vejhdh egk}hiksa esa iqjkrro foKku dh dgkuharvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/bgvs14.pdf · 2 iqjkrRo foKku dh dgkuh,e- ,fYVax] ,iQ- iQksYle ¯gnh vuqokn fouhrk lgk; iqLrdekyk laiknd

vejhdh egk}hiksa esa

iqjkrro foKku dh dgkuh

Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr

2

iqjkrRo foKku dh dgkuh,e- ,fYVax] ,iQ- iQksYle

¯gnh vuqoknfouhrk lgk;

iqLrdekyk laikndrkiks'k pØorhZ

dkWih laikndMkW- bji+Qkuk

doj ,oa xzkfiQDltxeksgu

izFke laLdj.ktuojh] 2008

lg;ksx jkf'k25 #i;s

eqæ.kvouhr vkWiQlsV izslubZ fnYyh & 110 018

Puratatva Vigyan Ki KahaniM. Elting, F. Folsom

Hindi TranslationVinita Sahai

Series EditorTaposh Chakravorty

Copy EditorDr. Irfana

Cover & GraphicsJagmohan

First EditionJanuary, 2008

ContributionRs. 25

PrintingAvneet Offset PressNew Delhi - 110 018

uo tuokpu vkanksyu

bl fdrkc dk izdk'ku Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr us^lj nksjkcth VkVk VªLV* osQ lg;ksx ls fd;k gSA

bl vkanksyu dk edln vke turk esaiBu&ikBu laLÑfr fodflr djuk gSA

Publication and Distribution© Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti

Basement of Y.W.A. Hostel No. II, G-Block, Saket , New Delhi - 110 017Phone : 011 - 26569943, Fax : 91 - 011 - 26569773Email : [email protected], [email protected]

website: www. bgvs.org

BGVS JANUARY 2008 2K 2500 NJVA 0158/2008

3

1

pksVh ij jgus okyksa dk jgL;

fjpMZ osnfjy iqjkus if'peh bykosQ esa jgus okyk ,d pjokgkFkkA og ,d tklwl Hkh Fkk] ,d [kkl fdLe dk tklwlA tc og[kks;s gq, cNM+ksa dks <wa<us fudyrk Fkk] rks nwj&nwj ml nf{k.khdksyjkMks osQ bykosQ esa og ?kwerk Fkk vkSj ;gka cNM+ksa dks <wa<us osQvykok mls oqQN vU; lkeku fn[k tkrk FkkA blls mls yxus yxkfd ;gka dgha 'kk;n izkphu ekuo jgs gkasxs vkSj rHkh ls mldh fuxkg[kks;s gq, euq";ksa ij Hkh jgrh FkhA ml taxyh bykosQ esa vc fliZQxk, pjkus gh tk;k tkrk FkkA

ijarq og yksx ftudk mls vglkl gksrk Fkk vc xk;c gks pqosQFksA cgqr le; ls mudk dksbZ irk u FkkA 'kk;n fjpMZ osQ iSnk gksusls igys gh os ykirk gks pqosQ FksA exj mudh fu'kkfu;ka ckdh jgxbZ FkhA fjpMZ dk eu mudh vksj f[kaprk FkkA

vDlj eosf'k;ksa osQ lkFk ?kwers ?kwers mls mudh oqQN phtasfn[kkbZ ns tkrh FkhaA b/j&m/j fc[kjh gqbZA oqQN yksx 'kk;n mumtM+h&lh lw[kh xqiQkvksa esa jgrs gksxsaA ogka ij fjpMZ us oqQN lkekuiM+k ns[kk Fkk] VwVk iwQVk] cgqr iqjkuk exj bLrseky fd;k gqvkA tSls[kkuk cukus osQ crZuksa osQ VwVs&iwQVs vo'ks"k] iRFkj osQ gfFk;kj] th.kZvoLFkk esa oqQN Vksdfj;ka o oqQN rhj VwVs gq,A

4

bu phtksa dks fdlus cuk;k\ D;k os ;qVs bafM;u osQ iwotZ Fks\;qVs bafM;al ogka ls oqQN gh nwj ij jgrs FksA

fjpMZ us vius ,d ;qVs fe=k ls iwNk! bafM;al us cM+s fo'oklls dgk ^ugha*] tks yksx xk;c gks pqosQ gSa os cgqr iqjkus tekus esa jgsgksxsa] vkSj muosQ ckjs esa oqQN Hkh irk ugha gSA ijarq eq>s 'kd gS fdvxj dksbZ muosQ jgus osQ LFkku mudh xqiQkvksa ls NsM+k&NkM+h djsxkrks mudh vkRek,a ml ij cqjh fdLer yk ldrh gSaA

fjpMZ bu iqjkus LFkkuksa esa ?kwerk jgkA og [kks;s gq, yksx ftuosQckjs esa fdlh dks oqQN Hkh irk ugha Fkk] mlosQ eu esa ?kwers jgrs FksA

fiQj ,d fnu] lu~ 1888 dh ckr gS] og vius ppsjs HkkbZpkyhZ eslu osQ lkFk tk jgk Fkk fd mls ,d cgqr gh vnHkqr~ n`';fn[kkbZ fn;kA igkM+ dh pksVh osQ ,d fdukjs ls mUgksaus ns[kk fd uhpsxgjh [kkbZ osQ ml ikj nwljs igkM+ dh pksVh dh vksj pêðkuh nhokj

;g rLohj mu pjokgksa dh gS tks fd ?kksM+s ij cSBdj taxy esa tkuojksa dksys tkrs FksA

5

ij ,d rjiQ ,d xqiQk esa tSls iwjk ,d xkao lek;k gqvk gSA mlxqiQk osQ yacs] [kqys eq[k ij iRFkj osQ cus ?kj lkiQ fn[kkbZ ns jgs FksA,d xksy maQph&lh ehukj o ,d pks[kqaVk maQpk [kack rks rdjhcuxqiQk dh Nr rd igaqp jgs FksA

ml BaMh nksigj esa mu ?kjksa ls dksbZ /qvka ugha fudy jgk Fkk]u ogka ciZQ ij cPps [ksy ;k fpYyk jgs FksA ogka tjk Hkh gypyugha Fkh] dgha Hkh oqQN Hkh ugha fgy jgk FkkA

;gka ij D;k gks x;k\ ;gka osQ lc fuoklh dgka pys x,\ D;ksa;g lUukVk gSA D;k os vius ihNs dksbZ [ktkuk NksM+ x;s gSa\

nksuks pjokgksa us r; fd;k fd ogka tkdj irk fd;k tk,A

lcls tYnh igaqpus dk rjhdk ;gh Fkk fd pksVh dh dxkj lsuhps mrjk tk;A ijarq og ,dne lh/h FkhA fjpMZ vkSj pkyhZ us ,dlh<+h cukbZA ,slh lh<+h tSlh 'kk;n mu iqjkru yksxksa us Hkh dHkhiz;ksx dh gksxhA mUgksaus oqQN fxjs gq, isM+ksa dh 'kk[kk,a rksM+h fiQjjLlh dh lgk;rk ls ,d isM+ osQ rus osQ mQij osQ fgLls dks nwljsrus osQ uhps okys Hkkx ls vPNh rjg cka/ fn;kA vc nksuksa rusfeydj mudh yackbZ dkiQh c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj og pksVh osQ fdukjsls dkiQh uhps tks FkksM+h&lh likV txg Fkh ogka rd igqap jgs FksAbl vuks[kh yM+[kM+krh lh<+h osQ lgkjs] mlosQ BwBksa ij] tks fd'kk[kk,a dkVus ls cu x, Fks] dHkh gkFk ls idM+dj] o dHkh ikaoj[krs gq, nksuksa HkkbZ vkf[kj uhps igaqp x,A [kkbZ dh xgjkbZ osQm/j fiQj p<+kbZ p<+dj ogka og xqiQk Fkh tks mUgsa fn[kkbZ nh Fkh,d ^Hkqrgk xqiQk 'kgj* tks mUgksaus [kkstk FkkA

nksuksa ;qod ogka igqap x,] dejk nj dejk ?kweus yxsA tgkans[krs ,slk yxrk] fd ogka dksbZ dke dj jgk Fkk vkSj vHkh&vHkhdgha x;k gS] okil vkdj dke iwjk djus osQ [;ky lsA cM+s&cM+s?kM+s] tks t:j ikuh j[kus osQ dke vkrs gksxsa] tx osQ vkdkj osQ]njoktksa ij j[ks Fks] yxrk Fkk ikuh Hkjs tkus dk bartkj dj jgs gSas]

6

ikl osQ >juksa dk ikuh tks dksbZ tYnh gh ysdj vk,xkA /q,a ls dkysgq, [kkuk idkus osQ feê ðh osQ crZu] v/tyh cq>h gqbZ ydfM+;kaA,slk n`'; Fkk ekuks fdlh Hkh iy vkx tykdj dke 'kq: gks tk,xkA

vly dgkuh&

ftruk fjpMZ us mls ns[kk mruh gh mldh mRlqdrk c<+rh xbZAbl 'kgj dh vlyh dgkuh D;k Fkh\ vkSj vklikl osQ bykosQ esat:j vU; 'kgj gksxsa] blh rjg [kkb;ksa vkSj xqiQkvksa esa fNis gq,]mUgsa [kkstuk t:jh gks x;kA fdl fdLe osQ yksx ;gka clrs Fks\ vkSjD;k dkj.k Fkk fd os vius brus vPNs] vkjkensg ?kj NksM+dj pysx,\

lu~ 1888 esa dksbZ Hkh bu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ugha ns ldrk FkkA ososQoy ,d rkTtqcdkjh jgL; gh FkkA ij fjpMZ ogka ?kwerk jgk vkSjfu'kkfu;ka] vo'ks"k <wa<rk jgk] vkSj yksx Hkh tks ogka pksVh rd vk,]o [kkbZ o ?kkfV;ksa esa x,] bl dke dh rjiQ >qosQA

tks iqjkru ekuo ;gka jgrs Fks mUgsa vius ?kj osQ lkeus ,d iRFkj dh nhokjcukuh t:jh Fkh] D;ksafd mlosQ nwljh vksj 700 iQhV uhps lh/s [kkbZ FkhA

7

/hjs&/hjs jgL; [kqyus yxsA iwjh ugha] exj dkiQh tkudkjhgkfly gqbZ] vkt vxj rqe pkgks rks [kqn ogka tkdj ml Hkqrgs 'kgjdks ns[k ldrs gks] ftldks fjpMZ vkSj mlosQ ppsjs HkkbZ us ,d xqiQkesa [kkstk FkkA mlus mldk uke j[kk] f'k[kj jktegy* vkSj vc ogkatks cM+k ^eslk onZ* jk"Vªh; m|ku cu x;k gS] ;g pksVh ij cuk 'kgjHkh mlh dk ,d fgLlk gSA

[kaMgj esa fiQj ls thou vk;k&

;g tks rLohj gS] ;g ^f'k[kj egy* dk n`'; gS] djhc lkrlkS lky iqjkus le; dk] ir>M+ osQ ekSle dkA og NksVk yM+dk],d /uq"k o deku mBkdj py jgk gS] ml O;fDr osQ fy, ftlusvHkh vHkh [kjxks'k dk f'kdkj fd;k gSA vc ;g f'kdkjh cM+s è;kuls [kjxks'k dh [kky fudkysxk] vkSj mls laHkky dj j[ksxk] ftllslnhZ osQ ekSle esa mlls iguus osQ xeZ oL=k cuk, tk losQaA mldhiRuh jlsnkj [kjxks'k dk xks'r cukus dh rS;kjh dj jgh gSA og

8

vius ?kM+s ls ikl j[ks vkx ls dkys gq, crZu esa ikuh Mky jgh gSAjlsnkj xks'r osQ lkFk og edbZ dh jksVh cuk,xhA ;g jksVh ml vkVsls cusxh ftls L=kh us Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls ihlk gSA ;gka ij nks fL=k;kaehukj osQ ikl fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSaA og Hkqêðksa (edbZ) dks iRFkjksa osQchp nckdj mlosQ nkus fudky jgh gSa] o nkuksa dks ihl jgha gSaA

tks lh/s gkFk dks [kqyk cM+k&lk Nsn gS] xksykbZ esa og ppZ rFkkiqjQ"kksa osQ fy, Dyc gSA ;g dejk iwjk tehu osQ uhps gSa] bldh NrydM+h osQ iQêðksa dh cusxh] ftUgsa og ikl [kM+k O;fDr iRFkj osQoqQYgkM+s ls dkV jgk gSA tks ih: i{kh ;gka ?kwe jgs gSa og fdlh cM+sHkkst esa idkus osQ fy, ugha gSA f'k[kj egy esa bl i{kh dks vkJ;fn;k tkrk gS rkfd ;g ,d yach ftanxh ft,A

;g fcyoqQy lp gS] exj ;g ,d cgqr NksVk&lk fgLlk gSml cM+h rLohj dk tks cukbZ tk jgh gSA ij gesa bldk fo'okloSQls gks\ D;k mu yksxksa us dksbZ fdrkcsa ;s lc fy[kdj NksM+h gSa\

ugha] tc fdlh dks fy[kuk ugha vkrk Fkk] u fdrkcas gh Fkha rksNksM+us dk loky gh ugha mBrkA

bu f'k[kj fuokfl;ksa dh dgkuh cgqr ls VqdM+ksa dks tksM+djcukbZ xbZ gS] Bhd ,sls gh tSls dksbZ tklwl fdlh Hksn dk irk yxkrkgSA igys cgqr lkjs rF; bdêòs fd, x,A fiQj ntuks± oqQ'ky yksxksaus] ftuesa L=kh&iqjQ"k nksuksa Fks lc txg laosQr <wa<sA ;s fo'ks"kKiqjkrRo oSKkfud dgykrs gSaA ;gka ij osQoy ,d fo'ks"kK ugha gksrk]tSls fd e'kgwj tklwl 'kjyd gksEl Fkk] tks vosQyk gh rjg&rjgdh gR;kvksa bR;knh osQ ekeys lqy>krk FkkA ijarq ;s iqjkru [kksthdHkh&dHkh ,slh prqjkbZ ls [kks, gq, rF;ksa dks [kkst fudkyrs gSa fd'kjyd gksEl Hkh rkTtqc esa jg tk,A

;g iqjkru oLrqvksa osQ tkudkj tc oqQN izek.k o lcwr bdêòsdj ysrs gSa] rc og è;ku ls bu lc dk eryc le>us dh dksf'k'kdjrs gSa] dfM+;ksa dks tksM+rs gSa] ml vutku Hkk"kk osQ lans'kksa dk

9

eryc fudkyus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa] tks mu vutku yksxksa usvutku Hkk"kk esa fn, FksA ;g oqQ'ky O;fDr fiQj mu yksxksa dhvkokt cu tkrs gSa tks viuh ckr [kqn ugha dg ldrsA

fu;e vuqlkj iqjkrRosÙkk dks fliZQ izkIr oLrqvksa osQ vk/kj ijmu yksxksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ysuh gksrh gSA os /wy vkSj xanxh esa[kksn&[kksn dj] cM+s laHkky dj gj NksVs ls NksVk izek.k bdêòk djrsgSaA ml le; dk gj lk{; ;gka rd fd iqjkru owQM+k Hkh cgqr oqQNdg tkrk gSA

dHkh&dHkh os iQkoM+ksa ls] gYosQ&gYosQ feêðh [kksnrs gSaa] fiQjmls ,d Nyuh esa ls fudkyrs gSaA bl Nyuh esa ls iryh /wyfudy tkrh gS] exj VwVs gq, cruks± osQ VqdM+s] gfîó;ka] cht odHkh&dHkh fdlh fdLe osQ eksrh ;k xgus cukus osQ fy, mi;ksx dklkeku Nyuh esa cpk jgrk gSA

oSKkfudksa dk dke ljy ugha gksrkA ;fn xqiQk cgqr lw[kh gks rksmUgsa /wy ls cpus osQ fy, udkc iguuk iM+rk gSA vDlj mUgsaNksVh [kqjih ysdj cM+s è;ku ls [kqnkbZ djuh gksrh gS] ftlls dksbZ

tklwl viuk dke djrs gq,A

10

Hkh uktqd pht VwV u tk,A dHkh&dHkh mUgsa blls Hkh dksey NksVsvkStkj dke esa ysus gksrs gSa] tSls ,d fp=kdkjh djus okyk eqyk;ecz'k vFkok ,d NksVh iwaQduh ftlls /wy dks gVk;k tk losQA

vxj mls ,slh gfîó;ka feyrh gS tks cgqr eqyk;e gS] ;k th.kZvkSj HkqjHkqjh gSa] rc og mu ij ,d rjg osQ rjy IykfLVd dkvkoj.k p<+krs gSaA ;g ,d xk<+k ysbnkj inkFkZ gksrk gS] tks fd lw[kusij dM+k gks tkrk gS] vkSj phtksa dks etcwr dj nsrk gS] ftlls ogVwVrh ugha gSA

dbZ ckj rks bu fo'ks"kKksa dks nkar osQ MkWDVjksa }kjk iz;ksx esa yk,x, uktqd vkStkjksa ls Hkh dke djuk iM+rk gS] tc fdlh NksVhdetksj txg dks oqQjsnuk gks vFkok ogka oqQN pqHkkdj liQkbZ djukt:jh gksA vkf[kj nkarksa dk [kks[kykiu ;k fNnz ns[kus osQ cf<+;kvkStkj Hkh bu iqjkru Kku [kkstus okyksa dh enn djrs gSaA

ftu iqjkrRo oSKkfudksa us bu f'k[kj ij clus okykas dh Nkuchudh] tYnh gh mUgsa ogha vkl&ikl osQ bykosQ esa vU; jgL;e; xkao

