dav hbc` l t ` , rbs -mds n`ltrbe`s d sdar`sbeh`lt`s i` eb pdeãthnb, i` eb chscb cbl`rb qu`ed s eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s. Pl lodqu` i` eb pdeãthnb c`ihblt` e blâ-
ebnhdlb ndl eds i`s`ds y prdpþshtds i` eds bntdr`s pdeãthnds, ndl ebs rb-z dl` s pb rb e b b nn h þl y ndl e d s cè t dids `cp e ` bids . E b t dcb i` i` n h s h d -l` s y e d s `l odqu` s i` o h l ` s y c `i h d s pu`i` i` n h r s ` qu` s ` `l t r ` nruzbl ,pu`s ebs hi`bs ndln`rlh`lt`s b eds ohl`s y c`ihds hloeuy`l eb tdcb i`i` n h s h dl` s . Z ` rd ` s pd s h a e ` p`ls b r `l e b s c d t h vb n h dl` s y c èt dids , oh l ` sy c`ihds, bpbrt` i`e prdn`sd pdr e nube s` benblzbl ebs e`nnhdl`s. @lv`z i` p`lsbr l eeds ndcd `e`c`ltds qu` hloeuy`l l e prdn`sd i`` e ` n n h dl `s , pu`i`l s ` r n dl s hi ` r bids n dc d r ` su e tbids i ` e p r dn ` sd’i` e b schsc bs ` e ` n n h dl `s’. Zu`i`l s ` r p `l sb ids `l t è rchlds i ` ulb pd e ã t h n b ,`l v` z i` `l t è rc hlds i` ` e bad rb n h þl i` ulb pd e ã th nb .
Ndlshi`rbcds eds ohl`s y eds c`ihds ar`v`c lt` l e nbpãtued s`-mulid . Ld t brlds qu` p r `n hs bc `l t ` ` e c hsc d bndl t `n hc h`l t d d s h tubn hþlpu`i` s ` r ndls hi` rbid ndc d ul o hl d ul c`i h d , d ndcd bc abs nd s b s b
eb v`z. Pl ohl s i`s`bae` l sã chscd6 s` kusthohnb l sã chscd, s`pds tu eb ndcd au`ld d kustd. Pl c `i hd ` s i `s `b a e ` p dr su ` o ` n t h v hibi `lndltrhauhr be edmrd i` ul ohl6 ld s` kusthohnb l sã chscd. I`nhr qu`ul bndl t `n hc h`l t d d s h tubn hþl i`a` s ` r ul o hl ` s `xp r `sbr • ul ku hn hd i `vbedr. I`nhr qu` ul c`ihd ndlnr`td `s ul c`ihd `o`nthvd i` p`rs`muhrul ohl ibid s bs`v`rbr ul g`ngd. I`nebrbnhdl`s qu` xpr`sbl kuhnhdsi` vbedr sdl ldrcbthvbs. Ebs i`nebrbnhdl`s i` g`ngd sdl i`snrhpthvbs.Ebs i `n eb r bn hdl `s sd l p r ` sn r hp th v bs , n dcpr `g`li h`lid b e b v `z ` e `c`l t dsldrcb t hvds y i `sn r hp t hv ds , nublid r ` n dc h`libl c `i hds b `c p e`br p br bedm r br ul o hl p ds tu ebid d supu`s t d .
Eds prhlnhpbe`s r`quhshtds l e blâehshs i` ohl`s y c`ihds s ulbr`spu`stb nebrb b eb pr`multb i` sh `s ul ohl d ul c`ihd ed qu` s` ihs-nut` 6 `l d trbs pb eb arbs ; ` e pr hlnhpb e r`quhs htd `s eb n ebr hibi `l eb nu`s -t h þl i` s h e b s b o h rcb n h dl` s qu` s ` gbn `l s dl ld rcb t h vb s , i` s nr hp t h vb s dpr`snrhpthvbs. @e nbcpd i` ed ldrcbthvd, ndcd s` hlihnb l e nbpãtued
No. K. I. ]HEEHBC , Yg` Ndcpe`bt ^trbt`myst, A`hlm b Zrhc`r dl tg` Yg`drydo Mbc` ^trbtb`my (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Cn-Mrbw-Ghee, 28096 QHNGBQI N ^LXI@Q, «Mbc`Yg`dry bli tg` Blbeyshs do Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdr¶, `l Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs hl Zdehthnsbli Mdv`rlc`lt, pâms. =:-2:>6 YGDCB N. NG@EEHLM, «Yg trbt my do Ndloehnt;Zrdsp`ntus odr b Q`drh`ltbthdl do Mbc` Yg`dry¶, Kdurlbe do Ndloehnt Q`sdeuthdl, 1(s pth car 2807), pâms. 1:>.?96 CDQYDL B. FBZEBL, ^yst`c bli Zrdn`ss hl Hlt`r-lbthdlbe Zdehthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6 ]he y, 280=)6 CBQYHL ^luuHH;, Q`bihlms hl Mbc`Yg`dry bli Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdr (Mbri`l Nhty6 Iduae`iby, 2809).
p`lih`lid i` nubltd s` pdstueb ndcd au`ld d kustd, p`rd ld pu`i`gba`r cungb i h s nus hþl purbc `l t ` l drcb t hvb . Eb p ` r sdlb qu` n dch`lzbb ndlshi`rbr sus kuhnhds ldrcbthvds l e s`lthid i` i`o`li`reds d kus-thohnbreds s` trbsebib be idchlhd, s`b i` ed i snrhpthvd, s`b i` ed pr`s-nrhpthvd. Eb cbydrãb i` ebs bohrcbnhdl`s i` ohl`s y c`ihds nb`l i`l-t r d i` ulb i` ` s t b s nb t ` md r ã b s . E d s ` s tui h d s i` cd t h vb n h dl` s gucbl bsy i` eds ohl`s qu` p`rshmu`l ebs p`rsdlbs, bulqu` trbt`l i` eds kuhnhds
i` vbedr i` dtrds, stâl i`sthlbibs b s`r, l ed s`lnhbe, i`snrhpthvbs.
X, lbturbec`lt`, eds stuihds sdar` eb ohnbnhb i` ul c`ihd ibid, d i`e b s n dl s`nu`ln hbs i ` ul c `i hd , s dl t bca hèl i`sn r hp t hv ds . Eds br muc`l -tds l obvdr i` ul nh`rtd prdn`ihch`ltd i` bnnhþl sdl i`snrhpthvds.
@s tb s i h s t hln h dl` s s dl hcpdr t bl t ` s `l t è rc hlds i` e r b z dlbc h `l t d ypru`abs r `qu` r hid s pb rb i` o `li` r vb r hb s n e b s ` s i` b o h rcbn h dl` s . I` si`ul pultd i` vhs tb pds h t hv hs tb, ebs bo hrcb n hdl`s ld rcbt hvbs, s h`lid pd stu-ebibs y qu`rhibs, ld pu`i`l prdabrs` qu` s`bl bn`rtbibs d ndrr`ntbs6tbcpdnd pu`i`l s`r r`outbibs. Q`oe`kbl cdnhþl, vdeultbi, mustd. Ebdb o h rcb n h dl` s i` s nr h p t hvb s , ld da s t bl t ` , pu`i`l ` s t b r suk ` t b s b e b p ru` -ab y ndcprdabnhþl6 xhm`l rbzþl y pru`ab y, `l prhlnhphd, pu`i`l s`rprdabibs d i`sbprdabibs . Ebs b o h rcbn hdl`s pr`snr hpt hvbs pu`i`l ihv hihrs``l sus n dc pdl`l t ` s l drcbt hv d y i `sn r hp t h v d , y n bib n dc pdl`l t ` pu`i`
s`r t rbtbid `l ndls` nu`ln hb.
@x hs t ` ` e r h ` s md i ` n dl ous hþl `l ulb o d rcu ebn hþl b e t ` rl b t h vb , e b nub eld s pdnd ndrrh`lt`’ulb odrcuebnhþl l eb nube eds ohl`s stâl ihvh-ihids l nbt`mdrãbs ndcd hlc`ihbtb, hlt`rc`ihb y ûethcb. Eb prânthnb
p`rch t ` , p dr e d c`ld s , ids hl t ` rp r ` t bn h dl `s .
@l p r hc`r eumbr , qu h`l `s e b s u t h e hz bl pu`i`l ld p `l sb r `l t è rc hldsi` ebs i hst hln hdl`s sum`r hibs c âs brr hab, y pu`i`l `stbr cuy ihspu`stdsb ndln`i`r qu` nubequh`rb i` eds ohl`s qu` `eebs i`snrha`l ndcd hlc`-i hb t d d hl t ` rc`i hd p dir ãb s ` r n dl s hi ` rbid b e t ` rl b t h vbc` l t ` n dc d ul c ` -ihd6 i` eb chscb cbl`rb, sh usbl eb pbebarb «ûethcb¶ l s`lthid vbmdpu`i`l ndln`i`r qu` hlneusd ed qu` i`ldchlbl ûethcds ohl`s pdirãb,b e t ` rlb t hvbc`l t ` , n e b s ho h n b rs ` ndc d c `i h d s . ^ h ` s b s ã , y s h t did ` e cul-id t h `l ` n dl n h `l n hb i ` e usd vbmd `cp e`bid , s ` pu`i` `v h t b r e b n dl ous hþl .
@l s`mulid eumbr, quh`l`s shmu`l eb prânthnb pu`i`l bidptbr ulbi`eha`rbib dphlhþl i` qu` ld gby abs` r`be pbrb eb ihsthlnhþl ltr` oh-l`s y c`ihds’qu` ebs ids stâl hli`o`nthae`c`lt` ulhibs’. Ndcd s`sumh`r` câs brrhab, s` pu`i` i`nhr bemd l obvdr i` st` pultd i` vhs-t b , pu`s e b c bydr ãb i ` e d s bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds y s h tubn hdl `s sdl s hcu e tâl `b -c`l t ` o hl ` s y c`i h d s . E d s qu` r `cds pd r s ã c h scds y , b e c h sc d t h `cpd ,e d s qu` r`cd s pd r su nd l t r haun h þl b e b ndl s ` nun h þl i` b e md c âs . I` si`` s t b p ` r sp `n t h v b , l bib ` s s hcp e`c `l t ` ul c `i hd , y , p dr ' tbl t d , l d `x h s t `abs` pbrb ihsthlmuhr ltr` ohl`s y c`ihds. Zdr `e ndltrbrhd, s` th`li` btrbtbr tdid ndcd ul ohl d ndcd ul vbedr, y eds ohl`s y vbedr`s s` ib-
muhr e usd l eb hi`lthohnbnhþl i` pdshae`s lodqu s, eds ids nhtbids
`xhm`l ul ar`v` ndc`ltbrhd.
@LODRP@^ A@GB_HDQH^YB^
Eds tèrchlds nh`lnhbs a`gbvhdrhstbs, ndliuntb pdeãthnb y lodqu` a`-
gbvhdrhstb s` gbl vu`etd pr``chl`lt`s `l eds ûethcds bòds. @e tèrchldnh`lnhbs a`gbvhdrhstbs s` b p e h nb b t dib s bqu` ee b s n h `l n h b s qu` p r `s t bl b t `l -nhþl `sp`nhbe b eb ndliuntb i` eds blhcbe`s, `l `sp`nhbe i`e gdcar`. @l
turbe`zb i` e prdpþshtd qu` `stâ i`st hlbid b nuc pehr . @e prdpþshtd `s n h`l -tãohnd’tèrchld qu` s` ndlshi rbrâ l e nbpãtued i`nhcdquhltd’. @l`st` ndlt`xtd eb ldnhþl i` prdpþshtd nh`ltãohnd th`l` vbrhbs ndlldtbnhd-l`s. @xhm` ul `sou`rzd pbrb i`sbrrdeebr m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` ebndliun t b p d e ã th n b 6 ` s t d ` s , p b r b p r ` s `l t br g hpþ t ` s h s bn ` r n b i ` r ` e bn h dl `s ,pbrb i`snuarhr ulhodrchibi`s d e`y`s i` r`muebrhibi, y pbrb sum`rhrt`drãbs6 nubltd câs betd s`b e lhv`e i` m`l rbehzbnhþl, c`kdr. Be chs-cd th`cpd, i`ldtb ulb hlshst`lnhb l qu` ebs m`l`rbehzbnhdl s i`a`l
s ` r v ` r h oh n bibs d v ` r h oh n ba e ` s . ^` `x n euy`l e b s p r dpds h n h dl `s l drc bt hv bs 6` e dak` td `s eb i`snr hpn hþl, hln euy`lid eb `xpe h nbn hþl y ebs b o h rcbnhdl `si`snrhpthvbs bn`rnb i` bnthtui`s ldrcbthvbs. h s` gbn`l bohrcbnhdl`s
pr`snrhpthvbs, sus ndcpdl`lt s ldrcbthvds nb`l ou`rb i e idchlhd i`eb nh`lnhb. @e r`quhshtd i` qu` ebs m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s s`bl v rhohnbibs dv` r ho h n ba e ` s ` x h m` ` e `c p h r hscd’ ndl o h blzb `l e b das ` rvbn h þl y l` mb n h þli` ndlohbr l v`ribi s be`mbibs d b prhdrh’. @xhm` tbcahèl eb pr`nh-shþl l eb i`ohlhnhþl i` eds ndln`ptds, nebrhibi l eb odrcuebnhþl i`ebs ghpþt`shs y, l o`ntd, prui`lnhb l vhtbr eebcbr b ulb m`l`rbeh-zbnhþl bemd ihsthltd qu` ulb ghpþt`shs gbstb qu` s` i`cu`str` qu` `s
v`ribi. Bi`câs i` m`l rbehzbnhþl y v`rhohnbahehibi, eb ldnhþl i` ulpr dpþs h td n h `l t ã oh n d n dlld t b ul s h s t `cb 6 ` s t d ` s , ` e da k ` t d gb i` i `sb r rd -e ebr ulb s`r h` • i` m`l` rbe hzbn hdl`s v`r h o hnbibs qu` `ln bk`l kultbs `l ulshst `c b ndg`r`lt`’ulb r`i ndg`r`lt`, l t r` ebzbib’prdpdrn hdlbl id ulb
i`sn r hp n hþl n dc pr `g`l s hvb y ulb `xp e h n bn hþl i` e n bc pd i` n dliun t b i `qu` s` t rbtb.
