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prmfeeacdhs mb tge bcrst cdterdltcmdlo
fglrcmt fmdberedfe (flcrm 9:
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Vcaestmde ZressL dew he derltcmd mb Zuioc sgcdh
Smu lre relacdh l buoo verscmd mb tgcs immn, bmr bree!
Qgcs immn cs plrt mb tge Vcaestmde e-ocirlry wgere kmst mb
mur
puiocfltcmds lre buooy lffesscioe bmr bree. Bmr lffess tm
kmre
bree immns vcsct0 www.scaestmde.fmk/ocirlry
Amwdomla Buoo ZAB
Rcsct tge Vcaestmde e-ocirlry tm irmwse mur e-immns. Bmr l
kcdcklo
bee ymu fld purfglse l buooy budftcmdlo ZAB lda iy amcdh sm,
ymu
geop tm neep mur ocirlry ruddcdh.
www.scaestmde.fmk/ocirlry
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Vcaestmde Zress
fglrcmts
fglscdh
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prmfeeacdhs mb tge bcrst cdterdltcmdlo
fglrcmt fmdberedfe (flcrm 9:
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9:
ilfn0 mki mb Gmrekgei, Vlqqlrl. Zgmtmhrlpgy iy Ldar @.
Reoakec`er.
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Listrlfts 3
Zreblfe
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L Hockpse cdtm tge Xmrnsgmps mb tge Fglrcmtry mb
\ldtcr-Zcrlkesse Vtmde lda Ketlo Qmmos mb
Vcte \ C
Vcovcl Zreoo
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3
LIVQYLFQV
L Vurvey mb tge Acpomkltcf Ymoe mb tge Fglrcmteers cd tge
Ylkesscae Zercma
Kmglkea Yllblt Liils
Fglrcmteers were very schdcfldt cd tge Ylkesscae Zercma,
evcaedfea bmr exlkpoe iy tge brequedt kedtcmd mbtgek cd texts altea
tm tge rechd mb ncdh Ylkesses CC. Fglrcmteers losm polyea ld
ckpmrtldt rmoe cd acpomklfyls kldy Ylkesscae fglrcmteers geoa tge
tctoe wpwty dsw r xLswt ditge rmylo edvmy tm everybmrechd fmudtry.
cs plper wcoo bmfus md tge acpomkltcf rmoe mb tge fglrcmteers cd
tge Ylkesscae Zercma ldatgecr stltus cd Ehyptcld smfcety.
L Zmsscioe Fglrcmt Fldmpy bmr Qutldnglkud
Eawcd F. Irmfn
e tmki mb Qutldnglkud fmdtlcdea lkmdh tge kldy mi`efts l hcoaea
wmmaed trlpezmcalo brlke brmk wgcfgrlaclte l serces mb twedty-echgt
gcdhea rcis. cs brlke lda rci lssekioy cs suppmrtea iy bmur pmoes,
lda cs`ust mver twm keters cd gechgt. e lssekioy wls stredhtgedea
olterlooy iy twm plcrs mb gmrczmdtlo ilrs, elfgprmvcaea wctg
fyocdarcflo irmdze soeeves lt tgecr edas wgcfg t mver tge upper
edas mb tge pmoes iedeltg tgetrlpezmcalo brlke (Flrter Lrfgcve,
Iurtmd pgmtm p
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L
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L
tge fmdfouscmd cs cd blvmur mb dmt uscdh ldy crmd cd l
gchg-perbmrkldferlfcdh fglrcmt.
Ld Loterdltcve emry bmr 'Ict-Xelr' Bmuda md tge Omwer Vefmda
Zrekmolr mb tge Iuged Gmrse
Suncnm Vlslal
Cd
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Z B C F F
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K Y L
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Z B C F F
9:
relas (Glilfgc,
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K Y L
9 iy steppcdh cdtm gcs fglrcmt, tge ncdh wmuoaglve fmkpoetea tge
fyfoe, ircdhcdh tm ocbe tge pmted-tclo vcftmry tge aefmrltcmd
represedts.
DMQEV
< Vcdfere tgldns tm Vtepged Glrvey, AlvcaMFmddmr, lda
Nltgercde Eltmd bmr fmkkedtcdh
md tgcs reselrfg lda prmvcacdh tgecr cdvloulioe
hucaldfe.
9 e evcaedfe bmr tge scovercdh mb tge fglrcmt cs dmt
expolcdea iy Octtluer & Frmuweo cd tgecr mtger-
wcse tgmrmuhg acsfusscmd mb tge fglrcmt (
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L K. F
23
Ieoo, O.
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8:
Z B C F F
Glrvey, V.
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L K. F
8sefmdaoy, gmrse arluhgt (strmdh lda blst) lda la-lptltcmd mb
tge (mrchcdlooy mx) ymne tm tge gmrsesfmdbmrkltcmd> lda tgcraoy,
ircaoe icts loomwcdh bmracreftcmdlo ls weoo ls irlncdh fmdtrmo mver
tge ldc-klos. Ct sgmuoa ie dmtea tglt suctlioe tckier wlsdefesslry,
ls weoo ls frlsked sncooea cd iucoacdhlda klcdtlcdcdh tge vegcfoes,
lda prmbesscmdlogmrse trlcders lda arcvers (see losm Vglw 9::
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81
Z B C F F
lda ckpresscve schgt. Imtg tge fglrcmts lda tgecrarluhgt ldcklos
were gchgoy suctlioe bmr olvcsg aef-mrltcmd, tgus fltercdh bmr tge
omve mb mstedtltcmd mbncdhs lda ld eocte folss. e equcplhes wmuoa
glveoedt prestche tm tgecr mwders, rlcscdh tgek octerlooylda
ketlpgmrcflooy limve tgecr beoomws.