Hkh fey x,] tks ogha vfjt +ksuk izns'k eas ;k U;w esfDldks vFkok;qVkg esa FksA dHkh xqiQkvksa esa] dHkh ugha] exj ogka osQ fuoklh ges'kkxk;c FksA

bu lc yksxksa dk D;k gqvk\ ikl jgus okys uokgks bafM;al lsiqjkrRosÙkkvksa us ekywe djuk pkgk] mUgsa oqQN irk u FkkA gka mUgksaus

dgk fd ;g xkao ^vuklkt +h* yksxksa osQ Fks] ^vuklkt+h* dk erycmudh Hkk"kk esa iqjkus yksx FkkA oSKkfudksa dks ;g 'kCn ilan vk;kvkSj ;g bLrseky esa vk x;kA

jgL;e; dejs& ,d mtkM+ txg] tgka ,slk yxrk gS fd oqQNHkh ugha gS] vusoQ vthc laHkkouk,a j[krh gSaA f'k[kj fLFkr ?kjksa osQdbZ dejs fcyoqQy NksVs&NksVs fn[ksA ogka fliZQ cgqr fBxus O;fDrgh [kM+s gks ldrs FksA D;k blls ;s fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd ;gka osQfuoklh dn esa cgqr de Fks\

11

exj Bgfj,] fu"d"kZ fudkyus ls cgdus dk Mj gS] vkSjlaHkkoukvksa ij Hkh xkSj djuk t:jh gSA ;g dke iqjkrRo oSKkfudcM+h rRijrk ls djrs gSa] og nhokjksa] Nr] njoktksa iQ'kZ rFkk oqQN,sls njokts tks lhy yxkdj can djs gq, gaS lc oQks iwjh rjg lstkapsaxsA

lef>, fd vkidks ,d can dejs esa bu f'k[kj okfl;ksa osQxkao esa gh xM+k gqvk ,d dadky (gfîó;ksa dk <kapk) feykA vkimudh nsg dh maQpkbZ dk vuqeku bl dadky dh gfîó;ksa dks ukidj yxk ldrs gSA iqjkru oSKkfudksa us dbZ dadkyksa dks ukik vkSjik;k fd os Fks rks NksVs dn osQ] exj brus NksVs ugha fd mu uhphNr okys dejksa esa lh/s [kM+s gks losaQA

ckfj'k esa vxj vki ;gka ns[ksa rks irk pyrk gS fd D;kas buosQdejs uhph Nr osQ o NksVs gSaA ^vuklkth* dejs esa ugha cfYd xqiQkdh Nr osQ uhps lc dke] idkuk] [kkuk] [ksyuk] owQnuk fd;k djrsFks] dejksa esa iwjk ifjokj ugha jgrk Fkk] fnu Hkj xqiQk dh Nr mUgsalw[kk j[krh Fkh] dejs osQoy lksus osQ fy, iz;ksx gksrs Fks] vkSj ysVusij Nr uhph gks ;k maQph] oqQN iQoZQ ugha iM+rkA

,d vkSj fofp=k pht bu edkuksa esa ikbZ xbZA cgqr ls ?kjkas esanjokts mQij ls pkSM+s rFkk uhps irys gks x, Fks] tSls vaxzsth dkv{kj ^Vh* gksrk gSA ,slk D;ksa\

dkiQh lksp fopkj fd;k x;k] oqQN iz;ksx fd;s x,] rc ekywegqvk fd uhph Nr okys dejs esa ?kqlus osQ fy, bl rjg osQ njoktscgqr vPNs FksA njokts osQ nksuksa vksj cus fdukjs osQ lgkjs ls gkFkfVdkdj iSjksa dks maQpk mBk;sa] mdM+wa cSBus dh rjg] vkSj fiQj >wydj dejs esa vanj igqap tka,] fcuk flj ij pksV yxs vki vanjmdMa+w ;k ikYFkh ekjs cSBs gq, igqap tk;saxsA

ftruh vf/d tkudkjh feyrh xbZ ml osQ vk/kj ij buKkfu;ksa us eglwl fd;k fd fjpMZ dk fn;k gqvk uke ^f'k[kj egy*

12

xyr gSA egy rks jktkvksa ;k vfr vehj yksxksa osQ gksrs gSa] lk/kj.kvknfe;ksa osQ ?kjksa ls dgha cf<+;kA exj ^vuklkth* yksxksa osQ ?kj lc,d leku FksA ;s [kkyh iM+s NksVs dejs crkrs gSa fd ;gka jgus okysyksx lc oqQN] tks Hkh muosQ ikl Fkk] vkil esa cjkcj ckaVrs FksA

I;kfy;ka] dVksfj;ka] erZcku] vusd crZu] muosQ VqdM+s tks fd;s fuoklh NksM+ x, Fks] muosQ ckjs esa ,d u;k vè;k; [kksyrs gSaA[kkstdrkZvksa ,oa iqjkrRo Kkfu;ksa dks oqQN lkcqr crZu Hkh feys ijgtkjksa NksVs&NksVs VwVs VqdM+s Hkh mUgksaus bdêòs fd,A ftUgsa mUgksaus cM+hesgur ls cgqr /hjt osQ lkFk tksM+ dj vkdkj fn;kA blls mUgsaekywe gqvk fd ml iqjkru ;qx osQ I;kys] erckZu vkfn ns[kus esaoSQls Fks] og fdl dke esa fy, tkrs FksA ,d fo'ks"kK us ,d gh ?kjesa ik, x, VqdM+s] ftUgsa drju dg ldrs gSa] D;ksa fd os cgqrNksVs&NksVs Fks] dks fxuk] vkSj ik;k fd mudh la[;k Fkh] nks gtkj lkrlkS (2700)A buesa ls mlosQ lgk;dksa us feydj vkB fcyoqQy iwjscrZu Bhd&Bkd cuk fy,] vkSj cps gq, VqdM+ksa esa ls djhcu 400igpkus tkus yk;d I;kfy;ka vkfn vk/h&v/wjh cu ldh FkhA ,dvkSj fo'ks"kK us owQM+s osQ <sj ls 1]08]305 drjuas] VqdM+s bdêòs fd,A

iqjkus yksx oqQYgkM+h bl rjg cukrs Fks] ,d etcwr fpduk iRFkj ysrs FksA tksfd unh ry esa fey tkrk FkkA mls ,d vkSj iRFkj dks gFkkSM+h dh rjg

bLrseky dj viuh ilan dk vkdkjnsrs FksA fiQj mls ,d vkSj iRFkj lsjxM+dj mldk ,d fdukjk rst /kjokyh uksd dh rjg f?klk tkrk FkkAmldk gRFkk] idM+us okyh ydM+h fdlhisM+ dh 'kk[kk ls cukbZ tkrh FkhA

13

T;knkrj iqjkus cruks± ij ltkoV dh xbZ FkhA I;kfy;ka] r'rfj;ka]I;kys] dM+Nh] ikuh j[kus osQ tx] lc ij oqQN fp=kdkjh dh gqbZFkh] ;gka rd fd ,d dkyk gqvk [kkuk idkus dk crZu Hkh fdukjksaij ltk;k gqvk Fkk] ftlls og Mfy;k dh rjg yx jgk FkkA

eslk onZ esa] f'k[kj egy o vU; txgksa ij fjpMZ us ,d [kkluewuk ns[kk tks dbZ lkS gYosQ lysVh jax osQ cruks± ij Fkk] ;ge[keyh dkyh js[kk,a n'kkZrk FkkA

uhps fn[kkbZ xbZ r'rfj;ka ,d vU; xkao esa ikbZ xbZA ;g xkaonf{k.k esa dkiQh nwj feeczsl unh osQ lehi FkkA

budk lcdk varj dkiQh gS vkSj rqEgsa Hkh t:j fn[kkbZ ns jgkgksxkA izkphu dky esa yxHkx gj xkao dk viuk [kkl ltkoV dkrjhdk gksrk FkkA muosQ vius [kkl jax o vkdkj Hkh gksrs FksA cruks±oQh bu vyx&vyx 'kSfy;ksa dks vxj è;ku ls le> fy;k tk, rks

gkFkksa ij tksj nsdj mdaM+w gksdj O;fDr Vh* vkdj osQ njokts ls vanj tkrs gq,A

14

crZu ns[kdj crk;k tk ldrk gS fd fdl xkao ls og vk;k gSA

ij lkspks] vxj rqe eslk onZ esa [kksndj dksbZ crZu fudkyrsgks] exj og ;gka dh 'kSyh dk ugha gSA ,slk bu fo'ks"kKksa osQ lkFkgqvk vkSj blls mUgsa ,d ubZ ckr irk pyh] fd dksbZ eslk onZ dkoklh fdlh nwljs xkao ls ;g crZu ysdj vk;k FkkA ;k fiQj dksbZvtuch] vU; xzkeoklh eslk onZ vk;k vkSj vius xkao osQ crZunsdj oqQN [kkus dk lkeku vFkok crZu eslk onZ ls ys x;kA bllsvuqeku gksrk gS fd ;g iqjkru yksx nf{k.k if'pe osQ iwjs izns'k esa;k=kk djrs Fks o O;kikj Hkh djrs FksA

;g I;kfy;ka ,d vkSj xkao esa ikbZ xbZ] tks f'k[kj egy ls djhc ,d lIrkgiSny dk jkLrk FkkA D;k rqEgs buesa dksbZ iQoZQ fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS\

15

ikao esa iguus osQ iSQ'ku&

cruks± osQ vykok pIiyas Hkh dbZ izdkj dh gksrh FkhA i¼fr osQvuqowQy oqQN yksx ;wdk uked ikS/s dh yach iryh ifÙk;ksa ls lSaMycukrs Fks] oqQN :bZ dh cukbZ jLlh dk iz;ksx djrs FksA ,d lSaMytks 'kk;n gj iSj esa lgh cSBrk gksxk oqQN pkS[kwVs vkdkj dk FkkA ,dvkSj izdkj Fkk] ftlesa lkiQ varj fn[kkbZ ns jgk Fkk lh/s o mYVs];kfu nka;s o ck;sa iSj dkA ;g tksM+s ls cuk FkkA dgha ij lSaMy iwjhyackbZ osQ gksrs Fks] dgha ,sls Hkh Fks fd fliZQ V[kus <aosQ tk,a o ,sM+h[kqyh jgsA

vktdy osQ fo'ks"kK muosQ iSjksa osQ igukos dks ns[kdj crkldrs gSa fd ;g iqjkru ekuo nf{k.k if'pe osQ fdl Hkkx ls vk;kgksxkA

lkspks fd rqe ,d xqiQk esa x, tgka lSdM+ksa lSaMy fc[kjs gq, gSaAmls ns[kdj rqe D;k lkspksxs\ nks iqjkrRosÙkk Jh o Jhefr th-ch-dkslxzkso ,d ,slh gh xqiQk esa igqap x,A D;k ;g fdlh iqjkru twrscukus okys dk ?kj Fkk\ laHkor% og twrs cukrk gksxk vkSj buosQcnys edbZ ;k dacy [kjhnrk gksxkA

ij ;s lc lSaMy igus gq,] bLrseky gq, yx jgs gSa] oqQN osQryksa esa rks Nsn Hkh gaS] vkSj budh cukoV o fMtkbu crk jgh gS fd;g ,d txg cus gq, ugha gSaA ;gka ij dksbZ xksykbZdkj iats okykgS] dksbZ pkS[kwVkA iQhrs Hkh] fdlh esa vkM+s&frjNs iQhrs gSa] fdlh esa,d lh/ esaA

dkslxzkso naifÙk us bl xqiQk esa cgqr [kqnkbZ djokbZ] vkSjvkl&ikl Hkh [kksnk] fiQj bl jgL; dk mUgksaus ,d gy fudkykA;g twrs pIiyksa ls Hkjh xqiQk dksbZ /kfeZd mRlo ;k vuq"Bkuksa dhtxg jgh gksxh] ;gka fdlh dk Hkh ?kj ugha gksxk] D;ksafd dgha HkhdksbZ [kkuk idkus osQ crZu ;k owQM+k ;gka ugha feykA cfYd ;gka ijflj dks <dus osQ lk/u] bl rjg dh Vksfi;ka tks /kfeZd u`R;ksa esa

16

iguh tkrh gSa ikbZ xbZ] vkSj NksVs&NksVs MaMs] ftu ij fdukjksa ij lqanjiqaQnus yxs feysA ;s uktqd ydfM+;k] NksVh NfM+;ka Fkh] tks fd vHkhHkh oqQN bafM;al iwtk dh NM+h osQ :i esa O;ogkj djrs gSaA

'kk;n ;g xqiQk ,d /kfeZd LFkku osQ :i esa e'kgwj gksxhA cgqrls rhFkZ ;k=kh vusd xkoksa ls ;gka /kfeZd fØ;kvksa o mRloksa ij,df=kr gksrs gksxsaA 'kk;n fiQj os vius twrs p<+kos osQ :i esa NksM+tkrs gksxsaA

;g xqiQk,a vuklkth 'kgj ls cgqr ehyksa nwj FkhaA ;gka vuklkt+hls feyrh&tqyrh pIiysa Hkh ugha ikbZ xbZaA 'kk;n vuklkth viuhpIiysa dgha vkSj NksM+rs FksA

[kwclwjr 'kgj&

bu iqjkus 'kgjksa esa yksx vius O;kikj osQ flyflys esa Hkh tk;kdjrs FksA osQfyiQksZfu;k osQ fuoklh vius leqnz osQ 'ka[k] lhfi;kysdj U;w esfDldks vkrs o muosQ cnys esa ogka ls fiQjksts ys djvkrs] tgka bu lqanj uhys gjs jRuksa dks ilan fd;k tkrk FkkA

ikys gq, rksrs ysdj esfDldks ls nwj&nwj ls yksx bu iqjkru uxjksaesa tkrs o buosQ cnys vPNk lkeku ysdj vkrs FksA muosQ lcls cM+s'kgj I;wcyks cksfuVks esa ,d iwjk dejk Fkk] ftls fiatjs dh rjgiz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

I;wcyks cksfuVks ,d vk/qfud uke gSA Lisfu'k Hkk"kk esa bl 'kCndk vFkZ gS lqanj 'kgjA ,d tekus eas ;g okdbZ cgqr lqanj txg FkhAexj ;g lc djhc 100 lky igys Fkk] tcfd ;qukbVsM LVsVl dh

/kfeZd vuq"Bkuksa okyh xqiQk es ikbZ xbZ iwtk dh NfM+;ka] ydM+h ;k iwQyksaosQ MaBy ls cuh gqbZ Fkh] ,slhekU;rk Fkh fd vxj bu NM+ksadks ifo=k LFkku ij j[kk tk,rks ;g izkFkZuk Hkxoku rd igqapknsrh FkhaA

17

lsuk ogka ugha igqaph FkhA mlosQ ckn rks ;g ,d fo'kky feêðh dk<sj cu x;kA ftlosQ mQij VwVh&iwQVh iRFkj dh nhokjksa osQ VqdM+sfn[kkbZ nsrs FksA

oSKkfudksa us tc bl feê ðh] iRFkjksa osQ igkM+ dk vUos"k.k 'kq:fd;k rc ;g ,d cgqr cM+k dke FkkA dbZ lfn;ksa ls ;gka gok,a/wy mM+krh fiQj jgh FkhaA [kqnkbZ djus okyksa dks dbZ gtkj Vu feê ðh;gka ls [kksn dj gVkuh iM+h ftlls igys fd ;gka cus gq, dejsfn[kkbZ fn,A

oSKkfudksa us twuh o uokgks bafM;ual dks viuh enn osQ fy,cqyk;k vkSj vkf[kj mUgsa og vnHkqr 'kgj feykA vusd dejksa dkfeyk gqvk ,d iwjs 'kgj dk ?kj] dgha&dgha mlesa pkj eaftysa FkhavkSj 1200 jgus okyksa osQ fy, ?kjksa dk bartke FkkA oqQN iRFkj dhnhokjksa ij lqanj fMtkbu cus Fks] cgqr lqanj ckjhdh dk dke Fkk]tSlk fdlh Hkh iM+kSl osQ 'kgjksa vFkok f'k[kj osQ edkuksa esa ugha ns[kkx;k FkkA cgqr ls edkuksa esa dPph bVksa dh feêðh dks IykLVj olhesaV dh rjg bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA

uhy twM] iqjkrRosÙkk] tks fd ;gka ij [kqnkbZ dk dke djok jgsFks] dks ,d ckr cM+h vk'p;Z dh yxhA iqjkus dkjhxjksa us vius gkFkksadh Nki] [kkldj maxfy;ksa osQ dkiQh fu'kku feêðh ij yxs NksM+ fn,FksA ;g lkjs mxafy;ksa osQ fu'kku cgqr NksVs gkFk dk laosQr nsrs FksAD;k I;wcyks cksfuVks osQ euq"; cgqr NksVs Fks\

