Venezuela- Review • Dominated by dictators in early 20 th century (Worst example: Marcos Perez Jimenez 1952-1958) • Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica (A.D.) Romulo Betancourt 1945-1947, 1959-1964 • Dependence on oil revenue • Current President: Hugo Chavez- at odds with U.S.
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Venezuela- Review Dominated by dictators in early 20 th century (Worst example: Marcos Perez Jimenez 1952-1958) Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica.
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Venezuela- Review
• Dominated by dictators in early 20th century (Worst example: Marcos Perez Jimenez 1952-1958)
• Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica (A.D.) Romulo Betancourt 1945-1947, 1959-1964
• Dependence on oil revenue• Current President: Hugo Chavez- at odds
with U.S.
Colombia- Review
• General Respect for Democratic principles (Liberal/Conservative Parties)
• Assassination of Leftist Liberal Jorge E. Gaitan in 1948 leads to…
• “La Violencia” 1948-1966• Rojas Pinilla dictatorship 1953-1957• 1958 return to democracy• Corruptive influence of drug cartels (demand in
U.S.)• Heavy current U.S. aid to fight drugs
Ecuador- Review
• 25% Indian• Ecuador has lost over ½ of national territory
since independence• Personalismo: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra
president 5 times: 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972
• Democracy: Galo Plaza 1948-1952• Military Rule: 1963-1968, 1972-1978• 1979 Return to democracy• Recent oil prosperity• Politics still volatile
Peru- Review
• 45% Indian• Early 20th century dictatorship: Augusto P. Leguia 1908-
1912, 1919-1930• Left wing thought: Mariategui, Victor Raul Haya de la
Torre, A.P.R.A.• Left Wing military dictatorship: Juan Velasco Alvardo
1968-1975, continued by General Morales 1975-1980• 1980 Return to democracy• 1985-1990 Alan Garcia- A.P.R.A. finally in presidency-
Sendero Luminosa defeated• Current President: Alejandro Toledo- full blooded Indian
Bolivia- Review
• Indian majority 55%+• Most volatile Latin American country= 200+ regime
changes• Always trying to make up for loss of access to the sea
due to the War of the Pacific• Chaco War with Paraguay 1932-1935 (Bolivia loses)• “Tin Barons”• Left wing reforms: M.N.R.- Victor Paz Estenssoro 1952-
1956, 1985-1989• Current democracy still chaotic- Indian majority asserting
itself on issue of oil pipeline
Chile- Review
• Chile winner in War of the Pacific (late 19th century)• Mineral Wealth• Personalismo: Arturo Alessandri Palma, “The Lion of
Taracapa” 1920-1924, 1932-1938• 1970 Election- Salvador Allende (non-communist
Marxist) elected president on his 3rd try with 36.3% of the vote (2 other major candidates)
• Allende nationalizes U.S. copper and other companies• CIA works actively to undermine Allende (Nixon and
Kissinger)• Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990- brutal military dictatorship• 1990 return democracy• Chilean economy prosperous
Argentina- Review 1• Argentine economy #10 in the world in 1900• Encouraged immigration, especially from Italy,
Western Europe• Hipolito Irigoyen “The Armadillo”- Radical Party-
middle class, immigrants, 1916-1922, 1928-1930• Juan Peron 1946-1955, Military coup, Peron
controls G.O.U., Rises to power with support of labor, “descamisados”
• Influence of Eva Peron (“Evita”)- “Godmother of the poor”
Argentina- Review 2• Juan Peron falls shortly after death of Eva- Argentine
economy ruined, military takes over in 1955• Peron comes back as President 1973, dies 1974• Peron’s 3rd wife Isabel (“Isabelita”) V.P. becomes
president in 1974, ousted by military 1976- “Isabelita” is no “Evita”
• Brutal military rule 1976-1983• Army discredited by loss in the Fauklands (Malivinas)
War 1982• Democracy returns 1983• Foreign Debt problems• Nester Kircher- current president- leftist ally of “Lula” in
Brazil and (in a sense) Hugo Chavez in Venezuela rejects IMF rules, seeks independent (from U.S.) f. policy
Uruguay- Review
• Early 20th Century defined by ideas of Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1903-1907, 1911-1915- Colorado (Liberal Party)
• “Swiss System”, Welfare State, Socialism• Other major party is Blanco (Conservative) Party• Military which had previously stayed out of
politics, takes over 1972-1985, excuse is threat of left wing urban guerilla movement- the Tupamaros- but military overstays that crisis
• Democracy since 1989
Paraguay- Review• Latin American country in which Indian most
integrated into national life 95% mestizo- bi-lingual population- Spanish/Guarani co-official languages
• Isolated and dictator dominated in 19th century• Loses War of Triple Alliance 1864-1870 (vs.
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay)- Population reduced from 525,000 to 221,000 (only 28,000 men left!)