Fglrcmts were dmt suaaed cdvedtcmds, iut ae-
veompea mut mb elrocer vegcfoes tglt were kmudteamd acsn mr
frmss-ilr wgeeos. Qgcs aeveompkedtfld iest ie trlfea cd tge Delr
Elst, wgere spmne-wgeeoea lda gmrse-arlwd true fglrcmts lre
bcrstlttestea cd tge elrocer plrt mb tge sefmda kcooed-dcuk IF
(bchure 6 ^tlned brmk l Vyrcld fyocd-aer selo mb tge
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@ F
85
Bchure 1L & I. Brlhkedts mb stmde reocebs mb Lgkmse Cbrmk
Liyams. Brmk0 Yluowcdh & Fouttmd-Irmfn(9::30 hs. 98-97 oe).
Bchure 5. Qrmooey lda kmaeo imlt brmk tge tmki mb
Lggmtpe, eies. Brmk0 Zlrtrcahe (
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82
Z B C F F
ndmwd tmki0 Glyes,
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@ F
88
Bchure 3 (ieomw). Csmketrcf arlwcdh mb tge tmkimb Qutldnglkud
lda cts fmdtedts. Arlwcdh iy G.Zlrncdsmd. Brmk0 Octtluer &
Frmuweo (
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87
Z B C F F
fmvery ls tge Ldtefglkier, Iurclo Fglkier, Qrel-sury lda Lddexe
(hures 7 & 3). e fglkiers, ldatge tmki ls l wgmoe, lre very
skloo cd fmkplrcsmdwctg tge mtger rmfn-fut rmylo sepuofgres cd tge
Rlo-oey mb tge Ncdhs.
Lkmdh tge welotg mb das brmk tge tmki mbQutldnglkud were dm
bewer tgld scx fglrcmts ldabrlhkedts mb glrdess lda ircaoe
eoekedts. Bmur mbtge vegcfoes were bmuda cd tge Ldtefglkier ldatwm
cd tge Qrelsury. e bmrker kelsures fl. 7 x6.2: k, tge oltter fl. 1
x 6.5: k (bmr ld cael mb tgeda fcrfukstldfes, see hures
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@ F
83
Bchure
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7:
Z B C F F
terea lda ircey aesfrciea iy Flrter gckseob cd tge@murdlo
aEdtre. Ls bmr tge fglrcmts, ve mb tgek(L
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@ F
7 Ymvettl et lo., 9:::> Vldamr, 9::1l> 9::1i> Vvlrtg,
losm Ymiert Gurbmra Zer-smdlo Fmkkudcfltcmd 9: fb. Octtluer &
Frmu-weo, Kmmrey, 9:: Vglw, 9::
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71
Z B C F F
Bchure 93. Aetlco mb wloo plcdtcdh brmk tge tmkimb Yengkcre,
eies. Arlwcdh iy @. Kmreo. Brmk0
Octtluer & Frmuweo ( Xesterd,
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@ F
75
lda tge neepcdh mb gmrses brmk tge Delr Elsttm Ehypt dmt mdoy
cdfouaea wmmas sufg ls eok ldaicrfg (ilrn), iut losm sncooea
frlsked, gmrses ldatgecr trlcders, ls weoo ls tge reoevldt
tefgdcflo vm-fliuolry. Mtger flses mb kmre mr oess
fmdtekpmrlry,
prcklrcoy kcoctlry tefgdmomhy trldsber brmk tgeDelr Elst tm
Ehypt lre tge fmkpmscte imw lda sfloelrkmur. Fmkpmscte imws were
usea md tge hrmudals weoo ls brmk fglrcmts, wgerels sfloe lrkmur
wlswmrd iy fglrcmt frews lda arluhgt telks mb gmrses(Kmmrey, 9::
Vglw, 9::
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72
Z B C F F
fglrcmt L1, ct gla wmmaed ls weoo ls rlwgcae tyres,iut ct cs mb
oess sturay fmdstruftcmd. Flrter fmdsca-erea fglrcmt L5 lda tge
mtger mde brmk tge Qrel-sury (L2), wctg cts fmdscaerlioe lkmudt mb
hcot aef-mrltcmd (hure
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@ F
78
smurfes losm sgea ochgt md tge med fmkpoex mrhldc-sltcmd mb tge
lrkces, lda tgecr fglrcmtry cd Ehypt(see espefclooy Vfguokld,
Hdcrs, see losm Vplocdher, tgcs vmouke) lda tgeDelr Elst (see
espefclooy Nedaloo, Ielo,
9::9). Ct cs dmtlioe tglt fudecbmrk tlioetsbrmk Duzc cd
dmrtgelsterd Crlq kedtcmd fglrcmts mbtge oe lda rchgt wcdhs,
suhhestcdh tglt tgese mper-ltea md tge lrkys ldns wged cd ilttoe
(Nedaloo,
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77
Z B C F F
bmr ldmtger QR amfukedtlry flooea Iucoacdh Zgl-
rlmgs Fglrcmt (9:
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@ F
73
`eft mb tgcs plper, glve ieed lssekioea iy ZeterYluowcdh ( 9:::0
Cd Octtluer & Frmu-weo, 9::90 xc-xcc> losm Yluowcdh &
Fouttmd-Irmfn,9::3). Lplrt brmk tgmse kedtcmdea cd ky text, Cglve
prmbctea brmk relacdh tge bmoomwcdh puiocfl-
tcmds0 Beoakld & Vluvlhe (9: Gldsed (Gmbbkecer ( Zlrtrcahe
(9::9)> Xcoae (9::60
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3:
Z B C F F
Hrliudhsnlkplhde (Brgocdh 9::7 uda Brg-ocdh 9::3). hypted uda
Oevldte
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@ F
3 ge kly dmt plusemd tge rmla (Hlracder,
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M G
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G N-@
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G N-@
Fglsscdlt,
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F K
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F K
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F K
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`ust ls ge ^wrelns glvmf[ cd tge kmudtlcd mb fmp-
per,
sm ames ge aestrmy 7cd Oeildmd.Ls bmr tge Gyrymb ymur fglrcmt0
3tge sny wctg cts bmur ^suppmrts[.Ct gls fmke (tm ld eda).