Pl , -, ` l odqu` a`gbv h d r h s tb s ` i h s t hlmu` t bc a h èl pd r e d s c è t dids `c-pe`bids. I`a`l s`r tbe`s qu` prdiuznbl eds r`suetbids qu` sdl ihmldsi` ndlohblzb. I`a`l p`rchthr eb r`pehnbnhþl’eb r`p`thnhþl i`e `stuihdpdr d t rb p ` r sdlb , n dl ` e c hsc d r ` su e tbid’. Ydcbibs e b s n dl ld t bn hdl `sbl t ` r h d r ` s n dcd p r dpþs h t d y cè t did , ul `l o dqu` a `gbv hdr hs t b gb v `l hidtbcahèl b hi`lthohnbrs` ndl e thpd i` pr`multb peblt`bib d pdr e thpdi` `l nu`s t b hl t `l t bib . Ndcd s ` hli h n b câs br r ha b , e b s nu`s t h dl `s `x hm `le b i` s nr h pn h þl y l d b o h rcb n h dl` s ld rcb t h vb s d p r ` s nr hp t h vb s . I`l t rd i` enbcpd i` eb i`snrhpnhþl, ebs nu`sthdl`s s` ehchtbl b bqu`eebs qu` pu`-i`l s ` r n dl t ` s t bibs n dl s `mur hibi sda r ` e b a bs ` i ` e d s cè t dids i` qu`
s` ihspdlmb. Nublid surm` ulb ndltrbihnnhþl ltr` e i`s`d i` ul lh-v`e câs `e`vbid i` m`l`rbehibi y ul câs betd lhv`e i` s`murhibi, `es ` mulid p r ` vb e` n` . @ e ` s tui h d s d qu` bidp t b ` e ` l odqu` a`gbv h d r hs t b ldpr `mul t brâ , p rdaba e `c`l t ` , nu`s t h dl `s bc p e h b s y vbmbs n dc d ; e b n busbi` eb i`nbi lnhb y nbãib i`e Hcp`rhd rdcbld, d sh `e pdi`r chehtbr i`qu` ihspdl` `e aedqu` sdvhèthnd `s cbydr qu` bqu`e i`e qu` ihspdl``e Dnnhi lt`, d sh s prdabae` qu` trhulo` e eha`rbehscd l Borhnb. Ld`s prdabae` tbcpdnd. qu` s` n`ltr` l hi`dedmãbs d l ndlsthtunhdl`s,`l e`y`s d `l eb `s t runturb i` drmbl hzbn hþl i` ebs hlst h tun hdl`s . Yrbtbrâ,câs a h `l , p r daba e `c `l t ` , e b s nu`s t h dl `s qu` `x hm `l ulb s ` r h ` i ` p ru`•
t r brs ` `l e b n dliun t b i ` hli hvhiuds d i ` m rupds r ` e b t hv bc `l t ` r ` s t r hl m h -' ids . Eds ` s tui hds sda r ` e b s n br bn t ` r ãs t h n bs i ` qu h`l `s t dc bl e bs i `n h s h d -l`s y i` eds obntdr`s qu` hloeuy`l eb bidpnhþl i` ebs i`nhshdl`s’s`bpdr eds vdtblt`s, ouln hdlbr hds d pdr dt rds’`s prdaba e` qu` s`bl a `gbvhd-r h s t bs 6 tbc a hèl e d sdl e d s ` s tui hds i ` e b i h s t rhaun hþl i` dp hl hdl `s y bn -thtui`s. Bemulds bsdnhbl eb t`drãb i` eds ku`mds y eb t`drãb i` eds shs-t`cbs (qu` s` ndlshi`rbrâ câs bi`eblt`) ndl `e `lodqu` a`gbvhdrhstbi` eb pdeãthnb.
Ndcd sum h ` r `l e d s ` k `cp eds n h t bids c âs br r ha b , ` e `l o dqu` a `gbv hd -r h s tb l d ` s l `n ` s br h bc`l t ` i h s t hl t d i ` b e mulds d t r ds `l o dqu`s . Pl chs -cd stuihd pu`i` ndcpr`li r, pdr `k`cped, be chscd th`cpd, e l-odqu` a`gbvhdrhstb y i` eb tdcb i` i`nhshdl`s. Zbrb `xpdl`r `std `l` e e ` lmub k` `c p e ` bid `l ` e nbp ã tu e d s èp t hcd ; lu` s t rd ` squ`cb pb rb e bnebshohnbnhþl i` eds lodqu`s ld s tdtbec`lt` eþmhnd, pu`std qu` ebsnbt`mdr ãbs ld s` `xn euy`l cutubc` lt` H'.
Ed chscd qu` eb t`drãb i` eds ku`mds, eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs m`-l` rb e ` s s ` h l s nr h a` `l e b nb t ` md r ã b i` e d s `l odqu` s c âs ` s d t è r hnd s pd s h -ae`s i` eb pdeãthnb.
Ndcd hli hn b su ldcar ` , ` e n `l t r d i ` b t `l n hþl sdl e d s s h s t `cb s . «Edss h s t `cbs s dl r ` m hdl` s n ` r rbibs `l ` e ` s pbn h d - t h`cpd , n dc pr`g`li h`lid hl -t ` r n bca hd i ` `l `r m ã b `l t r ` sus p br t ` s , qu` s ` b sdn hbl `l r ` e bn h dl `s oul -nhdlbe`s, ed chscd qu` ndl j`e c`ihd'¶ 1.by, pu`s, ul lûc`rd ndl-shi`rbae` i` thpds i` shst`cbs. @e âtdcd `s ul shst`cb, ed chscd qu`e bs c deènuebs , e ds nr h s tb e `s , e ds vh rus , e ds r` ed k`s , e bs c âquhlbs , e bs o e d -t b s , e d s bl hcb e ` s ( hl n euy`lid b e d s gucbld s ) , ed s p` qu`òds mrupds , e b ssdn h `ibi`s ( hl n euhibs e b s sdn h `ibi`s p d e ãt h n bs ), e d s p e bl ` t bs , e d s s h s t `cbssdebr`s, ebs mbebx hbs , ` t n .
Nublid eb r`o`r`lnhb s b eb t`drãb m`l`rbe i` eds s hs t `cbs , eb hl t `l-n h þl ` s qu` e b t ` d r ãb i`a ` s ` r s h ml h o hnb t h vb pb rb c ungds d t dids e d s s h s -t `cbs , i `si` e d s suas h s t `cbs c âs p `qu`òds i` ul â t dcd b e d s s h s t `cbsndcpu`s t ds i ` m b ebx hbs .
Bqu` e e d s bi`p t ds b e b t ` dr ãb i ` e d s s h s t `cbs qu` i`s`b l ` s t r ` ngbr sunbcpd i` hlv`sthmbnhþl pu`i`l gbaebr i` eb t`drãb i` eds shst`cbs i`
2 No. IB_HI A. YQPCBL, «Yg` Hcpbnt dl Zdehthnbe nh`ln` do tg` Q`vdeuthdlhl tg` A`gbvhdrbe ^nh`ln`s¶, `l Q`s`brng Ordlth`rs hl Zdehthns bli Mdv`rlc`lt, pâ-mhlbs 1:1->2. «Yg` Hcpehnbthdls do Q`s`brng hl Zdehthnbe A`gbvhdrs, Bc`rhnbl Zdeh-
9 Q. N.Aunx, «Dl tg` Edmhn do M`l`rbe A`gbvhdr ^yst`cs Yg`dry¶, `l G`ra`rtO`hme y Chngb`e ^nrhv`l, `ihts., Chll`sdtb ^tuih`s hl tg` Zghedsdpgy do ^nh`ln` vd-euc`l H, Yg` Odulibthdls do ^nh`ln` bli tg` Ndln`pts do Zsyngdedmy bli Zsyngd-
blbeyshs (Chll`bpdehs6 Plhv`rshty do Chll`sdtb Zr`ss, 280?), pâms. 11>->7.9
G@QA@QY B. ^HCDL y BEE@L L@]@EE, «Cdi`es; Yg`hr Ps` bli Ehchtbthdls¶,`l E`dlbri I. ]ght`, `iht., Yg` ^tbt` do tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s (Nghnbmd6 Yg` Plh-v`rshty do Nghnbmd Zr`ss, 280?), pâm. ==.
9 ) e b s blb e d m ã b s `l t r ` e d s s h s t `cb s . Ydids ` s t d s `l odqu` s prdpd rn h dlblnrht`rhds m`l`rbe`s qu` eds stuihblt`s i` eb pdeãthnb pu`i l cpe`brpbrb i` n hi h r què nu` s t h dl` s y prda e `cb s pu`i`l ` s ndm` r b e s ` e ` nn h dlb ry què ibtds ndlshi`rbr l r`ebnhþl ndl eeds. I` stb cbl`rb, tdids`eeds r`oe`kbl d sumh`r`l ulb ndln`pnhþl i` ed qu` s hcpdrtblt` l e
`sou`rzd pbrb lt`li`r d pr`i`nhr, d ndltrdebr, e nursd i` eds bndlt`-nhch`ltds pdeãthnds. Bpultbl i` ulb cbl rb m`l`rbe b ebs hi`bs y ib-
t ds qu` s` pr`suc` sdl s hml h o hnbt hvds .
Bgdrb ld s vd e v`cds gbn h b e d s `l odqu` s qu` s ` h i`l t h o hn bl ndl g h pþ -t ` s h s ` xp e hnb t h vb s d t ` d r ã b s nbusb e ` s . E b i h o ` r`ln h b ` s câs i` mrbid qu`i` nebs`, pu`s tdids eds thpds i` lodqu`s r`oe`kbl d sumh`r`l ndln`p-nhdl`s i` ed shmlhohnbthvd. Z`rd ebs ghpþt`shs xpehnbthvbs ed gbn`l câs`xpeãnhtbc`lt`. Ch`ltrbs qu` ul lodqu` hi`lthohnbid ndl ulb ihsnh-
pehlb bnbièchnb, pdr k`cped, bpultb shcpe`c`lt` b ul nbcpd i` hl-v`sthmbnhþl y b eds ibtds vbrhbids ndl `eeb r`ebnhdlbids, ul `lodqu`qu` s` xpr`sb c`ihblt` ulb ghpþt`shs d t`drãb bpultb b ul thpd câs`sp`nãohnd i` ibtds y i` eb cbl`rb i` dri`lbreds. h i`nhcds, pdr ulbpbrt`, qu` ebs nbusbs i` eb mu`rrb sdl ndlþchnbs d pshndeþmhnbs, s-t bcds bpul t blid m `l `r b ec`l t ` b ib t ds hi `l th o hn bids n dl i h s n hp e hl bs bnb -ièchnbs . ^ h i `n hcds , `l s `mulid eumbr , qu` ` e n bp h t b e hsc d n busb e b mu` -rrb d qu` e i`s`d i` eds gucblds i` iho`r`lnhbrs` s eb nbusb, `ltdl-n`s t`l`cds ulb muãb câs xpeãnhtb pbrb s`e`nnhdlbr eds ibtds qu` g`-cds i` ndls hi`rbr 6 e b ghpþt`s h s m`l`rb e , d e b t`dr ãb nbusb e , l`n`s h tb tbl
mhnds, `ndlþchnds y dtrds ibtds hcpehnbids. @std sumh`r` ed qu` `s quhzâeb cbydr i`ahehibi i`e lodqu` ; qu` ed chscd qu` e lodqu` i` ebtdcb i` i`nhshdl`s, prdpdrnhdlb eb cãlhcb byuib pbrb s`e`nnhdlbr ebsnu`sthdl`s qu` i`a`l pr`multbrs` y eds ibtds ndl `eebs r`ebnhdlbibs. Ldsdebc`lt` s` gbn` i` eb tdtbehibi i`e c`ihd `e nbcpd i` eb lnu`stb,shld qu` i`a`l, shl iuib, `stuihbrs` tbcahèl ebs hcâm`l`s i`e c`ihd.@e lodqu` s tbl bcpehd y ndcpr`g`lshvd qu` quh`l`s ed bidptbl s-tâl vhrtubec`lt` daehmbids b ,ndcpe tbred ndl dtrd `lodqu` qu` s`b câsnebrd `l nubltd b eds nrht`rhds i` s`e`nnhþl. •
Eds ^prdut i`ldchlbl dtrb nbt`mdrãb i`e c`ihd «`e a`gbvhdrhscd ndm-ldsnhthvd¶. @stbs ghpþt`shs r`oe`kbl e prhlnhphd i` qu` ed qu` hloeuy`eb ndliuntb s câs e ndldnhch`ltd i`e c`ihd qu` e c ihd chscd6 std`s, s eb hcbm`l i`e c`ihd ed qu` hloeuy` l eb bidpnhþl i` i`nhshd-l`s. @e pultd prhlnhpbe s qu` e bnh rtd l eb bidpnhþl i` i`nhshdl`s`stbrâ bo ntbib pdr eb pr`nhshþl y nbrânt r ndcpr`g`lshvd i` eb hcbm`l.
@lodqu`s `ndlþchnds.
Ebs ghpþt`shs `xpehnbthvbs d t`drãbs nbusbe s qu` suarbybl eds bsp`n-tds ndlþchnds i`e c`ihd pdirãbl s`r hlndrpdrbibs l bemulb i` ebs nb-t`mdrãbs i`snrhtbs câs brrhab, p`rd s prdabae c lt` c`kdr s`muhr eb nds-tucar` i` trbtbrebs pdr s`pbrbid. ^` bsh`ltbl l ulb abs` câs bcpehbqu` eds shcpe`s `lodqu`s m`dmrâohnds, y `l ulb abs` câs `str`ngb qu`eds `lodqu`s cuy m`l`rbe`s i`e c`ihd, y pbr`n`l s`r câs pr`nhsds.
Cbrx’gbl `xpr`sbid dphlhdl`s qu` `l bemulds bsp`ntds sdl s`c`kblt`s.@xhst` e p`ehmrd i` ndloulihr `e ohl i` stuihbr Cbrx y sus t`d-
rãbs. Nublid xbchlâabcds eds shmlhohnbids i` eb pbebarb t`drãb `l `enbpãtued sèpthcd i`nãbcds qu` b v n`s i`shmlb eb ndlsucbnhþl i` eb`xpehnbnhþl. @l st` nbpãtued stbcds ihsnuth`lid lodqu`s, y i`nhcdsqu` ulb t`drãb pu`i` s`r ul lodqu` b eb xpehnbnhþl, ed chscd qu` ebndlsucbnhþl i` eb xpehnbnhþl6 pu`i , s`r tbltd ul pultd i` pbrthibndcd ul pultd i` ee mbib. Ndcd nubequh r dtrd thpd i` lodqu`, ulbt`drãb pu`i` s`rvhr i` muãb l eb odrcuebnhþl i` nu`sthdl`s b pr`multbry `l eb s`e nnhþl i` ibtds shmlhohnbthvds6 pu`i` prdpdrnhdlbr nrht`rhds i`
rãb, eb chscb pu`i` prdpdrnhdlbr muãb l eb aûsqu`ib i` lu`vds g`-ngds y xpehnbnhdl`s. Lu`strd prdpþshtd bntube be ndlshi`rbr ebs t`drãbscbrxhstbs s cdstrbr nþcd, y gbstb què pultd, shrv`l i` muãb’ndcdnrht`rhds pbrb i`t rchlbr ed qu` s shmlhohnbthvd.
@e cdid i` prdiunnhþl i` eds c`ihds cbt`rhbe s i` `xhst`lnhb ndlihnhdlb e prd-
n`sd tdtbe i` eb vhib sdnhbe, pdeãthnb ` hlt`e`ntube. Ld `s eb ndlnh`lnhb i` eds gdc-ar`s eb qu` i`t`rchlb su xhst`lnhb, shld, pdr e ndltrbrhd, s su xhst`lnhb sdnhbe ebqu` i`t`rchlb su ndlnh`lnhb.
