Vernacular Architecture and Factors

7/21/2019 Vernacular Architecture and Factors

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RIMT COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE,SUBMITTED BY:-

AYUSHI JAIN



VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IS A CATEGORY OF ARCHITECTURE BASED ON LOCALIZED NEEDS

AND CONSTRUCTION MTERIALS, AND REFLECTING LOCAL TRADITIONS.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE TENDS TO EVOLVE OVER TIME TO REFLECT .

THE ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT IN WHICH IT

EXISTS.

IT HAS OFTEN BEEN DISMISSED AS CRUDE AND UNREFINED, BUT ALSO HAS PROPONENTS WHO

HIGHLIGHT ITS IMPORTANCE IN CURRENT DESIGN.

IT CAN BE CONTRASTED AGAINST POLITE ARCHIECTURE WHICH IS CHARACTERISED BY STYLISTIC

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN INTENTIONALLY INCORPORATED FOR AESTHETIC PURPOSES WHICH GO

BEYOND A BUILDING'S FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS.






AND AN ARCHITECT• MANY MODERN ARCHITECTS HAVE STUDIED VERNACULAR BUILDINGS AND CLAIMED

TO DRAW INSPIRATION FROM THEM, INCLUDING ASPECTS OF THE VERNACULAR IN

THEIR DESIGNS.

• IN 19! THE EXHIBITION ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS WAS PUT ON AT

THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, NEW YOR" BY BERNARD RUDOFS"Y. ACCOMPANIED

BY A BOO" OF THE SAME TITLE, INCLUDING BLAC"#AND#WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY OF

VERNACULAR BUILDINGS AROUND THE WORLD, THE EXHIBITION WAS EXTREMELY

POPULAR.

• IT WAS RUDOFS"Y WHO FIRST MADE USE OF THE TERM VERNACULAR IN AN

ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT, AND BROUGHT THE CONCEPT INTO THE EYE OF THE

PUBLIC AND OF MAINSTREAM ARCHITECTURE .

• SINCE THE EMERGENCE OF THE TERM IN THE 19$%S, VERNACULAR CONSIDERATIONS

HAVE PLAYED AN INCREASING PART IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS, ALTHOUGH

INDIVIDUAL ARCHITECTS HAD WIDELY VARYING OPINIONS OF THE MERITS OF THE

VERNACULAR.




DEALS WITH ECONOMICS OF

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

• VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

DEPENDS ON ECONOMIC, CLIMATIC,SYMBOLIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

ASPECTS



AAT CHALA HOUSE, WITH EIGHT SLOPING ROOFS IN

TWO TIERS, VISHNUPUR,WEST BENGAL.

THATCH ROOF

BAMBOO

MUD HOUSE



BRITIGHAR &() (*+) -/ -00 2**3 4)5)/ 6( *)

7*+/-28

CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL HOUSES S2+5+2-008, () 2-/*-0 2+2-0 (*+) 3-8 7) :2*+;)/ )<) 8;)=

CHOUSHALA &4*+2 2**3 * 4*+2 2-)/ /) -/ - +(- *2

*;) ;-5) () 3//0)>

ATCHALA &(*+) 6( ):( 2**4, 4*+2 *<)2 () 3- 7+0/:

-/ 4*+2 *<)2 () <)2-/- --5()/ * )-5( /)



T() 2-/*-0 B):-0 /6)00: ;2*</)/ - 3*/)0 4*2 () B2(

7+:-0*6 &BANGLA.

T() BANGLA 6- - (+, :))2-008 7+0 6( - /5<)08

5+2<)/ 2**4 ,-0* 5-00)/ E"ABANGLA CHARCHALA - 2+2-0 (+ W) B):-0 6( 6)0<) 0*;:

/) () 2**4 (2)) )2.

?ORBANGLA - 6 (+ 2+5+2).

T() 6-00 6)2) :))2-008 3-/) *4 3+/. W()2) () 3+/ 6- *

+-70) 4*2 ( ;+2;*), 6-00 6)2) 5*2+5)/ *4 7+5() *4

2-6 *2 3-, )/ * )-5( *()2 -/ * () 7-37** 42-3) * 4*236-00.

TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED

. B-:0- 8;) 2+5+2) W( :-70) )/)/ 2**4,

G-+2 C(--8- D)<- )3;0) - G+;;-2-, B+2/6- .&0-) 1@( 5)+28







Mud collection and dumping for seasoning Typical Homestead Layout

Mud collection and dumping for seasoning Seasoning of mud in layers

S5-0) 3*/)0



RAMMED EARTH

THATCH"HAD

BAMBOO FRAME WOR"

MATERIAL AVAILABLE





T() +-08 -/ /+2-708 *4 () ;-//8#2-6 4*2 (-5(: (-

7)) 2)/+5)/, ()5) () ))/ 4*2 2**4 3-)-5) (- 52)-)/

*<)2 () 8)-2.

T( (- 0)/ * () +) *4 3*/)2 5*52)) 7-)/ -/ 725 6-00

5*2+5* 7): +)/ () 4)6 )6)2 7+0/: () 2+2-0

-2)- -/ 3*2) 5*33*08 () *6

TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED



BAMBOO

THATCH

ROPE

CONSTRUCTION OF BAMBOO AND THATCH IN A HOUSE



THATCH AREA

BALLI



MUD FILLED IN BAMBOO

STRAW

BAMBOO USED TO STREGTHEN

THE WALL

MUD FLOORING



BAMBOO

MUD AND STRAW

MORTAR



STRAW#BALE

• B-0) *4 25), 6()- *2 *- 2-6 -2) 0-/ - 2+: 7*/ ;-)2 &0) 725, )/ *:)()2 6( ;, -/ () ;0-)2)/ 6( )-2(, 03) *2

5)3) +55*.

• S+5( - 2-6 7-0) (*3) -<) - 3+5( - $ *4 ()-: -/ 5**0: 5*.

• I 5()-; -/ )-08 -<-0-70).

• I (- (:( +0-* <-0+).

• B+0/: 7+0/ 6( 2-6#7-0) 6-00 5*37-* 6( 5*<)*-0 7+0/: 3)(*/ (-<) ;2*<) * 7) <)28 2*:, /+2-70), )2)3)08

)5**35-0 * ()-, 5**0 () +33)2, -5*+5-008 +), -)()5-008 -;;)-0:, )5*0*:5-008 42)/08, <)28 4-, -/ )-8 * 5*2+5.



STABILIZED MUD BLOC"S



STABILIZED MUD BLOC"S

• C- 7) *4 -8 ).

• B+ 4 () 70*5 ** 7: () /445+0 * 04.

•

• A *2/-28, 0-2:) 7+2 725 ) :**/, () 3-* ))/ *

;)5-0 2-: * 7+0/.

• Y*+ 5- 3-) 3*+0/ * (- )<)2-0 70*5 5- 7) 3-/) - *)

3).



COMPOSITE BEAM AND PANEL ROOFS

• T( 5*5); );0* () )445)58 *4 7)-3 -/ 0-7 5*2+5*.

• T() 2**4: 8)3 5* *4 ;-2-008 ;2)5- *2 5-#in-situ 277)-3 - 5)2- ;-5: 5*<)2)/ 6( ;-)0..

• T() ;-)0 -/ 7)-3 -2) 5*)5)/ (2*+:( ()-2 5*)5*2 * -5()<) 5*3;*) -5*. V-2)) *4 *;* -2) -<-0-70) 4*2 () 7)-3&;2)5- 2)4*25)/ 5*52)), 2*00)/ ))0 )5*, 2+)/ ))0 3)37)2, 37)2, ))0, 5*52)) 5*3;*), )5. -/ ;-)0 &;2)5- 5*52)),2)4*25)/ 7256*2, *) 0-7, (*00*6 (*+2/ 0), 2)4*25)/ SMB ;-)0, )5..

• T() ;2*40) 4*2 () ;-)0 5*+0/ 7) 5+2<)/, 4*0/)/ ;0-) *2 40-. U) *4 5+2<)/ (-;) ;-)0 2)+0 - 5*3;*) -5#-25( 2**4. T() 7)-352* )5* 5- -0* 7) -/+)/ * 33) () 3-)2-0 5*+3;*. T() 3-*2 -/<--:) *4 ( 8;) *4 2**4: 8)3 -2)=

& ;*708 *4 ;2)4-725-* -/ +5 )2)5*,

& 7))2 +-08 -+2-5) /+) * ;2)4-725-*,

& -<: <*0+3) *4 3-)2-0 -/ ()5) 5* )44)5<)),

&< P*708 *4 +: (*00*6 ;-)0 * 52)-) ()23-0 5*34*2.

