Vehicle Systems & Handling Heavy Vehicles Topic 1 - Vehicle Warning Systems Topic 2 - Vehicle Malfunctions Topic 3 – Handling Special Vehicles & Pulling.

Vehicle Systems & Handling Heavy Vehicles

Topic 1 - Vehicle Warning SystemsTopic 2 - Vehicle MalfunctionsTopic 3 Handling Special Vehicles & Pulling a TrailerModule TenVirginia Department of EducationVirginia Department of Education

Virginia Department of Education

Topic 1 - Vehicle Warning SystemsVirginia Department of Education


Dashboard Warning SymbolsTemperature light or gauge- warns you when the coolant in the engine is too hot or too low. - if temperature warning light comes on or the gauge reads too hot, dont drive the vehicle - seek professional help. Caution: never attempt to remove the radiator cap when the engine is hot - the pressure and hot steam may cause severe upper torso and facial burns. Oil Pressure light or gaugeHOTOILsymbollightgaugegaugelightsymbol- warns you when the oil is not circulating at proper pressure or there is not enough oil.- when the oil warning light comes on it is recommended that you stop at the nearest service center and have the oil level checked.Virginia Department of Education


Dashboard Warning SymbolsAlternator/Generator light or gaugesALTlightgaugesymbol- The alternator is not generating enough electricity to charge the battery.The engine must now use electricity stored in the battery.Turn off as many electrical devices as possible. (i.e., the radio, heater/AC, etc.)When the ALT light comes on or the gauge shows discharge while the engine is running the vehicles electrical system is not functioning properly.Brake System lightCaution: when the battery is drained the engine may stall without warning.This warning light serves two purposes:(1) indicates the parking brake is set; and(2) alerts you that part or all of the braking system is not working properly; or, in some vehicles, the brake fluid is low.Virginia Department of Education


Dashboard Warning SymbolsABS lightAir Bag lightThe ABS light comes on when you start the vehicle indicating the ABS system is functioning normally. If the light stays on, or comes on while you are driving, there is a problem which should be checked by a qualified mechanic.When you start the engine, this light should illuminate momentarily indicating the system is activated. If the air bag readiness light stays on or comes on while you are driving, it is a warning that there is a problem. If the air bag system in your vehicle is not working properly it can be dangerous as the air bags:may NOT inflate in a crash ormay spontaneously inflate while you are driving.Virginia Department of Education


Dashboard Warning SymbolsService Engine lightDoor Ajar lightLow fuel lightsymbolgaugeLOW FUELlightThe fuel gauge measures how much fuel is in the vehicle's fuel tank. When the fuel level is low, the fuel warning light will come on and stay on until you add more fuel to the tank.SERVICEENGINE SOONDOOR OPENThis warning light will illuminate when starting the engine and then goes out. If this light remains on, one or more of the vehicle doors is not completely latched. If it comes on while driving, someone has opened a door or the door latch was not properly fastened. In either case, pull off the road as soon as possible to secure the door.The SERVICE ENGINE or CHECK ENGINE light should flash for a few seconds when you start the engine and then go out. If the light stays on, there may be a problem - make an appointment to get it checked.Virginia Department of Education


Topic 2 - Vehicle MalfunctionVirginia Department of Education


Vehicle Failure Tire Blowout Tire BlowoutA Tire Blowout occurs when youhit a curb or sharp object. have a defective tire.- have an under-inflated tire that builds up heat and explodes or loses its seal to the rim while the tires are rotating. If a front tire blows out, the vehicle will pull sharply in the direction of the blowout. If a rear tire blows out, the vehicle will wobble and pull slightly in the direction of the flat tire.



Grip the wheel firmly.Foot off accelerator.DO NOT BRAKE.Allow vehicle to slow.Check traffic.Turn on flashers.Drive to a protected area.Change tire.Tire BlowoutVirginia Department of Education


Vehicle Malfunction Accelerator FailureThe accelerator will not return to idle when you release it and the engine is racing.Shift to Neutral (engine may race but no harm done).Search for an escape path.Steer smoothly and brake gently.Pull off the roadway and park.Turn off the vehicle. Caution DO NOT turn the ignition off while the vehicle is moving--this may lock the steering wheel.Have the pedal repaired before driving again.Accelerator failure is caused by either a broken spring or the pedal getting stuck in the down position. In either case, you no longer have control over the vehicles speed. Follow these steps:Accelerator Pedal STUCK in down positionVirginia Department of Education


When the engine stalls, the steering mechanism will still work but will require more effort and:Shift to neutralLook for escape pathDO NOT BRAKE HARDPull off roadwayRestart engineIf unsuccessful, raise hood and turn on emergency flashers.Engine FailureVirginia Department of Education


Turn off AC.Turn on heater.Pull off roadway if all else fails.Turn engine off.DO NOT OPEN RADIATOR.Seek help.

Engine OverheatsVirginia Department of Education


The vehicle can still be steered, It will require much more effort on the drivers part.