;g 'ka[kksa ls cuk cktwcan leqnz ls cgqr nwj,d izkphu dcz ls ik;k x;kA 'ka[k bR;kfncgqr nwj lSdM+ksa ehy rd igqap tkrs Fks]phtksa osQ vnyk&cnyh osQ O;kikj esaA

18

¶ugha crk;k mu oSKkfudksa us ftUgksaus vfLFk&iatjksa dks ukikFkkA og dksbZ [kkl NksVs ugha FksA muosQ gkFk feêðh ij cus fu'kkuksa esaugha laek ldrs FksA

fiQj D;k\

ekywe gqvk fd ;s gkFkksa dh Nki ogka dh vkSjrksa osQ gkFkksa osQ,dne cjkcj FkhaA bldk eryc izkphu le; esa] vkSjrsa] dkjhxjksadk dke djrh Fkha u fd enZA

MkoqQvksa ls D;k NwV x;k&

,d fnu twM I;wcyks cksfuVks osQ ,d dejs esa cM+h ckjhdh lsoqQN [kqnkbZ dj jgk FkkA mlosQ ikl ,d NksVh rst /kj okyh [kqjihFkh] ftlls og feêðh dh iryh iryh rgsa /hjs&/hjs fudky jgk FkkArHkh mls oqQN uhyh pht pedrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nhA ;g vo'; ghog lqanj uhyk&gjk iRFkj ^fiQjkstk* gksxk] ^Vjdksbl*] ftldks fdiqjkus yksx cgqr dherh ekurs FksA nf{k.k&if'peh izns'k osQ bafM;alvkt Hkh bls mruk gh ewY;oku ekurs gSa] ftruk vU; yksx ghjs dksAcgqr&lh dczsa pksj MkoqQvksa us [kksn nh Fkha] bUgha ewY;oku iRFkjksa dh[kkst esaA exj ;g ,d dcz Fkh tks cph jg xbZ FkhA

,d vulkth xqiQk esa gkFkksa osQ BIis;k fp=kdkjh ikbZ xbZA ;g fp=kdkjh Fkhu fd jax dj gkFk dh Nki yxkbZ FkhA rqEgsa rkTtqc gksxk fd oqQN gkFkksa esaNg o oqQN esa fliZQ pkj vaxqfy;ka n'kkZ;h xbZ gSaA iqjkrRosÙkk Hkh bl ckr ijrkTtqc esa gSaA

19

tSls&tSls twM gYosQ gkFk ls feêðh gVkrk tkrk uhyh >ydc<+rh tk jgh FkhA fiQj mlus ns[ks cgqr ls fiQjksts osQ eksrh tks vHkhrd ,d /kxs esa fijks, gq, FksA bruk lqanj uhyk fiQjkstk mlus igysdgha ugha ns[kk FkkA lkjs [kaMgjksa esa tknw dh rjg [kcj iSQy xbZA cM+slkgc dks [ktkuk fey x;k gSA twuh o uokgks bafM;al us viusvkStkj NksM+s vkSj pkjksa rjiQ ls ml detksj iqjkuh nhokj osQ ikl[kM+s gksdj pqipki ns[kus yxsA

twM us vc cz'k mBk;k] /hjs&/hjs gYosQ gkFk ls cz'k osQ }kjkmu eksfr;ksa ij ls og feê ðh dh ijr lkiQ djus yxkA vc oglkiQ fn[kkbZ ns jgh FkhA ,d ugha cfYd pkj fiQjkstksa dh yfM+;ka FkhvkSj ;s fiQjksts osQ eksfr;ksa dk cuk ,d vfr lqanj xys dk pkSdksjusdysl FkkA

oqQy feykdj 2500 NksVs eksfr;ksa ls ;s pkj ekyk,a cuh FkhAfdlh izkphu lqukj us cgqr le; yxk;k gksxk bu fiQjkstksa dks,dlkj djus esa] gjsd dks /kj djus okys iRFkj ij jxM+dj vkdkjnsuk vkSj izR;sd esa /kxk Mkyus osQ fy, Nsn cukukA vkSj lcls cM+hckr fd mu lc dks ,d leku cukukA tjk vankt djks] bu pkjekykvksa osQ eksrh cukus esa fdruk le; yxk gksxk\

pksj dk ihNk djuk&

twM osQ ,d vkSj iqjkrRosÙkh nksLr dks Hkh] ftudk uke vyZekSfjl Fkk] ,d ckj ,d vU; dcz esa fiQjksts dk ,d vfr lqanjxguk feyk FkkA ;g ,d yksyd vyadj.k FkkA ftls fdlh euq";us ,d /kxs esa yVdk dj xys esa iguk gksxkA blesa iPphdkjh dkdke Fkk] ,d uDdk'kh fd, gq, ydM+h osQ lqanj ykWosQV ij ikWfy'kfd, gq, pedhys uhys ux lhesaV dh lgk;rk ls] tks fd tksM+us dkdke djrh gS] tM+ fn, x, FksA

ekSfjl us ,d maQV osQ ckyksa ls cus cgqr gh uje cz'k ls blslkiQ fd;k] rHkh mlus ik;k fd rhu ux fudys gq, FksA mls

20

fo'okl Fkk fd ;g ux mldh liQkbZ djus esa ugha fudys gSaA ;gHkh irk Fkk fd dcz esa tkus okys osQ lkFk iqjkru yksx lcls vPNsxgus gh j[krs Fks vkSj ;fn fdlh dcz&pksj us bls ik;k gksrk rks oglkjk gh ys tkrk] u fd fliZQ rhu ux!

vkf[kj dgka x, og ux\

eksfjl us lko/kuh ls lc rjiQ ns[kuk 'kq: fd;k] dksbZ lqjkxfeyus dh mEehn esaA mlus ns[kk fd ,d pwgs dk fcy ogka ikl ghFkk] tgka mls ;g tsoj feyk FkkA mlus pwgs osQ fcy dks [kqnok;kvkSj gj pEep&Hkj feêðh dks tks ogka ls fudyh vPNh rjgNuok;kA vkSj vkf[kj og rhu ux fudy vk,A bl ckj dcz dhpksjh djus okyk ,d pwgk FkkA

eDdh dk fn;k lqjkx&

iPphdkjh dk ykWosQV cukus esa ;k fiQj fiQjksts osQ eksfr;ksa dhekyk cukus esa dbZ fnu] cfYd dbZ gÝrs yx tkrs gksaxsA fL=k;ksa dksHkh cruks± ij lqanj] dfBu uewus cukus esa dbZ ?kaVs yx tkrs gksaxsA

bu rF;ksa ls iqjkrRosÙkk D;k tkudkjh gkfly djrs gSa\ bloQkeryc gS fd ;s vkfne euq"; lqanj] lth gqbZ phtksa dks ilan djrsFksA blosQ vykok buesa brus oqQ'ky dykdkj o fp=kdkj Hkh gksrs FksA

exj blls ml ;qx dh ,d ckr vkSj Hkh tkfgj gksrh gSA lqanjeksrh] iPphdkjh dk dke rFkk fp=kdkjh o uDdk'kh dk lkeku ;glkfcr djrk gS fd mu yksxksa dks viuk lkjk le; [kkuk <wa<us esaugha xqtkjuk iM+rk FksA de&ls&de oqQN yksx ,slk dke djrs Fks]tks dyk dks n'kkZrk gS vkSj ek=k isV Hkjus ls pkj dne vkxs FkkA

;s yksx vPNh rjg [kkrs&ihrs vkSj fiQj buosQ ikl le; cprkbu dykvksa dks fodflr djus dk! ;g oSQls laHko Fkk\

iqjkru foKku osQ Kkrkvkssa us bl iz'u osQ dbZ mÙkj] lqjkxksa odczksa osQ lkeku vkfn osQ vk/kj ij <wa<sA bl ;qx osQ yksx ejus okys

21

osQ lkFk mldh dcz esa mldh t:jr dh phtsa Hkh xk<+ nsrs FksAbldk dkj.k lkiQ FkkA cgqr ls yksx] vusd dchys vkfn ekurs gSafd ejus osQ ckn tks nwljh ftanxh mUgsa feysxh] mlesa bu lc phtksadh t:jr iM+sxhA ;gh izpyu FkkA

,d vU; pht ,slh fudyh] ftlus muosQ thou ij] jgu&lguij izdk'k MkykA ,d L=kh dh dcz esa ,d ,slh Mfy;k feyh tksfd vkSjrsa viuh ihB ij cks>k <ksus osQ dke ykrh gS] vkSj bl cM+hlh Vksdjh esa lkcqr nkuksa dh edbZ Hkjh gqbZ FkhA

bl bdêòs fd, x, edbZ ls ge ;g /kj.kk cuk ldrs gSa fdf'k[kj fuoklh fdlku Fks ij D;k ;gh iDdh ckr gS\ gks ldrk gSos taxyh Hkqê ðs bdêòs djrs gksaA

dbZ ckj iqjkrRosÙkk lh/s uhps ,d [kkl txg dh rLohj ysuk pkgrs gSaA tSlsmnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij og ,d iwjs ?kj dh pkjnhokjh fn[kkrs gq, rLohj ysukpkgrk gSA vxj og tehu ij mlosQ ikl [kM+k gS rks mls og iwjk ugha ns[kldrkA ;g pfyr ehukj c[kwch ;s dke djrh gSA yM+osQ o yM+fd;ka rkjksadks [khapdj bls Bhd txg ij j[ks gaS vkSj og mQij nwj ls fdlh Hkh phtdks laiw.kZrk ls ns[k ldrk gSA

rLohj [khapus dh ehukj

22

exj] taxyh edbZ rks gksrh gh ugha] vxj Hkqêðk [kkuk gS rks mlsmxkuk iM+sxkA

;g edbZ muosQ lkekftd thou osQ u, rF; c;ku djrh gSA;s [kk| oLrq, <wa<rs gh ugha Fks] cfYd mUgsa mxkrs FksA xehZ esa ogt:jr osQ vuqlkj iwjs lky osQ [kkus dk bartke dj fy;k djrs FksA

bl rjg eDdk og rRo Fkk ftldh otg ls iqjkus yksxksa dksiqQjlr feyrh Fkh vkSj os xgus cukus fp=kdkjh djus ;k vU; lqanjoLrq,a cukus dk le; ikrs FksA

cs'kdherh owQM+k&

D;k ;g rkTtqc dh ckr ugha gS fd iqjkru oSKkfudksa dks edbZ,slh gkyr esa fey xbZ] tcfd og lSdM+ksa lky iqjkuh Fkh\ oSQls oD;ksa\ og lM+ ;k lw[k D;ksa ugha xbZ\

nf{k.k if'pe esa goka, fcYoqQy 'kq"d] tyghu gksrh gSa]blfy, ;fn ckfj'k o ciZQ ls cp tk,a rks os u rks lM+rh gSa u muesaiQaxl] dkbZ bR;kfn yxrh gSA [kkus dk lkeku] diM+s o iQj (yksepeZ) lkyksa lky vPNh gkyr esa jgrs gSa ;fn mUgsa can fMCcs esa ;kvPNs vkJ; esa] tSls xqiQkvksa esa j[kk tk,A cpk&[kqpk [kkuk] iQVsdiM+s] VwVs f[kykSus o ydM+h ;k gfîó;ksa osQ cus vkStkj] lcosQ <sjiM+s Fks f'k[kj okfl;ksa osQ ?kjksa osQ lkeus] ;gka rd fd tks owQM+k osyksx isaQdrs Fks og Hkh lfn;ksa rd igpkuus yk;d jgkA ;g muxqiQkvksa esa Fkk ftuosQ mQij Nr dk fgLlk dkiQh ckgj rd fudykgqvk Fkk] ftlls ckfj'k dk ikuh vanj u igqapsA

rqEgsa yxsxk ;g owQM+k djdV csdkj gS] exj ;g cgqr dherhgS muosQ fy, tks iqjkru euq"; osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh gkfly djjgs gSaA VwVs crZu o v/tyh ydfM+;ka rd bu foKkuosÙkkvksa dkst:jh o dke dh tkudkjh ns nsrs gSaA

fiQj Hkh lc <sj owQM+s ;k vU; lkeku osQ lw[ks ugha gksrs]dHkh&dHkh xqIkQk dh Nr osQ uhps osQ Hkh <sj xy tkrs gSa] tkudkjksa

23

dks dkiQh tklwlh iw.kZ Hksfn;k rjhosQ iz;ksx esa ykus iM+rs gSa ;g irkyxkus dks fd iM+s gq, <sj dh gkyr D;k gSA vxj ml ij ?kkl ;kvU; ikS/s mx x, gSa rks [kqnkbZ ij tkfgj gS xhysiu dk vlj fy,lkeku feysxk vkSj xhys gksus ls lkeku lM+uk 'kq: gks tkrk gSA tgka?kkl ;k ouLifr ugha mxh gks ,sls lw[ks <sj iqjkus lkeku dh vPNhj{kk djrs gSaA

cksyus okyh gfîó;ka&

,d owQM+s dk <sj gfîó;kas dk! D;k dgrk gS oks\ blls irkpyrk gS fdl rjg dk ekal iqjkus yksx [kkrs Fks] [kjxks'k dh gfîó;kasdk eryc [kjxks'k dk ekal] fgj.k dh gîóh fgj.k dk ekalA

exj ;g rks 'kqjQvkr gSA vxj ,d tkudkj oqQN Kku c<+kus osQfy, dbZ ?kjksa eas feyh fgj.k dh gfîó;ka bdêòh djosQ mUgsa tksM+ dj<kapk rS;kj djrk gS] ftlls lc VqdM+s ,d&nwljs ls fcyoqQy BhdtqM+ tkrs gSaA ;g ,d iwjs fgj.k dk <kapk cu x;kA bloQk erycdbZ ?kjksa us feydj ,d gh fgj.k dk Lokfn"V ekal fey&ckaVdj[kk;k FkkA

;g ,d otunkj rF; crkrk gS] u fliZQ mu lcdks ;g ekalilan Fkk cfYd fdl rjg osQ fu;e ml xkao ij ykxw FksA gfîó;kadgrh gS ¶tu lk/kj.k fey ckaVdj [kkrs Fks] vxj ,d us [kk;k]rks lcus Hkh [kk;k!¸,sfjtksuk esa ,d gtkj o"kZ igys jgus okys vkneh dh [kksiM+h] exj ;gmldh ftanxh dh dgkuh dgrh gS&

1- tc og cPpk Fkk bldh eka bls iSQ'kuijLrcukuk pkgrh FkhA2- tc ;g cM+k gqvk blus edbZ dh jksVh cgqr[kkbZ] gkykafd mls pckuk blosQ fy, eqf'dygksrk] D;ksafd nkar nnZ djrs FksA3- ;g tc ?kkr yxk, cSBk Fkk] ekjk x;kA4- tc ;g ekjk x;k] rc djhc 35 lky dkFkkA

24

(4) ;g [kksiM+h vkneh dh gS ;k vkSjr dh\ cw<s+dh ;k toku dh\ fdruh iqjkuh gS\ iqjkrRosÙkkvksaus brus lkjs dadkyksa dks tkapk vkSj ukek gS fdos gesa bu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ns ldrs gSaA

iqjkruosÙkk dgrs gSa fd dejs xkao esa lc leku Fks] jktk&egkjktkdk oqQN vyx u FkkA bl lcls yxrk gS iqjkus yksx tura=k iz.kkyhdks 'kgj pykus esa iz;ksx djrs FksA

gfî ó;kas ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd tho dk gJ oSQls gqvk FkkAbu xanxh osQ <sjksa esa VdhZ (,d i{kh) dh gfîó;ka cgqr de feyhAtks fd pckbZ ;k [kkbZ gqbZ gks] blosQ foijhr dbZ i{kh oaQdky feystks fd iwjs osQ iwjs feê ðh esa ncs gq, FksA blls tkfgj gS fd VdhZ dks[kkus osQ fy, ugha ekjk tkrk FkkA

(1) iSQ'kuijLr yksxksa osQ flj ihNs ls piVs gksrs FksAcPps osQ flj dks piVk vkdkj nsus osQ fy, eka mlsvPNh rjg nck dj ,d pkS[kVs ls cka/ nsrh Fkh] ftlsog viuh ihB ij fy, ?kwerh FkhA cPps osQ flj dheqyk;e gfîó;ka tYnh gh piVh gks tkrh Fkha vkSj fiQjmlh vkdj esa dM+h gks tkrh FkhaA