A 8;5-0 5*3;*) 2)4*25)/ 0)#6*2 ;-)0 2**4



EARTH SHELTERING

•P2-55) *4 +: )-2( -:- 7+0/: 6-00 4*2 ))2-0 ()23-0 3-, * 2)/+5) ()- 0*, -/ * )-08 3-- - )-/8 /**2 -2 )3;)2-+2).

•E-2( 7)23:= E-2( ;0)/ +; -:- ))2*2 6-00 -/ ;-5)/, 0*;: /*6 -6-8 42*3 () (*+). T() 2**4 3-8, *2 3-8 * 7), 4+008 )-2(

5*<)2)/, -/ 6/*6*;): 3-8 *55+2 * *) *2 3*2) /) *4 () ()0)2. D+) * () 7+0/: 7): -7*<) :2*+/, 4)6)2 3*+2) ;2*70)3 -2)

-*5-)/ 6( )-2( 7)23: 5*3;-2* * +/)2:2*+/4+008 2)5))/ 5*2+5*.

•I#(00 5*2+5*= T() (*+) ) * - 0*;) *2 (00/). T()2) *08 *) );*)/ 6-00 ( 8;) *4 )-2( ()0)2:, () 6-00 4-5: *+ *4 ()

(00, -00 *()2 6-00 -2) )37)//)/ 6( () )-2((00.

•U/)2:2*+/4+008 2)5))/ 5*2+5*= T() :2*+/ )5-<-)/, -/ () (*+) ) 7)0*6 :2-/). I 5- -0* 7) 2)4)22)/ * - - A2+3 80)

/+) * () 5*33* -2+35*+28-2/ 5*2+5)/ () 3//0) *4 () ()0)2 * ;2*</) -/)+-) 0:( -/ <)0-*.

• B))4

•T()8 50+/)= -: -/<--:) *4 () )-2( - - ()23-0 3-, *44)2: )2- ;2*)5* 42*3 () -+2-0 )0)3), ))2:8 -<:, ;2*</:

+7--0 ;2<-58, )445) +) *4 0-/ +27- ):,

•()0)2 (-<) 0*6 3-)-5) 2)+2)3).

Earth berming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil





I () <00-:) *4 A-3, 7-37** 7+0/: 5*33*

)<) */-8. T() (*+) -2) /)-0)/ *+ * 5*37- ()

()-<8 3***.

T() 40**2 *4 () (*+) - 7-37** 6)-<) (- -00*6

() 6-)2 *4 - 40**/ * 40*6 , 2-()2 (- )); *+.

T( - 3;*2- ;25;0) *4 +--70)

/)<)0*;3).

D+2: ( 3), () (-7- *4 () (*+) :)

* () 5-*) (- )<)28 (*+) *2) () 0 -2)-

7)0*6 () 7-37** 40**2.

W() () 40**/ 6-)2 2)5)/), () -+3) ;)*;0)

*55+;8 ()2 (*+) -:-. T() 7)0*:: -2)

;2*)5)/ 78 ;+: ()3 +; * () 7-37** 0*4.

T() 2**4 *4 () (*+) 7+0 6( 0*5-0 :2- -/ 5-

0- +;* 1% 8)-2 7)4*2) 2);0-5)/ -:-.

TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED =

A )-2( ;0-)2: *4) /*) *<)2 - 50*)#7-37** 6-00 4*2 4+2()2 ;2*)5*.

DHA??I # WALL



• I 0)2-008 3)- - ';-5( +0 6-00.'

• T( )5(+) +) 37)2 -/ 725 7+ +) /44)2) 42*3 3*/)2 725 5*2+5*.

• A 42-3)6*2 *4 37)2 3-/) 6(5( () 40 0)/ 6( 7+2 50-8 725.

• P2))5) *4 37)2 +/ :<) - +2/8 42-3)6*2 -/ /</) () 7256*2 * 3-00 )5*. A - 2)+0 () /</+-0 )5* 2)

(-: -/ ( ;2)<) /)2+5* *4 () 6-00.

• D(- # /))6-2 8)3 *4) +)/ 4*2 6-00 *4 +;;)2 *2), );)5-008 4*2 () :-70) ;*2* *4 () 6-00, )<) 6() () 6-00 7**3 *2)

5*+0/ 7) 3-/) *4 725 *2 *) 3-*28.

STILTED HOUSE



• T()) -2) :0) *2)8 2+5+2) 7+0 * - 2-)/ ;0-4*23 3-/)

42*3 7-37** 2;.

• B-37** 7)-3 -2) ;0-5)/ /-:*-008, +/)2 () 40**2 - 72-5:

* 2)/+5) () 6-8.

• I (- - 3+/ 4*+/-*.

• T() 6-00 -2) 5-00)/ )2- 6-00.

• E2- 6-00 # - 42-3)6*2 *4 <)25-0 ;* ) () :2*+/

-/ ;0 2))/ *2 7-37** -2) 6*<) * 4*23 - 0-5). M+/

-;;0)/ * ( 42-3)6*2 * 3-) - ( 6-00. A00 () 2+5+2)

-2) )/ *:)()2 6( 2*;) * )); () + *:)()2. E2- 6-00

(-<) 0) 3- -/ -2) 40)70) * ()8 5- +2<<) )-2(+-).





• :<) - -/*) 0) -;;)-2-5).

• () 2+5+2) 5- -) +; * 6* 8)-2 *

5*3;0))08 5+2).

• () 04) *4 2-33)/ )-2( 6-00 ++-008 <)28 0*: -/

()8 5- 5-228 ()-<8 40**2 -/ 2**4 -/ 7) +)/ 4*2 6*

-/ )<) (2)) *2)8 7+0/:.





FILLER SLAB CONSTRUCTION

•A () -3) 3;0), 400: +; *4 +)5)-28 ;-2 *4 5*52)) - *2/-28 2)4*25)/ 5*52)) 0-7, 6( 0:( 6):( 3-)2-0, 3-) -

400)2 0-7.

• T( 3;2*<) +0-: ;2*;)2) -/ 52)-) ;0)-: *44.

•T() 2)+0: 0:(6):( 0-7 2)/+5) () 2)+2)3) *4 ))0 2)4*25)3), ()2) 78, -5()<: 4+2()2 )5**38.

• T( 5- 7) /):)/ 4*2 -8 ;- -/ 0*-/. B25, M-:-0*2) ;-)2 0), 5*5*+ ()00, <)2)/ )-2() ;*, )5. 5- 7) +)/ - 400)2

3-)2-0.



?AALIS

An aesthetic element from the archives of architecture.

the jaali is basically perforations in a wall created for allowing light and ventilation, the most fundamental being a wall with its header

blocks removed.

Modifying the proportions of perforations, according to the solar angle ,can help control the influx of radiations to quite and extent.

Brick jails sealed with pieces of glass can economically provided pleasing, diffused light.

BRIC" ?ALIES



STIC" FRAME CONSTRUCTION

F2-3:, 5*2+5* *6 - 0:(#42-3) 5*2+5*, - 7+0/: )5(+) 7-)/ -2*+/ 2+5+2-0 3)37)2, ++-008 5-00)/ +/, 6(5(

;2*</) - -70) 42-3) * 6(5( )2*2 -/ ))2*2 6-00 5*<)2: -2) --5()/, -/ 5*<)2)/ 78 - 2**4 5*3;2: (*2*-0 5)0: * -/

0*;: 2-4)2 &*:)()2 4*23: - 2+ 2+5+2) *2 3-+4-5+2)/ ;2)#4-725-)/ 2**4 2+) -00 *4 6(5( -2) 5*<)2)/ 78 <-2*+ ()-(:

3-)2-0 * :<) 6)-()2 2)-5).

D-:*-0 72-5: 2)3- - <-0 )2*2 ;-2 *4 3-8 2**4 8)3, -/ #6-00 6/ 72-5) -2) 2)+2)/ 78 7+0/: 5*/) 3-8 3+5;-0)

*2 78 /</+-0 -) 0-6 () U)/ S-).

L:( 42-3) 5*2+5* +: -/-2/)/ /3)*-0 0+37)2 (- 7)5*3) () /*3- 5*2+5* 3)(*/ N*2( A3)25- -/ A+2-0-

7)5-+) *4 )5**38.

