Verbs Followed by Gerunds 9= verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive 13= verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning 14= verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning admit He admitted cheating on the test. advise 9! "he doctor generally advised drin#ing low$fat mil#. allow 9! %reland doesn&t allow smo#ing in bars. antici'ate % antici'ated arriving late. a''reciate % a''reciated her hel'ing me. avoid He avoided tal#ing to her. begin 14! % began learning (hinese. can&t bear 14! He can&t bear having so much res'onsibility. can&t hel' He can&t hel' tal#ing so loudly. can&t see % can&t see 'aying so much money for a car. can&t stand 14! He can&t stand her smo#ing in the office. cease 14! "he government ceased 'roviding free healthcare. com'lete He com'leted renovating the house. consider )he considered moving to *ew or#. continue 14! He continued tal#ing. defend "he lawyer defended her ma#ing such statements. delay He delayed doing his ta,es. deny He denied committing the crime. des'ise )he des'ises wa#ing u' early.
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Verbs Nouns and Adjectives Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
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8/14/2019 Verbs Nouns and Adjectives Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning
admit He admitted cheating on the test.
advise 9! "he doctor generally advised drin#ing low$fat mil#.
allow 9! %reland doesn&t allow smo#ing in bars.
antici'ate % antici'ated arriving late.
a''reciate % a''reciated her hel'ing me.
avoid He avoided tal#ing to her.
begin 14! % began learning (hinese.
can&t bear 14! He can&t bear having so much res'onsibility.
can&t hel' He can&t hel' tal#ing so loudly.
can&t see % can&t see 'aying so much money for a car.
can&t stand 14! He can&t stand her smo#ing in the office.
cease 14! "he government ceased 'roviding free healthcare.
com'lete He com'leted renovating the house.
consider )he considered moving to *ew or#.
continue 14! He continued tal#ing.
defend "he lawyer defended her ma#ing such statements.
7 = verb followed by an infinitive OR an o'tional noun + an infinitive13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning
agree "om agreed to hel' me.
a''ear His health a''eared to be better.
arrange *aomi arranged to stay with her cousin in 0iami.
as# 7! )he as#ed to leave.
begin 13! He began to tal#.
can&t bear 14! He can&t bear to be alone.
can&t stand 14! *ancy can&t stand to wor# the late shift.
care He doesn&t care to 'artici'ate in the activity.
cease 14! "he government ceased to 'rovide free healthcare.
order "he 'olice ordered him to 'ut his hands in the air.
'ermit 9! (alifornia doesn&t 'ermit 'eo'le to fish without a fishing license.
remind "hey reminded me to 'ay the bills before the end of the month.
re5uire 9! "he certificate re5uires students to com'lete two courses.
tell He told me to shut u'.
urge 9! "hey urge citiAens to recycle bottles and 'a'er.
warn )he warned him not to be late.
List 2: Verb + Optional Noun + Infinitive
*otice in the e,am'les below that the verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a noun 'lusan infinitive. -hen a noun is added< it usually changes who or what is 'erforming theaction. "o understand this better< loo# at the first verb @as#@ and its e,am'les. %n the firstsentence< she is as#ing if she herself can leave. %n the second sentence< she is re5uestingthat a man leave. )tudy the e,am'les below and consider how the o'tional noun changesthe meaning.
as# )he as#ed to leave. )he as#ed him to leave.
choose % chose to hel' out. % chose him to hel' out.
e,'ect "hey e,'ect to arrive early. "he e,'ect him to arrive early.
need 13! % need to clean the house. % need her to clean the house.
're'are "hey 're'ared to ta#e the test. "hey 're'ared her to ta#e the test.
'romise )he 'romised to sto' smo#ing )he 'romised him to sto' smo#ing.
threaten He threatened to leave forever. He threatened her to leave forever.
want % want to study )'anish. % want my son to study )'anish.
wish % wish to stay. % wish him to stay. rare form
would li#e -e would li#e to start now. -e would li#e him to start now.
read the book when she was akid, and that she has forgottenthat fact.
#ee' )he #e't tal#ing.
"!ee" is normally used with agerund to mean that you continuedoing an action.
"he attac#ers #e't hostages to 'reventthe 'olice from entering.
"!ee" can also be used with an obectfollowed by an infinitive, but then theinfinitive takes on the meaning of "inorder to... ." In the sentence above, theattackers ket hostages in order to revent the olice from entering.
need "he house needs cleaning.
When "need" is used with agerund, it takes on a assivemeaning. The sentence abovemeans "the house needs to becleaned."
He needs to call his boss.He needs him to call his boss.
"#eed" is usually used with an infinitiveor an obect $ an infinitive.
regret % regretted being late to theinterview.
"%egret" is normally used with agerund.
-e regret to inform you that your'osition at the com'any is beingeliminated.
"%egret" is sometimes used withinfinitives such as "to inform." In thesentence above, "We regret to informyou" means "We wish we did not haveto tell you &bad news'."
remember
% remember mentioning themeeting yesterday.
When "remember" is used with agerund, it means "to rememberthat you have done something."The sentence above means that Imentioned the meeting, and that Iremember the fact that I did that.