(2) iqjkus yksxksa osQ nkar [kjkc blfy, gkstkrs Fks fd vkSjrsa tc edbZ dks ihlrh Fkharc og ftl fly cêðs leku midj.k iz;ksxdjrh og cyqvk (jsr okys) iRFkj ls cusgksrs] o ;g jsr eDdh osQ vkVs esa feytkrhA

(3) rhj osQ uqdhys fgLls dh fLFkfr ls yxrk gS og nq'euosQ flj esa oqQN uhps ls ekjk x;k gS ftlls fd rhj dkuosQ ikl gksdj lh/k ihNs ls ekFks osQ vanj ?kql x;kA bllsmldk flj fpj x;kA

25

VdhZ dks os yksx muosQ ijksa osQ fy, j[krs FksA muosQ ia[k tcc<+ tkrs rc mUgsa dkVdj xeZ dacy cuk, tkrs] vkSj oqQN fnu esaVdhZ osQ u, ia[k vkrs o c<+us yxrsA ekjdj [kkus osQ fy, og ughagksrh Fkh] mldk T;knk vPNk dke FkkA

dgkfu;ka tks e`r yksx lqukrs gSa&

VdhZ dk oaQcy bl tUe eas gh cgqr dke dk Fkk] exj iqjkusyksx vxys tUe esa Hkh mls t:jh le>rs Fks] blfy, og dczksa easHkh j[kk tkrk FkkA [kqnkbZ esa dbZ dczksa esa e`r 'kjhj ik, x,s] oqQNoqQEgyk dj lw[k x, Fks] vkSj ^eeh* ;kfu ^ifjjf{kr 'ko* cu x,FksA ,d ia[kksa osQ oaQcy esa fyiVh gqbZ eeh] ftlosQ pkjksa vksj mldklkeku j[kk gks] cgqr oqQN dgrh gSA uj dadky o gfîó;ka Hkh cgqroqQN crkrh gSaA

;g nwljh dcz ,d egRoiw.kZ vkneh dh gS mlosQ vkl&ikl[kkus o ihus osQ dkiQh crZu gSa] tks mlosQ vxys tUe esa dke vkusdks j[ks x, gSaA dbZ xys osQ gkj rFkk ,d ckalqjh Hkh gSA mRlo osQle; ;g (fp=k& A, B )O;fDr ckalqjh ctkrk gksxk] rFkk og fpyeihrk gksxk] tks fd ,d uyh tks ogka j[kh gS] crkrh gSA

dcz (A) osQ dadky dks o nwljh dcz (B) dks nsf[k, gesa ;s djhc ,d lsyxrs gSa] exj iqjkrRo'kkL=kh budh nks fcyoqQy vyx dgkfu;ka crkrs gSaA

A B

bl owQM+s dh rgksa dks ns[kdj oSKkfud ;g vankt yxk ldrsgSa fd Øe vuqlkj dkSu&lh pht igys gqbZ] tSls fd mUgksausvè;;u ls tkuk fd cjNksa dk iz;ksx igys 'kq: gks x;k Fkk vkSj rhjdeku ckn esa cuk, x,A Vksdfj;ka igys cukbZ xbZ] mlosQ ckn crZucukus dk pyu gqvkA euq"; igys taxyh tkuojksa osQ f'kdkj] taxyh

ckalqjh gkj

fpye

ckyksa ls cuk cz'k

26

budh gfîó;ka] ikl j[kk gqvk cky dk<+us dk cz'kvkSj ikWfy'k djus okyk iRFkj ;s crkrs gSa fd ;g ,dL=kh dh dcz gS vkSj lc vuklkth fL=k;ksa dh rjg ;sHkh crZu cukrh FkhaA crZu tc rS;kj gks tkrk rks mlspedkus okys iRFkj dh lgk;rk ls oqQN vkdkj Bhdfd;k tkrk o mldks iwjk lery fd;k tkrA fiQj mlslqanj ltkoV djosQ xeZ vkx esa lasdk tkrkA

;g rLohj ,d NksVh yM+dh dh gS] ftldk fd iSj VwV x;kFkk] ml txg ij [kIifp;ksa (piVh ydM+h osQ VqdM+ksa) dhlgk;rk ls mls cka/ fn;k x;k FkkA iqjkrRosÙkk ml tqqM+h gqbZgîóh dks ns[kdj ;g crk ldrs gSa fd fdl mez ij mldh gîóhFkA iqjkus owQM+s osQ <sj ls feyh [kIifp;ka ,oa cSlkf[k;ka vkSj Hkhcgqr oqQN crkrh gSaA

vU; vuklkth yksxksa dh rjg og [ksr esa dke djrkFkk] vksj edbZ osQ cht viuh ydM+h ls xgjs x<+scukdj mlesa cksrk FkkA

27

iQy ;k tM+s bR;kfn [kkdj thrs Fks] /hjs&/hjs ckn esa mUgsa edbZcksus dk Kku gqvkA

flyflykokj phtkas dk Øe tku ysus ij Hkh ;s fdl lnh esa]dc gqvk] bldh tkudkjh lgh rkSj ij feyuh eqf'dy gks jgh gSAvaMs osQ vkdkj dh dczsa dc [kksnh xbZ\ fdl lky esa] vFkok fdllnh esa gh lgh] iqjkru yksxksa us pksVh ij egy cukuk 'kq: fd;kAdc og bl pksVh fLFkr egy dks NksM+dj pys x,\

iqjkrRosÙkk lgh le; vkSj rkjh[kksa dks <wa<us dk iz;Ru djrs jgs]exj oSQls ;g le> ugha ik jgs FksA vHkh rd ikbZ tkusokyh phtksaosQ vykok tks lqjkx Fkk og lgh Fkk fd tks phtsa fcYoqQy u ikbZxbZ gksa] tSls u ?kksM+s dh] u xk; dh dksbZ gfîó;ka bu owQM+s osQ <sjksaesa ugha feyhA xk; o ?kksM+s ;gka Lisfu'k yksxksa osQ lkFk gh yk, x,lu~ 1540 osQ djhcA bl le; rd ;kfu 1540 ls igys gh ;giqjkru ekuo ;gka ls tk pqosQ FksA

2

izkphu ls Hkh izkphure&

tc fjpMZ osnfjy us dksyjkMks es ^f'k[kj egy* [kkst fy;krc mlus dbZ vkSj xqiQkvksa dh Nkuchu ^vfjtksuk* esa dhA ;gka ijgh igyh ckj mlus vaMs osQ vkdkj dh dczsa ikbZ ftuesa fd 'koksadks cSBh gqbZ voLFkk esa niQuk;k x;k FkkA bu dczksa osQ fy, [kqnkbZcgqr xgjh djuh iM+h] blls fjpMZ dks yxk fd 'kk;n iqjkruekuokas dks Hkh bu vfr izkphu balkuksa osQ ckjs es dksbZ Kku ugha FkkvkSj mlh LFkku ij mUgksaus vius Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k FkkA

,d vkSj vthc pht ;g Fkh fd ;s vaMkdkj 'ko j[kus okyhdczksa esa u rks dksbZ crZu] u gh rhj deku ik, x,A gkykafd vkSjphtsa] [kkuk] diM+s] [kwclwjr Vksdfj;ka] vkSj cjNs osQ uqdhys fgLls ik,x,A ;gka ij pIiysa tks feyh os Hkh iQoZQ cuh gbZ FkhA f'k[kj egyesa ikbZ pIiyksa esa vxwaBs dh idM+ Fkh] tks bu pIiyksa esa ugha FkhaA

28

blh rjg owQM+s osQ <sjksa esa Hkh igys ijr esa vaxwBs okyh pIiysao rhj feys vkSj xgjk [kksnus ij lk/kj.k iSj Mkyus okyh pIiyksao cjNs osQ uksad osQ vo'ks"k ik, x,A

fjpMZ us blls vuqeku yxk;k fd iqjkru ekuo ls igys ,dlnh ,slh jgh gksxh tc ;gka vfr iqjkru ekuo jgk gksxkA

lkjh nqfu;k esa tgka Hkh euq"; jgrs gSa owQM+k bdêòk gks tkrk gSvkSj vxj yacs le; rd ,d txg jgs rks <sj rg nj rg mQpkagksrk tkrk gS] tgka lcls u;k lcls mQij o lcls iqjkuk lcls uhpsjg tkrk gSA

bl u, iqjkus osQ vfrfjDr lgh le; vkadus dk dksbZ rjhdkiqjkru oSKkfud ugha [kkst ik,A fiQj mUgsa ,d u;k Kku feyk] fdle; dh lgh Nki isM+ksa osQ :i esa] phM+ o nsonkj osQ ruksa ijvafdr gSaA

/uq"k deku ls igys cjNs isaQddj bLrseky fd, tkrs FksA cjNk isaQdus osQfy, ,d rjg dk iz{ksid iz;ksx gksrk Fkk ftls ,sVkYV dgk x;kA bldksigpkuus esa fnDdr ugha gqbZ D;ksa fd vHkh Hkh ,sls iz{ksid ,sfLdeks o dbZvU; yksx iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Hkkys osQ fy, NsnHkkyk

nks maxfy;ksa osQ fy, iaQns

29

isM+ksa esa cus osQysaMj&

izfr o"kZ isM+ dk ruk eksVk gksrk tkrk gSA gj o"kZ ydM+h dh,d ubZ rg isM+ dh Nky o iqjkuh rg osQ chp esa cu tkrh gSA oqQNisM+ksa esa] [kkl rkSj ij phM+ o nsonkj eas ;g cM+h lkiQ utj vkrhgSA vxj ydM+h osQ ,d VqdM+s dks è;ku ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g rgsa,d rjg ls xksykbZ nj xksykbZ ?ksjk cukrh gSaA ;fn bu ?ksjksa dks fxuktk, rks irk yxrk gS fd tc o`{k ej x;k ml le; og fdruslky iqjkuk FkkA chp dk ?ksjk o`{k dh ftanxh dk igyk o"kZ n'kkZrkgS] vkSj vkf[kjh ckgj dh rjiQ okyk ?ksjk mldk vfUre o"kZ crkrkgSA oqQN ?ksjs T;knk o oqQN de pkSM+s gksrs gSa] bldk vFkZ gS fdUghao"kks± eas isM+ T;knk c<+k] cfuLcr vkSj o"kks± osQA og blfy,] D;ksafdvyx&vyx lkyksa esa ekSle esa Hkh iQoZQ jgk gksxkA

;fn fdlh ,d o"kZ ,d o{k dk ?ksjk T;knk iSQyk gS rks lHkh o{kksaosQ ml o"kZ osQ ?ksjs pkSM+s gksxsa] D;ksafd ekSle dk vlj lc ij iM+sxkA

;g isM+ksa ij cus ?ksjs] ,d rjg dh ifêð;ka&lh fdl izdkjosQysaMj dh rjg bLrseky esa vkbZ bldh Hkh ,d vyx dgkuh gSA

,-bZ- Mxyl uked ,d oSKkfud Fks] tks fd vkdk'k fLFkr rkjksaosQ Kku esa cgqr 'kkSd j[krs FksA mUgsa isM+ksa ;k [kaMgjksa esa dksbZfnypLih ugha FkhA Mxyl us viuh tkap osQ nkSjku ik;k fd oqQNjgL;e; ls nkx lwjt ij gj 10&11 lky esa ,d ckj fn[kkbZ iM+rsgSaA os tkuuk pkgrs Fks fd bu nkxksa dh otg ls i`Foh osQ ekSle ijoQksbZ vlj gksrk gS ;k ughaA mUgksaus cgqr&lh ekSle laca/h fjiksVZlo fooj.k ns[ksA ml le; esa ekSle dh tkudkjh cgqr de vafdrdh tkrh Fkh] bl dkj.k fjdkMZ fd;k gqvk Hkh oqQN [kkl ugha FkkAoqQN lkfcr djus osQ fy, Mxyl dks dbZ lkS lky dh tkudkjhgkfly djuh t:jh FkhA

,d fnu vpkud mls ,d ,slk [;ky vk;k] ftlls og cgqrmRlkfgr gks x;kA mlus lkspk isM+ksa osQ ruksa ij gj lky eksVs gksus ij

30

fu'kku Lo:i ydM+h dh tks ubZ ijrsas ?ksjksa osQ :i esa iM+rh gSa] phM+o nsonkj osQ o`{kksa esa os dkiQh lkiQ utj vkrh gSa vkSj muesa cgqriqjkus fjdkMZ fooj.k fey tk,axsA vc mUgsa cgqr iqjkuh ydfM+;ksa osQuewuksa dks <wa<uk FkkA ,slh izkphu ydM+h dgka feysxh\ ogha tgkaizkphu [kaMgjksa dh [kqnkbZ gks jgh gksxhA iqjkrRosÙkk tks fd izkphuekud o lH;rk dh [kkst esa [kqnkbZ djok jgs Fks] rqjar gh bl u,dke esa lg;ksx djus yxsA mUgksaus izkphu uxjksa] owQM+s o tyh ydM+hosQ VqdM+s Mxyl dks fn,] vkSj Mxyl us viuh fo|k ls muydfM+;ksa dks tkap ij[k dj og dc dh gSa] fdrus o"kZ iqjkuh ;gmUgsa crk;k] tks mUgsa ,d iqjLdkj dh rjg yxkA ftu [kaMgjksa dksos [kksn jgs Fks] os fdl lnh osQ Fks] bldk vc mUgsa lgh Kku]oSKkfud rjhosQ ij vk/kfjr fey x;k FkkA

isM+ksa esa iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fn,&

Mxyl us bl nf{k.k if'pe bykosQ esa gksus okys cgqr ls isM+ksaosQ ruksa dks ij[kk vkSj muosQ pkSM+s o irys ?ksjksa osQ vk/kj ij ,dpkVZ muosQ fodflr gksus dk cuk;kA ml pkVZ esa orZeku esa yxs gq,isM+ksa osQ ruksa ij pkSM+s o irys ?ksjs ns[ks x,] fiQj oqQN iqjkus isM+ksa osQrus o fiQj vkSj Hkh iqjkus isM+ksa dk fujh{k.k fd;k x;kA i`"B 30 ijtks rLohj gS mls ns[kdj ekywe gksrk gS fd bu ?ksjksa osQ vk/kj ijfiNys 80 lkyksa dk osQysaMj cu ldrk gSA

31

/hjs&/hjs Mxyl o iqjkrRosÙkkvksa us ,d pkVZ isM+ksa osQ c<+rs ?ksjksaosQ lgkjs muosQ rus dks tkap dj ,slk cuk;k tks fiNys 2000 lkyrd tkrk FkkA bl ls vc ogka ij tks [kaMgj gS] o [kqnkbZ esa fudyslkeku ls ;fn mlesa dksbZ dk"B osQ VqdM+s feys rks muosQ le; dkvadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;gka rd fd tyh gqbZ ydM+h] dks;yk cuus ij Hkh bu ?ksjksa dkuewuk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

fiQj bl pkVZ dks vki ml 2000 o"kZ osQ ?ksjksa okys pkVZ lsfeykdj ns[ksaA tc vkidks cM+s pkVZ osQ fdlh fgLls esa mlhfMtkbu osQ ?ksjs fn[ksa tSls vkiosQ cuk, NksVs pkVZ esa gSa] rc vkiliQy gks x,A cM+s pkVZ esa iM+h rkjh[kksa osQ fglkc ls vki dks irkpy tk,xk fd tks ydM+h vki osQ ikl gS og dkSu ls lky esadkVh xbZ FkhA tkfgj gS fd vxj og fdlh ?kj cukus osQ dke esayh xbZ Fkh] rks edku Hkh mUgha o"kks± dk] mlh le; dk jgk gksxkA

iqjkrRosÙkk le; dh igsfy;ka lqy>kus esa] o vU; vusd rF;ksadks tkuus esa cgqr fnypLih j[krs gSaA ;g n`'; ,d VwVs&iwQVs iqjkusvo'ks"kksa dks mUgsa ,d iQVh gqbZ fdrkc&lk yxrk gS ftls og ;fniUuk nj iUuk tksM+ loasQ rks ,d iwjh dgkuh 'kq: ls var rd i<+htk ldrh gSA rkjh[ksa fdrkc osQ iUuksa dh rjg] mUgsa iqjkus yksxksa osQthou osQ Øe dk Kku nsrh gSA 'kq: esa D;k Fkk] chp esa D;k jgkvkSj var oSQlk gqvk\

fjpMZ osQ eslk onZ dh [kkst osQ ckn osQ cgqr ls iz'u ftuosQ

f'k[kj osQ ,d edku esa blizdkj dk cuk gqvk (edbZ osQckyksa ls) ,d NksVk&lk xksyvkdkj dk <kapk ik;k x;kAbldk D;k bLrseky Fkk] ;g geasvkxs irk pysxkA