U) *4 33-0 2+5+2-0 3-)2-0 -00*6 7+0/)2 * )50*) - 0-2:) -2)- 6( 33-0 5*, 6(0) -5()<: - 6/) <-2)8 *4 -25()5+2-0 80).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_stud

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joist


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_lumber


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafter




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_stud



LARSEN TRUSS CONSTRUCTION

A L-2) 2+ - 8;) *4 6-00 2+ +)/ * 7+0/ - (5 6-00 (5 )*+:( * ;2*</) 2**3 4*2 -7*<)#-<)2-:) -3*+ *4

+0-*

A L-2) 2+ ++-008 )#7+0. B)5-+) () 2+ * 2)+2)/ * 7)-2 -8 2**4 0*-/, 5*3;*) -2) 0:(. T() *2:-0L-2) 2+ 5*)/ *4 6* ;-2-00)0 5*)5)/ 78 3-00 2)5-:+0-2 :+) *4 @#5(#(5 ;086**/. T() :+) 3)-+2)/

@ )-5( -/ 6)2) ;-5)/ ! 5() -;-2. A 5*3;0))/ L-2) 2+ 0**)/ 0) - 0-//)2 6( 2)5-:+0-2 ;086**/ 2+:.

L-2) 2+) -2) /):)/ * 7) --5()/ * () ))2*2 +24-5) *4 () 6-00 ()-(: *4 - )6 (*3). I 3* 5-), ()) (*3)

6)2) 42-3)/ 6( 5*<)*-0 ! *2 +/. L-2) 2+) 5- -0* 7) +)/ 2)2*4 6*2, 6(5( 5-) ()8 -2) -00)/

* *; *4 () ): /:.

http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/glossary/8






EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON VERNACULAR

ARCHITECTURAL FORM

• CLIMATE, IN PARTICULAR, PRODUCES CERTAIN EASILY OBSERVED EFFECTS ON ARCHITECTURAL

FORMS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE PROPORTION OF WINDOW AREA TO WALL AREA BECOMES LESS AS ONE

MOVES TOWARD THE EQUATOR. IN WARM AREAS, PEOPLE SHUN THE GLARE AND HEAT OF THE SUN,

AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE DECREASING SIZE OF THE WINDOWS.

• IN THE SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL ZONES, MORE DISTINCTIVE CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURAL

FORM OCCUR TO MEET THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE HEAT.

• IN EGYPT, IRAQ, INDIA, AND PAKISTAN, DEEP LOGGIAS, PROJECTING BALCONIES, AND OVERHANGS

CASTING LONG SHADOWS ON THE WALLS OF BUILDINGS ARE FOUND. WOODEN OR MARBLE

LATTICES FILL LARGE OPENINGS TO SUBDUE THE GLARE OF THE SUN WHILE PERMITTING THEBREEZE TO PASS THROUGH.

• SUCH ARRANGEMENTS CHARACTERIZE THE ARCHITECTURE OF HOT ZONES, AND EVOKE COMFORT

AS WELL AS AESTHETIC SATISFACTION WITH THE VISIBLE ENDEAVORS OF MAN TO PROTECT

HIMSELF AGAINST THE EXCESSIVE HEAT.

• TODAY A GREAT VARIETY OF DEVICES SUCH AS SUN-BREAKERS OR BRISE-SOLEIL HAVE BEEN ADDED

TO THE VOCABULARY OF ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES IN THESE ZONES.

•

Village Architecture in Jordan



EXAMPLES

g

Artic Circle



Ho!" #$ J%#!%&'"( )"!"(* +I$)#%

%-T%$# T(#%&-/o!" +A($%0/%& P(%)"!/

Y%1$#$2 F#"&) /*

B%$23o3 0#*4



• NOTICE, TOO, HOW THE GABLED ROOF DECREASES IN PITCH AS THE RATE OF

PRECIPITATION DECREASES. IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND MOST DISTRICTS SUBJECTED

TO HEAVY SNOW, GABLES ARE STEEP, WHILE IN THE SUNNIER LANDS OF THE SOUTH,

THE PITCH STEADILY DECREASES. IN THE HOT COUNTRIES OF THE NORTH AFRICAN

COAST THE ROOFS BECOME QUITE FLAT, IN SOME AREAS PROVIDING A COMFORTABLE

PLACE TO SLEEP. STILL FURTHER SOUTH, IN THE TROPICAL RAINFALL ZONE, THE

ROOFS ARE AGAIN STEEP TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM THE TORRENTIAL