Eds gdcar`s, be i`sbrrdeebr su prdiunnhþl cbt`rhbe y su ndc`rnhd cbt`rhbe, be-t`rbl ndl eed su `xhst`lnhb r`be, su p`lsbch ltd y eds prdiuntds i` su p`lsbch ltd.Eb vhib ld stâ i`t`rchlbib pdr eb ndlnh`lnhb, shld eb ndlnh`lnhb pdr eb vhib.
s h ml h o hn bab t bca hèl e b i hvh s hþl i` hl t` r ` s ` s . Ndcd e ds gdc ar `s ` r b « bl h -cb e ` s n dl sn h `l t ` s y n dl p r dpþs h t ds ¶ , n bpbn `s i ` r ` n dldn ` r sus hl t ` r` s ` sy cdvhids b eungbr pdr eeds, s` behl`babl l nebs`s ndlodrc` e`s ihn-tbabl st's hlt`r`s`s, eungblid nbib nebs` pdr su prdphb v`ltbkb'. Ebn e b s ` i dc hl bl t ` d m d a ` r l bl t ` n dl t rd e b a b t bl t d e b v hi b ` n dl þc h n b n dcdeb pdeãthnb. @e Mdah`rld y e @stbid rbl, pu`s, hlstruc`ltds i` nebs`,`cpe`bids pbrb prdt`m`r y prdcdv`r eds hlt`r`s`s i` quh`l`s t`lãbl endltrde’abkd `e nbphtbehscd, eb aurmu`sãb’. B trbvès i`e i`r`ngd y i`
,eb pdehnãb `l `e pbãs, b trbvès i` eb ihpedcbnhb y eb mu`rrb `l `e `xt`-r hdr , e b aurmu`s ãb p`rs hmuãb sus a`l` o h n hds’eb `xped tbn hþl i` d trds `nd-lþchnbc `l t ` y su dp r `s hþl pd e ã t hn bc `l t `’. I`sbr r d e ebab y bpb ir hl babhi`dedm ãbs, y pr hln hp hds r` e hm hdsds y cdrbe`s ndc d rbn hdlbe hzbn hdl`s y kus-t h oh n bn h dl `s i ` s us hl t ` r ` s ` s i ` n e b s ` . Z` r d e b s ou`r zbs p r diun thv bs n bc -a h bl 6 b ndl t ` n`l n bc a h d s t ` nld e þm hnd s y i` d t r d t h pd . Butdcât h nbc`l t ` ,pu`s , sur m ` eb l `n ` s hibi i` ul nbca hd `l e b s r ` e bn h dl `s i ` p r diunn hþl 6i`a` b e t ` r br s ` e b sup`r ` s t run tur b n dl odrc` b e b s l `n ` s hibi`s i ` e b a bs` .Eds nbc ahds qu` nr`bl eb l`n`s hibi tbc ahèl nr`bl eds prnrr`quhs h tds pbrbgbn`r o r`l t ` b e b ,l `n ` s hibi , pu`s e b s n e b s ` s dp r hc hibs y `xp ed t bibs i `s -br rd e e bl e b n dl n h `l n hb l d sd e bc `l t ` i ` sus hl t ` r ` s ` s , s hl d t bc a hèl i` e d sc`i hds ` o ` n t h v ds p br b b e n blzbr eds , c h`l t r bs qu` , b e c hsc d t h `cpd , ` e p d -i`r i ` e b n e b s ` idchlbl t ` ` s chlbid . Eb n e b s ` m da `rlbl t ` , l b turb ec`l t ` ,t rbtb i` i`o`li`r su pr hvh e`m hbib s h tubn hþl pdr tdids eds c `ihds pds ha e`s ,hln euhib eb vhd e `lnhb 6 p`rd ebs e `y`s i` e i`sb rrd e e d ghs tþr hnd `s tâl ndltrb` e eb . Câs prdltd d c âs tbri` ul r`bkust` i` eb sup`r`st runturb i`a` d nu-rrhr y dnurrhrâ.
Ed qu` bl t ` n `i` ` s t bl sþ ed ul ` sadzd i` ulb pbr t ` iè e b t ` dr ãb c br -xhstb. ^h quhshèrbcds vbedrbr eb t`drãb gbstb su pultd ohlbe--gbstb ebndl sucb n hþl i` e b `xp e h n bn hþl’i`a`r ã bcds nub e h o h n b r ` s t ` ` sadzd y i `s -brrdeebred. Z`rd hlneusd ul `sadzd lhuy sdc`rd ` hlndcpe`td i` eb t`d-rãb s suohnh`lt` pbrb sum`rhr nþcd pu`i` s rvhr i` pultd i` pbrthib’ulb m uãb p b rb e b h lv` s t h mb n h þl’. ^um h` r ` e b s nu` s t h dl` s b pr ` multb r ,pdr k`cped, eb bohehbnhþl i` nebs` i e bntdr pdeãthnd `l nu`sthþl, d nuâe`s e pbp`e, pdr k`cped, i` eds sdnhbehstbs i`cdnrâthnds l eb eungb i`nebs`s. umh`r` e thpd i` ibtds qu` i`a`l i` t`l`rs` l nu`ltb’ibtdsn `l t r bids `l e b n dl s `nun hþl y p r d t ` n n hþl i` e d s hl t ` r` s ` s ` n dl þchnds p dr
p` rs dlbs rb n h dlb e ` s’. @s bp e h n ba e ` b c ungbs n e b s ` s i` p rda e `cbs `l cu-ngds eumb r ` s y t h`cp ds . I` mrbl b e nbln` y ndcp r`g`ls h þl , p rdpd rn hdlbmuãb pbrb pr`multbr y ndlt`stb r nu`st hdl`s qu` s` r` o h`r`l , v hrtubec`l t`,b n bib o b s ` i ` e b v hib p d e ã th n b . @s ul s h s t`cb i` p `l sbc h`l t d qu` bab r nbtdid. Ruh`l`s ed bidptbl lnu`ltrbl qu` ld sdebc`lt` muãb, shld qu`6idchlb eb hlv`sthmbnhþl nublid p`l trbl l nubequh`r vbrh`ibi i` o`-lþc`ld s d n h b e .
@s vhi`lt` qu` Cbrx gb ndltrhauhid l mrbl c`ihib be i`sbrrdeed
Hahi., pâm. 29.
sþehib `l dtrds r`sp`ntds. ´Ruhèl pu`i` i`nhr sh eb muãb qu` gb prd-pdr n hdlbid gb s hid p r `idchlbl t `c` l t ` a `l ` o h n h d sb y v ` ribi`rb d p r `id -chlblt`c`lt` obesb y ndliun`lt` b rrdr4 Bsuch`lid pbrb eds prdpþ-shtds pr`s`lt`s qu` e i`sbrrdeed i`e ndldnhch`ltd i` eb pdeãthnb s eda k ` t h vd pr hcdri h b e , ` s i` s mrb n h bid qu` ` e c brx hscd s ` gbyb ndlv` r t hidc`lds l ul shst`cb i` ghpþt`shs pbrb muhbr eb hlv`sthmbnhþl pdeãthnbqu` l ulb t`drãb pbrb muhbr eb bnnhþl pdeãthnb. Ndcd t`drãb qu` muãbeb bnnhþl s` gb ndlv`rthid `l ulb idntrhlb, nublid ld `l ul idmcb,i`o`lihib pdr eds v`ribi`rds nr`y`lt`s . Eds v`ribi`rds nr`y`lt`s qu` eb`cpe`bl ndcd ulb muãb i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl th`li`l, lbturbec`lt`, bndl o hmurbr sus hlv`st hmbn hdl `s i` cb l`rb qu` eds r`suetbids rdaust`znblsu o`. @std gb ndliunhid, shl iuib, b eb p`rp`tubnhþl y xt`lshþl i`e`rrdr . Be chsc d t h`cpd , quh`l`s sdl `s tuihdsds bsèpt hnds, i` pr` o`r`ln hbb v`ribi`rds nr`y`lt`s, `l cungds nbsds gb l `lndltrbid ` e `l odqu` cbr-x hstb b ebs nu`st hdl`s p de ã t hnbs c uy ût h e .
@LODRP@ RP@ PAQBXBL EB Y@DQÃB Z HNDEÞMHNB^ XZ HNDBLB-
EÃYHNB^
G`c ds ld t bid bl t ` s , nublid i` ohl hcds `lodqu` `l t è rc hlds i` i h s -
n h p e hlb s b nbièch nb s , qu` e d s `l odqu` s ps h nd e þm hnd s i` e b pd e ã th nb s ` a b -sbl m`l`rbec`lt` `l eb cdthvbnhþl. ^` i`iun` i` `eed qu` quh`l`s s`suc` r m `l `l e b p s h n d e dm ã b y `l ` e p s h n dblâ e h s h s p br b `l ndl t r br g hpþ t` s h s`xp e h nb t h v bs d t ` dr ã bs n busb e ` s qu` s `bl r ` e `vbl t ` s p b r b e b n dliun t b p d -e ã t hnb m`l`rbec`lt` pr`s`ltbl ghpþt`s hs d t `dr ãbs bn`rnb i` eb cdt hvbn hþl .
I` eed sdl ul k`cped ebs t`drãbs or`uihblbs. Be trbtbr i` xpehnbre b ndliunt b gucblb’d , câs ` s t rh n t bc`l t ` , e b ndliuntb gucbl b l`u-rþthnb’Or`ui suarbyb nh`rtbs hcpehnbnhdl`s i` eb sdnhbehzbnhþl i`e hl-
ihvhiud, std s, i`e prdn`sd pdr `e nube eds hlihvhiuds sdl r`t`lhids ypr `pbr bids p br b s ` r ch`c ards bn `p t ba e ` s i ` e b sdn h `ibi . ^u dp hl hþl ` r bqu` ed s i `s `d s qu` ` r bl n dl t `l hids s ` r `p r hcãbl n dl o r ` nu`ln hb t bl t d -tbec`lt` qu` e hlihvhiud n`sbab i` s`r ndlsnh`lt` i` eeds, p`rd qu`,ld dastblt`, pdiãbl ndlthlubr hloeuy`lid eb ndliuntb i`si` e nbcpdi`e hlndlsnh`lt`. @l r`behibi, ndlodrc` b Or`ui, `e pshndblâehshs `rb
`l mrbl c `i hib ` e ` s tui h d i` e pbp` e i` e h l ndls n h `l t ` `l o dc`l t b r ` s nb -pbibs i` e b s l drcbs usub e ` s i ` n dliun tb .@s tbab t bl hcpr` s h dlbid n dl`e pr`idchlhd i` ebs urm`lnhbs hlt`lsbs i` bcdr y dihd, i` ebs nube`s`e hlihvhiud rb ndl or`nu`lnhb hmldrblt`, qu` ee`mþ b pdstuebr eb xhs-t`lnhb i` ed qu` i`ldchlþ @rds, hcpuesd i` bcdr y vhib, y eb xhst`l-nhb i` Ygblbtds, hcpuesd gbnhb eb cu`rt` y eb i`strunnhþl. @l su dph-l hþl , e d s gdca r `s n bchlba bl pdr e b v hib `l ` s t bs i h r` n n h dl `s dpu`s t bs .
º G. ^. Z@Y@Q^, Yg` Ndln`pt do Cdthvbthdl (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Gucblhth`s Zr`ss
Zbrb O r`ui, eb rbnhdlbehzbnhþl, i`spebzbch`ltd y prdy`nnhþl `rbl c`-nblhscds pshndeþmhnds shmlhohnbthvds b trbvès i` eds nube`s ed hlndlsnh`lt`bo`ntbab b eb ndliuntb ndlsnh`lt`. @l `s t` ndl t`xtd , eb rbn hdlb e hzbn hþli`shmlb e prdn`sd pdr e nube `e hlihvhiud lnu`ltrb rbzdl`s sdnhbe-c`lt` bn ptbae`s pbrb ed qu` stâ cdvhid b gbn`r pdr rbzdl`s sdnhbe-c`l t ` hl bn `p t ba e ` s , p dr i `s`ds hl ndl sn h `l t ` s . @ e i `sp ebzbch`l t d i `s h mlbul prdn`sd qu` bndlt`n` nublid e hlihvhiud lnu`ltrb hcprui`lt` dsdnhbec`lt` hlbn`ptbae` eha rbr hcpuesds b trbvès i` su «nblbe¶ lbtu-rbe d b ul dak`thvd «lbturbe¶6 hlndlsnh`lt`c`lt`, y quhzâ i`spuès i`ul p`rãdid iurblt` e nube e hcpuesd stâ r`prhchid, i`svãb d r`ihrhm`eb bnthvhibi b ed ebrmd i` dtrd nblbe y b dtrd dak`thvd. Eb prdy`nnhþli` s h mlb ul prd n` s d p d r ` e nub e ` e h li h v hiud b t r h auy` sus prdp h b s nb rb n -t `r ãs t hnbs v`rmdlzdsbs d i`s hmlb b d t rds pbrb qu`ibrs` e har` i` nuepb pbrbp `l sbc h`l t d y bn n hdl `s n dli`lba e ` s .
Ebs t ` dr ãbs i` Or`ui, y e prdn`sd qu` bnb abc ds i` i`o hl hr , t h`l` ulbr`p`rnushþl vhi lt` l eb bnthvhibi pdeãthnb. Eds ndln`ptds i` @rds yYgblbt ds sdl i`c bs hbid vbmds p br b gbn ` r b e m d c âs qu` sum`rh r `xp e h n b -n h dl `s i ` n dliun t b , p ` r d su n bpbn hibi i` . sum`r `l n hb s ` bp e h n b t bl t d b e bndliunt b pd e ã t hnb ndc d b d t r b s n e b s ` s i` nd liunt b . @l t did nb s d , e b r b -nhdlbehzbnhþl, e i`spebzbch`ltd y eb prdy`nnhþl th`l`l câs l ndcûl`l e nbcpd i` eb pdeãthnb qu` l dtrds nbcpds. @e g`ngd i` qu` eds
ohl`s `mdãstbs sdl tbl rbrbc`lt` bichthids `l pdeãthnb `stbae`n` ulbpr`sulnhþl i` qu` xhst` ulb mrbl nblthibi i` rbnhdlbehzbnhþl. Eb or`-nu`ln hb ndl qu` s` nr`bl nba `zbs i` turnd sum h`r` qu` ` e i`sp ebzbc h`ltd`s ndrr h `lt` . X eb r`muebr hibi ndl qu` s` b tr hauy` b eb d trb pb rt` ` e cd-ldpd e h d i ` n dliun t b v ` r mdlzdsb p r ` s t b abs` b e b sd sp `ngb i` qu` s ` ibeb prdy`nn hþl . @l r`suc` l, quh`l`s t rbtb l i` `xp e hnbr y pr`i`n hr eb ndl-iuntb pdeãthnb sdl ndliunhids b ibtds shmlhohnbthvds bidptblid ul l-odqu` or`uihbld .
Bpbr t ` i ` Or `ui , d t rds p s h n dblb e h s t bs y p s hqu ãb t r bs d o r ` n `l t bc a hèlulb muãb qu` `s ûth e pbrb eds `stuihdsds i` eb p de ã t hnb. ^h`c pr` qu` bi`-ebltbl ulb t`drãb d ghpþt`shs bn`rnb i` nubequh`r s`rh` i` ndliuntbsgb i` `sp `rbrs` ulb b pe h nbn hþl b eb ndl iuntb pd e ã t h nb . B e or`i Bie`r , Fb-r`l Gdc`y y @rhng Ordcc s` lnu`ltrbl ltr` bqu`eeds nuyd trbabkd
` s hcpd r tbl t ` 7.dln`i`l ul èlobshs ndlshi`rbae` b eb dphlhþl i` qu`eds gdc ar`s `stâl pds` ãids pdr s`l t hch`ltds i` hl o`r hdr hibi, guche ebn hþl` hlshmlhohnblnhb, y trbtbl i` p`rs`muhr eb sup`rhdrhibi, medrhb hcpdr-tblnhb. @s vhi`lt` qu` eb br`lb pdeãthnb s ulb `l eb qu` pu`i`l p`r-s`muhrs` `s tds o hl`s .