• Beats Bolivia in Chaco War 1932-1935• Gen. Alfredo Sroessner dictatorship 1954-1989• Democracy since 1989
Brazil to 1930- Review• Over ½ land mass of South America• Portuguese Speaking• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-1930• Struggle for control between military and civilians• Ruy Barbosa founds Civilista party but army rigs elections will not let
Barbosa win• 1910 Brazil produces 90% of world’s rubber by 1921 10%- British plantation
rubber wins out• Coffee increasingly important 75% of world supply by 1900• Low price for coffee hurts Brazil during the Depression• 1924 Communist Party emerges under Luis Carlos Prestes- “the Prestes
Column”• Dictatorship of Getulio Vargas 1930-1945 • Present Brazilian president “Lula” one of three current “leftist” presidents
(along with Kirchner in Argentina and Chavez in Venezuela)
Argentina- 6• Dr. Arturo Frondizi 1963-
1966• Gen. Juan Carlos
Ongania 1966-1969• Gen. Alejandro Lanusse
1969-1973• “The Great National
Accord”• Lopez Rega
• Juan Peron 1973-1974• Isabel (“Isabelita”) Peron
1974-1976• Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla
1976-1981• Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato
Galtieri 1981-1982• 1982 Faulkland Islands
(Malivinas) War• Carlos Saul Menem
1989-1999• Nester Kirchner
Argentina• “Noventa” 1890• La Union Civica de la
Juventud• Leandro N. Alem• Estancieros• Union Civica Radical• Juarez Celman• Carlos Pellegrini
1890-1892
• Portenos• Bartolome Mitre• Julio A. Roca 1897-
1904• Luis Saenz Pena
1892-1895• Hipolito Irigoyen “The
Armadillo” 1916-1922, 1928-1930
Argentina- 2• Juan B. Justo• Lisandro de la Torre• Radical Party• Democratic
Progressive Party• Luis Maria Drago
“The Drago Doctrine”• Manuel Quintana
1904-1906
• Figureroa Alcorta 1906-1910
• Roque Saenz Pena 1910-1914
• Saenz Pena Law 1912
• “Gente Decente”• La Prensa• La Nacion
Argentina- 3• Marcelo T. Alverar
1922-1928• “Personalistas”• “Anti- personalistas”• Jose F. Uriburu 1930-
1932• Ezequiel Paz• Augustin P. Justo
1932-1938
• Carlos Saavedra Lamas
• Chaco War• Roberto M. Ortiz
1938-1940• Ramon S. Castillo
1940-1943• “Rosistas”• Enrique Ruiz Guinazu
Argentina- 4• “Hispanidad”• Accion Argentina• La Junta de la
Victoria• Bishop Miguel de
Andrea• Rio Conference 1942• Juan Peron 1944-
1955, 1973-1974
• “Peronismo”• General Arturo
Rawson• General Pedro
Ramirez 1943-1944• Critica• Martinez Zuviria
“Hugo Vast:• Alfredo Palacios
Argentina- 5• Cordell Hull• Edelmiro Farrell
1944-1946• G.O.U. (Grupo de
Oficiales Unidos)• Maria Eva Duarte
(“Evita” Peron)• “Descamisados”
Nestor Kirchner
• Eva Peron Foundation
• Spruille Braden “o Braden o Peron”
• George Messersmith• “Justicialismo”• General
PedroEugenio Aramburu 1955-1958
• Arturo Frondizi 1958-1960
Uruguay• Jose Batlle y Ordonez
1903-1907, 1911-1915
• Colorado (Liberal) Party
• Blanco (Conservative) Party
• “Colegiado”• Gabriel Terra 1930-
1938
• Alfredo Baldomir 1938-1942
• Juan Jose Amezaga 1943-1947
• Jose Enrique Rodo Ariel 1900
• Luis Alberto Herrera 1958-1959
• Military Rule 1972-1985
• Tupamaros
Paraguay
• War of the Triple Alliance 1864-1870
• Chaco War 1932-1935
• Alfredo Stroessner 1954-1989
• Carlos Rodriguez 1989
Brazil• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-
1930• Deodoro da Foseca
1889-1893• Floriano Peixoto
1893-1894• Ruy Barbosa• Prudente Jose de
Moraes Barros 1894-1898
• Canudos Revolt 1896-1898
• Euclides da Cunha Os Sertoes
• Baron of Rio Branco• Hermes da Fonseca
1910-1914• Wenceslau Braz
Pereira 1914-1948• Epitacio da Silva
Pessoa 1919-1922
Brazil-2• Arthur da Silva
Bernardes 1922-1926• Luis Carlos Prestes• (Prestes Column)• Washington Luiz
Pereira da Souza 1926-1930
• Getulio Vargas 1930-1945, 1950-1954
• Labor Party
• “o pai do povo”• Integralistas• Plinio Salgado• Estado Novo• D.I.P.• Lourival Fontes• Oswaldo Aranha• National Democratic
Union• Eduardo Gomes
Brazil
• Social Democratic Party
• Eurico Dutra• “Queremos Getulio”• Adolpf Berle• Benjamin Vargas “O
Beijo”• 2nd Republic 1945-
1964
• Eurico Dutra 1946-1950
• Getulio Vargas (again) 1950-1954 “o pai do povo”