e preservea text md tge Qurcd mstrlfmd fmd-scsts mb echgt
stldzls, acvcaea evedoy ietweed mi-`efts geoa cd tge ncdhs glda lda
laactcmdlo plrts mbtge fglrcmt. Xgcoe tge ncdhs pldmpoy, imw,
sgceoa,sguil-stl, lda wgcp, lre elscoy caedtcea, tge fglr-
cmt terkcdmomhy mb tge Qurcd mstrlfmd cs eved kmremisfure tgld
tglt mb tge Eacdiurhg text. Aespcte tgeocdhercdh misfurctces wctgcd
tge text, mde fld fmd-aedtoy caedtcby tge mi`eft mb tge gykd ls tge
ncdh,ls gls ieed lssukea cd tge bmrehmcdh ldloyscs. eocst mb cteks
cd tge Qurcd mstrlfmd losm das l vc-sulo fmkpoekedt cd tge tmki mb
\edlkud, wgere lfglrcmt iecdh presedtea tm tge ncdh cs
lffmkpldceaiy l imw, sgceoa, wgcp, lda swmra (Alvces,
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F K
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F K
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F K
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V Z
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V Z
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V Z
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V Z
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V Z
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V Z
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V Z
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V Z
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Bchure
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K Y
1) Buoo-scze vegcfoes.
e rst fltehmry, kmaeos, cs tge kmst prevloedtexlkpoe mb wgeeoea
vegcfoes. Ls kedtcmdea limve,tgese iefmke fmkkmd cd tge kca-6ra
kcooeddcukIF terrlfmttl lssekiolhes, lotgmuhg tge elrocestexlkpoes
glve ieed lttestea brmk tge Dcdevcte Rpercma (93::-95:: IF)
mdwlras. cs fltehmry prm-vcaes ckpmrtldt cdbmrkltcmd md tge aceredt
typesmb vegcfoe lda tgecr wcaesprela use.
Hoyptcf represedtltcmds lda wrctted refmras glvel ockctea
fgrmdmomhcflo lda hemhrlpgcflo acstrciu-tcmd. Gmwever, lt Qeoo
Ieyalr ld ckpmrtldt fmrpusmb tlioets lda selo ckpresscmds reoltea
tm wgeeoeavegcfoes gls ieed bmuda. Imtg fltehmrces
prmvcaecdbmrkltcmd md types lda budftcmds mb vegcfoes. ekmst blkmus
exlkpoe mb twm-ackedscmdlo lrt cs tgeVtldalra mb Ur wctg cts sgeoo
cdolys represedtcdh wlrwlhmds. Vckcolr hures fmke brmk tge Csgtlr
ldaDcddc-Plzl tekpoes ls weoo ls brmk tge pre-Vlrhmd-
cf plolfe mb Klrc.Bcdlooy, dm buoo-scze vegcfoes glve ieed bmuda
cd
Vyrcld @lzcrlg. Gmwever, tge sm-flooea Klrc Xgeeosglve ieed
cdfouaea cd tgcs fltehmry.
Kmaeos
e moaest exlkpoes mb kmaeos brmk Vyrcld @lzcrlgalte tm tge Elroy
@lzcrlg CC (98::-92:: IF). Cd tgcspercma klcdoy twm-wgeeoea kmaeos
glve ieed lt-testea (Imooweh, Zru, 9:
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K Y
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17, dms. 98-97> 335, dms. 99-92).
Cd tge elsterd @lzcrlg sctes tge sefmda type mbwlhmd kmaeos
preamkcdltes (hure 1I). esekmaeos glve l reftldhuolr lda dlrrmw
imx-imay,fglrlfterczea iy sgloomw brlkes, lda l kmre mr oessirmla
selt cd tge relr (Imooweh, Zru, 9:
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ct gls ieed cdterpretea ls bmur-wgeeoea wlhmd.Xged spefcea ct cs
arlwd iy mxed>hc HHCY (hchhcr )0 Ct gls ieed cdterpretea
lsfmverea wlhmd lda usulooy lsschdea tm
ckpmrtldtpersmdloctces>hchhcr-suk0 cs cs tge oess fmkkmd type cd
tge
Eiol texts, ndmwd losm cd tge pre-Vlrhmdcf Kesm-pmtlkcl lda
cdterpretea ls flrrycdh wlhmd.
Hcved tgecr efmdmkcf dlture, tge Eiol textsmed reber tm
fmdstruftcmd klterclos mb wgeeoeavegcfoes, sufg ls wmma lda
textcoes. Cd plrtcfuolr,wmmo wls acvcaea cdtm hmma lda ila
quloctces, ctwls lsschdea tm tge fmdstruftcmd mb tge hc H-HCY
(hchhcr ) lda prmilioy usea bmr fmvercdh. Ctwls losm lsschdea bmr
tge fmdstruftcmd mb tge mtger
types mb vegcfoe (Fmdtc,
Klrhuermd, 9::1> 9:
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K Y
L scdhoe mrchcd cd tge rehcmd dmrtg mb tge Iolfn Vel(Kltusfgcn,
9::2)> Qwm mrchcds0 mde cd Kesmpmtlkcl lda mde cd tgerehcmd
dmrtg tm tge Iolfn Vel (Rmsteed, 9::2).
Brmk tge rsts lda reoltcveoy bew exlkpoes aur-cdh tge Dcdevcte R
Zercma, flrts lda wlhmds ie-flke l fmkkmd fltehmry aurcdh tge
sefmda glob mbtge 6ra kcooeddcuk IF, ls prmved iy tge cdfrelse
cd tge amfukedtltcmd lda acssekcdltcmd. cs mut-fmke wls prmilioy
suppmrtea iy tge edvcrmdkedtlofmdactcmds mb tge Vyrcld @lzcrlg
oldasflpe tglt wereekcdedtoy suctlioe bmr wgeeoea trldspmrt. e
olda-sflpe mb tge Vyrcld @lzcrlg wls lokmst fmkpoeteoylt, sekc-lrca
lda wctg pmmr vehetltcmd, lda tgussuctlioe bmr wgeeoea vegcfoes
kufg kmre sm tgldtge smutgerd Kesmpmtlkcld, tglt, lotgmuhg lt,
csklrnea iy olrhe klrsgoldas.
Rld Ocere & Olurly ( 9:
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9::
Z B C F F
et lo.
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9: Rld Ac`n, 9:::), wged fglrcmtswere ld ckpmrtldt plrt mb
fmdtekpmrlry lrkces(Bceoas, 9::20
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9:5
Olst, iut dmt tge oelst, ct sgmuoa ie kedtcmdeatglt Ehypt lda
Lssyrcl acerea wctg respeft tm tgedlture mb ncdhsgcp. Cd Ehypt, tge
ncdh wls tge cdflr-dltcmd mb l hma, tge smd mb l hma klae esg.
Vtcoo,tge ocdelhe mb l ncdh wls ckpmrtldt tmm, sm tglt l
Aydlsty sufg ls tge 9:
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Z B C F F
9:2
glve klae tge vcftmry lppelr blr kmre elsy lda
tgus oess homrcmus.Burtgerkmre, cd tge flkplchds mb Vetc C cd
Zlo-
estcde lda Vyrcl, tge Ehyptclds lre sgmwd lttlfn-cdh wlooea lda
bmrtcea fctces surrmudaea iy wlterfmurses lda trees, ls weoo ls
mtger fglrcmts, ldawged sgmwd hgtcdh lhlcdst tge Gcttctes, tge
Ehyp-tclds hgt lhlcdst tge edekces fglrcmts. Cd loo
tgesefmkpmsctcmds, tge edekces lre sgmwd bloocdh ldaiecdh rud mver
iy tge Ehyptcld fglrcmts. Ct fld iedmtcfea, ls cd tge ilttoe
lhlcdst tge Gcttctes (Vplo-
cdher, 9::50 h.
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9:8
pyomd, lda md tge exterdlo wloos mb tge rst pmrtcfm.Ehyptcld
fglrcmts lre sgmwd cd mraeroy rmws wctghloompcdh gmrses, smketckes
bmoomwcdh tge fglrcmtmb tge ncdh, lda lre med lffmkpldcea iy tge
Ehyp-tcld cdbldtry, wgcfg cs sgmwd cd tchgt mraeroy rldns.
Gmwever, tge edekces lre represedtea cd acsmraerlda fglms lda,
ls cd tge mtger reocebs, lre sgmwdbloocdh ls l resuot mb tge
Ehyptcld lssluot lda lreiecdh mverrud0 tgcs cs gmw tge Ehyptclds
typcflooyaepcftea tgecr edekces. Ls cd tge lbmrekedtcmdeareocebs,
tge ncdh cs losm sgmwd fglrhcdh lhlcdst ed-ekces lda eved edeky
fctces cd gcs fglrcmt, wloncdhmd tmp mb blooed edekces lda sgmmtcdh
lrrmws cdtmbmrtcea fctces.
Mtger wlr reocebs wctg fglrcmts lre bmuda lt
Ylkesses CCs tekpoe cd Liyams (Vplocdher, 9::509
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Z B C F F
9:7
Md tge oe wloo mb tge rst fmurt tge sefmda Ociyldexpeactcmd mb
Ylkesses CCC cs represedtea (Zlr-trcahe, 9::90 928-927>
Vplocdher, 9::50 952-957).Bcdlooy, imtg md tge exterdlo dmrtgerd
wloo ietweedtge rst lda tge sefmda pyomd lda md tge westerdwloo mb
tge dmrtgerd tmwer mb tge rst pyomd Yl-kesses CCCs ilttoes lda
fmdquests cd Vyrcl lre rep-resedtea (Zlrtrcahe, 9::90 989-986).
Gere, ls cd tgeprevcmus reocebs, tge ncdh cs aepcftea cd gcs
fglrcmtwctg hloompcdh gmrses, gmoacdh imw lda lrrmw lda
mdfe losm wctg tge ngepesg, lda lttlfncdh bmrtceafctces mr
klsses mb bmes, ls weoo ls wloncdh md ed-ekces. Cd mde mb tgese
sfedes, gcs fglrcmt cs sgmwdiecdh tlned flre mb iy Ehyptcld
smoacers. e ncdh cslffmkpldcea, ls cd tge lbmrekedtcmdea
exlkpoes,iy mraeroy rldns mb Ehyptcld fglrcmts lda bmmt-smo-acers.
Ls cd tge mtger wlr reocebs, tge edekces lresgmwd acsmraerea lda
sklsgea, tge fmkpoete mp-pmscte mb tge stlte mb tge Ehyptcld
lrky.
YEOCEBV XCQG FGLYCMQV BYMKLVVSYCL
Brmk Lssyrcl, reocebs wctg fglrcmts lre bmuda cd tgeDmrtgwest
Zlolfe mb Dckrua, wgere flkplchds mbLsgurdlscrplo CC (776-753
IF> Geloy,
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L V
9:3
olaaers ls weoo ls scehe klfgcdes, cs ekpglsczea, lscd tge
limve-kedtcmdea reocebs. Vmoacers hgtcdh mdhloompcdh gmrses wctg
spelrs lre losm represedtea, lsweoo ls tge Lssyrcld flkp.
Mtger exlkpoes mb wlr reocebs wctg fglrcmts lrebmuda cd tge
Fedtrlo Zlolfe cd Dckrua (Lsger-Hreve & Veoz, Ilrdett &
Blonder,
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Z B C F F
9 ls lowlys, tge ncdh csrepresedtea olrher tgld ldy mtger hure.
Cd laac-
tcmd, tge ncdh cs lowlys lffmkpldcea imtg iy tgesmolr acsf,
smketckes wctg urlec, lda tge acvcdesykimo mb Gmrus, Dengiet, Kut
mr Kmdtu. Exlk-poes cdfouae tge kldy aepcftcmds mb Ylkesses CC
cdtge reocebs sgmwcdh tge Ilttoe mb \laesg. Burtger-kmre, tge ncdh
lowlys welrs tge urleus, tge IoueFrmwd mr tge Lteb Frmwd. e ncdh cs
lowlys lomdecd gcs fglrcmt, dmt mdoy md tge ilttoeeoa, iut losmcd
sfedes prefeacdh lda bmoomwcdh tge klcd ilttoe.Aurcdh fmkilt, tge
ncdh gls tge recds tcea lrmudagcs gcps. e dmd-rmylo Ehyptcld
fglrcmt lowlys gla
l twm-kld frew, fmdscstcdh mb l fglrcmteer lda ld
lrfger (Vfguokld,
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Z B C F F
9 tgey cdfouae gudtcdh sfedes,sfedes cd wgcfg tge ncdh cs
lffmkpldcea iy hedceslda mtger superdlturlo freltures, mr belture
feoeirl-
tcmds, ls bmr exlkpoe tge bmudacdh mb l dew flpctlo.Md tge
fmdtrlry, cd tge tekpoes mdoy reocebs tglt lresuperdlturlo lda
reochcmus cd dlture fld ie bmuda.
FMDFOUVCMD
e mdhmcdh dlture mb tge reselrfg loomws bmr tgebmoomwcdh
preockcdlry fmdfouscmds. Imtg cd Ehyptlda cd Lssyrcl tge fglrcmt
reocebs lck lt ekpglscz-cdh tge stredhtg lda vloue mb tge ncdh. Cd
Ehypt,tgey udaersfmre tge stredhtg lda tge ckpmrtldfe
mb tge ncdh> cdaeea gcs auty cs tm vldqucsg gcs ed-ekces lda
tm estliocsg, cd tgcs wly, mraer mver fglms,lda edsure `ustcfe
(Vplocdher, 9::50 88-87). Rcftmryaekmdstrltes tglt tge ncdh ed`mys
tge blvmur mb tgehmas, espefclooy Lkud, lda tgus oehctckczes
gcsrchgt tm ruoe ls l hma gckseob. Cd Lssyrcl, tge reocebsekpglscze
tge blvmur lda tge rchgt tm pmwer tglttge ncdh refecves brmk tge
hmas, lda gcs rmoe ls tgecrelrtgoy cdterkeaclry.
Iut tgere lre losm aceredfes cd gmw tge ncdhs
lre aepcftea cd tge Ehyptcld lda Dem-Lssyrcld re-ocebs. e klcd
aceredfe oces cd tge reoltcmdsgcp ie-tweed tge ncdh lda gcs lrky cd
ilttoe sfedes. Cd tgeEhyptcld reocebs, imtg cd tge represedtea
sfedes (ldacd tge texts, lotgmuhg ieymda tge tmpcf mb tge pres-edt
wmrn), tge ekpglscs cs foelroy polfea md tge ncdh,wgm cs freactea
wctg aefcscve cduedfe cd ilttoe. Iyfmdtrlst, cd tge Lssyrcld
reocebs, tge ncdh ames dmt lp-pelr tm ie hreltoy ekpglsczea
reoltcve tm tge Lssyrcldlrky ls l wgmoe (Fmoocds, 9::70 95). Dmte,
gmwever,tglt cd tge texts lffmkpldycdh tge reocebs tge ncdh
folcks tm lft md gcs mwd, iut wctg tge geop mb tge hma.
Fmkplrcdh tge Ehyptcld lda tge Lssyrcld wlrreocebs tglt fmdtlcd
cklhes mb fglrcmts, ct kust iepmcdtea mut tge aceredfe cd tge ncda
mb iucoacdhmd wgcfg tgey lre omfltea. Cd Ehypt, tge sfedes lrebmuda
cd tekpoes, wgcoe cd Lssyrcl tgey lre omfltea
cd plolfes, sm cd kmre sefuolr omfltcmds. cs prmi-lioy aercves
plrtclooy brmk tge cdtedaea luacedfebmr tge reocebs. Md tge
Ehyptcld scae, tge luacedfeocneoy cdfouaea tge hmas, kekiers mb tge
rmylo fmurtlda mb tge foerhy, tm wgcfg tge ncdh gla tm sgmwgcs
pmwer lda tge buookedt mb gcs autces. Burtger-kmre, ct wls keldt tm
sltcsby tgecr expeftltcmds, tmfrelte fmdsedsus lda tm acssulae ldy
lttekpt ltfmdspcrlfy. Bmr tge Lssyrcld reocebs, tge klcd luac-edfe
wmuoa glve fmdscstea mb omflo Lssyrcld dmioes,
wgm wmuoa glve ieed acssulaea tm tlne up lrkslhlcdst tgecr ncdh
iy tge oltters kcoctlry prmwessiecdh aekmdstrltea. Kmremver, tge
vcewer wmuoaglve ieed bmrechd vcsctmrs mr bmrechd kekiers mbtge
fmurt, lda tge purpmse mb tge reocebs wls prmi-lioy tm prevedt
reieoocmd mr rebuslo tm ply trciute(Zmrter, 9:
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9
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Z B C F F
9
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9
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9 tge fmdfouscmd cs cd blvmrmb dmt uscdh ldy crmd cd l
gchg-perbmrkldfe rlf-cdh fglrcmt.
FMDQYLVQCDH FGLYCMQAEVCHDV CD QEFGDCFLO
YEVELYFG
e Xetwldh Feotcf fglrcmt (hures
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Z B C F F
9 echgtbuoo vegcfoes mb essedtclooy sckcolr aeschd> fmverea
iyOcttluer & Frmuweo, tgey stlicocze tge ymne lda
skmmtg mut skloo udeveddesses cd tge puoo mb tgegmrses. e oedhtg
mb tgese ocdes vlrces l hrelt aelobrmk mde fglrcmt tm ldmtger,
aepedacdh md tge lt-tlfgkedt pmcdt md tge pmoe. Ct cs dmtewmrtgy
tglttge sprcdh lftcmd aepedas ocdelroy md tge oedhtg mbtge ocde,
wctg tge omdher mdes lppelrcdh tm ie smer,iefluse tge eomdhltcmd
udaer l hcved tedscoe omla csacreftoy reoltea tm tge oedhtg
(Vldamr, bmrexlkpoe, l trlfe mb oedhtg 9O stretfges twcfe ls
kufg
ls l trlfe mb caedtcflo frmss-seftcmd iut oedhtg O,
Bchure 6. Vfgekltcf vcewsmb l fglrcmts klcd beltures.
Aclhrlk iy I.C. Vldamr.
Bchure
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I C. V
9 ct kly ie fmdscaerea ls l reol-tcveoy stc sprcdh. Ldmtger
suitoe sprcdh cs tge plcrmb lffeoerltcmd irlfes tglt fmddeft tge
pmoe tm tge
kcaaoe mb tge irelstwmrn/ieooy-ilr. e mivcmusbudftcmd mb tgese
irlfes, wgcfg lre dmrklooy stcfnsmb wmma, hmma bmr tedscmd lda
fmkpresscmd (rlreoymb oeltger strcps, wgcfg mdoy glve tedscmd
flplico-cty), cs tm bmrtcby tge upper strufture mb tge imay cdtge
evedt l rcaer hrlis tge ieooy-ilr aurcdh suaaedlffeoerltcmds. L
oess mivcmus iut usebuo rmoe mb tgeseirlfes cs tm frelte ld
essedtclooy trcldhuolr, sprcdhytruss strufture fmdscstcdh mb tge
pmoe sehkedt, tgeieooy-ilr lda cts vertcflo suppmrt fmoukd (lt
pmcdt
I cd hure 6), lda tge twm wmmaed irlfes, wgcfgfld rescst tedscmd
mr fmkpresscmd. e edtcre pmoectseob cs l fmkpoex sprcdh0 l ielk cd
iedacdh ocne loelb sprcdh cd flrs, mr l tmrscmd sprcdh wctg tge
klcdomlacdh prmvcaea iy tge ymne lda tge lxoe, wctglaactcmdlo
tmrscmd fmdtrciutea iy tge mut-mb-poldewlrpcdh mb tge brmdt mmr
ilr. e ldloyscs ldaacsfusscmd mb tgcs wlrpcdh ieglvcmr lda cts
fmdse-quedfes cd strufturlo aydlkcfs lre lavldfea tmpcfscd
edhcdeercdh, blr ieymda tge sfmpe mb tgcs plper.Elscer tm
udaerstlda cs tge oelb-sprcdh lftcmd mb tge
pmoe cd tgcs plrtcfuolr fmdhurltcmd, wgere tge lxoecs lt tge
relr mb tge fglrcmt imay> tge ldfcedts fer-tlcdoy udaerstmma
tgcs blcroy weoo, ls cooustrltea cdhure 1.
e ney tm hure 1 cs vcsuloczcdh tge pmoe ls ctiefmkes l sprcdh
wged l persmd steps md tge fglr-cmt lda kmves bmrwlra tmwlra tge
gmrses. Cd mtgerwmras, tge pmoe cs dmt yet lftcvltea ls l sprcdh
wgedtge persmd cs stldacdh mver tge lxoe, iefluse tgelxoe fld flrry
loo gcs wechgt. Ls tge persmd kmves
bmrwlra, tge omla md tge lxoe cs reaufea, wgcoe tgeomla md tge
gmrses cdfrelses. e prefcse acstrciu-tcmds mb tgese omlas bmr ldy
plrtcfuolr pmoe lda cts
Bchure 1. Lftcvltcmd sfgekes mb pmoe sprcdh cd Ehyptcld
vs. Ymkld fglrcmts. Aclhrlk iy I.C. Vldamr.
Bchure 5. Imw-sprcdh sfgekltcf. Aclhrlk iy I.C.Vldamr.
Bchure 2. Imw-sprcdh kmaeo> fomseup mb lt pmoe-tlcoommseoy
ttea cd cts smfnet md lxoe. Iy I.C. Vldamr
(9::6).
omlacdh pmsctcmd lre relacoy flofuoltea uscdh tgeketgma mb
stltcf equcocircuk. Dmrklooy, tge extrlomla md tge gmrses cs skloo,
oess tgld 5% mb tge rca-ers wechgt md elfg, tgmuhg ct fmuoa
fmdtrciute tmtgecr bltchue. e hrelt lavldtlhe mb tge relr-lxoe
fmdhurltcmd (hure 6) cs tge resuotcdh supercmrsuspedscmd systek
wctg l smer rcae tgld pmsscioewctg tge fedtrlooy omfltea lxoe (hure
9). e smerrcae cs edgldfea iy tge alkpcdh (brcftcmd> vcirl-tcmd
aefly> ederhy lismrptcmd) ls tge glrdess ruislda presses md tge
sm imaces mb tge gmrses. Dmtetglt, cd lpplredt fmdtrlacftcmd, l stc
suspedscmd csaescrea bmr tge udfmkbmrtlioe iut reoltcveoy
sgmrtrcaes cd rlfcdh flrs lda fglrcmts bmr stlicocty ldaprefcse
gldaocdh lt gchg speeas.
Cd laactcmd tm tge pmoe iecdh l iedacdh lda tmr-scmd sprcdh, ct
cs losm plrt mb tge sprcdh systek ilseamd tge imw-ocne excdh mb tge
A-sglpea brmdt mmrilr, cooustrltea cd hures 5 lda 2. e skloo
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Z B C F F
99:
lda-bmrtg kmvekedts mb tge pmoe lre flusea iy uf-tultcmds cd tge
bmrfe lppocea iy tge gmrses, lda iytge wgeeos gcttcdh ruts lda
rmfns. e imw sprcdh,olsgea tm tge pmoe, smeds tgese `erny kmtcmds,
ldatge pmoe tlco socacdh lda ruiicdh cd cts lxoe smfnet
prmvcaes alkpcdh. e lt pmoe tlco ietweed tgelxoe lda tge relr
mmr ilr rescsts ldy twcstcdh lf-tcmd iy tge pmoe, neepcdh tge lxoe
kmstoy gmrczmdtlowgedever l wgeeo gcts l iukp lda wmuoa teda
tmimudfe cdtm tge lcr (Vldamr, 9::1). ese stlicoczl-tcmd beltures
mb tge fglrcmt (imw-sprcdh lda ldtc-rmoo kefgldcsk) prmvcae l
fmkicdea lftcmd bmr tgefmkbmrt lda slbety mb tge rcaers. ere cs
mdoy mdemtger sckcolr kefgldcsk ndmwd, tge trlpezmcalopmoe-tlco
destcdh cd tge Qcier irmdze kmaeo mb l Ym-
kld rlfcdh fglrcmt (Vldamr, 9:
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I C. V
99 Ymiert Gurbmrasrefmdstruftcmd bmr DMRL QR amfukedtlry, Flcrm
(@uoy 9:tgcs wmuoa edgldfe tge sm respmdse mb tge fglrcmtaurcdh
iukpy rcaes. cs fmkpoex fmdfept losmdeeas burtger stuay lda
frctcflo lssesskedt.
Vmke mb tge fglrcmt sprcdhs fld ie elscoy aek-mdstrltea wctg tge
lca mb skloo excioe kmaeos, sufg
ls tge iedacdh mb tge A-brlke cd hure 2, mr tgekmre fmkpoete
kmaeo cd hure 3, wgere tge pmoefld ie iedt lda twcstea, cd laactcmd
tm puoocdh mdtge A-brlke. Ct cs iest tm klne sufg kmaeos
gchgoyexcioe, sm tglt tge aebmrkltcmds lre exlhherltealda
vcscioe> tgcs cs cd fmdtrlst tm tge typcflo fmk-
Bchure 3. Glda-sczeexcioe kmaeo mbl Qutldnglkud-fglrcmt. I.C.
Vldamr
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Z B C F F
999
kerfclo fglrcmt kmaeos klae mb glra polstcf tglt lretmm stc bmr
sufg aekmdstrltcmds.
Md tge wgmoe, tge suspedscmd systeks mb l slbelda kcdcklooy
fmkbmrtlioe relo fglrcmt kust glvesmke purpmseoy aeschdea excioe
fmkpmdedts,
sufg ls tge pmoe lda tge A-brlke, lda smke mb tgerlwgcae-olsgea
`mcdts lre aescrlioy squelny cdtgecr brcftcmdlo, sgmfn-lismricdh
ieglvcmrs.
Xgeeos
Cd fmdtrlst tm suspedscmd systeks, l hmma wgeeokust ie ls rchca
ls pmsscioe, lda tgere cs kufg evc-aedfe tglt tge ldfcedts were
fmdstldtoy struhhocdhtm sltcsby tgcs eterdlooy acstfuot requcrekedt
(tge
budalkedtlo prmioeks were dmt looevcltea udtco tgelavedt mb
pdeukltcf tcres lda kmaerd klterclos).Zerbeftcmd cd wgeeos cs
eouscve, ls seed cd tge
stltue mb @upcter gmoacdh l klhdcfedt wgeeo (h-ure
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I C. V
996
9< 2 9: 1:
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Z B C F F
991
Bchure
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995
Bchure
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Z B C F F
992
wgcfg cs tge relsmd ge kcssea mut md aedcdh ct(tgcs wls amde cd
tge
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998
tluer & Frmuweo, tge tlperea spmnes lre deeaeabmr rescstldfe
tm scae omlas. Ct cs pmsscioe tglt ex-trekeoy tgcd crmd tcres mb
skloo aclketer were mf-flscmdlooy usea cd Ymkld rlfcdh fglrcmts, ls
plrt mbtge evmoutcmd mb wgeeo klncdh.
Suyl-Q`ucu Fglrcmt ls l Ylfer
Fmdscaercdh tge echgt hures mb
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Z B C F F
997
ketcfuomus aetlcos mb tge cklhe lre relocstcf. us,ct cs blcr tm
sly tglt (re0 hures 96 & 91 cd tge li-sedfe mb sufg l gchgoy
rehlraea, schdcfldt fmkpm-dedt ls ld crmd tcre) tgere wls dm crmd
tcre md tgcsplrtcfuolr blcoea wgeeo (hure 91). cs wls l rcsn
tlned iy tge rlfcdh telk, buooy lwlre mb tge aldhersmb tge omw
strufturlo cdtehrcty mb wgeeos klae wctg-mut crmd tcres, iut gmpcdh
tm wcd tge rlfe md dewgeeos lckea tm lfgceve gchg lffeoerltcmd.
FMDFOUVCMD
Cd sukklry, tge cdder aydlkcfs mb fglrcmts cs lfmkpoex sui`eft
tglt gls twm kl`mr fltehmrces0suspedscmd systeks lda rmtltcmdlo
cdertcls. L weoo-
aeschdea suspedscmd systek bmr tge slbety lda fmk-bmrt mb tge
rcaers fmdscsts mb sprcdhs (bmr l fglrcmt,klcdoy tge pmoe cd
iedacdh lda tmrscmd, lda tgeA-sglpea brmdt mmr ilr cd iedacdh lda
wlrp-cdh), lda sgmfn lismriers/alkpers cd rlwgcae mroeltger
icdacdhs. Qm kcdckcze rmtltcmdlo cdertcl(deeaea bmr gchg
lffeoerltcmd), l wgeeo sgmuoa glve
Bchure 91. Xgeeo brlhkedts lt frlsg scte cd omweroe mb tge Oymd
fcrfus kmslcf. e reklcdcdh pcefeslre vcscioe mutscae tgcs cklhe
lrel (burtger m brmktge upper rchgt). Dm crmd tcre cs seed, cd ocde
wctg tgetgemry tglt tge iest rlfcdh fglrcmts gla dm ketlofmkpmdedts
cd mraer tm glve tge omwest pmsscioetmtlo wechgt lda rmtltcmdlo
cdertcl, lt tge rcsn mbfltlstrmpgcf brlfture mb tge wgeeo.
Zgmtmhrlpg iy I.C.
Vldamr. Fmurtesy mb Kuse Hloom-Ymklcd ae Oymd-Bmurvcre.
ls octtoe klss blr brmk cts lxcs ls pmsscioe l veryacstfuot
requcrekedt iefluse mb tge wlsgimlra eb-beft tglt mffurs wctg
wgeeos wctg tgcd rcks. L kls-scve gui, lda spmnes tlperea brmk tge
gui, gmw-ever, lre defesslry tm rescst scae omlas cd fmrdercdh.
ese ilscf requcrekedts bmr l rlfcdh klfgcde lreiest exekpocea cd
tge Qcier kmaeo lda tge Suyl-Q`ucu wgeeos. us, crmd tcres were
prmilioy kmstoylvmcaea cd Ymkld rlfcdh ls evcaedfea iy tge
Oymdkmslcf, wgcoe rlwgcae tcres were pmsscioy ekpomyeasmketckes tm
fmdsmocalte tge wgeeos.
FCQEA OCQEYLQUYE
Irmwd, B., F. Gmwlra-Alvcs, K. Ireddlda, L. Imyoe,
Q. Evlds, V. MFmddmr, L. Vpedfe, Y. Gelwmma &L. Ouptmd.
9::7. e Lrfglemomhy mb tge L< (K). Mxbmra, Mximw Immns.
Ekcocmzzc, L.E.
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993
LD LOQEYDLQCRE QGEMYS BMY ICQXELY BMUDA
MD QGE OMXEY VEFMDA ZYEKMOLY MB QGE IUGED
GMYVE
Suncnm Vlslal
CDQYMAUFQCMD
e Iuged gmrse, wgcfg wls bmuda iy Ekery cd
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Z B C F F
96:
F
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S V
96