• BEOQ@I BIE@Q, Yg` Zrbnthn` bli Yg`dry do Hlihvhiube Zsyngdedmy (Lu`vbXdrf6 Gbrndurt Arbn , 2818)6 FBQ@L GDQL@X, L`urdshs bli Gucbl Nrdwg (Lu`vbXdrf6 Ldrtdl, 280:)6 @QHNG OQDCC, @snbp` ordc Or``idc (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Qhl`gbrt,2892). No. QPlY E. CPLQD@,^ngddes do Zsyngdblbehthn Ygdumgt (Lu`vb Xdrf6Iryi`l, 2800).
nuedsbc`lt` nh ltãohnds, sdl, l ed qu` s` r`oh`r` b ebs t`drãbs ghpþ-t ` s h s ndl r ` e ` vbln h b pb rb e b ndliunt b pd e ã t hnb , c`ld s ld t ba e ` s . ^ hl `c-abrmd, b emulbs i` ' sus hlv`st hmbn hdl `s prdpd rn hdlbl ulb b yuib ût he . @e ed`s `sp `nhb ec `lt` n h ` r td `l ed qu` s` r` o h ` r` b eds `s tuihds i` orus trbnhd -l`s y bmr`s hþl , eds nube`s gbl p rdiunhid t `dr ãbs i` hc pdr tbln hb `v hi`lt`pbrb e b ndliunt b pd e ãt h nb .
Gbrdei I. Ebssw`ee s `sp`nhbec`lt pr``chl`lt` ltr` eds nh`ltãoh-nds p d e ãt h n ds qu` gbl bidp t bid ul `l o dqu` p s h n d eþm hn d b e b p d e ã t hn b 7. l
ndl`xhþl ndl std s` dnupb l sp`nhbe i` eds vbedr`s p`rs`muhids pdre b s m `l t ` s y , câs n dl n r ` t bc `l t ` , n dl e b s ou`l t ` s ` hcp e h n bn h dl `s i ` e i ` -s`d i` pd i`r. I`cu`strb , c`ihblt` `s tuihds i` nbsds , qu` ebs rbzdl`s pbrbe b b nn h þl pd e ã t hnb s dl b v` n` s n e b r bc`l t ` p s h nd e þm h nb s `l su d r h m `l , qu`bl s h `ibi`s ` hl s `murhibi`s purbc`l t ` p ` r sdlb e ` s’y b sp h r bn hdl `s purb -c`lt` p`rsdlbe`s’hloeuy`l eb ihr`nnhþl i` eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb.
Ndlshi`rb eds vbedr`s i` i`o`r`ln hb, hln euhid ` e pdi`r , ndcd `s p`n hb e -c`lt` ldtbae`s. Ndlstruy` ul cdi`ed i` ed qu` ndlshi`rb `e thpd pd-eãthnd, sh`lid su rbsmd s`lnhbe qu` e`vb b r`meb b `e`mhr nubequh`r thpdi` bn n hþl qu` cb x hchn ` ` e p di`r , s bn r h oh n blid b ` s t ` p r hl n hp h d t dids e d si`câs. Ebssw`ee ph`lsb, shl iuib, qu` ebs p`rsdlbs qu` s` bn`rnbl be`x t r`c d b ` s t ` c di` ed l d sd l r br bs `l pd e ã t h n b , p ` r d • r`ngbzb eb dphl hþli` qu` t dids e d s e ã i ` r ` s p d e ã th n ds p ` r t `l `znbl b ` s t b n b t `mdr ãb . @l e b c` -
ihib `l qu` E b s s w` e e bidp t b ulb g h pþ t ` s h s b t ` d r ã b i` qu` e d s gdca r` spumlbl pdr e pdi`r, eb ndlvh`rt` l ulb t`drãb i` bpehnbnhþl ehchtbib,câs qu` ul hv`rsbe .
Neb rbc `l t ` , t dibs ` s t b s t ` d r ã b s d g h pþ t ` s h s pu`i`l s ` rv h r ndc d `l -odqu`s pbrb `e `stuihd . i` eb pdeãthnb. ^h i`s`bcds sba`r pdr què ulbi` t ` rchlbib p ` r sdl b bn tuþ n dcd e d g hzd , d s h i ` s `bc ds p r `i`n h r su bn -n hþl prdaba e` `l ` e outurd, eds ibtds ps hndeþm hnds pu`i`l s `r tbca hèl s hm -lhohnbthvds6 y stbs ghpþt`shs y t`drãbs pu`i`l s r ûthe`s pbrb muhbr be`stuihdsd b e t hpd i` ibtds qu` t h`l`l vbedr `xp e hnbt hvd d pr`i hn tdr .
• KDGL IDEEBQI y dtrds, Orustrbthdl bli Bmr`sshdl (L`w Gbv`l6 Xbe Plhv`r-
shty Zr`ss, 28>8)6 Y. HH. Z`br, iht. , Zsyngdedmhnbe Obntdrs do Z`bn` bli ]br (Edl-ir`s6 Gutnghlsdl, 280:)6 @. O. C. IPQAHL y KdGL AD]EAY, Z`rsdlbe Bmrr`sshv`l`ssbli ]br (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Ndeucahb Plhv`rshty Zr`ss, 28>8)6 G. K. @Y^@LNF, Yg` Zsy-ngdedmy do Zdehthns (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Zrb m`r, 2809). No. QHNGBQI NQH^YH@, «@ys`lnf'sYr`btc`lt do tg` Z rsdlbehty do Ndcculhsts, Zsyngdedmhnbe Auee`thl, 0> (ldvh c-ar` 280?), pâms. 922->:6 @EYDLA. CnL@HE, «Zsyngdedmy bli Bmmr`sshdls, Kdurlbedo Ndloehnt Q`sdeuthdl, 1 (s`pth`car` 2808), pâms. 280-18>.
▫ _ r, l `sp`nhbe, su Zdw`r bli Z`rsdlbehty. No. LBYGBLE@HY@ , bZsynad-Nueturbe Gypdtg`s s Badut Zdehthnbe Bnts¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 2 (dntuar` 2897), pâ-mhlbs 2:1.286 IBLH@E A@EE,«Y`l Yg`drh`s hl ^`brng do Q`behty6 Yg` Zr`ihnthdldo ^dvh`t A`gbvhdr hl tg` ^dnhbe ^nh`ln`s¶, ]drei Zdehthns, 2: (barhe, 2807), pâ-mhlbs >1=-?0.
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
pr dpdr n hdlbid eb v`ribi bn ` r nb i ` ulb nu`s t hþl i` vb ed r ` s t â r `b ec`l t `( y qu hzâ h r r` o e `x hvbc `l t ` ) `lc bsnb r blid sus p r ` o ` r`l n hbs i ` vb ed r n dc d`v hi`ln hbs .
Eds kuhnhds i` vbedr qu` ohmurbl `l ulb rbnhdlbehzbnhþl d `l ulbhi `d edm ã b sdl e ebc bids b v `n ` s hi `b e ` s d r `m e bs i ` n dliun t b , nþi hm d cd -rbe d ohedsdoãb i` eb vhib. Ndcd ebs rbzdl`s d cdthvds pbrb eb bnnhþl hl-oeuy`l y muãbl eb ndlnh`lnhb. Pld i` eds pultds hcpdrtblt`s i` A`rm-cbll `s qu` `e cdthvd i` pdi`r i` ul kuhnhd i` vbedr s` buc`ltb b
c`luid nublid `e bntdr ed ndlshi`rb ulb bohrcbnhþl i` g`ngd. Ruh`-l`s iuibl l bidptbr xpeãnhtbc`lt` ulb o`, shlth`lid qu` tbe ndsb ld`stâ `l ndcpe`td bnu`rid ndl eb r`meb i` eb rbzþl y i` eb nh`lnhb, `l-nu`ltrbl b v`n`s pdshae` bn`ptbr ulb o` y i`o`li`reb o`rvh`lt`c`lt`,nublid s` pr`s`ltb ihsorbzbib ndcd ul g`ngd d ndcd ulb s`rh` i`
g`ngds.Hli`p`lih`lt`c lt` b què i`ohlhnhþl i` hi`dedmãb s` cpe``, eb `x-
pehnbnhþl hi`deþmhnb th`l` cungd `l ndcûl ndl eb `xpehnbnhþl `l tèr-chlds i` r b zþl , ndls hi` rbib `l ` e nbp ã tu ed t ` r n` rd ; E b s n r ` `ln h b s h i` d -e þm hn bs suc hl h s t rbl r bzdl `s p br b e b bn n hþl , bn dcpbòb lid e b s r `m e bs , r b -zdl`s y idn tr hlbs . Nublid ndlst h tuy`l ulb hi`d edm ãb , ld sdl bzbrdsbs , b hs -e bibs y `c ar hdlbr hbs , s hl d n ddri hl bibs `l ul s h s t `cb, `l ul t did n dg` -r`lt` .
Zrdae`cbs i eds `lodqu`s n`ltrbids `l hi`dedmãbs.
Eb supds h n h þl s da r ` e b qu` s ` ab s b ` e ` l odqu` h i` d e þm h nd i` e ` s tui h di` e b pd e ã t hnb ` s qu` e d s s h s t `cbs i` n r ` `ln h b s muãbl e b ndliunt b y qu` ,pdr ndl s hmuh`lt` , qu` s h e b `xpe h nbn hþl y eb pr`ihnn hþl sdl i `s`b ids i` -a`l p r `mul t br s ` nu`s t hdl `s n dl n ` rl h `l t ` s b ` s t ds s h s t `cbs i` n r ` `l n hbs .
^` pu`i` b n`p t b r ` e supu` s t d y , s hl `c abrmd , p` r n h a h r cungds p rd -a e `cb s . Ebs n r ` `l n hbs `l qu` n dl s h s t ` ulb hi `d edm ã b l d sdl s h `c pr ` p r ` -n h s bs 6 p dr ` e n dl t rbr h d , s dl , n dl o r ` nu`ln hb , câs a h `l vbmbs , susn `p t ha e ` si` odrcuebnhþl i` cbl`rbs iho`r`lt`s, pdr iho`r`lt`s bntdr`s, l th`c-pds iho`r`lt`s. Bsã, ulb nu`sthþl ndlnh`rl` b eb ndln`pnhþl i` eb hi`bedmhb qu` t`lmb ul i`t`rchlbid bntdr pdeãthnd6 ed qu` `s câs, pu`i`s`r bn`rtbid pr`multbr sh su ndln`pnhþl pbr`n` l prdn`sd i` nbcahd,y, sh s bsã, l què ihr`nnhþl. @std sumh`r` qu` iho`r`lt`s p`rsdlbs qud
susn rha `l ds t `l s ha e `c`l t ` b e b c hsc b hi `d edm ã b pu`i`l hl t ` r p r` t br e b i h -o`r`l t`c `lt`, d qu` sus hl t `rpr`tbn hdl`s pu`i`l s` r d i hv`rm`lt`s d ndl-v ` r m `l t ` s 6 s h eb hi `d edm ã b p r dpdr n hdlb e b abs ` i ` ul c dv hch`l t d p d e ã t hn d .` e ndldn hc h `l t d i` e b s s hc h e h tui` s y i h o ` r`ln h b s `l vb r hb s h l t ` rpr ` t b n h d -l`s i` eb hi`dedmãb pu`i` s`r, b v`n s, shmlhohnbthvb. Eb ghstdrhb i`e nd-culhscd, pdr `k`cped, stâ ee`lb i` obnnhdlbehscds lndlbids l edsnub e ` s e b s nu` s t h dl` s idn t rh lb e ` s gbl d nupbid ul pbp ` e i` pr hc` r p e b -ld, nbib p`rsdlb l eb eungb d pbrthid r`nebcblid, l m`l`rbe, pds``r
mhnbs prdpdrnhdlbl ndl or`nu`lnhb eb abs` pbrb xpehnbr d pr`i nhr enursd i` e d s bn dl t ` n hc h`l t ds . Ld sd l t bl s þ ed e b s hi `d edm ãbs , `l m `l `r b e ,vbmbs, y, pdr tbl td, susn`pt ha e`s i` i h o`r`l t`s hl t `rpr`tbn hdl`s, s hld qu`e b s s h tubn hdl` s `l qu` s dl bp e h n bibs t h`li`l b s ` r câs d c `lds n dl ousb s .Zdr k`cped, e ndculhscd bidptb eb dphlhþl i` qu` xhst` ulb cbr`br`vdeunhdlbrhb `l eb Ghstdrhb y qu` `stb cbr`b abkb y sua`.
e b cb r `b l d sdl s h `c pr ` s `murds . I hs t hl t ds n dcul hs t bs pu`i`l ` e bad r brku hn h d s i h s t hl t ds i ` ulb nu`s t hþl . Bs ã , l d - n dcul hs t bs qu` t r b t bl i` `c -p e `br e b hi `d edm ãb n dc d ab s` i ` ` xp e hn bn hþl d p r `i h n n hþl i`a`l dnupbr s`ld s d e bc `l t ` i` e b cb l` rb `l qu` e d s i hv` r s d s ndcul h s t b s h l t ` rpr` t bleb idntrhlb, shld tbcahèl i` eb cbl`rb ndl qu` i`ohl l eb shtubnhþl`l qu` e b idn t r hl b ` s bp e h n bib .
Ndcd pb rb ndcp e h nb r bûl câs ` e p rda e `cb , ` e c h sc d b n t d r pd e h th n dsus nr h a` , b v` n` s , id s d câs h i` d e d m ã b s i h o ` r`l t ` s’pdr ` k `c p e d , e ha ` rb -e h scd ( d n dc ul hscd ) y l bn hdlb e h scd’. Bulqu` ` s t bs hi `d edm ã bs pu`i`ls`r n dcp bt ha e ` s `l c ungds bsp `n t ds , ` s n bs h s `murd qu` surk bl n dl t r b -i h n n h dl `s 6 y l ` s t ds n b sds ` s l `n ` sbr h d gbn ` r ulb ` e ` n n hþl . Ebs `xp e h nb -n h dl `s d p r `i h n n hdl `s i ` ` e ` n n h dl `s i ` n dliun t b i `a `l , pu`s , hl n euh r `x -p e h n bn h dl `s d p r `i h n n h dl `s i ` e b s ` e ` n n h dl `s `l t r ` e b s hi `d edm ã bs n dcp` t h -
idrb s . O hlb ec` l t ` , ` s p rdaba e `c`l t ` c ` kd r ` v ht b r e b supds h n h þl i` qu`t dids e d s bn t ds ` s t âl hl o eu hids d m da `rlbids p dr n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s hi `d eþ -m h n bs . Ebs b ca hn h dl `s y n dl nup hs n `l n hbs p ` r sdlb e ` s l d sdl hi `d eþm hn bs , y ,shl cabrmd, b v`n`s prhcbl sdar` eb hi`dedmãb hloeuy`lid eb ndliuntbh li h vh iub e. @l ` e nb s d i` p` r s dlb s qu` s ` `lnu`l t rbl `l pd s h n h dl` s i`pdi`r p d e ã th n d n dl s hi ` r ba e ` , t b e ` s cdt hv bn hdl `s p ` r sdlb e ` s pu`i`l e e ` m brb s`r i` mrbl hcpdrtblnhb l eb ndlohmurbnhþl i`e nursd i` eds bndlt`-n hch`l tds.
@l r ` suc`l , ` s `v hi `l t `c`l t ` n h ` r t d qu` ` e n dld n hch`l t d i ` e b hi `d -edmãb d hi`dedmãbs b ebs qu` susnrha` ul bntdr pdeãthnd s b c`luid ûthepbrb xpehnbr d pr`i nhr su ndliuntb. Ld s sh`cpr` ulb muãb oânhe i`bpe hnbr .
Ld i`a`l `xbm` rbrs` ebs i h o hnuetbi`s. @l cungds bsp `ntds ndls t h tuy`
ulb i h o ` r `ln h b s h ml h o hnb t h vb , pd r ` k `cp e d , qu` e d s nd cul h s t b s gb ybl md -a`rlbid l Cdsnû d eds obsnhstbs l Qdcb y eds lbzhs l A`reãl, y qu`e d s n r ` y`l t ` s i` e e h a ` rb eh scd y e b i`c dnrb n h b gbybl mda` rlbid `l E dl -ir `s y ]bsg hl m t dl . Blâ edmbc `l t ` , ` e i ` sbr r d e ed i ` e l bn hdlb e h scd `l @u-rdpb y su `x t `ls h þl s dar ` m rbl pb r t ` i` e b Y h ` r rb gb t `l hid ` o ` n t d s prd -oulids sdar` `e nursd i` eds bndlt`nhch`ltds pdeãthnds. ^`rãb `l sucdmrbid sdrpr`li`lt` s h b emuh`l puih`s` i`snr ha hr y.`xp e hnbr i` cbl` rb sb-thsobntdrhb eds i`sbrrdeeds pdeãthnds câs hcpdrtblt`s i` ebs ûethcbs iè-nbibs s hl r ` o ` r h rs ` b ulb d vbr h bs i ` ` s t bs hi `d edm ã bs .
`xpehnbnhdl`s y pr`ihnnhdl`s i` eb ndliuntb i` ulb p`rsdlb `l, pdr `k`c-ped, Hlmebt`rrb d @stbids Plhids `stbrâl prdabae`c`lt` obn hehtbibs sh s`sba` qu` `s r`bnnhdlbrhb, ndls`rvbidrb, prdmr`shstb d rbihnbe.
^h ndln`ihès`cds `spbnhd `l prdpdrnhþl b eb uthehibi i eds ihsthltds`lodqu s t`lirãbcds qu ndln`i`r cungd câs `spbnhd b ebs ghpþt`shs`xpehnbthvbs qu b ebs qu s` n`ltrbl `l eb hi`dedmãb. Y`lirãbcds tbc-ahèl qu ndln`i`r câs spbnhd b eds cèrhtds i`e lodqu y c`lds b sus
ndsbs ndlshi`rbibs `l sus hlt`rr`ebnhdl`s, `l ebs nube`s `e g`ngd p`rthl`lt` ld `s ebpr`s`lnhb d bus`lnhb i` bemd `l tbe y tbe nblthibi, shld câs ah`l eb lbturbe`zb i`
eb dri`lbnhþl i` ebs lthibi`s das`rvbae`sj.
1: 1 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd
Eds c ètdids nube h t bt hvds s` i`o hl`l câs oân h ec`lt` ndc d bqu`e eds qu`ld sdl nub lt h t bt hvds’eds qu` ld hcpe hnbl c` ihn hþl y ndltba h e hzbn hþl câsd c` lds c ` t h nu edsbs’ . D pu`i`l i` o hl h rs ` n dc d bqu` e e d s qu` r `pdsbl
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
Ebs nu`s t hdl`s qu` s` r` o h` r`l b eds bndlt`n hc h`ltds , ndlihn hdl`s , prân-t h n bs d hl s t h tun hdl `s qu` sdl ûl hn bs d b e t bc `l t ` i h s t hl th v bs sdl t r b t bibsndcûlc`lt` ndl cètdids nubehtbthvds, pu`s eb pdshahehibi i` uthehzbreb ndltba h e hibi ût h ec`lt` `s c uy e hchtbib. Ebs nu`s t hdl`s qu` s` r` o h`r`lb e s h ml h oh nbid d hcpd r t bln h b i` e b s pb e barb s d b ndl t ` n hc h `l t d s s dl t r b .t bibs m`l` rb ec` l t ` ndl c ètdids nub e ht b t h vd s . Ndcd yb s ` gb h li h nbid ,` s t d s h ml h o h n b qu` e d s c è t dids nub e h tb t h v ds s ` `c p e`bl `l ` e t rb t bc h`l t d
i` e b c bydr ãb i ` e b s nu`s t h dl `s ` xbchlb ibs p dr e d s n h `l t ã oh n ds p d e ã t hn ds .Eds c èt dids nubl t h t b t hvd s gbl s h id `cp e ` bids , `l m`l` rb e , ` l r ` e b n h þlndl ebs nu`sthdl`s qu` s` r`oh`r`l b mrbli`s lûc`rds i` ulhibi`s i`echsc d t h pd , pd r ` k `cp e d , vd t bl t ` s , y `l r ` eb n h þl ndl ` e b lâ e hs h s i` ndl -t`lhids º .
Gbrdei I. Ebssw`ee ndc`ltb qu` `l eb `ltr`mu`rrb y iurblt` eb s`-
t d t b ec`l t ` `l e b s n dli hn h dl `s p ` r sdlb e ` s i ` e n h `l t ão h n d ; su eþm hn b , ku hn h dd p`l`trbnhþl, su hcbmhlbnhþl d hltuhnhþl, d l su gbahehibi pbrb odr-cb r hcpr `s h dl `s `xbn t bs d p b r b p ` r n ha h r r ` e bn h dl `s .
E k `cp e d , nublid ul cètdid ` s hcpr` s h dl h s t b d nublid hcp e h nbsd ebc `l t ` ` s t hcbn hdl `s b p r dx hcb ibs , i ` p r ` o` r `l n hb b n dl t ba h e hi bi p r` -n h s b , s ` e ` n e b s h o h n b ndcd nub e h tb t h vd , hl n eus d nublid ndliun` b b o h rcb -n h dl` s qu` s dl nubs h nubl t h t b t hvb s . ^ h i` n hcds qu` b e md sun`i` ldrcbe-
c`lt`, or`nu`lt`c`lt`, câs b c`luid qu` ld, m`l`rbec`lt`, drihlbrhb-c`lt`, rbrbc`lt`, ` t n . , s t bcds o d rcue blid b o h rcb n h dl` s i` t h pd nubs hnublthtbthvd6 ed chscd pu`i` i nhrs` i` dtrbs nebs`s i` bohrcbnhdl`s,pdr k`cped, qu` s` dtdrmb cbydr èlobshs b ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl qu` bdtrb. Blâedmbc`lt`, sh i`nhcds qu` gb `xhsthid ulb t`li`lnhb prdmr`-s hv bc`l t ` m `l `r b e h z bib b n dl s hi ` r br e b bc `lbzb i` e ` s n b rch`l t d , i ` p r ` -o`r`lnhb b eb mu`rrb, ndcd ulb oulnhþl i eds shst`cbs brcbids, d shi`nhcds qu` eb hi`b i`e `stbid i`e ah`l`stbr benblzþ su pr``chl`lnhb`l eds bòds tr`hltb y ee`mþ b s`r bn`ptbid ndl m`l`rbehibi l eds bòdsn hlnu`ltb, `stbcd s odrcueblid bo hrcbn hdl` s nubsh nublt h t bt hvbs . Z`rd tb-e ` s b o h rcb n hdl `s r ` o e` k bl m `l `r b ec`l t ` hcp r `s h dl `s d ` s t hcbn hdl `s c uypdnd pr ` n h s b s , y ld ndl t ba h e hibi d c `i h n h dl` s’ed c h scd qu` ` s t b c h s -cb orbs`---6 ed nube shmlhohnb qu` `e cètdid `s nubehtbthvd.
I` cb l`r b s hc h e b r , e d s cè t dids sdl nub e h t b t hv ds nublid s ` absb l `le b bpe h nbn hþl i` eb hlt` e h m`ln hb i` e n h `lt ã o hnd b eb `xhs t`lnhb d hl`xhs t`l -n hb i` pru`abs. s h ld s ` ndls hi` rb e b o r ` nu`ln h b r ` e b t hvb . @ e ` xbc `l . h l -t`ehm`lt` i` ulb sdeb i`nebrbnhþl i`e pr`shi`lt` i` eds @stbids Plhidspu`i` p r dpdr n hdlbr e b a bs` p br b `xp e h n br d p r `i`n h r e b bn n hþl mua`rlb -c` l t b e 6 `l b e mulbs s h tubn hdl `s e b bus`l n hb i ` ulb i`n eb r bn hþl t h `l ` e bchsc b s h ml h o h nb n hþl . @ e ndldn hc h `l t d i` ulb b nn h þl , d i` ulb s ` r h ` i`bn n hdl `s n d cp e` t bc` l t ` i h o ` r`l t ` s i ` e Mda h ` rld sdv hè t h n d , pu`i` , blâ-edmbc `lt`, prdpdrn hdlbr eb abs` pb rb ulb r`spu`stb i` ulb nu`st hþl qu`i` d t r b cb l`r b l d s ` p dir ã b n dl t ` s t br . Blâedmbc` l t ` , s h e b s hl o ` r `l n hbsd ndln eus h dl` s s ` i`iun`l i` e ` xbc `l i` ul . . s d e d nb s d , d s h ld `x h s t `s`murhibi i` qu` eds pdnds nbsds xbchlbids ndlsthtuy`l ul k`cpedvâe hid i` e lûc`rd tdtb e , s` i`ldc hlb nube h t bt hvd b e cètdid, pu`s s` ndl-oãb mrbli`c`lt` l e kuhnhd i`e nh`ltãohnd.
^upu`stbs tbe`s iho`r`lnhbs, s` shmu` qu` eds ids thpds i` cètdidsi h o h` r `l `l s u bp e h n ba h e hi bi b i h o ` r`l t ` s t hp ds i ` p r `mul t bs d b i h o ` r`l -t ` s t hp ds i ` s h tubn hdl `s . Gby t `li`ln hb b t r b tbr e b s nu`s t h dl `s n dc p e` k bsnub e h tb t h vbc`l t ` 6 cungbs i` ` e e b s i`a`l t r b t b rs ` b s ã pd r e b s hcp e ` r b -zþl i` qu` ` s hc pds ha e ` d p dnd p rân th n d suai hv hi hr e b s d vd ev ` r b o d rcu-ebr e b s i ` t b e c did qu` p ` rch t b e b nubl t h oh n bn hþl .
shsthid, ndl i`cbshbib or`nu`lnhb, l i snrhpnhdl`s i` hlsthtunhdl`s, lhlsthtunhdl`s ndln`ahibs l tèrchlds i` drmblhzbnhþl strunturbe d ndl-
v`lnhdl`s ndlsthtunhdlbe`s y `l i`snrhpnhdl`s i` g`ngds i` ul abkd lh-
v`e i` m`l`rbehibi. Ybe`s trbtbch`ltds «ndcpbrbthvds¶ ndliun`l, prd-abae`c`lt`, be t`ihd y b ul i`sndlsdebid «´y què4¶.
" No. IB_HI @. BZY@Q, «B Ndcpbrbthv` C`tgdi odr tg` tuiy do Zd ehthns¶,Yg` Bc`rhnbl Kdurlbe do ^dnhdedmy, ?9 (ldvh`car` 2807), 112.>=6 Qdy N. CBMQt-Its, Yg` tuiy do Ndcpbrbthv` Mdv`rlc`lt (Mbri`l Nhty, Lu`vb Xdrf6 Iduae`iby,2800), `l `sp. , pâms. 2-?.
1:? h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd
Pl pultd trbtbid câs brrhab c`r`n` s`r suarbybid i` lu`vd ; ldgby cbmhb l e cètdid, s`b èst` ndcpbrbthvd d i` dtrb nebs`. Eb r`meb’i` eb qu` gby, pdr bnnhi`lt`, `xn`pnhdl`s’`s qu` ul cètdid prdiu-
Cètdids 1: =
B eb p ds t r ` , e d s c è t dids s ` n dl s hi ` r brâl n h `l t ã oh n ds d l d i`p `li h`lidi` eb mbrbltãb qu` dor`znbl sus r`suetbids. ^h eb r`p`thnhþl i`e èxhtd spds h a e ` , d s h e d s gb e eb z md s s ` ab s b l n e b rbc`l t ` `l pru`abs qu` s dl ndl -
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
n h r â r ` su e tbids hl t ` r ` sbl t ` s y p r dv`ngdsds s d e bc `l t ` nublid ` s b p e h n bidhlt`ehm`lt`c lt`6 std s, ndl s`lthid i`e ohl ausnbid. @e c`kdr i` edscètdids ld ndcp`lsbrâ, prdabae`c`lt`, i` eb obetb i` pr`multbr ebsnu`sthdl`s p`rthl`lt s. Plb v`z qu` ebs pr`multbs bprdphbibs gbl shidodrcuebibs, y ulb v`z qu` ebs ghpþt`shs p`rthl`lt`s gbl shid stbae`nh-
ibs pb rb ndl t ` s t b r b ` s t b s pr ` multb s , s nublid ` e cè t did nda rb su hc-pdrtblnhb. Z`rd e nh`ltãohnd qu` shcpe`c`lt` s` eblzb b ndcpbrbr idsshst`cbs i` mdah`rld’u dtrbs nu`sthdl`s’`s prdabae` qu` t`rchl` pdr
Pl nh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd `cpr`li` ul `stuihd nh`ltãohnd; 2) sh th`l` ndcd dak`tdi` hlv`sthmbnhþl ulb cbt`rhb qu` pu`i` s`r heustrbib pdr pru`abs `cpãrhnbs, 1) shndln`i` b ebs pru`abs cpãrhnbs eb câxhcb ou`rzb prdabtdrhb, >) sh `l eb ausnb, blâ-
ehshs y `vbeubnhþl i` ebs pru`abs s` bn`rnb b eds câs betds nrht`rhds qu` dtrds nh`l-tãohnds sdnhbe`s gbl prdabid qu` sdl benblzbae`s, y 9) sh ib nu`ltb i` sus prdn`ih-ch`ltds y i` sus gbeebzmds i` cbl`rb qu` p`rchtb b dtrds `stuihdsds bcpehb pdsh-ahehibi i` kuzmbr sh sus pru`abs ndlohrcbl sus gbeebzmds <.
@stbs bohrcbnhdl`s bn`rnb i` eds cètdids y stuihd nh`ltãohnds s` r`-e b n h dl bl , l b tur b ec`l t ` , n dl e b c hscb lb tur b e `zb i ` e b n h `l n hb . Ru hzâ gu-a h`s` s hid c `kdr r`t rbsbr eb ndlshi`rbn hþl i` eds cètdids n h`l t ã ohnds gbstbqu` ` e - c hscd ndl n `p t d . i ` n h `l n hb gua h` s ` s hid `xbc hlbid . Bgdrb vd ev ` -cd s e d s d kds gbn hb ` s t ` n dl n `p t d suas t bl t h v d .
GXL@CBL, Yg` ^tuiy do Zdehthns, pâm. =?.
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
B p`sbr i` qu` l st` ehard g`cds g`ngd or`nu`lt`s r`o`r`lnhbs b
eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb y b eds nh`ltãohnds pd e ã th n ds , g `cds p r ` s t bid pdnb b t `l -nhþl be shmlhohnbid i` ebs pbebarbs `l htâehnbs y b eb nu`sthþl i` eb kus-
thohnbnhþl i` su usd l st` ndlt`xtd. Gbl bpbr`nhid xn`pnhdl s c`-ldr`s nublid g`cds ldtbid qu` e prdpþshtd i` quh`l`s bidptbl e l-odqu` a`gbvhdrhstb s nh`ltãohnd, shmlhohnblid qu` trbtbl i` benblzbr nd-
ldnhch`ltd qu` s` nbrbnt`rhzb pdr su v`rhohnbahehibi, shst`cb y m`l`rb-e h ibi 6 b s ã ndcd nublid ndl s hi` rbc ds e d s c è t dids n h `l t ão h n d s b e o h lb e i` enbpãtued pr`n`i lt . Bgdrb gb ee`mbid e cdc`ltd i` ihsnuthr `stbs pb-
e b arb s i` cb l` rb câs ndc p e ` t b , tr b t blid i` v` r què r` e b n h dl` s pd s ` `l ,rbzdlbae`c`lt`, ndl e stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb.
@e shmlhohnbid i` v`rhohnbahehibi. Eb n u` s t hþl i` s h ulb prdpds h n h þl
`stâ v`rhohnbib s s`lnhbec lt` suak`thvb d, c`kdr, hlt`rsuak`thvb./^`ihn` qu` ulb prdpdshnhþl stâ v`rhohnbib nublid gb shid ndltrbstbib dpu`stb b pru`ab pdr cungds sp`nhbehstbs i`e nbcpd i` qu` s` trbt` ynublid tdids eeds bidptbl eb dphlhþl i` qu` eb nr``lnhb l eeb stâkusthohnbib/Zu`i`l ee`mbr b ndlv`ln rs` i` qu` stâ kusthohnbib pdr ep`sd i` e b s p ru`abs d t ` s t hcdl hds 6 ` s c âs p r daba e ` qu` s ` n dlv`lzbl n dlcbydr n`rthiucar` sh eb prdpdshnhþl suchlhstrb abs` pbrb pr`ihnnhdl`squ` sdl ndlohrcbibs r`muebrc`lt` pdr eb `xp`rh`lnhb. B v`n`s bndlt`n`qu` e ndldnhch`ltd qu` s` ph`lsb v`rhohnbid (`std s, ulb nr``lnhb qu`
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
s`mulid y s`xtd qu` lds trbsebibcds b lhv`e`s nbib v`z câs betds i`
m`l` rb e h ibi nublid s dc ds nbpbn` s i` `cp e ` b r ndln`p t d s y o d rcue b r i` -nebrbnhdl`s qu` s` bpehnbl nbib v`z b cbydr lûc`rd i` da k ` t ds , ` k `c-
´@s `e `stuihd i` eb pdeãthnb ulb •nh`lnhb4 20
Bsp`ntds `sp`nhbe`s i` ebs i`ohlhnhdl`s.
´Ndlshst` eb nh`lnhb sdebc`lt` l ndldnhch`ltd qu` s v`rhohnbid,shst`câthnd y m`l`rbe4 ´D i`ldtb `stb pbebarb ld sdebc`lt` `std, shld
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
benblzbl l i nebrbnhdl`s sdar` tdids eds culhnhphds i` Hdwb, i eds@s tbids Pl hids d i` e culid . I` n e b rb n h dl` s v` ribi` rb s `l nbib l h v` e i`m`l`rbehibi pu`i`l s`r shmlhohnbthvbs, p`rd su hcpdrtblnhb stâ eebcbib
b buc`ltbr ndl `e lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi.Ebs rbzdl`s pbrb pdl`r e èlobshs l eb m`l`rbehibi ou`rdl ibibs l
eds nbpãtueds s`mulid v t`rn`rd. @l `eeds ihkhcds qu` eb `xpehnbnhþl yeb pr`ihnnhþl sdl eds prhlnhpbe`s dak`thvds i`e trbabkd nh`ltãohnd, y qu`eb xpehnbnhþl y eb pr`ihnnhþl r quh`r`l e . usd hcpeãnhtd d xpeãnhtd i`m`l`rbehzbnhdl s (pdr `k`cped, r`o`r`lnhbs b r`mebs, e`y`s d t`drãbs). Plbe hs t b i` g` ngds h li h v h iub e ` s , ûl h nd s’ndcd e b i` ulb muãb t ` e ` oþl h nb’ldprdpdrnhdlb pdr sã chscb lh xpehnbnhþl lh pr`ihnnhþl6 tbe ehstb i`a`ulhrs` i` bemulb cbl`rb ndl ulb d vbrhbs m`l`rbehzbnhdl s, pbrb edmrbrbemûl vbedr xpehnbthvd d pr`ihnthvd. Zbrb eb muãb t`e`oþlhnb eb m`l`rb.
e h zb n h þl i` ab k ` l h v` e ` s qu` e d s t ` e è o dld s i` e b s p` r s dlb s s dlb râl nubl-id s` ebs eebcb. Zbrb nbcahbr `e `k`cped, Z`bre Gbradr suchlhstrb abs`pbrb xpehnbr (d, `e = i` ihnh`car` i` 2892, pbrb pr`i`nhr) eb i`neb-rbnhþl i` mu`rrb bc`rhnblb be Kbpþl sh s` ebs bsdnhb ndl eb m`l`rbehzb.n hþl i` qu` nublid t b e ` s b t bqu`s s ` p r diun`l sdl i` ` sp ` r br r` spu`s t bsi` st` thpd, ndl ul betd mrbid i` prdabahehibi. @e dak`td i` eb nh`lnhb`s i`sbrrdeebr m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s pbrb qu` eb xpehnbnhþl y eb pr`ihnnhþl
ehtbr eb xpehnbnhþl y eb pr`ihnnhþl, pu`i` s r p`lsbid ndcd ulb phrâ-chi` bezâlids` i`si` ulb abs` i` trdzds i` ibtds `sp`nãohnds, pbsblidpdr g`ngds câs m`l`rbe`s, gbstb prdpdshnhdl`s, e`y`s y t`drãbs. @e èl-obshs l eds câs betds lhv`e`s i` m`l`rbehibi ndliun` b bemulds b sp`-
nhohnbr qu` «eb nh`lnhb `s ulb `sp`nh` i`ohlhib i` ndldnhch`ltd t`drè-thnd¶- y ndliun` b dtrds b hlshsthr l eb ldnhþl i` ndldnhch`ltd hlt`mrb-idr6 `std `s, eb ldnhþl i` eb ulhibi i` eb nh`lnhb `.e hi`be, s` ihn`b v`n`s, `s `e i`sbrrdeed i` eb t`drãb b tbl betd lhv`e i` m`l`rbe hibi qu`t dibs e b s e `y` s , p r dpds h n h dl `s y g`ngds p u`ibl s ` r i `iun hibs i ` ` e e b 2.
C`tgdis (Lu`vb Xdrf6 Bppe`tdl-N`ltury-Nrdots, 280:), pâms. 20?-20=.ZGHEHZ OQBLNF, Zghedsdpgy do nh`ln` (@lme`wddi Nehoos6 Zrhln`tdl Gb ee , 280=),
pâmhlb 91.
b em d câs4Kbc`s A. Ndlblt gbaeb i` ndln`pnhdl`s stâthnbs y ihlâchnbs i` eb
n h `l n hb . I`n h r qu` e b n h `l n hb n dl s h s t ` `l n dl dn hch`l t d ` s bidp t br ` e pul -td i` vhstb stâthnd. @l stb i`ohlhnhþl, eb nh`lnhb p`rshsthrãb hlneusd sheb hlv`sthmbnhþl nh`ltãohnb n`sbs` y s` i`tuvh`s` e nr`nhch`ltd prdmr`-shvd i`e ndldnhch`ltd nh`ltãohnd 7 .
Ndlbl t s ` d pdl ` b ` s t b n dl n ` p n hþl . @e n dldn hch`l t d qu` `x h s t ` , ih n ` ,`s «pbrt` i`e t`khid i` eb nh`lnhb, p`rd ld su `s`lnhb¶ º . E b ` s ` l n h b i ` a ``lndltrbrs` câs ah`l `l eb ndltrhaunhþl qu` nbib i`sbrrdeed nh`ltãohndpr` s t b b e d s i` s b r rd e ed s outurd s 6 i`a` `lndl t rb r s ` `l b n t h tui` s , `l e b b n -thvhibi hlv`sthmbidrb, l eb xnhtbnhþl i` eb hlv`sthmbnhþl. @l stb ndl-
n`pnhþl ihlâchnb eb nh`lnhb s ulb cpr`sb sp`nuebthvb, qu` ndcpr`-g`li` ndlthlubs bvblzbibs l ed i`sndldnhid6 y sh eb aûsqu`ib i` câs
ndldn hch`l t d n ` sbs ` , e b ` s `l n hb i ` e b n h `l n hb gbar ã b i `sbpbr `n hid . Nd ee hl m -wddi bidptb ul pultd `e`' vhstb shchebr. «Eb nh`lnhb... ld ndlshst` `lr`ndphebr ed qu` yb sba`cds y `l . su dri`lbnhþl l st` d e dtrd s-qu`cb. Ndls h s t ` `l eungbr n dl b e m d qu` l d n dldn `c ds , t rb t blid i` i`s -nuar h re d . Eb n h `l n hb ` s i `s nuar h r e b s n ds bs ¶ 2:.
´Ruè shmlhohnb, pu`s, pr`multbr sh eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s ulb nh`lnhb4@l su cãlhcd, eb nu`sthþl l sh eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb s` ndcpdl` i` nd-
ldnhch`ltd nbrbnt`rhzbid pdr eb v`rhohnbahehibi, shst`cb y m`l rbehibi.Ndlshi`rbib ihlâchnbc`lt`, eb nu`sthþl s` peblt`b, tbcahèl, i` sh `enh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd nuethvb shcpe`c`lt` y, quhzâ, brr`meb tbe ndldnhch`ltdd sh trbtb i` hlnr`c`ltbred ndlthlubc`lt`.
I`a`c ds i` ld t b r i` lu`vd qu` eb s nu` s t h dl` s s ` bp e h nbl s d e bc` l t `be ndldnhch`ltd i`snrhpthvd y ld ldrcbthvd.
DA^YÂNPED ZBQB @E @^YPIHD NH@LYÃOHND I@ EB
Gb yyastânueds odrchibae`s l e nbchld i` ebnh`ltãohnb. Bemulds s` r`ebnhdlbl prhcdrihbec`lt`eãthnd, dtrds ndl eb cbt`rhb.
º KBC@ A. NDLBLY, ^nh`ln` bli Ndccdl ^`ls` (L`w eebv`l6 Xbe Plhv`rshtyZr`ss, 2802), pâm. 19.
Hahi., pâms. 128-1:. Q . M. NDEEHLM]DDI,Yg` Hi`b do Ghstdry (Dxodri6 Nebr`lidl, 289?), pâm. 8.
No. eb ihsnushþl i eb nh`lnhb y ine cètdid nh`ltãohnd `l NHYBIE@^ ^. GXL@CBL, Y g`^tuiy do Zdehthns (Prablb6 Plhv`rshty do Heehldhs Zr`ss, 2808), nbpãtueds _ y HW .
nh`ltãohnds sdebc`lt` i ulb cbl`rb cuy vbmb y ohmurbib, sh s qu`ed gbn`l i` b e mulb c bl`r b . Eb t `li`ln hb c âs ou`r t ` gb s hid s hcp e`c `l t `r`ndm`r g`ngds y snrhahr sdar` g`ngds y ls`òbreds’pdr su chscd vb-
edr’. G`cds ldtbid blt`s stb t`li`lnhb, pbrthnuebrc`lt` l r`ebnhþlndl e stuihd i` eb i`snrhpnhþl hlsthtunhdlbe. @s câs, e èlobshs l «eds
g`ngds ¶ s ` gb b ndc pbòbid ndl o r ` nu`ln h b i` ul h l t `l t d , bpb r `l t `c`l t `i` e h a` rbid , i` ` v h t b r e b m`l` rb e hz b n h þl d , b e c `lds , i` c bl t `l` r e b `l sus
lhv`e`s câs abkds. Ld ndl pdnb or`nu`lnhb, eed s` gb g`ngd l e ldc-ar` i` eb dak`thvhibi{ Eb cbydr pbrt` i` st` ehard gb shid ul ndc`l-tbrhd i` `stb ndln`pnhþl i`e ohl y pbp`e i`e nh`ltãohnd pdeãthnd.
@l r`ebnhþl ndl ebs nh`lnhbs lbturbe`s s` s`òbeb, b v`n`s, qu` ulbpr dpdr n hþl n dl s hi ` r ba e ` i ` quh`l `s gbl e dm r bid e d s i `s nuar hch`l t ds c âsndltuli`lt`s t`lãbl ul ndldnhch`ltd cuy ehchtbid’d lhlmûl ndldnh-ch`ltd’i` eb ohedsdoãb i` eb nh`lnhb. Ybcahèl -s` gb g`ngd ldtbr qu`quh`l`s s` odrcbrdl l eb ohedsdoãb i` eb nh`lnhb, bulqu` b v`n s benbl-zbrdl obcb ndcd oheþsdods, rbrbs v`n`s’sh bemulb’ee`mbrdl b s`r ldtb-ae`s n h`l t ã o hnds . • @l m`l` rb e , e d s n h `l t ão h n d s o bcdsd s pb r ` n`l t bl sþ e d pr ` -multbr nu`sthdl`s y p`rs`muhr ebs r`spu`stbs. Q`oe`xhdl`s l stb ihr`n-nhþl gbl ndliunhid b Ehlisby Qdm`rs b su dphlhþl i` qu` «`e i`o`ntdoulibc`ltbe i` eb cbydr pbrt` i` eb nh`lnhb sdnhbe `s qu` ld gb t`lhidâ ul L`wtdl qu` e` gbyb prdpdrnhdlbid ulb mrbl vhshþl, y gbstb qu`bpbr`znb st` gdcar` ld gby tbr`b r`be pbrb ebs c`lt`s i` s mulid dt`rn`r dri`l¶ 22 . Ndl tdid, eb ndlnh`lnhb i`e g`ngd i` qu` eb tbr`b i`pr`multbr nu`sthdl`s s s`lnhbe pbrb e i`sbrrdeed i` eb nh`lnhb pu`i`s`r, pdr sã chscd, i` bemulb uthehibi. Hlneusd ebs c`lt`s i` s`muliddri`l th`l`l b su benbln` c`kdrbr eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb i` bemulb cbl`rb.I`spuès i` tdid, dtrds pr`pbrbrdl `e nbchld b L`wtdl, y èe ndlstruyþsda r ` su t r bab k d .
Dastânueds b eb v`rhohnbahehibi i` ebs prdpdshnhdl`s m`l`rbe`s
nhdl`s i` ul abkd lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi pu`i`l, b c`luid, s`r v`rhohnb-ibs l e s`lthid i` qu` tdids eds `sp`nhbehstbs i` eb cbt`rhb ndhlnhi`l`l qu` eb nr``lnhb `l `eebs `stâ kusthohnbib. ^h eb nu`sthþl `s pdr quèul ch`card i`t`rchlbid i`e Ndlmr`sd vdtþ l e s`lthid qu` ed ghzdi`spuès i` gba`r bn`ptbid’ndcd bichthþ’ul sdadrld i` 2:.::: iþ-ebr`s, s cuy prdabae` qu` ld t`lmbcds qu` ausnbr cungd th`cpd eb`xp e h n bn hþl 6 hl n eusd supu`s t d n d ldn hid ` e s dadrld s ` râ oân h e p r`i`n h r n dlblt`rhdrhibi e vdtd. X eb prdpdshnhþl pr`ihnthvb s`râ v`rhohnbae` shl
iuib bemulb.Ebs nu` s t h dl` s c âs m`l` rb e ` s s dl ld rcb ec `l t ` c âs i ho ã n he ` s i` ndl -
t`stbr. Ihngd i` dtrb cbl`rb ; ebs r`spu`stbs b ul betd lhv`e i` m`l`-rbehibi pu`i l ld s`r v`rhohnbae`s. h eb pr`multb s pdr què tdids edsch`c ards i` e b Nâcb rb i` Q`pr` s `l t bl t ` s vd t bl ndc d e d gbn`l `l ulb
nu`sthþl, y, l sp`nhbe, eb r`spu`stb i`a` ndlshsthr l ulb d câs m`l`-rbehzbnhdl`s absbibs l eb nebshohnbnhþl i` eds ibtds, eb r`spu`stb s`râ,prdabae`c`lt`, cuy ihoãnhe i` `ebadrbr6 y eb pr`ihnnhþl i`e r`suetbids`râ, prdaba e`c` lt` , bûl c âs ih o ãn h e qu` eb `xpe h nbn hþl ulb v`z dnurr hid
cds ldtbid l e nbpãtued t`rn`rd, eb xpehnbnhþl i`a`, i` drihlbrhd, s`r
s`e`nthvb. I`a`cds `sndm`r ul thpd i` `xpehnbnhþl, ul lhv`e i` rbzdlb-ch`l td y ul `lodqu` (`s td `s , ul nr h t ` r hd i` hcp drtblnhb ) , ` hln eusd i`s -puès i` gba`r g`ngd `std pu`i` s`r qu` ld s`bcds nbpbn`s i` ndlsh-i`r br t dids e d s ib t ds qu` `l nb k bl ` l e d s e ãc h t ` s i ` e b ` e ` n n hþl ` o ` n tubib .Ebs pdshahehibi`s qu` s` lds bar`l sdl tbl luc`rdsbs y `e lûc`rd i`obn tdr`s pdt`ln hb ec `lt` r` e`vblt`s `s tbl bc pe hd qu` eb `xp e hnbn hþl `xgbus-
thvb s i` drihlbrhd hcprbnthnbae`. @xpehnbcds l tèrchlds i` obntdr`squ` kuzmbcds ndcd câs shmlhohnbthvds, y i`nhcds pdnd d lbib bn`rnbi` eds dtrds obntdr`s. Ihngd i` dtrd cdid ; `xpehnbcds bndlt`nhch`ltdsndcp e ` kd s s ` e ` nn h dlblid e d qu` ndls hi` rbcds què ` s e d c âs s h ml h oh nb t h vdi` ebs vbrhbae`s hcpdrtblt`s, y i`si`òbcds d hmldrbcds dtrbs vbrhbae`sed chscd qu` ebs ndlstblt`s. @xhst` eb pdshahehibi i` qu` iho`r lt`s s-p`nhbehstbs s`e`nnhdl`l iho`r`lt s ndlkultds i` ibtds y i` qu` sus `x-pehnbnhdl`s ihoh`rbl. Pl `sp`nhbehstb pu`i` `xpehnbr `l tèrchlds i` ulndlkultd i` obntdr`s ch`ltrbs qu` dtrd `sndm` ul ndlkultd `l bemûl
s`lt hid ih o` r`lt` , y pu`i` gba `r d ld abs ` pbrb i` nhih r e kuhn hd i` quhèlgb shid câs hcpdrtblt`. @l r`behibi, supdlh`lid qu` nbib xpehnbnhþl
`s hlndcpe`tb, pu`i`l, l prhlnhphd, s`r hmubec`lt` ohrc`s.
e ` s i ` m `l `r b e hibi câs ` e `vbids sdl ` sp `n hb ec `l t ` bzbr dsbs’s h`lid cuyprdabae` qu` s`bl hlv`rhohnbae`s- .
@st ` nubird l d i`a` `xbm ` r br s ` . Bulqu` ld s ` pu`i` n dl t br n dl qu`
127 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâ ehshs ohedsþohnd ´@s ` e `stuihd i` eb pde ã t hnb ulb n h`lnhb4 28
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
@e chsc d t hp d i ` n dl s hi ` r bn hdl `s s ` bp e h n b `l n dl ` x hþl n dl e d s hl t `l -tds i` pr`i`nhr, pdrqu`, ndcd vhcds `l `e nbpãtued nubrtd, eb `xpehnb-nhþl y eb pr`ihnnhþl th`l`l cungd l ndcûl. h pdi`cds xpehnbr ulbndlt`nhch`ltd i`spuès qu` gb sun`ihid hi`lthohnblid sus nbusbs, l-
t dln` s ` e ndldn hc h `l t d i` e b s nbusbs ld s i`a` nbp bn h t b r pb rb pr `i` n h re d .Z`r d s h , i ` si` ul pul t d i` v h s t b p rân t h n d , lu`s tr bs `xp e h n bn h dl `s i ` b ndl -t`nhch`ltds ndcpe`kds i`a`l s`r s`e`nthvds, std tbcahèl shmlhohnb qu`
lu`s t rds ` s ou`r zds p b r b p r `i`n h r i `a `l a bsbr s ` `l sd ebc`l t ` b e mulds o bn -tdr`s r`e`vblt`s y ld l tdids. X sh eds obntdr`s qu` i`si`òbcds d hmld-rbcds r`suetbl s`r câs hcpdrtblt`s i` ed qu` nr`ãbcds, eb pr`ihnnhþlo r bn bsbrâ . Nublid e d s @s t bids Pl hids r b t h oh n b r dl ` e Y r b t bid i` e B t eâl t h n dLdrt`, `eed ou`, `vhi`lt`c`lt`, sdar` eb abs` i` eb pr`ihnnhþl i` qu`` s t b b nn h þl t `lir ã b ndls ` nu`ln h b s c âs i` s ` ba e ` s . qu` nub equh` r d t r b b e .t`rlbthvb. Z`rd ed kusthohnbid i` eb pr`ihnnhþl i`p`liãb l`n`sbrhbc`lt`i` eb pr`snh`lnhb l abs` b eb nube ou`rdl e`mhids eds obntdr`s r`e`vbl-t`s, y s hlndln`ahae` qu` bemulbs ndlthlm`lnhbs qu` bûl p`rt`l`n`l beouturd ou`rbl pr`ihngbs. Bulqu` guad ul ndlshi`rbae` bnu`rid ltr`eds sp`nhbehstbs sdar` qu` eb rbthohnbnhþl i`e trbtbid rb i`s`bae`, s`rãb`xbm`rbid i`nhr qu` sus pr`ihnnhdl s sbthsobnãbl eb pru`ab i` eb v`rhoh-
- nbahehibi. @s câs; eb chscb xp`rh`lnhb ld s sh`cpr` ul nrht`rhd s`-murd, pu`s pu`i` s`r hcpdshae` ndldn`r ed qu` guah`s` dnurrhid l enbsd i` qu` ld s` guah`s` prdabid eb i`nhshþl.
Eb hlndlshst`lnhb y vbrh`ibi i` eds prdpþshtds guc blds. E b s p r d -pds h n h dl` s pr `i h n t hvb s pu`i`l s ` r h lv` r ho h n ba e ` s ld s d e bc`l t ` pd rqu` e b spru`abs qu` ebs bpdybl sdl s`e`nthvbs, y ld ndcpe`tbs, shld tbcahèl b
nbusb i` eb hlndlshst`lnhb y vbrh`ibi i` eds i`s`ds gucblds T y i` ebs
r`mebs i` eb bnnhþl. Bul `l ul abkd lhv`e i` m`l`rbehibi-hlneusd shs` ndlshi`rb tbl sþed be hlihvhiud’`xhst` bemd pbr`nhid be nbcahd6 edqu` `rb v`ribi pbrb èe gbn` ih`z bòds pu`i` ld s`r v`ribi bgdrb, y edqu` s v`ribi i` èe gdy pu`i` ld s`r v`ribi i` bquã b ih`z bòds. undln`pnhþl i` eds ohl`s qu` sdl ihmlds i` benblzbr y i` eds c`ihds pbrb
`eed s cuy pdshae` qu` ld s`b ndlstblt`. B v`n`s e chscd g`ngd i`gbn`r `xpeãnhtbs ebs hi`bs i` eds ohl`s y c`ihds y i` `xbchlbrebs hl.iun` be nbcahd. @s câs ; ld sdebc`lt` ul hlihvhiud i`sbrrdeeb bnthtu-i`s iho`r`lt`s ndl e pbsd i`e th`cpd, shld qu` eb vbrh`ibi r`hlb ltr`eds hlihvhiuds. Ed qu` `s v`ribi pbrb uld, prdvhshdlbe d p`rcbl`lt`.c`l t ` , pu`i` s ` r d ld v` ribi pb rb d t r d . @xh s t `l hcpdr t bl t ` s i h o ` r `ln h b s`ltr` hlihvhiuds nuyb xp`rh`lnhb sdnhbe pbr`n` abstblt` shchebr, y ebsiho`r`lnhbs pu`i`l pbr`n`r xtr`cbs nublid stâl hcpehnbibs nueturbsndltrbpu`stbs. @std shmlhohnb qu` prdpdshnhdl`s pr`ihnthvbs `l eds lhv`-
ul hli h v hiud cb lt `lmb ndl s t bl t ` s sus r ` m e b s i` b nn h þl y i` s ` d s , pu`i`ndl o h b r s ` `l qu` big h` r b p ` r s h s t `c`l t ` b ulb pbr t ` n dl s hi ` r ba e ` i ` ` e e d s .@s câs ; eb lbturbe`zb y ihr`nnhþl i` eds nbcahds sdl tbcahèl b v`n`spr`ihnthae`s, ndcd nublid stâl ehmbids ndl eb ibi, stbtus d n hrnuls-t bln h b s ` ndl þch nb s . Bi`câs , bulqu` e d s h li h v h iuds i h o h ` r`l e d s ulds i`e d s d t r d s , t bca h èl ndcpb r t `l nb rb n t ` r ãs t h nb s ndcul` s qu` p` rch t `l n e b -shohnbreds. @l cungds bsp`ntds, eb ndliuntb i` ul hlihvhiud b trbvès
i`e th`cpd y eb ndliuntb i` nebs`s i` hlihvhiuds s` r`iun`l r`muebr-c`l t ` b e ` y y s ` ` xp e hnbl `l t ` d r ãb s da r ` e b ab s ` i` e s `l t h id ndc ûl6 pd r`k`cped, tdid ndliuntdr bi`ptb qu` s ulb e`y i`snrhpthvb qu` eds ndl-iuntdr`s i` ndng`s qu` s` bn`rnbl trbtbrâl i` `vhtbr ngdnbr i` or`lt`,y eb `xpehnbnhþl t`þrhnb `s qu` eds ndliuntdr`s i`s`bl s`muhr vhvh`lid.Eds `s tuihdsds i` eb ndliuntb gucb lb’ps hnþedmds, sdn hþedmds, n h`l t ã o hnds,pd e ã t h nds y d trds’bl a us nbid d t r b s e ` y ` s y t ` d r ãb s s da r ` ab s ` s n h `l t ão h -nbs, y cungds ed gbl g`ngd ndl èxhtd. @e chscd g`ngd i` qu` gbybshid bsã hlihnb qu` eb nu`sthþl ld s sh s` pu`i`l i sbrrdeebr prdpdsh-nhdl`s bn`rnb i` eb ndliuntb gucblb, shld gbstb què pultd s std pd-shae`. @s `vhi`lt` qu` lbih` pu`i` sba`r gbstb què pultd `s pdshae`hi `l t h oh n b r e b s n br bn t ` r ã s t hn bs i ` e d s hli hv hiuds qu` sdl hcpdr t bl t ` s p br bsu ndliuntb hi`lthohnbr ebs r`ebnhdl`s qu` prdpdrnhdlbl abs` pbrb eb
pr`ihnnhþl. Ybcpdnd pu`i` lbih` sba`r gbstb què pultd s pdshae` neb-s h o h n b r b e b s p ` r sdlbs y gbn ` r m `l `r b e h z bn h dl `s sda r ` ` e e b s . Lb tur b ec`l t ` ,pbrb eds ohl`s qu` lds dnupbl, s ul g`ngd hcpdrtblt` qu` ebs m`l`rb-ehzbnhdl`s s`murbs bn`rnb i` eb ndliuntb pdeãthnb i`e hlihvhiud y i` ebscbsbs s dl c uy luc`rds b s .
