VERB RECOGNITION
Dec 18, 2015
VERB RECOGNITION
PERSONAL ENDINGS
ACTIVE-ō/m-s-t-mus-tis-nt
IMPERATIVE:-[zero]-te
PASSIVE/DEPONENT-or-ris-tur-mur-minī-ntur
IMPERATIVE:-re-minī
THEME VOWELS - A• -ā (swallowed by `ō’, shortened by `nt’, final `m’ or final `t’)
– present tense of –āre verbs: e.g. clāmant, they shout
– (after `b’) imperfect: e.g. laudābāminī, you (pr.) were being praised
– (after `er’) imperfect of sum, pluperfect of any verb: e.g. laudāverant, they had praised
– present subjunctive of –ēre, -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. videātur, is/may be seen; regātur, is/may be ruled; audiātur, is/may be heard
– (in –am/-ar) `I’ form of future of -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. loquar, I will speak
THEME VOWELS - E• -ē/e (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’)
– present tense of –ēre verbs: e.g. vidēris, you (sing.) are seen
– present subjunctive of –āre verbs: e.g. pulsēmur, we are/may be seen
– (after vowel plus `r’) imperfect subjunctive: e.g. habēret, he/she had /might have [i.e. infinitive plus personal endings]
– (after -iss- ) pluperfect subjunctive: e.g. dīxisset, he/she had said [i.e. perfect infinitive plus personal endings]
– future tense of –ere and –īre verbs: e.g. dīcet, he/she will say; loquēris, you will speak; audient, they will listen
– (only if short before passive/dep. ending –ris) present of –ere verb: e.g. loqueris, you (sing.) speak
THEME VOWELS - I• -ī/i (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’)
– present tense of –īre verbs and (with a short `i’ all the time) of –ere verbs like regō, capiō: e.g. contendit, hastens; interficimus, we kill
– (after a perfect stem) perfect tense: e.g. amāvit, he/she loved, vīdimus, we saw
– (after `b’) future tense of - āre and -ēre verbs: e.g. ambulābimus, we will walk
– present subjunctive of sum, possum, volō, nōlō, mālō: e.g. velim, I would like; timeō nē in perīculō sīmus, I’m afra
id we may be in danger
– (after `er’) future tense of sum, future perfect or perfect subjunctive of all verbs:
e.g. cucurrerint, they will have run / they have run
THEME VOWELS -U• -u (usually only before `nt’)
– present tense of –ere and –īre verbs: reguntur, they are ruled; audiunt, they hear
– (with `er’) future tense of sum: e.g. erunt, they will be
– (after `ēr’) perfect tense: e.g. aedificāvērunt, they have built
SPECIAL ENDINGS TO REMEMBER SEPARATELY
• -istī, -istis: singular and plural `you’ in perfect tense: – Cūr mē relīquistī, Why have you left me?
• -ī: `I’ in perfect tense or (with present stem base) passive infinitive:– Eam invēnī, I’ve found her– Urbs defendī nōn potest, The city cannot be defended
• theme vowel plus -re: infinitive or passive/deponent singular imperative– Volunt abīre, They want to go away– Loquere Speak!
• theme vowel plus –rī: passive infinitive – Nōlunt spectārī, They don’t want to be watched
• perfect base plus -isse: perfect infinitive– Sciō eum opus perfēcisse, I know he has finished the work
• theme vowel without ending: singular imperative– Cantā, Sing! Curre, Run!
• theme vowel plus –te: plural imperative– Cantāte, Sing! Currite, Run!
• theme vowel plus –bor; `I’ form of future (passive/deponent)– Docēbor, I will be taught
capiunt
capiunt
• -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject
capiunt
• -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject
• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present tense
capiunt
• -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject
• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present tense
They capture
loquiminī
loquiminī• -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent
loquiminī• -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent• -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b
’, so present tense or imperative
loquiminī• -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent• -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b
’, so present tense or imperative
you (plural) speakSpeak!
currēbat
currēbat• -t, so he/she or singular noun subject
currēbat• -t, so he/she or singular noun subject
• -ba-, so imperfect
currēbat• -t, so he/she or singular noun subject
• -ba-, so imperfect
He/she was running
faciemus
faciemus
• -mus, so `we’
faciemus
• -mus, so `we’
• -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere), so future
faciemus
• -mus, so `we’
• -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere) f, so future
We will do
dēfenduntur
dēfenduntur
• -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent
defenduntur
• -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent
• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present
dēfenduntur
• -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent
• -u- not preceded by `er’, so present
(they) are defended
vidēbāris
vidēbāris
• -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent
vidēbāris
• -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent
• -bā- so imperfect
vidēbāris
• -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent
• -bā- so imperfect
You were being seen
laudāverant
laudāverant
• -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject
laudāverant
• -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject
• -era- after perfect base so pluperfect
laudāverant
• -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject
• -era- after perfect base so pluperfect
(they) had praised
sequere
sequere
• -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative
sequere
• -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative
Follow!
aedificāverimus
aedificāverimus
• -mus, so `we’
aedificāverimus
• -mus, so `we’
• -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry)
aedificāverimus
• -mus, so `we’ • -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or
perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry)
We will have builtOR
We have built
currerēmus
currerēmus
• -mus, so `we’
currerēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive
currerēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive
We were running/might run etc.
cōnābor
cōnābor
• -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent
cōnābor
• -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent
I will try
dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present
stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present
stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
• EITHER the passive infinitive
dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present
stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
• EITHER the passive infinitive
• OR the `I’ form of the perfect
dēfendī• -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem o
f an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
• EITHER the passive infinitive• OR the `I’ form of the perfect
To be defended
OR
I defended
vēnissēmus
vēnissēmus
• -mus, so `we’
vēnissēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -issē- so pluperfect subjunctive
vēnissēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -issē- so pluperfect subjunctive
We had come, would have come etc.
audiētis
audiētis
• -tis, so you (plr.)
audiētis
• -tis, so you (plr.)
• -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future
audiētis
• -tis, so you (plr.)
• -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future
You (plr.) will listen
cantēmus
cantēmus
• -mus, so `we’
cantēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive
cantēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive
Let us sing!
canēmus
canēmus
• -mus, so `we’
canēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, cantere), so future
canēmus
• -mus, so `we’
• -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, cantere), so future
We will sing