Power Steering FailureVirginia Department of Education


Vehicle Malfunction Brake FailureApply the brakes--they may function normally for one more application of the pedal and modulate pressure without releasing the brake.You will need to press harder on the brake pedal to stop the vehicle..If this does not workdownshift to a lower gear to use the braking power of the engine to slow the vehicle and look for an escape route. activate the hazard lights to warn others. Holding release button, apply the parking brake gradually and select a safe path of travel.Virginia Department of Education


Rapidly pump the brakes.Shift to lower gear.Apply parking brake.Find soft crash area.Brake FailureVirginia Department of Education


Vehicle Failure FireCar Catches FireQuickly steer the vehicle out of traffic and away from buildings and people.Get everyone out of the vehicle and have them move at least 100 feet away.If the engine is on fire, call the fire department and leave the hood closed.If the passenger compartment is on fire, smother it, use a fire extinguisher, or call the fire department.NEVER use water on an engine fire water will NOT put out an oil or fuel fire - in fact, it may even aid in spreading the fire.Use an A-B-C-type fire extinguisher.Virginia Department of Education


Topic 4 Handling Special VehiclesVirginia Department of Education


What is the maximum recommended speed for most car-trailer combinations?How much braking time or following distance do you need when towing a trailer?What is a good rule of thumb when going up and down a hill while towing a trailer?Pulling a TrailerVirginia Department of Education


Handling Large VehiclesWeigh more than a passenger vehicleAffect the ability to accelerate, turn and slow down:Allow enough space to get up to speed.Slow down in advance of turns.Allow more space between vehicles.Virginia Department of Education


Do not exceed load limits.Practice driving where there is no traffic.Allow a larger gap in traffic before pulling out.Check both side mirrors to be sure the trailer does not intrude into adjoining lane.

Handling Special VehiclesVirginia Department of Education


Practice Turns Before Going on the RoadDrivers pulling trailers must overshoot turns making them wide enough so you dont hit the curb or a pedestrian.Virginia Department of Education


Right turns Move farther from the curb or edge of pavement.Delay turning until well beyond curb line.Left turns Proceed farther into the intersection.Check left outside mirror to see that vehicle clears any vehicles at the intersection.

Handling Special VehiclesVirginia Department of Education


PassingNeed more time and space to pass.If whipping occursDo not steer or apply brakes.Let off gas and firmly hold wheel.Trailer will stabilize as vehicle slows down.Handling Special VehiclesVirginia Department of Education


Roads that curve rightAllow more distance from edge of pavement.Keep toward the center line.Roads that curve leftStay to the right so you do not cross the center line.Handling Special VehiclesVirginia Department of Education


Increase following distance one second for each additional 10 feet beyond 15 feet of overall vehicle and trailer length.Handling Special VehiclesVirginia Department of Education

VehicleNormal Following DistanceAdditional Following DistanceTotal Following DistanceAutomobile with no trailer3 to 4 secondsNone needed3 to 4 secondsAutomobile with 20-foot trailer3 to 4 seconds2 seconds5 to 6 seconds35-foot motor home3 to 4 seconds2 seconds5 to 6 seconds


Back slowly and look directly over your shoulder through the rear window. Keep your hand at the bottom of the steering wheel. To move the trailer left, move your hand to the left. To back to the right, move your hand to the right .

Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in Direction Driver Wants to TurnVirginia Department of Education


To back to the left, turn the steering wheel to the right.Straighten the wheel.Turn the wheel in the opposite direction.Straighten the wheel.Turn the steering wheel to the right.Straighten the wheel and back the towing vehicle and trailer.

Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in the Opposite DirectionVirginia Department of Education


Turning the steering wheel too far.Holding the steering wheel in a turned position too long.If trailer starts to jackknife, stop and pull ahead to straighten, then begin again. Errors to Avoid When BackingVirginia Department of Education


Practice Backing!Backing with a trailer is very difficult!The driver needs to turn the car in the opposite direction you want the trailer to go.For example: Turn the steering wheel to the right if you want the trailer to go to the left.Virginia Department of Education


Safe Trailering

Basic equipment needed to tow a trailer safely?How to attach a vehicle to a trailer?How to load a trailer properly?Virginia Department of Education


How do you determine the ratings and sizes of the hitch components?Why is it important to make sure the coupler is tight over the hitch ball when connecting a trailer?Where do the safety chains connect to?When loading a trailer where should you place the heaviest objects?

Safe TraileringVirginia Department of Education


Additional equipment Heavy-duty suspensionIncreased-capacity cooling systemHigh-ratio axleOversize mirrorsEmergency equipmentTrailer hitchHitch ballEssential Equipment for TowingVirginia Department of Education


Basic Equipment for TowingVirginia Department of Education


Connecting a TrailerBall and coupler combinations sized correctly for tight fit.Safety chains crossed beneath the coupler and connected to the hitch.Breakaway chains hooked to hitch or frame member.Electrical connections set up so lights function properly.Virginia Department of Education


Pre Trip CheckAttach tongue of trailer to hitch.Snap locking mechanism. Put lock pin in place.Connect electrical wires.Check Brakes and Lights.Virginia Department of Education


The rear of the vehicle should support 10 15% of the trailer load.Arrange 60% of weight in front half of trailer and 40% in rear.Make sure trailer is level.Loading a Trailer ProperlyVirginia Department of Education


Pulling Heavy LoadsThe larger the load the longer it will take to stop.Increase following distance and test your stopping power.Use caution. Slow down.Virginia Department of Education


Jackknifing a TrailerCommon when backing will damage the hitch and the trailer.Occurs when angle between vehicle and trailer is less than 90 degrees.Back slowly and keep steering wheel movements to a minimum.If you get in trouble, pull forward.Virginia Department of Education


PleaseVirginia Department of Education


This presentation contains materials created by others. Such materials are used under the claim of fair use pursuant to the fair use guidelines for the purpose of engaging in face-to-face instructional education activities. Additional use or distribution of that material is prohibited. Do not post this presentation on the Internet.

Ask students to identify vehicle systems.*In this topic students will learn about warning symbols, and understand what they mean and what the driver should do if the warning light comes on.*Discuss the various warning lights that may activate while driving and what to do if a light activates.It is essential to know what the warning lights and gauges on the instrument panel mean and where they are located. Become familiar with a vehicle by reading the owners manual. This will help prevent the driver from being caught off-guard should a problem ariseWarning symbols Red color means stop as soon as possible and have the problem repaired.Yellow color means have the problem repaired within a reasonable timeTemperature light or gauge warns when the coolant in the engine is too hot or too low. Stop as soon as possible and repair. Caution: never attempt to remove the radiator cap when the engine is hot as there is the risk of severe burns.Oil pressure warning light or gauge warns when the oil is not circulating at the proper pressure or there is not enough oil. Repair in a reasonable time.Brake system warning light shows the parking brake is set before moving the vehicle and alerts that part or all of the braking system is not working properly or the brake fluid is too low. Stop as soon as possible. Have the vehicle towed and the vehicle repaired.Anti-lock braking system (ABS) light indicates whether the ABS is functioning properly. If it comes on while driving there is a problem with the system. Repair in a reasonable time.Air bag warning light indicates the air bags are not in proper working condition. Repair in a reasonable timeCheck engine light monitors operation of fuel, ignition, and emission control systems. This light should come on when the ignition is on, but the engine is not running. If the light does not come on, have the system fixed right away. If the light stays on or it comes on while driving, the computer is indicating there is a problem. Repair in a reasonable time.Door ajar light comes on if a door(s) is not closed properly. Check all doors immediately, but do not check while driving.Low fuel warning light tells how much fuel remains when the ignition is on. When the low fuel light activates, it means approximately two galloons remain. Get fuel as soon as possible.Alternator/Generator warning light or gauge the vehicles electrical system is in trouble if this light comes on or the gauge shows discharge while the engine is running. Discharge occurs when the alternator is not generating enough electricity to charge the battery. Be aware that if this happens, the engine must use electricity stored in the battery. Turn off as many electrical devices as possible (i.e., the radio, heater/AC, etc.). Caution: Have this checked without delay. If the battery is drained, the car can shut off.

*Brake system warning light shows the parking brake is set before moving the vehicle and alerts that part or all of the braking system is not working properly or the brake fluid is too low. Stop as soon as possible. Have the vehicle towed and the vehicle repaired.Alternator/Generator warning light or gauge the vehicles electrical system is in trouble if this light comes on or the gauge shows discharge while the engine is running. Discharge occurs when the alternator is not generating enough electricity to charge the battery. Be aware that if this happens, the engine must use electricity stored in the battery. Turn off as many electrical devices as possible (i.e., the radio, heater/AC, etc.). Caution: Have this checked without delay. If the battery is drained, the car can shut off.

*Anti-lock braking system (ABS) light indicates whether the ABS is functioning properly. If it comes on while driving there is a problem with the system. Repair in a reasonable time.Air bag warning light indicates the air bags are not in proper working condition. Repair in a reasonable time.*Check engine light monitors operation of fuel, ignition, and emission control systems. This light should come on when the ignition is on, but the engine is not running. If the light does not come on, have the system fixed right away. If the light stays on or it comes on while driving, the computer is indicating there is a problem. Repair in a reasonable time.Door ajar light comes on if a door(s) is not closed properly. Check all doors immediately, but do not check while driving.Low fuel warning light tells how much fuel remains when the ignition is on. When the low fuel light activates, it means approximately two galloons remain. Get fuel as soon as possible.

**A vehicle breakdown is the mechanical failure that prevents the vehicle from being operated, or impedes the vehicle's operation so much, that it is very difficult, nearly impossible, or else dangerous to operate. Vehicle breakdowns can occur for a large number of reasons. Depending on the nature of the problem, the vehicle may or may not need to be towed to a auto repair shop. A total breakdown is when the vehicle becomes totally immobile and cannot be driven even a short distance to reach a repair shop, thereby necessitating a to be towed. This can occur for a variety of reasons, including complete engine failure, or a dead starter or battery. In a partial breakdown, the vehicle may still be operable, but its operation may become more limited or more dangerous, or else its continued operation may contribute to further damage to the vehicle. Often, when this occurs, it may be possible to drive the vehicle to a garage, thereby avoiding a tow.Some common causes of a partial breakdown include overheating, brake failure or frequent stalling.

According to the Royal Automobile Club, the top 10 causes of car breakdown were: Battery Wheel change Fuel Mechanical problems Puncture no spare Electrical problems Charging electrical vehicles Clutch Ignition Cooling, heating, ventilation and air conditioningWith other problems, the driver may be able to operate the vehicle seemingly normally for some time, but the vehicle will need an eventual repair. These include grinding brakes, rough idle (often caused by the need for a tune-up), or poor shock absorption. Many vehicle owners with personal economic difficulty or a busy schedule may wait longer than they should to get necessary repairs made to their vehicles, thereby increasing damage or else causing more danger.

*A Tire Blowout occurs when youhit a curb or sharp object have a defective tirehave an under-inflated tire that builds up heat and explodes or loses its seal to the rim while the tires are rotating

If a front tire blows out, the vehicle will pull sharply in the direction of the blowout. If a rear tire blows out, the vehicle will wobble and pull slightly in the direction of the flat tire

Tire failure can be caused by the gradual wear on the tires through hard braking and/or acceleration. They also need periodic balancing and alignment. Look for wear bars appearing across the tire as a sign that tires need to be replaced.A tire blowout is a rapid deflation of air from the tire. If a front tire blows out, the vehicle will pull sharply in the direction of the blowout. If a rear tire blows out, the vehicle will wobble and shake and pull some in the direction of the blowout. In either case:Grip the steering wheel firmlyRemove foot from acceleratorDO NOT BRAKEAllow the vehicle to slow on its own or brake gently if necessaryCheck traffic around youTurn on emergency flashersDrive to a protected location and pull off the roadwayHave the tire changed and replaced

**Engine failure could happen when the engine quits running completely or becomes flooded or overheats. If the engine just shuts off while driving:Shift to neutralLook for an escape pathDO NOT BRAKE HARDPull off the roadway (brake gently but with more pressure on the pedal)Stop, try to restart the engineIf unsuccessful, raise hood and turn on emergency flashersIf the engine becomes flooded, there will usually be a strong odor of gasoline.To start the engine:Push the accelerator pedal to the floor and hold it thereTurn the key for up to five secondsIf it does not start, wait several minutes and try againOnce started, release the accelerator pedal

Engine failure could happen when the engine quits running completely or becomes flooded or overheats. If the engine just shuts off while driving:Shift to neutralLook for an escape pathDO NOT BRAKE HARDPull off the roadway (brake gently but with more pressure on the pedal)Stop, try to restart the engineIf unsuccessful, raise hood and turn on emergency flashersIf the engine becomes flooded, there will usually be a strong odor of gasoline.To start the engine:Push the accelerator pedal to the floor and hold it thereTurn the key for up to five secondsIf it does not start, wait several minutes and try againOnce started, release the accelerator pedal

Check engine light comes on? It may be a loose gas cap. The lights you'll probably want to pay the most attention to are:Check Oil/Oil Level LowOil Pressure LowCheck EngineThe "Check Engine" lamp is perhaps the most troubling of lights because it could mean so many different things, from "you didn't screw the gas cap on tightly enough" to "look out for pistons flying through the hood." The easiest way to find out what this light is telling you is to hook your vehicle up to a scan tool. This diagnostic tool looks a little like an oversized calculator and plugs into a communication port inside the car. After you instruct it to perform the scan, it "speaks" with your car's computers to find out exactly what's prompting the light to turn on. Some auto part dealers will offer this service for free.

*If the engine overheats while driving:Turn air conditioner off if it is onTurn on the heater to draw heat off the engineIf these fail, move to a safe location off the roadwayTurn engine offDo not open the radiator capSeek help

*The most likely cause of steering failure is a loss of power steering. This can happen if a hydraulic pipe breaks or is cut by debris from the road. Even in this eventuality it's unlikely that the power loss would be sudden. It's probable that the steering would gradually become heavier, thus giving a warning.If you lose your power steering be prepared to hang on to the wheel with all of your strength to turn it. Stop as soon as possible. If the power steering has failed because the engine has cut out you may need extra pressure on the brakes to stop the car.Don't try to drive the car to a garage if you feel the steering start to get heavier, get the garage to come to you - stop as soon as you can, pull on to the hard shoulder on a motorway or to the side of the road on other roads. make sure that you take all the normal safety precautions, hazard lights, watch out for traffic, etc., especially if you are on a fast road or stopped in a difficult position.

**What to Do If Your Brakes FailTypically, brake failure happens when youve lost a lot of brake fluid or you have worn brake padsleading to malfunctioning brakes. If you should ever find yourself in this situation, follow these steps to handle it safely.Downshift Right AwayDont panic: you can manage this situation. The first thing you should do is put your car into a lower gear, as smoothly as possible. This applies for both manual and automatic vehicles. This will slow down your car, and it may allow you enough time to pull over safely.ThingsToAvoid:Downshifting too quicklythis could cause a skid.Putting the car in neutralit will take away the engine braking effect.Shutting off the caryou wont have power steering.If you have regular brakes (not anti-lock brakes), you can try pumping the brakes quicklythis should help build up brake fluid pressure. If after 3 or 4 pumps your brakes still arent working, move on to the next step.Apply the Emergency BrakeNext, you should use your emergency brake. Dont count on it to bring you to a full stop, but at the very least, it should help you slow down. It goes without saying that you need to be aware of where your emergency brake is locatedsome cars use a hand-activated lever, while others have a small pedal to the left of the gas and brake pedals. Its a good idea to try your emergency brake when you are driving at a slow speed to see how powerful it actually is (use an empty parking lot or other area where there are no drivers around).Pull OverTurn on your hazard lights, and move toward the right side of the road to pull over. Be very careful if you must change lanes to get overuse your mirrors to watch the traffic around you, and signal to other drivers to let them know that you are moving over. Try to use whats available to you to stop your car, like driving onto grass if there is some off the road.Have Your Car TowedEven if you manage to get your brakes working again after a malfunction, you should pull over and call for a tow truck. You need to have your car taken into a repair shop for inspection. Its far too dangerous to attempt to continue driving.Routine brake maintenance should prevent a scenario like this from happening, so be sure youre keeping up with your car care!

Brake failure could be complete loss of brakes or only failure of the power brakes. If the brakes quit working:Rapidly pump the brakes (may regain brakes)Shift to a lower gearIf pumping the brakes doesnt work, apply the parking brakeRelease the brake if the wheels lock. Reapply the parking brake if needed.Find a soft crash areaIf power brakes fail, the car can still be stopped with more pressure on the brake pedal.

**There's rarely a single cause for any given car fire. It's more likely that there was a combination of causes: human causes, mechanical causes, and chemical causes, and they all worked together to create an incredibly dangerous situation. The average car or truck has a number of flammable and highly dangerous fluids under the hood: gasoline or diesel fuel, engine oil, transmission fluid, power steering fluid, brake fluid and even engine coolant. All of those fluids are circulating when the car is on, and all of them can catch fire pretty easily if their lines, hoses or reservoirs take a hit. So even though one of the car's vital liquids is unlikely to start spewing or dripping out of nowhere -- generally, something else has to go wrong first -- the fact that all of these fluids are flammable to begin with is a problem in and of itself. Combined with another aggravating factor, like a car crash or a failed part, the result could be a fire. Though such a blaze is most likely to start in the engine bay, where all of these dangerous liquids are concentrated, keep in mind that some of them, like fuel and brake fluid, are moved along the entire length of the car.

Electrical system failures take the second spot on the list because they're the second most common cause of car fires. If you ever plan to involve yourself in activities such as boating, or camping then chances are you'll need to do some towing.

SUVs, pickup trucks, vans, minivans, and passenger cars can be equipped to tow a trailer. However, the selection of an appropriate tow vehicle and the proper equipment to tow a trailer depends on the type of trailer, its size and weight, and the amount of weight being towed. There are numerous types of trailers, but in general they fall into four categories: flatbed or open trailers, boat trailers, enclosed trailers, and recreational vehicle trailers (including travel trailers, fifth-wheel trailers, and folding camping trailers).*What is the maximum recommended speed for most car-trailer combinations?Answer: 55 mphHow much braking time or following distance do you need when towing a trailer?Answer: Follow the 4 second rule and use 5 seconds or more for adverse conditionsWhat is a good rule of thumb when going up and down a hill while towing a trailer?Answer: Use the same gear you used for going down the hill as you used to go up itWhat should you do when turning at sharp corners while towing a trailer?Answer: Drive slightly past the normal turning point then turn to the outside of the lane you are entering What should you do if the trailer starts to jackknife while backing?Answer: Stop, pull forward, straighten it out and try again*Two of the most important things to have when you tow are basic common sense and the ability to adjust your driving. In other words, when towing, everything you do while driving needs to be done at about half the speed when compared to driving without a trailer. When you turn, go much slower. When you accelerate, do it much easier. When you brake, allow yourself a great deal more space to stop. And when you change lanes, allow room for your vehicle and the trailer.*Are you moving, going to college, or buying furniture? If so, you may want to rent a truck or pull a trailer.

There are many types of large vehicles that passenger drivers are licensed to drive, including motor homes and recreational vehicles, moving trucks, wide-axle pickup trucks and delivery trucks. To operate these vehicles safely, the driver needs to understand their dimensions and limitations.Weight factor large vehicles weigh more than the average passenger vehicle and the extra weight can affect the drivers ability to accelerate, turn and slow downAccelerating heavier vehicles accelerate more slowly so allow enough space to get up to speedTurning heavier vehicles have a higher center of gravity, which can make turning maneuvers more challenging; therefore, it is critical to slow down well in advance of turns and use smooth, gradual steering movementsDecelerating heavier vehicles need more distance than other vehicles to slow down, meaning a driver should allow more space between his/her vehicle and the vehicle ahead*Before towing a vehicle or driving an RV, drivers need to learn some special skills.Trailers come in all shapes and sizes, including utility trailers, tandem axles, horse and boat trailers, and travel trailers.Load limits all vehicles have gross vehicle weight or weight-to-trailer towing-capacity limits, so it is critical not to exceed a vehicles recommended load or trailer load limits. Refer to your owners manual or vehicles doorjamb for this information.Practice where there is no traffic before driving these vehicles, practice in a driveway or vacant parking lotStarting check traffic carefully and allow a larger gap in traffic before pulling out; check both side mirrors to be sure the trailer does not intrude into an adjoining lane *Turning it is critical to use the right outside mirror to check the vehicles or trailers clearance from the curbRight turns the driver should move farther from the curb or edge of the pavement than s/he would with a car and delay turning until well beyond the curb lineLeft turns the driver should proceed farther into the intersection than normal to allow adequate space for the trailer or motor home and should check the left outside mirror to see that the vehicle clears any vehicles waiting at the intersection

**Curves for roads that curve right, allow more distance from the edge of the pavement and keep toward the center line. For roads that curve to the left stay to the right so you do not cross the center line.

*Increase following distance increase following distance one second for each additional 10 feet beyond 15 feet of overall vehicle and trailer length*Explain the techniques required to back a trailer successfully by placing hand at the bottom of the steering wheel and turning the wheel in the direction the driver wants to turn.Explain the techniques required to back a trailer successfully by turning the steering wheel in the opposite direction.Backing by turning the steering wheel in the direction driver wants to turn:Try this easy method to help control direction while backing up a trailer. Typically used when you can see over your shoulder through the rear window. Back slowly and look directly over your shoulder through the rear window (without using your mirrors), unless you cannot see out your rear windowKeep your left hand at the bottom of the steering wheel, with your right arm over back of passenger seatTo move the trailer left, move your hand to the leftTo back to the right, move your hand to the rightIf the trailer starts to jackknife, which forms a V-shape between the trailer and towing vehicle, stop, pull ahead to straighten out; then begin again. Once you start to go correctly, follow the trailer around. Turning the steering wheel too far or holding the steering wheel in a turned position too long can cause the trailer and vehicle to jackknife.

*Backing by turning the steering wheel in the opposite direction:Typically used when you cannot look directly over your shoulder. When using this method you must use the mirrors. When backing, the driver will turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction s/he wants the vehicle to go. To back to the left, turn the steering wheel to the rightStraighten the wheelTurn the wheel in the opposite directionStraighten the wheel as the trailer responds to the towing vehicles actionTurn the steering wheel to the rightStraighten the wheel and back the towing vehicle and trailer

*Discuss errors to avoid and what to do if the trailer jackknifes.Backing a trailer can be difficult for new trailer operators. It is best to avoid backing if possible, but sometimes backing is necessary, so drivers should learn to do it. There are two different ways to back a trailer.

*But why is it that a trailer is so difficult to back up? The answer lies in the design of a trailer hitch. Most trailers are attached to a vehicle with a ball hitch. The ball-and-socket connection allows for a trailer to turn along with the vehicle that it's towing. Without this feature, a vehicle towing a trailer would be like an extremely long single vehicle, and making a turn would require a couple lanes of traffic. The ball hitch provides the joint that eliminates this need.

Backing up a trailer doesn't come naturally. Your greatest advantage is the buddy system; it's a good idea to have a person you trust outside of the vehicle to help direct you and alert you when you're approaching an object or obstacle. And remember, practice makes perfect. Or at least practice makes it easier. Before you begin using your trailer in real-world situations, take it to an open area, like a large parking lot (preferably one you only have to drive in a forward direction to get to). Practice backing up until you have a feel for the procedure. You might also bring some orange cones or other markers to challenge yourself. You'll find that, as with all things in life, backing up a trailer gets less difficult the more you practice.**How do you determine the ratings and sizes of the hitch components?Answer: Each component is labeled with weight ratings and the ball diameter is stamped on the hitch ball and couplerWhy is it important to make sure the coupler is tight over the hitch ball when connecting a trailer?Answer: So the trailer doesnt become disconnected from the tow vehicleWhere do the safety chains connect to?Answer: Under the vehicle to the trailer hitchWhen loading a trailer where should you place the heaviest objects?Answer: In the front of the trailer*Additional equipmentAn ordinary passenger vehicle is not ready to tow trailers. Additional equipment is needed, such as a heavy-duty suspension, an increased-capacity cooling system and a high-ratio axle. Drivers will also need additional, oversize mirrors. Air pressure in the rear tires of vehicles may be increased to handle the additional weight of the trailer.Emergency equipmentRegular emergency equipment usually is adequate for towing light trailers, but if towing a heavier boat or travel trailer the driver will need special equipment, such as a hydraulic jack, red flags and flares, wheel chocks, flashlights and trouble lights, and tow chains/ropes. The driver will also need some basic tools and an adequate jack and lug wrench to change tires.Trailer hitchDrivers towing trailers will need a well-engineered hitch, generally bolted to the vehicle frame. When installed they should also include safety chains and an electrical connection for trailer brake lights and taillights. Hitch ballFor different use classifications, engineers recommend a minimum-size hitch ball for passenger car-trailer couplings. This information can be found in the trailer manual. Usually the hitch and ball-mount attachment allows a short distance between the two vehicles.*The systemWhen a car tows a trailer, both the car and the trailer cease to exist as separate vehicles. They merge to form a single unit: the car-trailer combination. The driver, automobile, hitch, trailer and load are interdependent elements of a total system. A single-element approach is not adequate.

Towing packages also may include the trailer hitch receiver, which is mounted to the tow vehicle, but towing packages rarely include the draw bar, or ball mount, and hitch ball. The draw baris a separate assembly on which the hitch ball is mounted. The draw bar then slides into the hitch receiver on the tow vehicle and is secured with a locking pin. The front part of the trailer that hitches to the tow vehicle is referred to as the tongue. At the end of the tongue is a coupler into which the hitch ball is inserted and secured. A manufacturer may offer different towing packages to safely tow various sizesand types of trailers. Towing packages indicate both equipment that must be installed on your tow vehicle and equipment that is optional or recommended. For example, not all trailers require the tow vehicle to be equipped with extended side-view mirrors. But if you are towing a trailer that is wider than your tow vehicle, you will need extended side-view mirrors to see rear- and sideapproaching traffic.*The car-trailer combination must be securely connected via the hitch and coupler, with safety chains and breakaway chain (on trailers with brakes) properly attached. A good general rule is: when you begin trailer hookup, always finish the process without pausing or stopping to do something else. Otherwise, you may forget to complete the connection properly.Ball and coupler combinations vary, but all should be tight, and checked periodically to maintain tightness. Hitch balls vary in size (1-7/8, 2 or 2-5/16) and should be mated to the same size coupler or to a coupler that fits multiple sizes. To connect the trailer:Lift the coupler onto the ballTighten hand wheel Jiggle on coupler and push back on trailer, tighten hand wheel until very tight and have good connectionAttach safety chains by crisscrossing chains and wrapping them through the holes on the hitch, adjust slack and secure safety hooksConnect the lightsSafety chains permanently attached to the trailer tongue should be crossed beneath the coupler and connected to the hitch or to a frame member of the tow vehicle. Allow enough slack for turns but make sure the chains do not drag on the ground.The breakaway chain will activate trailer brakes if disengagement of the trailer from the hitch or car occurs. This chain also should be hooked to a frame member or the hitch. Use slightly less slack than the safety chains. Electrical connections should be made according to instructions so that trailer brake lights, turn indicators and other lights function properly.Regardless of the elements of your car-trailer combination, make a step-by-step checklist to follow in properly connecting the system. This checklist can be followedin reverse orderto disconnect the system.*PRE-DEPARTURESAFETY CHECKLISTBefore driving, make sure your vehicle maintenance and trailer maintenance are current. This is very important because towing puts additional stress on the tow vehicle. Check and correct tire pressure on the tow vehicle and trailer.Make sure the wheel lug nuts/bolts on the tow vehicle and trailer are tightened to the correct torque.Be sure the hitch, coupler, draw bar, and other equipment that connect the trailer and the tow vehicle are properly secured and adjusted.Check that the wiring is properly connected not touching the road, but loose enough to make turns without disconnecting or damaging the wires.Make sure all running lights, brake lights, turn signals, and hazard lights are working.Verify that the brakes on the tow vehicle and trailer are operating correctly.Check that all items are securely fastened on and in the trailer.Be sure the trailer jack, tongue support, and any attached stabilizers are raised and locked in place.Check load distribution to make sure the tow vehicle and trailer are properly balanced front to back and side to side.Check side- and rear-view mirrors to make sure you have good visibility.Check routes and restrictions on bridges and tunnels.Make sure you have wheel chocks and jack stands.

*Stay under the limitsMany SUVs and cars with rear seat room for three passengers allow a total rear seat and cargo area maximum load of 650 lbs. As part of a car-trailer combination, trailer tongue weight is added to the rear of the car and adjustments may need to be made, because the allowed 650 lbs. is reduced by the value of the trailer tongue weight. As more weight is added to the rear of an already front-heavy car, the handling characteristics start to change. To minimize the amount of this handling change, drivers should minimize the amount of weight (cargo and passengers) carried in the rear area of the car. Reducing this load is best accomplished by placing the heaviest passenger to the front seat and the lighter passengers and cargo or no passengers and cargo in the rear seat and trunk of the vehicle.Trailers should be loaded more heavily in front so that approximately 5 to 15 percent (depending on type of trailer) of their total weight is carried on the tow car hitch. Never load the vehicle beyond the owners manual limits when towing a trailer and be sure to include trailer tongue weight as part of the load. Load trailers heavier in frontThe total weight of the load should not exceed the weight capacity of the trailer. Trailers must be loaded heavier in front or the trailer will sway violently, called whipping. Arrange 60 percent of the weight in the front half of the trailer and 40 percent in the rear. Distribute the weight equally from side to side. Keep the center of gravity low, with heavy items (including books) on the floor of the trailer, not packed on top. Keep the center of gravity forward (approximately 10 percent of the loaded trailer weight on the tow-car hitch). If your specific trailer has different loading instructions, be sure to follow those instructions.

Be sure trailer is levelWalk around to see if the tow vehicle and trailer are level after loading. The tow vehicle and trailer should be about parallel to the ground, or the tow vehicle may dip slightly in the rear due to tongue weight. Too much weight in the rear of the trailer will lift the rear of the towing vehicle and cause whipping. Too much weight in the front of the trailer will raise the towing vehicles front end excessively.

*Drive at moderate speeds. This will place less strain on your tow vehicle and trailer. Trailer instability (sway) is more likely to occur as speed increases. Avoid sudden stops and starts that can cause skidding, sliding, or jackknifing. Avoid sudden steering maneuvers that might create sway or undue side force on the trailer.Slow down when traveling over bumpy roads, railroad crossings, and ditches.Make wider turns at curves and corners.Because your trailers wheels are closer to the inside of a turn than the wheels of your tow vehicle, they are more likely to hit or ride up over curbs.To control swaying caused by air pressure changes and wind buffeting when larger vehicles pass from either direction, release the accelerator pedal to slow down and keep a firm grip on the steering wheel.BrakingAllow considerably more distance for stopping. If you have an electric trailer brake controller and excessive sway occurs, activate the trailer brake controller by hand. Do not attempt to control trailer sway by applying the tow vehicle brakes; this will generally make the sway worse. Always anticipate the need to slow down. To reduce speed, shift to a lower gear and press the brakes lightly.Acceleration and PassingWhen passing a slower vehicle or changing lanes, signal well in advance and make sure you allow extra distance to clear the vehicle before you pull back into the lane. Pass on level terrain with plenty ofclearance. Avoid passing on steep upgrades or downgrades. If necessary, downshift for improved acceleration or speed maintenance. When passing on narrow roads, be careful not to go onto a soft shoulder. This could cause your trailer to jackknife or go out of control.Downgrades and UpgradesDownshift to assist with braking on downgrades and to add power for climbing hills. On long downgrades, apply brakes at intervals to keep speed in check. Never leave brakes on for extended periods of time or they may overheat. Some tow vehicles have specifically calibrated transmission tow-modes. Be sure to use the tow-mode recommended by the manufacturer. press the brakes lightly.

*Jackknife forms a V-shape between the trailer and towing vehicle and may occur when backing a trailer.Backing UpPut your hand at the bottom of the steering wheel. To turn left, move your hand left. To turn right, move your hand right. Back up slowly. Because mirrors cannot provide all of the visibility you may need when backing up, have someone outside at the rear of the trailer to guide you whenever possible. Use slight movements of the steering wheel to adjust direction. Exaggerated movements will cause greater movement of the trailer. If you have difficulty, pull forward and realign the tow vehicle and trailer and start again.ParkingTry to avoid parking on grades. If possible, have someone outside to guide you as you park. Once stopped, but before shifting into Park, have someone place blocks on the downhill side of the trailer wheels. Apply the parking brake, shift into Park, and then remove your foot from the brake pedal. Following this parking sequence is important to make sure your vehicle does not become locked in Park because of extra load on the transmission. For manual transmissions, apply the parking brake and then turn the vehicle off in either first or reverse gear. When uncoupling a trailer, place blocks at the front and rear of the trailer tires to ensure that the trailer does not roll away when the coupling is released. An unbalanced load may cause the tongue to suddenly rotate upward; therefore, before uncoupling, place jack stands under the rear of the trailer to prevent injury.

*This presentation contains materials created by others. Such materials are used under the claim of fair use pursuant to the fair use guidelines for the purpose of engaging in face-to-face instructional education activities. Additional use or distribution of that material is prohibited.

*

Vehicle Systems & Handling Heavy Vehicles Topic 1 - Vehicle Warning Systems Topic 2 - Vehicle Malfunctions Topic 3 – Handling Special Vehicles & Pulling.

Documents

fuel warning light

oil warning light

temperature warning

alt light

vehicle warning systemstopic

oil pressure light

air bag readiness light

fuel level