Nbcahd i`e c`ihd. Ndcpe`tbc`lt` bpbrt` i` eb hlndlshst`lnhb yvbrh`ibi i` eds i`s`ds gucblds y r`mebs i` bnnhþl i`a` ldtbrs` `e g`-ngd i` ru` e nbcahd l dtrds idchlhds tbcahèl ndlsthtuy` ul dastânu-
ed be i`sbrrdeed i` eb nh`lnhb i` eb pdeãthnb. Cungds bsp`ntds, tbltd i`ec`i h d g u cbl d n dc d l d g u cbl d , ` s t âl n bca h bl i d s h `cp r ` , y e b s n r ` ` l -nhbs qu` stâl kusthohnbibs l ul c`ihd pu`i`l i`snbehohnbrs . Nbcahdst ` nld e þm hnd s , ` ndlþc h nd s , s d n h b e` s y i` d t r d s t h pd s b ndl t ` n`l ndlv h r th ` l -id b n r ` `l n hbs p r `v hbc `l t ` kus t h o hn bibs `l hl sds t `l ha e ` s’d s hcp e`c `l t `
hlbpehnbae`s `l eb lu`vb shtubnhþl’. Cungds i` eds gbeebzmds i` edsn h `l t ão h n ds p d e ã th n ds s ` bp e h n bl , pu`s , s d e bc`l t ` c h`l t r bs e b s n dli hn h dl `s`l qu` s ` ab s bl p` r s h s t `l 6 l ` s t ` s `l t h id , ld s dl p` rcbl `l t ` s y ` s tâl«`snrhtds l e bmub¶. @e i`sbrrdeed bnucuebthvd i`e ndldnhch`ltd s`ndlv h ` r t` `l i h o ãn h e . B c `luid ` s hc p` rb t h vd ` s tui h b r e d s p rda e `cbs p`l -
i hn t hv bs qu` s `b l ( e ` ul b e t d l hv ` e i ` m `l `r b e hibi , y v` r h o hn ba e ` s . Plb n dsb` s t r blsch t h r ul s h ml h o hnbid `l o d rcb s hcp e ` , us blid s ãcad e d s c b t `câ-thnds y i` dtrd thpd qu` s`bl pr`nhsds y ar`v`s, y dtrb ndsb cuy ihsthltb
t rblsc h t h red `l s`lt`l nhbs , pârrb ods , nbpã tueds y e hards . @ e e `lmubk` ba r` -v h bid , s hca þ eh nd , i` e b s cb t `câ t h nb s p` rch t ` gbn` r b o h rcbn h dl` s ar ` v` s ,n e b r bs , qu` e d s ` sp ` n hb e h s t bs pu`ibl oân h ec` l t ` bp r `g`li`r y n dcp rdabr .Eds `rrdr`s pu`i`l ndrr`mhrs`. Ebs r`mebs bar`vhbibs y oþrcuebs pu`-
i`l bòbi h r s ` nucueb t h vbc `l t ` b e b s y b nd ldn hib s pb rb qu` s ` i` s b r rd e e `ulb strunturb pr`nhsb y ndg`r`lt`. Z`rd l r`ebnhþl ndl eb cbydrãb i`
ebs nu`sthdl`s peblt`bibs, e e`lmubk` shcaþehnd, bar`vhbid, ld gb shidgbstb bgdrb cpe`bid. Zdr e ndltrbrhd, ebs pbebarbs oeuy`l, b v`n`s, lvd euc`l ndl s hi` rba e ` . Zb r t hnu e b rc`l t ` , nublid ul butd r s ` ` s ou` rz b `ls`r «dak`thvd¶ y `l ehchtbrs` b eds «g`ngds¶ `s prdabae` qu` ndlsthtuybul v`ribi rd sou`rzd ee`mbr be shmlhohnbid qu` pr`suchae`c`lt` trbtbi` t r bl sch t h r 6 ul ` s ou`r zd n dl s hi ` r ba e ` , pu`i` s ` r r ` n dcp` l sbid t bl sþ edndl ulb hcpr`shþl câs ah`l vbmb d bcahmub. Ndcprdabr d v`rhohnbr tb-e`s hcpr`shdl`s pu`i` cuy ah`l s`r ulb tbr`b bûl câs odrchibae`, yusbr ebs n dcd p h `i r bs `l ulb ` s t run tur b i` n dldn hch`l t d ` s p r dab a e ` qu`s ` b ul prd n`i hc h `l t d c uy iuidsd 20 .
Lbturbec`lt`, l prhlnhphd s pdshae` r`iunhr ebs ihohnuetbi`s btrh-
auha e ` s b e b v` rad s hibi . E b r `iunn hþl câs rbi h nb e y dav h b d nurr ` nublids ` `c p e`bl e d s c è t dids nubl t h tb t h v ds , pu`s `l t dl n `s e d s r ` su e t bids pu` -i`l pr`s`ltbrs`, be c`lds l pbrt` ndlshi`rbae`, b trbvès i`e cpe`di` lûc`rds y i` dtrds sãcadeds cbt`câthnds. Plb r`iunnhþl c`lds rb-
ihnbe, p`rd tbcahèl hcpdrtblt`, pu`i` prdiunhrs` c`ihblt` ul hlt`ltdi`eha`rbid i` odrcuebr prdpdshnhdl`s xpehnbthvbs y pr`ihnthvbs xpeãnh-tbc`lt`. Ihngd i` dtrb cbl`rb ; e prdae`cb i` eb v`radshibi pdirãbr`iunhrs` bemd c`ihblt` ul hlt`ltd `xpeãnhtd i` `stbae`n`r t`shs 2?.bcbydrãb i` ebs t`shs pu`i`l odrcuebrs` i` odrcb câs ah`l sunhltb6 y
v`e`s abkds i` m`l`rbehibi y l ndl`xhþl ndl nu`sthdl`s câs ah`l shc-p e ` s ` s o r ` nu`l t `c` l t ` p ds ha e ` o d rcu ebr p r dpds h n h dl `s `xp e h n b t h v bs y p r ` -ih n t hvb s qu` s ` bl v` r ho h n ba e ` s . Nublid l ds ` e ` vbcd s b câs b e t d s l h v` e` si` m`l` rb e h ibi y b nu` s t h dl` s c âs ndcp e ` kb s , s h l `c abrmd , ` e i` s b r rd ee di` prdpdshnhdl`s qu` s`bl v`rhohnbae`s s` tdrlb ulb tbr`b cungd câsihoãnhe. @l st` idchlhd, ulb mrbl prdpdrnhþl i` ebs prdpdshnhdl`s qu`
G`cds ihngd blt`s qu` e ndldnhch`ltd nh`ltãohnd `s ld sdebc`lt`v`rhohnbae`, shld tbcahèl shst`câthnd. X ihkhcds qu` e ndldnhch`ltd sshst`câthnd nublid `stâ drmblhzbid `l ul `squ`cb d `strunturb hlt`-e hm h a e ` s , ndl sus r ` e b n h dl` s n e b r h o hn bibs . E b s ndl `x h dl` s `l t r ` e d s g` ngds
dnupbrâl p rdaba e `c`l t ` c âs e b b t `l n hþl qu` e d s chsc ds g`ngds . ´Gbs t bquè pultd ee`mb, d pu`i` ee`mbr, eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb `l `st` s`lthid4Eb c`kdr r`spu`stb `s prdabae`c`lt` qu` `e r`quhshtd i`e shst`cb ld
nbusb tbltbs ihohnuetbi`s ndcd eds dtrds r`quhshtds. Pl nh`rtd thpd i`r ` spu` s t b pu`i` e d mrb r s ` b nub equh ` r l h v` e i` m`l` rb e hibi . Ndcd g`cdsldt bid , e b mu ã b t ` e ` oþl h n b pu`i` n dl s hi ` rbr s ` s h s t `cât h n b . I` c bl`r b bl â-edmb, ebs i`snrhpnhdl`s i` mdah`rlds y i` eds prdn`sds pdeãthnds l abkdsl h v` e` s i` m`l ` rb e hibi pu`i`l p r ` s `l t b r s ` i` cb l` rb s h s t `câ t h nb , b p` -sbr i` qu` ebs ndl`xhdl`s cdstrbibs ltr` eds g`ngds pu`i`l s`r trh-v h b e` s . B l h v` e ` s i` m`l` rb e h ibi câs b e t d s ` s t bca h èl pd s h a e ` ` e s h s t `cb 6y, pdr i`ohlhnhþl, ebs r`ebnhdl`s qu` s` stbae`n`l t`lirâl shmlhohnbnhþl
`l ul nbcpd cuy bcpehd. Q`such`lid, eb nh`lnhb pdeãthnb sbthsobn` e
r`quhshtd i` s`r shst`cb shl mrbl ihohnuetbi d iuib.Zdnd `s l`n`sbrhd i`nhr sdar` ebs ihohnuetbi`s qu` `sp`rbl be qu`
hlt`lt` sbthsobn`r e bsp`ntd `sp`nhbe i` eb i`ohlhnhþl i` eb nh`lnhb pdhNdlblt6 std s, qu` eb s`lnhb i` eb nh`lnhb r`shi` l su ihlbchscd
’su bv`lturb `sp`nuebthvb `l ed i`sndldnhid’. Ebs ihohnuetbi`s sdldavhbs. hl cabrmd, gby cungds k`cpeds i` ihlbchscd l e stuihdi` eb pdeãthnb, y ld `xhst` rbzþl pbrb qu` eds hlt`ltds i` p`l`trbr `le d i `sndldn hid ` sp `nu eblid ld s ` p r diuznbl `l ` s n b eb n r ` n h `l t ` .
Q@BNNHDL@ B ED DA^YÂNPED I@E @^YPIHD NH@LYÃOHND
Ihv`rsbs n e b s ` s i ` r `bn n h dl `s s ` p r diun`l bl t ` ` e g `ngd i` qu` `x h s -tbl dastânueds pbrb e stuihd nh`ltãohnd i` eb pdeãthnb.
111 h`lnhb pdeãthnb; ul blâehshs ohedsþohnd ´@s ` e `stuihd i` eb pde ã t hnb ulb n h`lnhb4 1>
Plb r`bnnhþl s l`mbrs` b bichthr qu` s` peblt` , b st` r`sp`ntd,ul prdae`cb, d `euihred. Eds stuihblt s i` pdeãthnb i` ebs Obnuetbi si` bemulbs Plhv`rshibi`s ihn`l qu` sus n`ltrds i` `stuihd sdl Obnue-tbi`s i` `stuihds i` mdah`rlds d i` pdeãthnb, câs qu` i` nh`lnhb pdeãthnb,
Ld gby iuib i` qu` `stb bohrcbnhþl `s hlndrr`ntb y s` pr`stb b `rrdr.Eb nh lnhb pdeãthnb s` dnupb i` ebs e`y`s m`l`rbe s, s` ebs eebc` d ldpdr su ldcar . ^` dnupb tbcahèl i` ebs rbzdl`s y r`mebs i` eb bnnhþl,i` ebs t`drãbs y i` ebs ndlihnhdl`s l`n`sbrhbs y suohnh`lt`s i` eds bndl-
8/12/2019 Vernon Van Dyke - Ciencia Politica Un Analisis Filosófico
Ebs nh`lnhbs ldcdtèthnbs, qu` ndrr`spdli`l bprdxhcbibc`lt` b ebs nh`lnhbs oãsh -n b s , ausn bl e `y` s bas t r b n t b s , ul h v` r sb e ` s . E b s n h `ln h b s h i `dmrâ o hn b s’` k `cp e b r h zbibs pd rihsnhpehlbs câs ndlnr`tbs, nueturbe`s ghstþrhnbs’trbtbl i` bndlt`nhch`ltds ûlhnds,t`cpdrbec`lt` câs d c`lds xt`lihids, trbtblid i` r`pr`s`ltbreds ndcpe tbc`lt` yi` cbl `r b `xgbus t h vb , câs qu` bas t r b n t bc` lt ` " .
Eb nu`sthþl i` eb bn`ptbahehibi i` `st` thpd i` ihsthlnhþl s` n`ltrb` s `ln h b ec`l t ` `l e b nu` s t h þl i` s h e b s i h o ` r `ln h b s n h t bibs s ` ndls hi` rbli` mrbid d i` nebs`. G`cds ldtbid yb qu` l eb' nh`lnhb pdeãthnb ` s
m`l`rbec`lt` ihoãnhe edmrbr eb v`rhohnbahehibi • y eb m`l`rbehibi be chscdt h `cpd 6 p ` r d e b s n h `l n hbs l b tur b e ` s s ` `l o r `l t bl n dl ulb i h o h nu et bi n dc -pbrbae`. Eb iho`r`lnhb pu`i` s`r i` mrbid. h eds bik`thvds ldcdtèthndn hi`dmrâohnd s` tdcbl pbrb cbr`breb iho r`lnhb l mrbid, pu`i`l s`rndln`ptds ûthe`s. Zdr e ndltrbrhd, sh s` tdcbl pbrb cbrnbr iho`r`lnhbsndcpe`tbs y bmuibs’iho`r`lnhbs i` nebs`’pu`i`l pr`stbrs` b `quãvdnds.
u IB_HI M. ^CHYG, «Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` bli Zdehthnbe Yg`dry¶, pâm. =>=. No. B QL D E IB. Qdndw, «Ndcc`lt dl chtg bli Bpt`r; Dr, ]gbt`v`r Qbpp`l`i td tg` Mrb`tHssu`s¶, Bc`rhnbl Zdehthnbe ^nh`ln` Q`vh`w, 02 ( s `p t h `car ` 280= ) , pâms . =?> . =0 .
t`nhch`ltds. ´Nþcd s` pdirãb i` dtrb cbl`rb `x pehnbr y pr`i`nhr4 ´Nþcds` pdirãbl tdcbr i`nhshdl`s4 (Ihmbcds i` lu`vd qu` ebs i`nhshdl`s y ebspr`ihnnhdl`s vbl i` eb cbld. Ebs ldrcbs i` eb ndlsthtunhþl i` eb Be -cblhb i` eb pdsmu`rrb sdl `sndmhibs, ndcd dnurr` ndl tdibs ebs i`nhshd-l`s, l abs` b eb pr`ihnnhþl i` qu` eb e`nnhþl ndliunhrâ ndl cbydrprdabahehibi qu` nubequh`r dtrb `e`nnhþl bet`rlbthvb b ndls`nu`lnhbs qu`-rhibs.) Eds prdae`cbs ndlnr`tds hlsthtunhdl`s pbrthnuebr s ld pu`i l
bp`lbs s`r ndlshi`rbids hlt`ehm`lt`c`lt` shl supdl`r d `stbae`n`r ulbm`l`rbehzbnhþl i` bemûl thpd6 y or`nu`lt`c`lt` eb m`l`rbehzbnhþl r`vhst`eb odrcb i` ulb e`y m `l`rbe. Ndlshi`rblid eb pdeãthnb r`sp`ntd b eb Plhþl^dvhèthnb, `e pr`shi`lt` Yrucbl i`nebrþ ulb v`z qu` i` `ls`òbrlds bemdeb ghstdrhb i` eds bòds tr`hltb `s qu` `e bpbnhmubch`ltd i` eds bmr`sdr`s`s `e nbchld s`murd i` eb mu`rrb. Ld i`ldchlþ b `std e`y i` eb pdeãthnbhlt`rlbnhdlbe, p`rd ed trbtþ ndcd ulb e`y6 y eb i`nebrbnhþl th`l` eb odr-cb i` ulb e`y m`l rbe i`snrhpthvb. @s iuidsd sh eb pu`stb l vhmdr i`ulb e y bhsebib i e Ndlmr`sd pu`i` i`snrhahrs` shl r`o r`lnhb b ulb e ym`l`rbe (qu` eb bprdabnhþl pdr nbib Nâcbrb `x hm` ul vdtd cbydrhtbrhd)6y, shl iuib, ulb ndlshi`rbnhþl i`e prdn`sd e`mhsebthvd i`e Ndlmr`sd ldpu`i` ibrs` sh ld s sdar` eb abs` i` m`l`rbehzbnhdl`s, cungbs i` ebsnube s s`râl e y`s i`snrhpthvbs. @l nubltd b eb r`odrcb i e mdah`rld i`
eb nhuibi d i`e @stbid, pdirãbcds r`o`rhrlds b eb e`y i` eb pdeãthnb odr-cuebib pdr Fbre Zdpp`r l e nbpãtued dntbvd, qu` quh`r` qu` eb r` odrcb pdeãthnb prdiuznb dpdshnhþl ldrcbec`lt`, buc`ltblid eb dpdsh-nhþl bprdxhcbibc`lt` `l r`ebnhþl ndl eb hcpdrtblnhb i` eb r`odrcb. ^èpu`i` tbcahèl r`ndribr e ndrdebrhd eds hlt`r`s`s nr`bids s` odrcbl `ltdrld be stbtu qud y i`s`bl ndls rvbred. @l r`suc ;\ b p`sbr i qu`eb pbebarb nh`lnhb pu`i` r`nhahr cbthn`s vbrhds iho`r`lt`s nublid s` bpeh-nb b eb pdeãthnb y ld b eds o`lþc`lds lbturbe`s, pu`i`l ndlshi`rbrs` ebsiho`r`lnhbs ndcd i` mrbid y ld i` lbturbe`zb.