DOWNPOURS TYPICAL OF THE REGION.• IT IS WORTH NOTING THAT SO LONG AS THE PEOPLE OF THE HUMID TROPICAL

REGIONS BUILT THEIR HUTS WITH REEDS AND GRASS, WHICH ALLOWED AIR TO PASS

THROUGH THE WALLS, THE STEEPLY PITCHED ROOF WAS A USEFUL DEVICE. HOWEVER,

ONCE THEY BEGAN TO USE MORE SOPHISTICATED MATERIALS LIKE CEMENT BLOCK

AND THE COMMON GABLED ROOF TOPPED WITH CORRUGATED IRON SHEETS, THE

HOUSES BECAME UNBEARABLY HOT AND STUFFY. THIS KIND OF ROOF PREVENTS THE

CATCHING OF DRAUGHTS AT THE VERY LEVEL WHERE THEY PREVAIL, AND THE SOLID

WALLS PREVENT THE PASSAGE OF AIR.



TOPOGRAPHY

• opography is a general term in geography, which refers to the lie of the land, or various other characteristics of!hysical geography in a region" this is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain

features. he understanding of these features is an integral aspect of geography, encompassing the practice of

cartography, surveying, and #$%. he topography of an area often has a great influence on its weather and

sometimes on climate.

• opology refers to the configuration of surface features of a plot of land, which influences where, and how to build

and develop a site. o study the response of a building design to the topography of a site, we can use a series of site

sections or a site plan with contour lines.• &ontour lines are imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation above a datum or bench mark. he trajectory of

each contour line indicates the shape of the land formation at that elevation. 'ote that contour lines are always

continuous and never cross one another, have they coincided in a plan view when they cut across a vertical surface.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography





N%2o H* A%*%$#



D1"&&#$2 %* N



D-(-C(2- is a unique (eritage &entre



located on the east coast road in Muttukadu on

the way to Mahabalipuram which offers the

visitor an unforgettable ) authentic insight into

the lifestyles of the diverse peoples of %outh

$ndia. raditional craftspersons ) folk artists

work ) perform in the reconstructed periodsettings of *+th century streets, homes )

workshopspaces in the T-30N-/+ ) ")2-0-

)5*. hese are presently open to the

public.

-nter the amil'adu section through a majestic

carved wooden doorway of a centuryold

merchant house from &hettinad. An exhibition

on amil culture is on display here. !roceed to

the */ year old agriculturist house from thefertile delta region of hanjavur. 'ext, see a

potter0s house from iruvallur with its terracotta

exhibition. %tep into the humble adobeand

thatch huts of the basketweavers, and on to the

shrine of Ayyanar, the village guardiandeity.

D%3!/#$% C/#*(%



T/" *4#0%& /o!" o6 % (%/'#$ #$ T%'#&$%)

K%(*%( Ho!" +P$7% V#&&%2"



LIFE STYLE

• I *5*0*:8, - 04)80) () 6-8 - ;)2* &*2 - :2*+; 0<). T( 50+/) ;-)2 *4 *5-0 2)0-*, 5*+3;*,

))2-3), -/ /2). A 04)80) 8;5-008 -0* 2)40)5 - /</+-0' -+/), <-0+) *2 6*20/<)6.

• H-<: - ;)545 04)80) 3;0) - 5*5*+ *2 +5*5*+ 5(*5) 7)6)) *) ) *4 7)(-<*+2 -/ *3) *()2

) *4 7)(-<*+2.

• I 7+), 04)80) ;2*</) - 3)- *4 -2:): 5*+3)2 - -/<)2)2 -/ 3-2))2 )/)-<*2 * 3-5(

5*+3)2 -;2-* 6( ;2*/+5.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(sociology)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_market


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Toffler


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_subcultures_in_the_20th_century

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-culture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-culture


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_subcultures_in_the_20th_century




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology



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Vernacular Architecture and Factors

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