32

ftl ekyiq, osQ vkdkj dh oLrq dks geusfiNyh rLohj esa ns[kk og fL=k;ka flj ijj[kdj] mlosQ mQij ?kM+k fVdkdj ikuhHkjdj ykrh FkhaA

mÙkj igys ugha feys Fks /hjs&/hjs lqy>us yxs] vc iqjkrRo Kkfu;ksaosQ lkFk ,d [kxksy'kkL=kh Hkh fey x;k FkkA

o`{kksa osQ ?ksjksa osQ fglkc ls irk pyrk gS fd 1063 esa f'k[kjegy esa yksxksa us ?kj cukus 'kq: fd, FksA nks lkS lky rd ;gka u,?kj curs jgsA tks lcls u;k 'kgrhj f'k[kj egy esa feyk] mlosQisM+ dks lu~ 1273 esa dkVk x;kA

ijarq iqjkru yksxksa us ?kj cukus D;ksa can djs] os ogka ls D;ksa pysx,] bldk tokc D;k isM+ksa ls tkuk tk ldrk gS\ lu~ 1276 ls1299 rd cus ?ksjs cgqr gh irys&irys gSa]bu 23 lkyksa esa ekSleosQ lkFk u nsus ls isM+ cgqr de c<+sA 'kk;n edbZ] díw] lse mxkusesa Hkh ml ekSle esa fnDdr vkbZ gksaxhA gks ldrk gS [kkus dh ;kikuh dh ryk'k esa og yksx ;g txg NksM+dj pys x, gksaA

exj isM+ksa osQ dysaMj osQ fglkc ls [kjkc ekSle 'kq: gksus osQrhu lky igys gh og vius ?kj NksM+ pqosQ Fks] D;ksafd vkf[kjhydM+h dh che rhu lky igys dkVh xbZ FkhA

o`{k js[kk, fn[kkrh gSa fd cgqr ls xkaoksa esa] ;gka rd fd cM+s'kgj I;wCyks cksfuVks esa Hkh yksxksa us u, ?kj ckuus can dj fn, Fks][kjkc ekSle vkus ls igys ghA I;wCyks cksfuVksa osQ jgus okyks us rksf'k[kj egy fuokfl;ksa ls Hkh igys ?kj] 'kgj NksM+ fn, FksA

,slk D;ksa\

'kk;n ?kj ns[kus ls dksbZ mÙkj feysA

33

fcuk njoktksa dh nhokjs&

?kj ns[kus ls ge mu yksxksa osQ ckjs esa cgqr oqQN tku ldrs gSa]D;k vkStkj] D;k ?kj cukus dk lkeku muosQ ikl Fkk] yksx ckx jbZlFks fd xjhc] ekfyd ;k xqyke turk [kq'k o eLr Fkh ;k ?kcjkbZ oMjh gqbZA

I;wCyksa cksfuVks] og lqanj 'kgj tgka gtkj yksx jgrs Fks] bldhrLohj esa ,d vtc pht gS fd ckgj dh nhokj esa dgh Hkh njoktkugha gSA [kaMgjksa esa fu'kkuksa ls yxrk gS fd njokts Fks exj mUgsa lhycan dj fn;k x;k FkkA bl rjg njokts etcwrh ls can djus dkvFkZ gS fd yksx Mjs gq, FksA ,d fdLe dk Mj ftlosQ dkj.k njoktscan fd, tkrs gSa] pksj MkoqQvksa dk gksrk gSA I;wCyks cksfuVks esa cgqrlkeku Fkk tks yqVsjs ys tkuk pkgrs] tSls lqukjksa osQ cuk, lqanj fiQjkstsosQ eksrh] xksnkeksa esa Hkjh eDdh dh mit] tks [ksrksa ls vkbZ FkhA rksD;k iM+kSlh xkao okyksa us fp<+dj mudks ywVuk pkgk\ ,slk nqfu;k esacgqr gksrk gS] exj iqjkrRosÙkkvksa dks bldk dksbZ lcwr ugha feyk]vkSj iqjkus yksx 'kkafrfiz; fdlku FksA

exj lcwr feys gSa fd vtuch bu bykdksa esa ?kweus yxs FksA osfdlku ugha f'kdkjh Fks] mUgsa edbZ mxkuh ugha vkrh Fkh] exjmldk Lokn mUgsa ilan vk x;k tc mUgksaus oqQN vkSjrksa dksidM+dj og cuokdj [kk;kA

tc Hkh] cfYd vDlj gh f'kdkj eqf'dy ls feyrk Fkk] rHkh

I;wCyks cksfuVks ekWMy

34

bu Hkw[ks ?kqEedM+ksa dks I;wCyks csfuVks osQ vukt dh t:jr yxrh]ogka osQ fiQjksts Hkh cs'kdherh Fks] blh otg ls mUgksaus bl le`¼'kgj ij ckj&ckj vkØe.k fd;k gksxkA

lHkh njokts can djosQ] ;gka osQ fuoklh cpuk pkgrs Fks] lh<+hls ckgj fudyrs o fiQj lh<+h gVk nsrs] exj fiQj Hkh ;s 'kkar Hkysyksx tc [ksrksa esa dke djrs rks yqVsjs mUgsa ekj Mkyrs FksA

'kk;n fdlkuksa us gkj eku yh vkSj tks cp x, Fks os lqanj 'kgjNksM+dj pys x, vksj ubZ txg cl x,] bl mehn ls fd MkowQmUgsa ihNk djosQ <wa< ugha loasQxsA

lHkh xkaoksa esa lgh leL;k Fkh] [kqys esa jgus okys yksx xqiQkvksaesa] ?kkfV;ksa esa fNih txgksa ij x,s] exj vkf[kj esa lkjs fdlkuksa dksbu f'kdkfj;ksa us ekj Hkxk;k] Mj ls dgha cpko u feyus osQ dkj.kA

fNis gq, dejs rg[kkuksa esa&

;s yksx dgka x,\

,d ugha cfYd vusd lqjkx mu rg[kkusuqek dejksa dh vksjb'kkjk djrs gSa tks fd vkt Hkh I;wCyks bafM;al osQ xkaoksa esa ik, tkrsgSaA ;s yksx bUgsa xqIr lHkkvksa ;k /kfeZd fØ;kvksa osQ fy, iz;ksx esaykrs gSa vksj bUgsa ^fdokg* dgk tkrk gSA iwtk djus dh NfM+;ka ;gkaj[kh tkrh gSA iqjkru uxj esa Hkh vthc ls cM+s&cM+s Nsn fn[ks Fks]ftu ij iRFkj yxs FksA buesa vanj dejs Fks ftudh Nr mQij tehuls lery Fkh] mlosQ mQij py&fiQj ldrs FksA 'kq: esa oSKkfudle> ugha ik, fd ;s D;ksa ,sls cuk, x, gSa] ij orZeku I;wCyks xkaoksadks ns[kdj mUgksaus le>k] vkSj okdbZ mu [kaMgj rg[kkuksa esa Hkhiwtk dh NfM+;ka o vU; /kfeZd lkezxh ikbZ xbZA

I;wCyks bafM;al dHkh&dHkh cquus dk dke ^fdokg* esa cSBdjdjrs gSaA iqjkru yksxksa osQ rg[kkuksa esa Hkh pj[ks] diM+k cquus osQ yxsgq, feysxsa ,slh mEehn Fkh] vkSj ogka ij ,sls yaxj fey x, tkscqukbZ osQ le; pj[ks dks fLFkj j[kus esa bLrseky fd, tkrs gSaA

35

D;k vk/qfud I;wCyks bafM;al us ^fdokg* dk iz;ksx iqjkus yksxksadks ns[kdj fd;k\ ;k fiQj ;s gh mu iqjkus yksxksa osQ mÙkjkf/dkjhgSa\ iqjkru Kkfu;ksa us lc rjg osQ lcwr ns[kdj ;gh dgk fd nksuksaiz'uksa osQ mÙkj ^gka* esa fn, tk ldrs gSaA

iqjkru yksx dgka xk;c gks x,\ fjpMZ osnfjy osQ iz'u dkmÙkj fey x;kA os xk;c ugha gq,] oqQN yqVsjksa ls yqVs] oqQN mitde gksus ij 'kk;n Hkq[kejh ls ejs gksxsa] exj oqQN tks bu nksuksafoifÙk;ksa ls cp fudys os nf{k.k if'pe osQ vU; 'kgjksa esa pys x,]tgka mudk Lokxr fd;k x;k] D;ksa fd os [ksrh esa ennxkj FksA vr%ge tku x, fd iqjkru yksx vius NksM+s gq, uxjksa ls oqQN nwj ijgh cl x,A

iqjkrRosÙkkvksa us lSdM+ksa xkaoksa dks Nkuk] vusd rF; bdêòs fd,]vkSj cgqr Kku c<+k;k mu xqtjs tekus osQ balkuksa osQ ckjs esa

rkth gok 'kkÝV ls^fdokg* esa vkrh gS vkSjgok iSQykusokyk jk[k vkSj/qa, dks gok osQ rst >ksdksals dejs esa iSQykus ls cpkrkgSA /qvka Nr ls ,d Nsn}kjk ckgj fudy tkrkgSA

gok osQ fy, jkLrk

gok fc[kjkus osQ fy,

[kî óh osQ fy, [kwaVh

36

3

taxyksa eas [kks;s gq, 'kgj&

dksbZ <kbZ lkS lky igys dh ckr gS ,d O;fDr XokVsekyk osQtaxyksa esa iQVs iqjkus diM+ksa esa ?kwe jgk Fkk XokVsekyk osQ taxyksa esaAvpkud og jQdk vkSj ,d isM+ osQ [kks[kys esa ?kqldj lh/k isM+ dhmaQpkbZ dh rjiQ tkus yxk] tSls og fdlh LoIu ns[kus dh voLFkkesa gksA

lwjt dh jks'kuh esa nedrh gqbZz ,d cgqr cM+h bekjr utj vkxbZ!

;g O;fDr Lisu dk ,d izpkjd Fkk ftldk uke Fkk iQknjvosuMkuks ,d eghus ls og bu taxyksa esa jkLrk HkVd dj [kks;kgqvk FkkA

mldk [kkuk [kRe gks x;k Fkk vkSj Hkw[k o FkdkoV ls ijs'kkuog oqQN cngokl&lk gks jgk FkkA tc mls og maQph bekjr fn[khrks mlus lkspk ;g mldk liuk gS tks mls cq[kkj dh cSpsuh esa fn[kjgk gSA ijarq vkSj liuksa dh rjg ;g [kRe ugha gks jgk FkkA vkf[kjftKklko'k og mls vkleku dh maQpkbZ rd fn[kusokyh bekjr dhvksj pykA dgha ls mlesa bruh rkdr Hkh vk xbZ fd og igkM+ dhp<+kbZ ij p<+ x;k tks ml bekjr dh vksj ys tk jgh FkhA

p<+kbZ nqxZe] fcyoqQy lh/h [kM+h gqbZ Fkh] mls isM+ksa o tM+ksa dksidM+rs gq,] taxyh csyksa dks gkFk ls gVkdj] cM+h esgur o dfBukbZiwoZd mQij p<+uk iM+ jgk FkkA taxyh csyas edM+h osQ tkys dh rjgiSQyh gqbZ Fkh vkSj muosQ dkaVs pkowQ dh rjg pqHkus okys FksA fdlh'kfDr'kkyh o LoLF; euq"; osQ fy, Hkh ;s eqf'dy dke Fkk] exjfiQj Hkh vosuMkuks vkf[kj f'k[kj rd tk igqapkA ogka igqapdj ogvk'pZ; pfdr jg x;kA

og iRFkj dh bekjr vly Fkh] lpeqp ogka [kM+h FkhA ftrukmlus lkspk Fkk] mlls Hkh cM+h Fkh vkSj mlosQ vklikl mlosQ tSlh

37

gh] taxy osQ lc isM+ksa ls maQph dbZ bekjrsa [kM+h FkhaA okdbZ cM+srkTtqc dh ckr FkhA

vosuMkuks vanj pyk] bekjr osQ dejs NksVs Fks] o [kkyh FksAfliZQ canj ogka jgus yxs Fks u fd vknehA bl lc oQk D;keryc\ mlus lkspkA exj og chekj o Hkw[kk Fkk] bu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj<wa<us ls T;knk t:jh Fkk uhps mrj dj fdlh izdkj dksbZ jkLrktaxy ls ckgj fudyus dks [kkstk tk,A

vkf[kj v/ejh gkyr esa og /eZ izpkjd taxyksa ls fudydjlH;rk esa vk x;kA ijarq mlus nqckjk mu taxyksa esa fNih maQphbekjrksa dks ugha ns[kk] exj mlus mudk lqanj fooj.k fy[kkA ;gfooj.k fdlh osQ Hkh è;ku dks vkdf"kZr ugha dj ldkA fdlh us;g u lkspk] iQknj vosuMkuks us Hkh ugha] fd og bÙkiQkd ls ,dvfr izkphu 'kgj dh bekjras ns[k vk, FksA izkphu /kfeZd vuq"Bkubl txg gksrs gq, Hkh ml le; mUgsa ;g [;ky ugha vk;k fdfdlh vU; /eZ osQ iqtkjh ;gka /kfeZd deZ djrs gksxsa] blkbZ /eZosQ vkus ls igysA

bu ewfrZ iwtk djus okysiknfj;ksa us [kxksy 'kkL=k dkvè;;u djk o fdrkcsa fy[kh]ftuesa Hkfo";okf.k;ka dh xbZ]fu;e fn, x,A /kfeZd fØ;kvksaosQ rFkk cM+h lgh tkudkjhlw;Z] panzek o rkjksa osQ fo"k;esa nh xbZA mUgksaus viuh fo|kls bruk lgh ;FkkZFkoknh osQysaMjcuk;k] tSlk bl u, tekus esavosuMkuks iz;ksx djrs FksA exjrdjhcu Ms<+ lkS lky rd;g vp¯Hkr djus okyh uxjh]

38

o vU; ,sls gh 'kgj ftUgsa vosuMkuks us ugha ns[kk Fkk] nqfu;ka dhutjksa ls fNis jgsA

fiQj [kkstdrkZ taxyksa esa ?kweus yxsA ;g m".k izns'kh; bykdktaxy esa isM+ksa o yrkvksa ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA ;gka ,d vLi"V&lhixMaMh tks cuh Fkh] og yrkvksa dks dkV dj ,d ?kus taxy esa tkjgh xqiQk osQ leku FkhA iqjkrRosÙkk Hkh ogka igqapus yxsA

bu ixMafM;ksa dks fdlus cuk;k] ;g rqe lksp Hkh ugha ldrsgksA okLro esa bldk dkj.k Fkh pqbaxeA ogh tks cPps cM+s 'kkSd lspckrs jgrs gSaA

pqbaxe ,d xk<+s jl ls curh gS] ftls fpfdy dgrs gSaA ;gjl ^liksfMyk* uked isM+ osQ rus ij dkVs tkus ls mlesa lsfudyrk gSA tc fpfdy osQ [kjhnus okys c<+s rks cgqr ls

yksx taxyksa esa ^liksfMyk* isM+ksa dks <wa<us igqapus yxsA bUgha

oSKkfudksa osQ fy, bafM;al us ,d vkjf{kr LFkku cuk;kA ,d <kapk MaMkas etcwrcsyksa dh lgk;rk ls cka/dj [kM+k fd;kA ml ij rkM+ osQ iÙkksa dh Nr cukbZAfVdky osQ fdlku o dk;Z djus okys blh rjg osQ ?kjksa esa jgrs FksA

39

taxyksa esa dbZ txg mUgsa fo'kky eafnjksa osQ vo'ks"k o [kaMgj feys]tehu esa v/x<+s iRFkj ftu ij [kksn dj vthc rjg dh&lh euq";vkÑfr;ka cuh gqbZ FkhaA

;g fpfdy bdêòk djus okys osQoy cjlkr esa gh dke djldrs] D;wafd blh le; bu isM+ksa esa ls ;g xk<+k jl fudyrk FkkAxehZ osQ ekSle esa os oSKkfudksa dks ysdj vius [kPpjksa osQ lkFk mutxgksa dks fn[kkrs tgka mu ?kus 'kkar LFkkuksa ij [kaMgj mUgsa feys Fks]tgka vc jgus okyk dksbZ u FkkA

vosMkuks osQ [kksts gq, bl Hkqrgk 'kgj esa ftls vc fVdkydgk tkus yxk Fkk] vc cgqr yksxksa dks fnypLih gks xbZA mlosQjgL; dks ikus osQ mRlqd Kkfu;ksa us ogka [kqnkbZ djus dk fu'p;fd;kA cjlkrh ekSle osQ ckn] tc ikuh lw[kus yxk] rc vkStkj][kkuk ihuk ysdj [kPpjksa dh ihB ij ykn dj bl vfHk;ku ijdke djus okys ogka igqapsA dfBu jkLrk FkkA

fVdky esa cus iqjkus oqQaM o tyk'k;ksa dh liQkbZ o ejEer dhxbZA ,d osQ ckn ,d dbZ iqjkrRosÙkk bu dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djrsgq, ogka igqaps] oqQN [kqnkbZ djokbZ] ij var esa oqQN gkFk u yxus ijfujk'k ykSV vk,A

tc pqbaxe dh ekax c<+ xbZ rc ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd mlsykus ys tkus osQ fy, ;krk;kr lgh djuk gksxkA ;g dke de le;esa] vf/d ek=kk esa fd;k tk losQ] bl [;ky ls xqvkVsekyk dhljdkj us ogka ij gokbZ ifêð;ka cuok nhA 1955 esa fVdky esa gokbZtgkt }kjk mrjuk laHko gks x;kA

isfUlyosfu;k fo'ofo|ky; osQ oqQN oSKkfud vc ,d nycukdj ogka jgus igqaps o [kqnkbZ dk dke] tks mudh cgqr fnuksa dhreUuk Fkh] 'kq: djok;kA

lky esa dbZ eghus vc deZpkjh vk/qfud e'khuksa dh lgk;rkls mu [kaMgjksa osQ ikl osQ taxyksa dks lkiQ djus yxsA iqjkru 'kkL=kh

40

iqjkrRosÙkk ml izkphu dky osQ yksxksa dk jgu&lgu tkuus osQ fy, lc rjgdh phatksa dk] tks Hkh mUgsa dczkas esa ls feyrh] vè;;u djrs gSaA

uxj dks fiQj ls cukus o le>us esa yx x,A blesa cgqr le;yxsxkA exj rS;kj gksus ij fVdky esa ;g ,d cM+k o cf<+;k m|kutu&lk/kj.k osQ fy, cu tk,xkA ;gka dksbZ Hkh ?kweus tk losQxkA

nhokj dk jgL;

izkphu dky esa fVdky esa D;k oqQN gksrk Fkk] bls ge oSQls tkuldrs gSa\

fVdky o ml tSls vU; dbZ 'kgj eè; vejhdk esa clusokys ek;k bafM;al us cuk, FksA bUgksaus ntZuksa eafnj cuk, o oqQNnhokjksa ij buosQ dkykdkjksa us ek;kuh jgu&lgu osQ rjhdksa dk cM+hlqanjrk o ckjhdh ls] lHkh rF; fn[kkrs gq, fp=k.k fd;k gSA bufp=kdykvksa esa ls oqQN] fdLer osQ peRdkj ls taxy dh xehZ olhyu osQ ckotwn iwjh rjg [kjkc ugha gqbZ] vkSj dbZ lkS lky cknml le; dh dyk dk c;ku djrh gSA

ek;k bafM;al us maQps iRFkj osQ [kacs Hkh cuk, o buesa [kqnkbZdjosQ uewus cuk, o ltkoV dh gSA dbZ fMtkbu rks brus T;knktfVy o Hkjs gq, gS fd mUgsa ns[kdj yksx HkkSpDosQ jg tkrs gSA

oqQN [kacksa ij oqQN vkÑfr;ka rjk'kh gqbZ gSa ftuesa fd Hkxokudk :i ,d vthc tkuoj dh rjg fn[kk;k gSA oqQN :i fp=k gSa]ftuesa ml le; osQ O;fDr;ksa dks] jktkvksa] iqjksfgrksa ,ao flikfg;ksadks fn[kk;k x;k gSA

41

oqQN FkksM+s cgqr rF; ek;k bafM;al osQ ckjs esa mu fdrkcksa esaHkh feyrs gSa tks fd Lisu osQ vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us fy[kh FkhA exjlcls vf/d tkudkjh [kkstdrkZ [kaMgjksa esa tkdj gh izkIr djrs gSaA,d cM+h gh HkO; o 'kkunkj txg feyh gS ftldk uke gS fppsubVtkA dbZ e'kgwj iqjkrRo Kkfu;ksa us ;g [kqnkbZ dk dke djok;kA

gcZV Vkselu] ,d ,sls oSKkfud Fks ftUgksaus ,d izkphu uhfrdFkk] ftls lc osQoy dgkuh ekurs Fks] ij fo'okl fd;k vkSj mlhosQ lgkjs ,d luluh[kst [kkst dj MkyhA

;g dFkk ,d oqQ,a osQ fo"k; esa Fkh ftls ek;kuh ifo=k ekursFksA ;g cgqr pkSM+k o cgqr xgjk Fkk] exj blesa ls dksbZ ikuh ughafudkyrk FkkA bldks iqjksfgr ,d /kfeZd p<+kos vFkok cfy osQ fy,ifo=k LFkku ekurs FksA ek;kuh lksprs Fks fd ;fn Hkxoku~ ukjkt gkstkrs gSa rks ckfj'k ugha Hkstrs] mlls edbZ dh iQly ugha gks ikrhAHkxoku~ osQ Øks/ ls cpus vFkok mls 'kkar djus osQ fy, iqtkjh dbZrjg dh cgqewy; phtsa bl oqQa, esa p<+krs Fks] tSls crZu] xgus] Lo.kZvkHkw"k.k vkfn vkSj ;fn ;g dkiQh ugha gksrk rks balkuksa dh cfy nhtkrh] ;g lcls egku p<+kok gksrkA ;q¼ esa idM+s x, oSQnh] vFkoklqanj ;qofr;ksa dks ,d fdukjs ls uhps xgjs ikuh esa iSaQd fn;k tkrkA

Vkselu us ;g lc ckrsa] uj cfy osQ fo"k; esa ml iqjkuhLisfu'k fdrkc esa i<+haA tc og fppu bVtk igqapk rks fdrkc dkfy[kk fooj.k mls cgqr lgh ekywe iM+kA og oqQvka ,d cgqrxgjkbZ esa uhps dks /alk gqvk ,d rkykc Fkk djhc 200 iQhV pkSM+kbZdkA ,d fcyoqQy lh/h yac osQ :i eas pêðkuh nhokj mls ?ksjs gq,Fkh] ,d txg ij tgka ;g nhokj lrg ls oqQN uhps pyh xbZ Fkh],d pcwrjk&lk cuk fn;k x;k FkkA ogka pcwrjs osQ fdukjs ij [kM+sgksdj iqjksfgr p<+kos] izlkn dks oqQ,a esa Mky nsrs FksA

uhps ikuh cgqr xgjk Fkk] djhc 80 iQhV xgjkA ml ikuh dhrygVh esa 'kk;n oqQN iqjkuk lkeku fey ldrk FkkA exj Vkselu Hkhtkurk Fkk fd ;g ,d cgqr gh eqf'dy dke gSA

42

Vkselu bl dfBu] rdjhcu vlaHko dke dks djuk pkgrkFkkA mlus ,d Mksy] tky vkSj dhpM+ fudkyus okyk ;a=k eaxok;kAbls rkj o jLlh dh lgk;rk ls pêðku ij yxk;k x;kA pkj euq";feydj ml Mksy dks uhps mrkjrs tkrs tc rd fd og ikuh osQvanj rygVh rd ugha igqaprkA fiQj ogka ls og feêðh dk ,d cM+k<sj ;k VqdM+k mBk ysrkA ftls ckgj ykdj lw[kh tehu ij MkyktkrkA

tc bl oqQ,a osQ ry dh feêðh dk igyk <sj vk;k] rks Nkuchudjus ij mlesa oqQN Hkh ugha ik;k x;kA fiQj ,d] nks] rhu dbZ <sjfudy vk,] ij iqLrd esa of.kZr ek;kuh yksxksa osQ p<+kokas dk dksbZfu'kku u feykA

vkneh ml e'khu dks mQij uhps djrs jgs vkSj Vkselu mlxanh xhyh feê ðh osQ <sjksa dks [kkstrs jgs] ij liQyrk gkFk u yxhA

exj fiQj ,d fnu ml rygVh osQ feêðh dh Nkuchu djrs gq,

;g NksVh feê ðh dh cuh ewfrZ ,d ek;kuh bZ'ojdh gS tks vanj ls [kks[kyh gSA bldk eq[k ,dfpeuh dh rjg vanj /wi ;k lqxa/h tykus ij/qvka ckgj fudkyrk gSA bldh pkSdh osQ iSjeuq"; dh gfîó;ksa ls cus gSaA

ek;kuh rhljs vDlj e`R;q osQ nsork dksLo.kZ dh ?kafV;ka iguus fn[kkrh gSaA 'kk;nblh otg ls cgqr&lh lksus dh ?kafV;ka bloqQ,auqek rkykc ls fudyhA

43

Vkselu us oqQN xksy NksVh&NksVh xksfy;ka&lh [kkst fudkyhA ;s ogxksfy;ka Fkha tks iqjksfgr mRloksa ij lqxa/h osQ fy, tykrs FksA bllstkfgj Fkk fd de&ls&de lqxa/h rks ;gka p<+kbZ xbZ FkhA

fiQj vkSj feêðh fudkyh xbZA ckj&ckj dh fujk'kk osQ cknvkf[kj Vkselu dks vius /S;Z dk iQy fey gh x;kA bl ckj mldhpM+ esa ls lksus osQ cus vkHkw"k.k fudys] oqQN lqanj ltkoV okyhr'rfj;ka] o iwQynku fudysA [kwclwjrh ls cuh I;kfy;ka] oqQN rhjdh uksosQa] ,d gjs iRFkj ls cuh I;kfy;ka] uiQklr dh phtsa] Lo.kZ?kafV;ka] vkSj fiQj yM+fd;ksa o vknfe;ksa osQ vfLFk iatj Hkh fudyvk,A

Vkselu us fl¼dj fn;k fd tks dgkuh mlus iqjkuh Lisfu'kfdrkc esa i<+h Fkh og ,d lPpkbZ FkhA iqjkrRosÙkkvksa dks rks mlosQik, gq, lkeku esa tkudkjh gkfly djus osQ fy, ,d [ktkuk feyx;k vkSj vusd rF; ek;kuh bafM;u osQ ckjs esa tkus x,A

iqjkrRosÙkk dbZ ckj iqjkuh bekjrksadks nqckjk cuokrsA ;gka deZpkjh,d cgqr HkkjhA tkiksV ydM+h osQVqdM+s dks mBkdj ys tk jgs gSa blsHkhedk; tkxqvkj (vejhdh i'kq)osQ eafnj osQ njokts osQ fy, iz;ksxfd;k tk,xk fVdky esaA

bl iwQynku ij ,d iqjksfgr dh rLohj cuh gSAoqQN iqjksfgr ,d dkys oL=k ls viuk 'kjhj <adrsFksA bl O;fDr dk flj piVk gS] D;ksa fd bldheka us blosQ flj dks dkB osQ iêðs ij cka/k gksxk]tc ;g NksVk gksxkA bl iwQynku ij ,d iqjksfgrdh rLohj cuh gSA oqQN iqjksfgr ,d dkys oL=k lsviuk 'kjhj <adrs FksA bl O;fDr dk flj piVkgS] D;ksafd bldh eka us blosQ flj dks dkB osQ iê ðsij cka/k gksxk] tc ;g NksVk gksxkA

44

,d iwokZHkkl dk lp gksuk&

blosQ ckn vyZ ekSfjl us] ftUgksaus nf{k.k if'pe vesfjdk esaHkh vuklkth yksxksa dh [kqnkbZ esa cgqr dke fd;k Fkk] ;gka ij vkdjdke fd;kA ekSfjl tc ek;kuh o vuklkth iqjkru ekudkas dhlekurkvksa dks ns[k jgs Fks rc mUgsa yxk fd ek;kuh fppu bVtkuxjh dk Hkh mUgsa vè;;u ogka tkdj gh djuk pfg,A bu nksuksa esadbZ varj Fks] rks dbZ lekurk,a FkhaA

mUgsa ;kn Fkk fd fdokt esa nf{k.k if'pe esa x<s+ gq, 'ka[kksa osQo fiQjksts osQ vewY; vkHkw"k.k ik, x, FksA mudk fopkj Fkk fd ;sp<+kos dk lkeku Fkk tks fdokg esa j[kk FkkA D;k ek;kuh Hkh ,slkoqQN djrs Fks\ dgha blosQ ckjs esa oqQN fy[kk ugha FkkA exj ftrukgh ekSfjl bl fo"k; ij lksprs mUgsa izrhr gksrk Fkk fd vo'; ghek;kuh eafnjksa esa Hkh bZ'oj osQ p<+kos dh oLrq,a dgha u dgha fNihgqbZ ikbZ tk,axhA

tks crZu dcz esa 'koksa osQ lkFk j[ks tkrs Fks] muesa Nsn djk gqvkgksrkA ;g rjhdk Fkk ml crZu dks ekj Mkyus dk ftlls og nwljhnqfu;ka esa igqapus dk yack liQj dj losQA lh/s gkFk dks tks ejh gqbZr'rjh gS ,d ek;ku dcz ls fudyh Fkh] rFkk mYVs gkFk dh rjiQokyh IysV U;w esfDldks dh ,d dcz esa ikbZ xbZA

fppu bVtk esa ,d fo'kky txg ij ,d eafnj cuk FkkA bldkuke Fkk ;ks¼kvksa dk eafnjA ekSfjl us bl txg dks lkiQ djuk] o[kqnkbZ rFkk ejEer djosQ fiQj ls cukus dk ftEek fy;kA oqQN [kqnkbZ

tks crZu dcz esa 'koksa osQ lkFk j[ks tkrs FksA muesaNsn fd;k gqvk gksrk FkkA ;g rjhdk Fkk mlcrZu dks ekj Mkyus dk ftlls og nwljh nqfu;kaesa igqapus dk yack liQj dj losQA fp=k (A) esatks ejh gqbZ r'rjh gS ,d ek;kuh dcz ls fudyhFkh] rFkk fp=k (B) okyh r'rjh U;w esfDldks dh,d dcz esa ikbZ xbZA

A B

45

djus ij irk pyk fd ogka bl eafnj osQ Bhd uhps vkSj xgjkbZ esa/alk gqvk ,d vkSj Hkh eafnj Fkk] tks t:j gh blls Hkh izkphu jgkgksxkA

ekSfjl us nksuks eafnjksa dk dke iwjk djok;k] fiQj mlus viusfopkj ij Hkh dk;Z djus dk fu'p; fd;kA mls x<+s gq, p<+koksa dhryk'k djuh FkhA mlus vankt yxk;k] ek;kuh yksxksa us vius p<+kosdgka fNik, gksxs] osnh esa vFkok mlosQ vkl&iklA ;ks¼kvksa osQ eafnjeas dbZ osfn;ka cuh FkhA ,d osnh dk fujh{k.k djus ij ekSfjl usns[kk fd ,d LFkku ij yky iyLrj gVk gqvk gS vkSj ml LFkku ijlisQn iyLrj yxk fn;k x;k gSA mlus bl osnh dks [kqnok;k] ijfliZQ ,d VwVk crZu gh fudyk] 'kk;n pksj ;gka igys igqap pqosQ FksA

exj 'kk;n pksjksa dks ml IykLrj dks yky jax ls iwjk Bhddjus dk le; ugha feyk] ij ;g lkfcr Fkk fd osfn;ksa esa lkekuFkkA

ekSfjl mRlkfgr gks x;k] fujh{k.k djus ij mlus ns[kk vU;nksuksa osfn;ksa esa Hkh Nsn cuk, tk pqosQ FksA fdlh u fdlh otg lsmQij okys eafnj ls p<+kosa tk pqosQ FksA

;ks¼kvksa dk eafnj oqQN bl rjg dk jgk gksxk] ftls ekSfjl us ,d isM+ksa]?kkl iwQl ls BosQ <sj osQ uhps ls [kqnokdj ik;kA

46

vc mlosQ uhps okys eafnj osQ iQ'kZ dh tkap 'kq: dh xbZA ,dNksVh oqQnkyh ls gjsd iRFkj dh flYyh ij pksV djosQ mldhvokt è;ku ls lquh tkrhA lHkh txg rdjhcu ,d&lh vkokt]flok ,d f'kyk osQ] vkSj vc oqQnkyh ls ml ij dbZ gYosQ izgkjfd, x, rks ogka ,d fNnz fn[kkbZ fn;kA

iQ'kZ osQ iRFkj osQ uhps ,d ?kM+k j[kk FkkA ftlesa ls ekSfjl dks,d cgqr cf<+;k xksyk] pedrk gqvk feyk] ftl ij vPNh rjgikWfy'k dh xbZ gksxhA 'kk;n iqjkru tekus osQ iqtkjh bl xksy xsan dkbLrseky Hkfo"; crkus dks djrs gkasxs] tSls fd vkt osQ le; esafnO;n'khZ LiQfVd dh lgk;rk ls Hkfo"; Kku nsrs gSaA ml ij iRFkjosQ ?kM+s esa bl pedrh ckWy osQ ikl oqQN eksrh o tsojkr j[ks FksvkSj ryh esa ,d lqanj uhys jax dh IysV j[kh FkhA ;g IysV 3]000NksVs&NksVs fiQjkstksa dks ,d lkFk tekdj cukbZ xbZ Fkh] ,slh vnHkqr~o lqanj pht vHkh rd ek;kuh eafnjksa esa ugha feyh FkhA

ekSfjl dk vanktk] tks fd mlus bafM;al osQ rkSj&rjhosQ osQfglkc ls yxk;k Fkk] fcyoqQy lgh jgk vkSj ,d vpafHkr djusokyh [kkst gks xbZA

ek;kuh bafM;u /kfeZd mRlo ofØ;kvksa esa Hkh cgqr le; yxkrs FksAtkfgj gS fd tc os bl lc esa brukle; yxkrs Fks rks mUgsa [kkuk cukusdh phtas vukt oxSjg 'kk;n ughamxkuh iM+rh FkhA fiQj ;s [kkus dkD;k bartke djrs Fks\

47

euq"; }kjk cuk, x, igkM+&

og NksVk eafnj tks ek;kuh yksxkas osQ ;ks¼kvksa osQ eafnj osQ uhpsik;k x;k] vius fdLe dk vosQyk ugha FkkA iqjkrRosÙkkvksa dks ,slhtxg ckj&ckj feyhA iwjh cM+h bekjr ,d lkFk cukus dh mudhjhfr vuks[kh Fkh] ij blls Hkh vuks[kh pht Fkh mu igkM+ksa dkfuekZ.k tgka ;s eafnj cus FksA balkuksa us gkFkksa ls mBkdj ;s maQph feêðhbdêòh dh FkhA fcuk fdlh xkM+h ;k tkuojksa dh lgk;rk osQ vkneh]vkSjrsa] cPps <ksdj] [ksapdj ;g foiqy gtkjksa Vu feê ðh o iRFkjmQij ys x, gksaxsA

tc ;g euq"; fufeZr igkM+ cudj rS;kj gksrk rks ;g fijkfeM&lkfn[krk Fkk] ftl ij cgqr cM+s vkdkj dh lhf<+;k cuh gksrh rFkkpksVh dk fgLlk lery j[kk tkrkA fiQj iyLrj ;k ysi yxkdj,dlkj djk tkrk] fiQj oLrqd f'kYih] rFkk dkjhxj blosQ leryf'k[kj ij pwuk&iRFkj osQ CykWd] ;kfu Hkw&[kaM dkVdj rS;kj djrso eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z gksrkA

rqe [kqn gh lksp ldrs gks blesa fdruk le; yxk gksxkA gjlky gtkjksa ek;kuh eghuksa ;g dke djrs] rc ,d eafnj dh iw.kZbekjr rS;kj gksrhA

ek;kuh bafM;u /kfeZd mRlo o fØ;kvksa esa Hkh cgqr le;yxkrs FksA tkfgj gS fd tc os bl lc esa bruk le; yxkrs Fks rksmUgsa [kkuk cukus dh phtsa] vukt oxSjg 'kk;n ugha mxkuh iM+rhFkhA fiQj ;s [kkus dk D;k bartke djrs Fks\

fliZQ rhu eghus esgur djus ij edbZ budks vklkuh lsmiyC/ gks tkrh FkhA vxj oqQN T;knk edbZ cksbZ tkrh rks viusoqQucs osQ vykok iqtkfj;ksa dks Hkh ;s yksx vklkuh ls f[kyk&fiykldrs FksA m".k&izns'kh; ekSle mit osQ fy, cgqr vPNk FkkA vxj

;g cM+k Hkkjh iRFkj dk pØ leku xksyk D;k gS] vkxs ns[kks&

48

cht lgh le; ij Mky fn, tkrs rks vPNh iQly vkjke ls rS;kjgks tkrh vkSj turk osQ ikl vU; dk;Z djus dks cgqr le; cpkjgrkA os iqjksfgrksa osQ crk, vuqlkj /kfeZd fØ;kvksa dks djrsA [kwcle; yxkdj cgqr ls eafnj cus D;ksafd cgqr ls nsork FksA mUgksauscM+h vPNh pkSM+h lM+oasQ Hkh cukbZ Fkh ftu ij rhFkZ;k=kh ,d 'kgjls nwljs 'kgj tkrs FksA mUgksaus iqjksfgrksa o vU; oqQyhu] izHkko'kkyhyksxksa osQ fy, Hkh ?kj cuk,] vkSj maQph nhokjksa okys izkax.k cuk, tgkaog ckLosQV ckWy dh rjg dk xsan dk [ksy /kfeZd mRloksa ij [ksyrsFksA

fdlh vutku otg ls ek;kuh yksx oqQN le; rd ,d 'kgjesa jgrs Fks] fiQj ?kj eafnj lc [kaMgj gks tkrsA ,d osQ ckn ,d ;gfo'kky] lqanj bekjrsa [kkyh jg tkrhA taxyh ouLifr] isM+ksa o csyksaosQ uhps fVdky] tgka cgqr yksx jgrs Fks fcyoqQy nc x;k FkkA ,slkD;ksa\

iqjkrRosÙkk vHkh bldk mÙkj ugha <wa< ik, gSaA oqQN dk fopkjgS fd 'kq: esa fdlku ,d 'kgj osQ ckgj isM+ o taxy lkiQ djosQvius oqQucs osQ yk;d [ksr rS;kj dj ysrs FksA dHkh&dHkh lw[ks?kkl&ikr tyk nsrs FksA fiQj bu [ksrksa esa gj lky iQly mx tkrhFkh] /hjs&/hjs Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kfDr {kh.k gksrh tkrhA [kkn u feyusls iQly de gksrh] ij ek;kuh yksxksa dks [kkn dk Kku ugha FkkA os;gha tkurs Fks fd ubZ lkiQ dh gqbZ txg ij iQly vPNh mxrh gSA

ekku xsn dk [ksy&,d dBksj jcjdh xsan dks bl xksys esa ls ikj djuhgksrh Fkh] fliZQ dksgfu;ksa] ?kqVuksa ;kiSjksa ls ekjdj] fcuk gkFk yk,A

49

tc 'kgj osQ ikl osQ [ksr iqjkus gks tkrs os] vkSj nwj osQ u, taxylkiQ djrs vkSj fiQj ogka dbZ lky dke djrsA ,slk djrs&djrsmuosQ [ksr ?kjksa ls cgqr nwj gks tkrs vkSj vUrr% iqjksfgr [ksrksa osQikl u, eafnj cuokrsA

oqQN iqjkrRosÙkkvksa dk fopkj blls fHkUu gSA os lksprs gaS fd'kgj [kaMgj gksus dk dkj.k ogka dh turk dk fonzksg jgk gksxkAturk us vR;kf/d dke ls rax gksdj iqtkfj;ksa dk r[rk iyV fn;kgksxk] vkSj eafnjksa dks NksM+dj pys x, gkasxsA rc ;gka bu fo'kky[kkyh bekjrksa esa taxy] isM+] yrk, mx vk, gkasxsA

vo';d gh tulk/kj.k dk ftEek gksxk fd iqjksfgrksa dht:jrsa o vkjke osQ lkeku dk bartke fd;k tk,A mUgsa blosQ fy,dfBu Je Hkh djuk iM+rk FkkA gks ldrk gS mUgksaus vkil esackrphr dh gks vkSj lkspk gks fd ;g maQpk LFkku o lqfo/k,a iqjksfgrksadks nsus dh dksbZ rqd ugha curhA ek;kuh 'kgj osQ 'kkld us Lisu osQoSKkfudksa dks crk;k fd og viuh iztk dks lnSo cgqr vf/d dkedjus dks nsrk jgrk gS ftlls fd mUgsa lkspus] le>us ;k fonzksgdjus osQ fy, dksbZ ;kstuk cukus dk le; u feysA

bl fopkj ls ek;kuh yksxksa osQ jgu&lgu ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA'kk;n mUgsa O;LRk j[kuk gh bu eafnjksa osQ mij eafnj cukus dk dkj.kjgk gksxk D;ksafd uhps osQ eafnj dh gkyr Hkh vPNh gh FkhA

tks Hkh gks] ;g ckr iDdh gS fd ek;kuh /eZ cgqr tfVy FkkAiqjksfgr cgqr Kkuh Hkh Fks vkSj cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld FksA og fnueghuksa] o o"kks± dk fglkc j[krs FksA bldh [kkl otg ;g Fkh fdedbZ osQ cht lgh le; ij Mkyus ls iQly vPNh gksrh Fkh vkSjo"kkZ Írq dk iwjk ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk FkkA mUgksaus lw;Z o rkjksa dkHkh vè;;u fd;k vkSj izfr o"kZ cjlkr dc 'kq: gksxh bldk ogvuqeku yxk ysrs FksA blh [kkst osQ vk/kj ij mUgksaus osQysaMj cuk;kFkkA le; dk egRo mUgsa le> vkrk tk jgk FkkA mUgksaus le; dks

50

izfr 20 o"kZ osQ fglkc ls fxuuk 'kq: fd;kA ;g ek;kuh /eZ dk,d vax cu x;k fd gj 20 o"kZ ckn iRFkj osQ lqanj [kqnkbZ dkdke djs gq, fu'kku fpÉ cuk, tk,aA ;s dHkh&dHkh gj nl ;k ikapo"kZ ij Hkh yxk, tkrs FksA

ek;kuh yksx le; dh iwtk djrs Fks] rFkk mldk chruk mUgsacqjk yxrk FkkA

lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dks le>uk&

/hjs&/hjs fo'ks"kKksa us e;kuh yksxksa osQ vkdkjksa] uewuksa dksle>uk o buosQ vFkZ fudkyus 'kq: fd,A ;s uewus fXyiQl dgykrsgSa] izR;sd fXyiQ ,d fp=k gksrk gS tks ,d la[;k] 'kCn ;k ,dv{kj crkrk gS (phuh yksx blh izdkj osQ 'kCn osQ fy, ,d uewukcukrs gSa)

iqjkrRosÙkk budh la[;k osQ fp=k le> x, gSaA os ek;kuh rkjh[ksai<+ dj bu [kacksa ij tks fu'kku fpÉ gS muosQ vuqlkj mudk Øecuk ldrs gSaA fVdky ,d lcls 'kq: esa clk 'kgj ;k] vfr izkphu]o fppu bVtk vkf[kjh Fkk] lcls ^u;k*A os dc dgka fdrus lky;k fnu jgs] vc le>k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu fo'ks"kKksa esa vc HkherHksn gS fd e;kuh lH;rk fdl le; dh FkhA

xksrk[kksjkas dks D;k feyk&

vkt Hkh ek;k bafM;al dh tehu esa u, vpaHks feyrs jgrs gSatSls vosuMkuks dks 1955 esa vuks[kh bekjr feyh FkhA

,d xksrk[kksj vekVhVyku uked >hy osQ ryh rd igqapkvPNh eNyh idM+us osQ LFkku dh [kkst esa] vkSj bl xquxqus ikuhdh >hy ls og ,d ek;kuh ikuh Hkjus dk tkj] fudky dj yk;kA

lcls cM+k tks ek;kuh uacj feyk gSog gekjh la[;k esa gS 400]000]000o"kZ gSA

51

mls o mlosQ nksLrksa dks vPNk yxk o vk'p;Z gqvkA mUgksausvkSj rygVh rd pDdj yxk, vkSj 500 tkj] dbZ vkÑfr;ka ,oadbZ lqxa/h tykus osQ midj.k ckgj fudkysA bl u, [ktkus usiqjkrRosÙkkvksa dks fiQj ls ubZ ehekalk o [kkst djus dks mRlkfgrfd;kA

rkTtqc Fkk fd I;kfy;ka vPNh rjg ls ,d osQ vanj ,d djosQj[kh feyhA lqxa/h ikuh esa ugha ty ldrh fiQj mls tykus okysLVsaM ;k midj.k ogka ij D;ksa Fks\ bl >hy ij vHkh dke tkjh gSA

bl >hy rd 'kk;n os yksx vk, gksaxs] tSls fd os ifo=k oqQ,aphpu bVtk ij x, Fks vkSj Hkxoku dks p<+kOks viZ.k djs gksxsaA ;gokdbZ ,d [kkl txg jgh gksxhA blosQ fdukjs osQ ikl xeZ ikuh osQiQOokjs ls mBrs gSa] dHkh&dHkh ikuh bruk rst xeZ gksrk gS fd mlesMky dj vaMk mcyk tk ldrk gSA

bl >hy osQ ikl gh ,d thfor Tokykeq[kh [kM+k gS] fiNysikap lkS lkyksa esa ;g dbZ ckj iwQVk gSA ,slh txg ij gks ldrk gSfd >hy dk ty Lrj ?kVrk c<+rk jgrk gksA gks ldrk gS tc >hydk ikuh uhpk gks rks mlosQ fdukjs I;kfy;ka j[kh xbZ gks] /wicÙkhtykbZ xbZ gks] bl jgL;ebZ txg osQ Hkxoku~ dks izlUu djus osQ

tSls fd ge yksx vadksa dks nksrjg ls fy[k ldrs gSa] ,sls ghek;kuh yksx dHkh cqafn;ksa ojs[kkvksa ls la[;k fy[krs Fks] dHkh^flj* osQ uacjksa }kjk vad crk;stkrs FksA muosQ 19 vyx&vyx^flj* Fks uacj crkus okys vkSj,d flj thjks] 'kwU; dk fpÉFkkA

52

fy,A ckn esa ikuh c<+ tkus ij ;slc phts >hy osQ vanj pyh xbZgksxhA

vekVhVyku (Amatitlan) rFkkvkl&ikl dh >hysa o oqQ,a vHkhHkh vius esa cgqr ls jgL; lesVsgq, gSaA fppu bVtk ls djhc 75ehy ,d txg gS] ftldk ukeftc by py Vwu (Dzibilchaltun)gSA ;gka osQ ,d oqQa,s ls tks [ktkukxksrk[kksjksa us fudkyk gS mlesa Lo.kZrks ugha gS] exj blls cgqr&lh

tkudkjh ml 'kgj osQ ckjs esa fey jgh gS tks fdlh tekus esa bloqQ,a osQ pkjksa vksj clk gqvk FkkA ;g ,d cgqr cM+k 'kgj Fkk] vkSjyxrk gS fd ;s ek;kfu;ksa osQ 'kq: esa clk, 'kgjksa esa ls ,d FkkA

exj iqjkrRosÙkk vk'p;Z esa gSa fd ;g bruk iqjkuk 'kgj ;gkaoSQls fudy vk;k] D;ksafd ;gka vf/drj ckn osQ cls gq, uxj gSaA

,slk yxrk gS fd ek;kuh bafM;al dh tkudkjh osQ fy, vHkhcgqr ls iqjkru oSKkfudksa dks cgqr vkSj dke djuk gksxk] rHkh jgL;iwjs [kqysaxs] o iz'uksa osQ lgh mÙkj feysaxsA

4

iqjkrRo Kku o rqe&

izSaQd oqQf'kax tc ukS lky dk Fkk rks etnwjksa osQ lkFk vius firkosQ [ksr esa pyk x;kA tgka xqM+kbZ dh tk jgh FkhA bu etnwjksa us iazsQddks ,d pht fn[kkbZ tks tehu [kksnrs] myVrs&iyVrs mUgsa feyhFkhA ¶;g rks rhj dk uqdhyk Hkkx gS] bls bafM;al us cuk;k gksxk]izSaQd us dgkA¸

bl rjhosQ ls ek;kuh o"kZ osQ 19eghuksa osQ uke fy[krs FksA

53

izSaQd osQ eu dks og pedhyk] BaMk o rst uksd okyk pdediRFkj dk rjk'kk gqvk VqdM+k Hkk x;kA mlh le; ls mls tc Hkhle; feyrk og bafM;u }kjk NksMs+ x, iqjkus vo'ks"kksa dh [kkst esajgrkA if'peh U;w;kSoZQ esa tgka og jgrk Fkk] ,sls HkXuko'ks"kksa dhdeh u FkhA tc rd og pkSng lky dk gqvk mlosQ ikl bu iqjkusLe`fr fpÉksa dk ,d vPNk] dbZ lkS phtksa dk [ktkuk bdê òk gks x;kFkkA tc xfeZ;ka vkbZ rc mlus ,d racw yxk;k tgka mldk vuqekuFkk [kqnkbZ esa oqQN vkSj lkeku fudysxkA

tc izSaQd [kqnkbZ dj jgk Fkk rc og lksp jgk Fkk fd bafM;alus ;s dBksj pded iRFkj osQ vkSj ykok dkap osQ rhj 'kh"kZ oSQlscuk, gksaxs\ ml le; u rks U;w;kSoZQ osQ ml Hkkx esa] cfYd lkjhnqfu;k esa izSaQd osQ lokyksa dk tokc fdlh osQ ikl ugha FkkA ;g1871 dh dh xfeZ;ksa dh ckr gSA og le> x;k fd vius eu esamBs iz'uksa osQ mÙkj mls Lo;a gh <wa<us gksxs vkSj mlus ;g dke djusdh Bku yhA

D;ksafd ekewyh 'kh'kk Hkh ykok&dkap ;k pded iRFkj dh rjggh gksrk gS blfy, mlus izFke iz;ksx VwVh cksryksa o VwVh IysVksa osQVqdM+ksa ls fd;kA mlus gFkkSM+h ls ekjdj o /hjs&/hjs mUgsa vkdkjnsuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj dkiQh iz;Ru osQ ckn mlus rhj 'kh"kZ tSlkmidj.k cuk Mkyk] exj mlosQ 'kh'ks osQ uqdhys rhjksa osQ fljs brusvPNs ugha Fks tSls bafM;al osQ cuk, gq, FksA mls le> esa ugha vkjgk Fkk fd bldk dkj.k D;k gSA

izSaQd us lkspk fd oqQN vkSj cukdj ns[kuk pkfg,A mls ,ddkaVsnkj cNhZ (gkjiwu) feyk tks gîóh dk cuk Fkk vkSj mlus mldhudy cukus dh dksf'k'k dhA D;kasfd gîóh feyuh eqf'dy Fkh mlusvius VwFk cz'k osQ gsaMy dk iz;ksx fd;kA og mUgha vkStkjksa dkbLrseky djuk pkgrk Fkk ftudk bafM;al djrs Fks] vr% mlus ogdM+k pded iRFkj fy;kA blus vPNk dke fd;k tc mlus blsvkxs ihNs bl izdkj pyk;k tSls vkjs ls ydM+h dkVus esa djrs gSaA

54

exj tc iRFkj ls [kqjpus dh ps"Vk dh rks csdkj jgkA cfYd iRFkjosQ gYosQ NksVs VqdM+s gh VwVus yxsA ;g rkTtqc dh ckr Fkh fdeqyk;e VqFk cz'k ml dM+s iRFkj rks rksM+ jgk FkkA

izSaQd dks blls izsj.kk feyh vkSj mlus VwFk cz'k ls dBksjpded iRFkj dks irys VqdM+s fudkydj vkdkj fn;kA gFkkSM+s dhcfuLcr blls dke csgrj gks jgk FkkA 'kk;n bafM;al dk ,d jktmlus le> fy;k FkkA vc mldh jQfp bl dke esa cgqr c<+ xbZFkh vkSj /hjs&/hjs og bafM;al dh tkudkjh j[kus okyk fo'ks"kK cux;kA mldh ;g ea'kk tks fliZQ ukS lky dh mez esa 'kq: gqbZ Fkh] tcigys rhj 'kh"kZ mlus ns[ks Fks] mls bl {ks=k esa cgqr vkxs ys xbZ vkSjblh esa mlus viuk thou vfiZr fd;kA

blh rjg dh phtksa vkSj yM+osQ o yM+fd;ksa osQ lkFk Hkh gqbZAtc twfy;ksa VSyks nl o"kZ dk Fkk rc bÙkiQkd ls mls oqQNvlk/kj.k [kksifM+;ka ns[kus dk ekSdk feyk tks fd isjQ ns'k dh iqjkuhdczksa ls vkbZ FkhaA bu [kksifM+;ksa esa cM+h liQkbZ ls Nsn cus gq, Fks]tSls fdlh us tkucw>dj gîóh dks dkVk gksA vkSj fiQj ekywe gqvkfd lpeqp gh bafM;u 'kY; fpfdRld ml iqjkru le; esa Hkh] /kjnkj iRFkj osQ vkStkjksa dh enn ls 'kY; fØ;k (vkSijs'ku) fd;kdjrs FksA D;k os dksbZ csgks'k djus dh nok Hkh tkurs Fks\ de&ls&dennZ de djus dh nok rks os tkurs gh FksA

'kk;n os lEeksgu fo|k tkurs Fks vkSj ejhtksa dks lEeksgu dhvoLFkk esa ys tkrs Fks] ftlls mUgsa nnZ eglwl u gksA

twfy;ksa us bu [kksifM+;ksa dks cM+s rkTtqc] tks'k o xoZ ls ns[kk]og Lo;a Hkh ,d isjQfo;u bafM;u Fkk] D;k ;g gksf'k;kj MkWDVjmlosQ iwoZt gksxsa\ mlus lksp fy;k fd ;gka jgus okys iwoZ fuokfl;ksaosQ ckjs esa og tkudkjh gkfly djsxk] vkSj og liQy Hkh gqvkA og,d e'kgwj iqjkrRosÙkk cuk ftlus isjQ esa jgus okys vkfnokfl;ksa osQckjs esa cgqr&lh [kkstsa dhA

55

lcls NksVk iqjkrRo Kkuh&

vyZ ekSfjl osQoy lkM+s rhu lky dk Fkk tc mlus ,dizkxSfrgkfld dky dh dcz dh [kqnkbZ dhA gqvk ;wa fd vyZ dkifjokj ,d ydM+h osQ cus ?kj esa [kaMgjksa osQ lehi gh U;w esfDldksesa jgrk FkkA mlosQ firk vDlj [kksn dj dHkh crZu] dHkh oqQNvkStkj fudkyrs Fks tks xk;c gks x, yksx ogka NksM+ x, FksA vyZ]fdlh Hkh NksVs cPps dh rjg firk dk gkFk cVkuk pkgrk FkkA vr%mls Hkh ,d NksVh&lh [kqjih ns nh xbZA

tks'k osQ lkFk vyZ us ,d tksjnkj izgkj fd;k vkSj rqajr gh ,dlqanj lisQn o dkyk dM+Nqy utj vk x;kA mldh [kq'kh Hkjhfdydkjh lqudj rqajr mldh eka pkSosQ dk dke NksM+dj Hkkxh gqbZvkbZ] muosQ gkFk esa vHkh Hkh pkSosQ dk pkowQ Fkk] ftls tYnh esa osgkFk esa gh fy, pyh vkbZ FkhaA

fiQj eka o csVs us feydj /hjs&/hjs ml dM+Nqy osQ pkjksa vksjdh feêðh <hyh dh] [kqjih o pkowQ dh lgk;rk ls] vkSj fiQj ogkaij ,d vfLFk&iatj Hkh fudyk] ftlosQ lkFk og dM+Nqy xk<+k x;kFkkA mlh fnu ls vyZ ekSfjl tku x;k fd thou esa og D;k djukpkgrk gSA tc og 63 o"kZ dk ,d e'kgwj fo'ks"kK Fkk bafM;auvesfjdul dh [kkst djus okyk] ml le; og cM+s xkSjo ls dgkdjrk Fkk fd eSa 60 lky ls ,d iqjkrRosÙkk gwaA

(1) pded iRFkj ls pkowQ ;k rhj 'kh"kZ cukus osQ fy, bafM;aligys bl dBksj exj >qjeqjs iRFkj ij l/s gq, okj djrs ftllsblosQ VqdM+s VwV tkrsA

(2) bu VqdM+ksa dks os gFkkSM+s ls gYosQ&gYosQ ekjdj fdukjksa dkslqO;ofLFkr djrsA

(3) dHkh&dHkh og fgj.k dh gfîó;ksa vFkok mlosQ lhaxksa ls cukbZgqbZ cs/uh dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs FksA bl iRFkj dk vkdkj lgh djusosQ fy,A

56

(4) vafre pj.k esa vkdkj o /kj nsus osQ fy, tksj&tksj ls nckdjgh dke fd;k tkrk Fkk u fd gFkksM+s ;k cs/uh dh ekj lsA ,d gkFkesa] uhps dksbZ xíhnkj rg j[kdj mlosQ mij og iRFkj dk VqdM+kj[kk tkrk ftl ij dke djuk gSA blls gFksyh ij ?kko ugha gksrkFkkA nwljs gkFk esa fgj.k dh gîóh ;k lhax dk cuk vkStkj gksrk FkkAbl vkStkj dks og lgh txg ij ckj&ckj nckrk Fkk] iwjs fgLls eastgka /kj cukus dh t:jr gksrh FkhA bl fØ;k ls oqQN HkqjHkqjs iRFkjosQ d.k /hjs&/hjs fudyrs tkrs vkSj og fdukjk /kjnkj curk tkrkA,d gksf'k;kj o vH;Lr dkjhxj ,d rhj 'kh"kZ bl fØ;k }kjk osQoy15 feuV esa rS;kj dj ysrk FkkA

psrkouh& vxj rqe ;g iz;ksx djuk pkgks rks vka[kksa ij cpko djusokys dkys p'esa iguksa] ,d NksVk&lk d.k Hkh ;fn HkqjHkqjs iRFkj dkvka[k esa pyk tk, rks Hkkjh uqdlku dj] rdyhiQ ns ldrk gSA

tYnh&tYnh djks&

tc izSaQd oqQf'akx ,d ckyd Fkk ml le; rd dksbZ Hkh dghaHkh [kqnkbZ dj ldrk FkkA vkSj ftruh pkgs [kaMgjksa esa ls izkphuoLrq,a fudky dj j[k ldrk FkkA ml le; rd iqjkrRo foKku

57

uke dh dksbZ 'kk[kk i<+kbZ esa ugha Fkh] fdlh iqjkru lkeku dh dksbZdher ;k egRo ugha FkkA

oqQf'akx osQ leku yksxksa us gh bl izkphu [ktkus dh egÙkk dksmckjk] mUgsa Lo;a Hkh ckn esa bl ckr dk cgqr viQlksl jgk fd'kq:&'kq: esa fdruh ykijokgh ls mUgksaus [kqnkbZ dh] o oLrqvksa dksj[kkA cgqr&lk lkeku rks mUgksaus iSaQd fn;k] tks cgqr oqQN Kku c<+kldrk FkkA tSls fd tys gq, dks;ys osQ VqdM+sA

dkSu lksp ldrk Fkk fd;s dks;yk Hkh ,d vnHkqr lk/u gS]vkSj blesa ijek.koh; ?kM+h le; crk jgh gS\

vc vesfjdk esa [kqnkbZ djus dks cgqr de LFkku cps gSaAOkSKkfud bu txgksa osQ ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh pkgrs gSa vkSj blhfy,vc fcuk fo'ks"kK dks lkFk fy, dksbZ Hkh [kqnkbZ ugha dj ldrkAbldk eryc ;g ugha fd ftu yksxksa dks bl dk;Z esa jQfp gS osHkh u djs] oSKkfudksa dks lcdh lgk;rk pkfg,] ijarq pkSdl gksdjdke djsaA vxj ;g vHkh ugha fd;k x;k rks fiQj nsj gks tk,xhA

;g cM+s rkTtqc dh ckr gS fd [kaMgj o fefJr xM+k gqvklkeku tks lSdM+ksa lkyksa ls ,sls gh iM+k Fkk vc vpkud gekjhvka[kksa osQ lkeus xk;c gks jgk gSA vejhdk esa ,slk gh gks jgk gSAbafM;al us vius ?kj ;k iM+ko T;knkrj ikuh osQ ikl cuk, Fks]ufn;ksa ;k ugjksa osQ iklA vktdy T;knkrj ufn;ksa ij cka/ cuk,tkrs gSa] vkSj izR;sd euq"; osQ cuk, cka/ osQ ikl ,d >hy cutkrh gSA

;g ufn;ksa ij cka/ cukus dh ;kstuk vejhdk esa lu~ 1945 ls'kq: gqbZ] tc iqjkrRosÙkkvksa dks bldk irk pyk rks os cgqr nq[kh gq,]D;ksafd 80» rd bafM;al osQ tks iqjkus okl Fks muij bldk vljiM+sxk vkSj fiQj ;gka [kqnkbZ laHko ugha gksxhA [kqnkbZ djus okys viusiQkoM+s o oqQnkysa ysdj tYnh&tYnh dke dj jgs gSa] D;ksafdm/j cka/ ckukus okys cM+h&cM+h e'khuas ysdj fuekZ.k dk;Z djus esa

58

yxs gq, gSaA [kq'kfdLerh ls bathfu;jksa us lkjs cka/ ,d lkFk cukus'kq: ugha fd;s gSaA ;fn iqjkru 'kks/drkZ tYnh&tYnh viuk dkedjsa rks os de&ls&de egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa dk dk;Z rks iw.kZ dj ldrsgSaA

iqjkrRosÙkkvksa us fcy esa jgus okys tarqvksa dh rjg [kqnkbZ dhvkSj bl dfBu Je osQ iQyLo:i mUgksaus djhcu pkj djksM+vo'ks"k cpk fy,] osQoy 5 o"kZ osQ le; esa] tks fd vU;Fkk xqegks tkrsA

bl rjg dh [kqnkbZ dks ¶vHkh ;k dHkh ugha uke ls tkuktkrk gS vkSj blesa osQoy iqjkrRosÙkk gh ugha cfYd vusd yksx'kkSfd;k rkSj ij Hkh dke djrs gSaA

mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij lkmQFk MdksVk osQ 'kgj osQ es;j (izeq[k)

osQfyiQksZfu;k osQ leqnz rV ij xksrk[kksjksa dks] ftuesa cgqr ls toku yM+osQ HkhFks] ntuks± iRFkj dh I;kfy;ka feyh] ftuosQ ckjs esa vHkh rd fo'ks"kK oqQNHkh irk ugha yxk losQ gSA

59

tks vc viuh dk;Z vof/ lekIr dj pqosQ gSa] dks bl dk;Z esafnypLih gqbZ vkSj mUgksaus vU; o`¼ yksxksa dks tks dk;Zdky iw.kZ gksusij vodk'kjr gSa bdêòk djosQ ,d lewg cuk;kA ,d BsosQnkj] ,djsLVksjsaV pykus okyk] ,d rsy oqQavksa dh [kqnkbZ djusokyk] vkSj dbZvU; yksxkas us feydj felksjh unh osQ rV ij [kqnkbZ o [kkst dk;Zfd;kA ;gka djhc 250 o"kZ iqjkuk bafM;al dk clk;k gqvk ,d xkaofeykA bls vfjdkjk bafM;ual us clk;k FkkA

bl liQyrk ls ;s o`¼tu cgqr gh izlUu o mRlkfgr gq,]mUgksaus [kqnkbZ tkjh j[kh vkSj mUgsa bl xkao osQ uhps gh ,d vkSj xkaofeyk tks fd pkj lkS o"kZ iqjkuk FkkA lHkh fo'ks"kKksa us bu vO;kolk;h'kkSfd;k dke djus okyksa dh [kkst o yxu dks cgqr ljkgkA

cgqr&lh [kkstsa eè; vejhdk osQ eSnkuksa eas nwj&nwj cgrh dbZufn;ksa osQ ikl Hkh gqbZA bu eSnkuh bykdksa esa jgus okys izkphu ekuoksaosQ fo"k; esa dbZ ubZ [kcjas vkus yxhA oks bafM;al tks fd fdlkuFks] u fd f'kdkjhA

;s eSnku esa jgus okys yksx ?kj ij gh jgk djrs Fks] buosQ ?kjvk/s tehu osQ vanj /als gq, gksrs Fks vkSj mQij feêðh iRFkjksa ls <adsgksrs FksA fiQj ;gka Lisu osQ yksx vius ?kksM+ksa lfgr vk,A ?kksM+ksa osQvkus ls ;gka dk jgus dk <ax cnyus yxkA ;s yksx vc vius tehuosQ etcwr ?kj NksM+dj ?kqEedM+ izo`fr osQ gks x,A ;g vc [kky osQVhiht] VsaV dh rjg osQ vkoklksa esa jgrs ftUgsa vklkuh lsb/j&m/j ys tk;k tk ldrk FkkA iqjkrRosÙkk vc bu ufn;ksa osQ ckjsesa] fuokfl;ksa dh tkudkjh gkfly dj jgs gSa] >hyksa osQ cuus lsigys [kqnkbZ tkjh gSA

oqQnkyksa ls uktqd [kqnkbZ ogka Hkh gks jgh gs tgka xSl oaQifu;ksa}kjk yach&yach ikbi ykbusa Mkyh tk jgh gSA ,d txg tc xî ôs[kksnus okyh e'khuksa }kjk dke 'kq: gksus okyk FkkA pkj lewgksa easiqjkrRosÙkk iSny U;w esfDldks ls okf'kaxVu rd [kkstrs o rF; <wa<rs

60

gq, x,A mUgsa ,d ugha nks pDdj yxk,A mUgksaus 1500 fdyksehVjdk jkLrk eq[; ikbi osQ lkFk dk o 1500 fdyksehVj ikbi dh'kk[kkvksa osQ iSQyko osQ fgLls dk ckjhdh ls eqvk;uk fd;kA mUgsacgqr dherh tkudkjh feyhA

egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa ij dk;ZdrkZvksa dh enn ls mUgksaus txg&txg[kqnkbZ djokbZ vkSj vius 3000 fdyksehVj osQ nwljs pDdj esamUgksaus gj [kqnkbZ fd;s x;s LFkku dh nhokjksa dk fujh{k.k fd;kA butxgksa ij iqjkru ekuo osQ fo"k; esa mUgksaus i`Foh d uhps fNihtkudkjh dks gkfly djus dh dksf'k'k dhA

bl yacs liQj esa] in ;k=kk esa mUgsa 122 ,sls LFkku fey tks fdiqjkrRo Kku osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ Fks] ;s igys fdlh us ugha ns[ks FksvkSj vc vkxs Hkh dksbZ ns[k ugha ik,xk] D;ksafd vc bu ,sfrgkfldLFkkuksa esa cka/ cu x, gSa vkSj ikbi ykbusa fcN xb± gSaA