He remembered to turn off the lightsbefore he left.
When "remember" is used with aninfinitive, it means "to remember thatyou need to do something." Thesentence above means that heremembered that he needed to turn thelights off.
start 0arge started tal#ing really fast.0arge started to tal# really fast.
When "start" is used in non-
continuous tenses, you can eitheruse a gerund or an infinitive.
0arge is starting to tal# really fast.
When "start" is used in continuoustenses, an infinitive is used.
% started to learn Russian< but it was so
8/14/2019 Verbs Nouns and Adjectives Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
In other situations, an infinitive meansthat you did not comlete or continue
an action.
sto' He sto''ed smo#ing for healthreasons.
"(to" is normally used with agerund.
He sto''ed to rest for a few minutes.
When "sto" is used with an infinitive,the infinitive takes on the meaning of"in order to." In the sentence above, hestoed in order to rest for a fewminutes.
try )he can&t find a 2ob. )he triedloo#ing in the 'a'er< but there wasnothing. )he tried as#ing friendsand family< but nobody #new ofanything. )he also tried goingsho' to sho'< but nobody washiring.
"Try $ gerund" means to try or toe)eriment with different methodsto see if something works.
)he tried eating the sna#e sou'<but she didn&t li#e it.
"Try $ gerund" is often used whenyou e)eriment with something,but you do not really like it or wantto do it again.
)he tried to climb the tree< but shecouldn&t even get off the ground.
When you "try to do" something, youwant to do it, but you do not succeed inactually doing it. In the sentence above,an infinitive is used because shecannot successfully climb the tree.
"ry not to wa#e the baby when you getu' tomorrow at 0.
*n infinitive is also used if you areasking someone to try something theymay or may not be able to accomlish.
8/14/2019 Verbs Nouns and Adjectives Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
'ro'ose rew 'ro'osed 'aying for the tri'. rew 'ro'osed to 'ay for the tri'.
REMEM#ER
lthough the difference in meaning is small with these 'articular verbs< and gerunds andinfinitives can often be used interchangeably< there is still a meaning difference. Bsing agerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or e,'eriences. Bsing an infinitivesuggests that you are tal#ing about 'otential or 'ossible activities or e,'eriences. Cecauseof this small difference in meaning< gerunds and infinitives cannot always be usedinterchangeably< such as in the e,am'les below.
>,am'lesD
• "he Critish re'orter li$es living in *ew or#. +e lives in #ew ork and he likeswhat he e)eriences there.
• "he Critish re'orter li$es to live in *ew or# whenever he wor#s in the Bnited)tates. +e likes the otion or ossibility of living in #ew ork when he works inthe United (tates.
• % li$e s%ea$ing rench because it&s such a beautiful language. I like thee)erience of seaking rench, and the way it makes me feel when I seak thelanguage.
• % li$e to s%ea$ rench when %&m in rance. I refer the otion of seaking rench
when I am in rance.
Noun + &re%osition 'o"binationsFollowed by Gerunds
"he following is O*E )0/E> E%)" of the most commonly used noun + 're'ositioncombinations that can be followed by gerunds.
addiction to His addiction to surfing the %nternet is a 'roblem.
advantage of He has the advantage of s'ea#ing >nglish fluently.
an,iety about Her an,iety about s'ea#ing in 'ublic caused her to lose the 2ob.
belief in His belief in not harming animals was something he learned from hismother.
credit for )he too# credit for im'roving the filing system.
dedication to His dedication to teaching was im'ressive.
delay in "he delay in 'rocessing the visa caused 'roblems.
8/14/2019 Verbs Nouns and Adjectives Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
devotion to His devotion to bi#ing allowed him to win the com'etition.
disadvantageof
"he disadvantage of flying is that you can&t see the scenery along theway.
e,'erience in )he has a great deal of e,'erience in introducing new 'roducts tointernational mar#ets.With the noun "e)erience," sometimes a gerund is added without the reosition "in." ")erience introducing new roducts" would also beaccetable.
fear of His fear of flying made travel difficult.
fondness for Her fondness for traveling led to her career in the travel industry.
habit of His habit of smo#ing in restaurants caused many 'roblems in (alifornia.
interest in Her career as a 'ilot evolved out of her interest in flying.
#nowledge of Her #nowledge of climbing hel'ed her during the com'etition.
love of His love of singing develo'ed when he was a child.
memory of "heir memories of traveling in frica will stay with them forever.
'reference for % thin# his 'reference for s'ea#ing his native language is natural.
'rocess of "he 'rocess of 'ainting such a large mural is more com'licated than youmight thin#.
reaction to His reaction to winning the 'riAe was 5uite funny.
reason for "he main reason for ta#ing the course is to im'rove your language s#ills.
regret for "he criminal&s regret for committing the crime did not convince the 2udge.
re'ort on "he magaAine&s re'ort on choosing the right car was not well researched.
re'utation for Her re'utation for lying is well #nown.
res'onsibilityfor
His res'onsibility for com'leting the 'ro2ect on time was ac#nowledgedby the com'any.
story about % don&t #now if % believe his story about seeing a BO.
8/14/2019 Verbs Nouns and Adjectives Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives