t/sf/L v]tL k| ljlw !_ t/sf/L v]tLsf] kl/ro xfd|f] b]zdf jiff}{ klxn] b]lv g} :yfgLo hftsf ljleGg t/sf/Lx?sf] v]tL ul/b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . b]zsf] ljleGg u|fdL0f If]qdf d'nf, /fof], tf]/L, km;L{, nf}sf cflbsf] v]tL ul/b} cfPsf] lyof] eg] sfpnL aGbf rd;'/ h:tf t/sf/Lx? /f0ff zf;gsfndf ljb]zaf6 lelqPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . a9\bf] hg;+Vof, zx/Ls/0f tyf hgr]tgfsf] ljsf;sf] ;+u; +u} t/sf/Lx?sf] dfu a9\b} uPsf]n] xfn cfP/ t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg / pkef]udf j[l4 ePsf] kfO{G5 . 7'nfahf/ jl/kl/ ; ;fgf s[lif ahf/ ljsf; x'Fb} uO{/x]sf If]q jl/kl/ t/sf/L pTkfbg If]q ljsf; x'Fb} uO{ /x]sf] 5 eg] xfn pTkfbg eO/x]sf] t/sf/L k|fKt dfqdf gePsf]n] cem}+ pTkfbg If]q j[l4 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . vfBfGg afnLx?sf]
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t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw!_ t/sf/L v]tLsf] kl/ro xfd|f] b]zdf jiff}{ klxn] b]lv g} :yfgLo hftsf ljleGg t/sf/Lx?sf] v]tL ul/b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . b]zsf] ljleGg u|fdL0f If]qdf d'nf, /fof], tf]/L, km;L{, nf}sf cflbsf] v]tL ul/b} cfPsf] lyof] eg] sfpnL aGbf rd;'/ h:tf t/sf/Lx? /f0ff zf;gsfndf ljb]zaf6 lelqPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
a9\bf] hg;+Vof, zx/Ls/0f tyf hgr]tgfsf] ljsf;sf] ;+u;+u} t/sf/Lx?sf] dfu a9\b} uPsf]n] xfn cfP/ t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg / pkef]udf j[l4 ePsf] kfO{G5 . 7'nfahf/ jl/kl/ ; ;fgf s[lif ahf/ ljsf; x'Fb} uO{/x]sf If]q jl/kl/ t/sf/L pTkfbg If]q ljsf; x'Fb} uO{ /x]sf] 5 eg] xfn pTkfbg eO/x]sf] t/sf/L k|fKt dfqdf gePsf]n] cem}+ pTkfbg If]q j[l4 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . vfBfGg afnLx?sf] eGbf t/sf/LafnLaf6 a9L kmfObf lng ;lsg] / ;Defljt s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:ofaf6 klg d'St kfO{g] ePsf]n] t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ pko'St x'G5 .
@_ t/sf/Lsf] kf}li6s tyf cfly{s dxTj
kf}li6s dxTj dfgj z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sfaf]{xfO8«]6, k|f]6Lg, le6fldg / vlgh kbfy{ h:tf kf}li6s tTjx? t/sf/Laf6 ;:tf] ?kdf pknAw x'G5g .
sfjf]{xfO8]«6M z/L/df an÷ tfut lbg ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . df6f] leq kmNg] t/sf/Lx? h:t} –cfn', lk8fn', ;Vv/v08, t?n df of] tTj kfOG5 .
k|f]l6gM z/L/sf] a[l4 tyf ljsf; x'gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . u]8fu'8L au{sf t/sf/L h:t} rgf, s]/fp, l;dL, af]8L df of] tTj kfO{G5 .
le6fldgM /f]usf] lj?4 n8g ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cfFvf t]lhnf] agfpgdf ;xof]u u5{ . xl/of] ;fukft au{sf t/sf/Lx?df le8fldg k|z:t kfOG5 .
vlgh kbfy{M z/L/sf] kfrg lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . xl/of] ;fukft ju{ t/sf/Lx?df g} vlgh kbfy{ kfOG5 .
t/sf/Lx?df kfO{g] kf}li6s tTjx? sfpnL ;d'xsf t/sf/Lx?M– le6fldg P / ;L k|z:t dfqfdf kfO{G5
To; afx]s km:kmf]/;, kf]6fl;od, SoflN;od, ;f]l8od / kmnfd h:tf vlgh tTj kfO{G5 .
uf]ne]+8f M le6fldg P, la, l;,O / SoflN;od klg kfO{G5 . e]+8] v';f{gL M le6fldg ;L cGo vlgh tTj kfO{G5 . lk/f] v';f{gL M le6fldg P / ;L k|z:t dfqfdf kfO{G5 . /fdtf]l/of - leG8L _ M le6fldg P, la, l; / kmnfd k|z:t dfqfdf
kfO{G5 . d'nf M le6fldg, h}ljs /;, SoflN;od, km:kmf]/; sfaf]{xfO8«]6
kfO{G5 . ;nud M & – ( k|ltzt lrgL, k|f]l6g le6fldg l; kfO{G5 . s/]nf M le6fldg P / l; tyf SoflN;od kfO{G5 . l3/f}nf M le6fldg P, la / l; tyf SoflN;od kfO{G5 . km;L{ ÷ :Sjf; M le6fldg P, la / l; kfO{G5 . sfFs|f] M le6fldg la / l; kfO{G5 .
rd;'/ M le6fldg P, la / ;L tyf kmnfd kfOG5 . kfn'+uf] M le6fldg P, la / ;L tyf kmnfd klg kfO{G5 . l3p l;dL M k|f]6Lg, sfaf]{xfO8«]6, le6fldg P ;fy} kmnfd /
SoflN;od kfO{G5 . tg] af]8L M k|f]6Lg, sfaf]{xfO8«]6, le6fldg P / vlgh tTj
kfOG5 . /fof] M le6fldg P, la, l; / kmnfd, SoflN;od / k|f]6Lg kfO{G5 . n;'g M k|f]6Lg, Oy/, t]n le6fldg P / l; tyf 6f]gl;8 kfO{G5 . Kofh M le6fldg P, la, l; tyf sfaf]{xfO8«]6 / k|f]6Lg kfO{G5 .
cfly{s dxTj M gub] afnLsf] ?kdf pTkfbg ul/ cfocfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . k|lt PsfO{ If]qkmndf vfBfGg afnL eGbf bf]Aa/ cfDbfgL
lng ;lsG5 .
t/sf/Lsf] pkof]lutf kfrg k|ls|of M /fdtf]l/of, d'nf /tGwf] M ufh/, kfs]sf] km;L{, xl/of] ;fu, Zjf; km]g{÷kfrg÷?3fvf]sL M Kofh k]6 ÷/ut ;kmf ug{ M s/]nf 3fF6L, k]6 ;kmf ug{ M ;fukft ;d'xsf t/sf/Lx? luhfaf6 /ut cfpg] ;d:ofdf M le6fldg ;L ju{sf t/sf/Lx?
pkof]uL x'G5g . d'6' lbdfusf /f]uLx?sf nflu M– k/jn
#_ k|fËfl/s dn -sDkf]i6 dn_ v]/ uPsf] rLhaLhx? vfN8f]df /fvL jf y'k|f] nfufO{ s'xfP/ agfpg] dnnfO{ sDkf]i6 dn jf k|fËfl/s dn elgG5 .
sDkf]i6 agfpg s] s] rflxG5 < vf8n v]/ uPsf emf/kft k/fn k'/fgf] uf]a/ dn jf sDkfi6 v/fgL jf r"g kfgL
vfN8f] sqf] rflxG5 < #) ju{ dL= sf] ;fgf] s/];fjf/Lsf] nflu ! 3g ld6/ -! ld6/ nDafO,{ ! ld6/ rf}8fO{ / ! dL6/ ulx/fO{ sf] vfN8f] eP k'U5 . t/ s]xL 7'nf] au}rfsf] nflu ! ld6/ ulx/f] &% ;]=dL rf}8fO{ / !=* dL nDafO{ ePsf] vfN8f]nfO{ # efu nufO{ dn agfpFbf l56f] / ;lhnf] dn aGb5 .
vfN8f] s;/L eg]{ < tof/L vfN8f]sf] lkwdf 9'Ëfx? /fVg] h;n] a9L ePsf] kfgLsf] ljsf;
u/fpF5 . To; eGbf dfly % ;]=dL= hlt ds}sf] af]6 jf xfFuf ljuf /fVg] . To;kl5 emf/kftx? @) ;]=dL= afSnf] x'g] u/L Ps tx /fVg] . To; dfly @ ;]= dL= afSnf] k'/fgf] dnsf] Ps tx /fVg] . To;kl5 Ps ju{dL= If]qkmndf ! d'7L s[lif r'g jf # d'7L v/fgL
5g]{ / k|z:t dfgLn] lehfpg] . lgsf;sf] nflu Ps tx ;fgf ;fgf 9'Ëfx? % ;]= dL = hltsf] /fVg] . v]/ uPsf rLh aLhx? 6'qmf 6'qmf kf/]/ uf]a/df ld;fPsf] Ps tx @)
;]dL= hlt, $–& tx ;Dd vfN8f] ge/] ;Dd Pj+ l/tn] eg]{ . csf]{ Ps dlxgf kl5 @ g+= af6 # g+= vf8ndf ;fg]{ / Ps dlxgf
ToxL /xg lbg]. o;/L # dlxgfdf sDkf]i6 tof/ xG5 . olb Tof] eGbf rfF8f] sDkf]i6 tof/ ug'{ 5 eg] l56f] l56f] jf xKtfsf] Ps k6s kN6fpg] u/]df rfF8} tof/ x'G5 .
sDkf]i6 tof/ ePsf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] . tL dlxgf k'u]kl5 vg]/ x]g]{, /ªu sfnf] jf ;'gf}nf h:tf] b]lvG5 . yf]/} dn xftdf lnO{ ;'£g] gld7f] uGw cfFpb}g . xftdf lnP/ b'j} cf}nfsf] aLrdf /fv]/ lyRg], lkm:; k'm6\5 eg]
/fd|f] ;Fu tof/ ePsf] eg]/ a'´g] .
sDkf]i6 agfpFbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? M vfN8f] vGbf 5fofF kg]{ 7fpFdf vGg' k5{ . 3fd nfUg] 7fpdf
a9L ;'Vvf x'g] ePsf]n] l9nf] s'lxG5 . s'xfpg] sfd z'? u/fpg ;'Id lhjf0f'x? ePsf] k'/fgf] dn aLr aLrdf
ld;fpg' kb{5 . s'lxg xfjf klg cfjZos kb{5 . To;}n] vfN8f]sf] aLrdf sf7 jf afF; ufl8 Kjfn agfpg' k5{ .
;'s]sf] emf/kft s'lxg w]/} ;do nfUg] x'gfn] xl/of] emf/kft ;fy} kfgL ld;fO{ lr;f] kfg'{ kb{5 .
;'Id lhjf0f'sf] sfo{ljlw a9fpg dnsf] /f;folgs u'0f /fd|f] agfpg ;fy} u'0f:t/ dn agfpg k|lt ju{ ld6/ If]qkmndf ! d'7L s[lif r'g jf tLg d'7L v/fgL k|To]s tx tx df /fVg' kb{5 .
l56f] dn agfpg w]/} k6s kN6fpg' kb{5 . vfN8f]df tfks|d ldnfpg vfN8f]sf] ulx/fO{ slDtdf ^) ;]=dL=x'g 'kb{5 .
t/sf/L v]tLsf nfuL hUufsf] tof/L hUufsf] tof/L ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? M
t/sf/L nufpg] hUufsf] tof/L afnL nufpg' eGbf !)–!@ lbg cufl8 ug'{ kb{5 .
hUuf vghf]t ubf{ !%–@) ;]lG6ld6/ ulx/f] x'g] u/L vghf]t u/L df6f] a'/a'/fpbf] agfO{ 5f8L lbg' kb{5 .
o;/L hUuf tof/ ugf{n] df6f]df /x]sf ljleGg cj:yfsf sL/fx?nfO{ k|lts'n jftfj/0f x'g uO{ gfz x'g ;S5g / /f]u sL/fsf] cfqmd0fdf sld cfp5 . ;fy} emf/kftsf] lj?jf x6fpg' jf gfz ug{ ;lsG5 .
df6f] cj:yf x]/L rf/ k6s;Dd vghf]t ug'{ kb{5 . df6f]df x'g] sL/fx? h:t} M /ftf] sldnf, v'd|], km]b s6'jf cflbsf]
cj:yf x]l/ Snf]/f]8]g jf clN8«g h:tf ljiffbL k|of]u ul/ df6f]sf] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj;flos?kdf t/sf/L v]tL ug{sf] nflu of] clt cfjZos x'G5 .
g;{/Lsf] lsl;d s_ df};dL g;{/L v_ a]df};dL g;{/L
vfN6f] ljlw M Hofb };'Vvf 7fpFdf agfO{G5;dy/ g;{/L M lxpFb] ofddf
agfOg] .p7]sf g;{/L Mjiff{ofddf agfOg] g;{/L .
u'df]h leq M Knfli6ssf] ;fgf] 3/ .afs; ljlwM sf7, 6Lg / Knfli6s y}nL ljlw M Knfli6s, ;fn jf
s]/fsf] kft tftf] g;{/L M vf8n ljlw .
a]gf{ pdfg]{ k|ljlw
qm=;+=
k|ljlw afnLx? s}lkmot
s_ ;f]em} aLp /f]kL v]tL ul/g] t/sf/L afnL .
af]8L, l;dL, as'Nnf, le08L, kfn'Ëf], r+D;'/, ufh/, wlg+of, n§], kmfkm/, ;nud, cflb .
g;{/L ug'{ x'Fb}g .
v_ ufgf] /f]kL v]tL ul/g] t/sf/L afnL .
cb'jf, a];f/, cfn', lk8f+n', n;'g cflb .
sDtLdf @ j6f cfFvf x'g' k5{ .
u_ j]gf{ jf aLp b'j} /f]kL v]tL ug]{ t/sf/L afnL .
/fof], sfFqm]f, nf}sf, l:j;rf6{ af]8L, s/]nf, lh/Lsf] ;fu, km;L{, t/a'hf, O:s';,rfO{lgh ;fu , l3/f}nf, l;dL .
y}nfdf pdf/L a]gf{ ;fg{ ;lsG5 jf v]tdf l;w} pdfg{ ;lsG5 .
3_ a]gf{ dfq} /f]kL v]tL ul/g] t/sf/L afnL .
sfpnL, Kofh, Uo+f7 uf]eL aGbf, a|;]n :k|fp6, e]G6f, a|f]sfpnL, uf]ne+]8f, v';f{gL .
a]gf{ pTkfbg u/]/ dfq v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
Knfli6ssf] y}nf]df j]gf{ pdfg]{ M afs;sf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] h:t} df6f]sf] ld>0f agfO{ Knfli6ssf] y}nf]df eg'{ kb{5 / df6f]df lr;fg geP kfgL lbg' h?/L 5 . y}nLsf] tNnf] efudf ;f–;fgf] Kjfn klg agfpg' kb{5 . o:tf y}nf]df vf; u/]/ sf+qmf], km;L{, l3/f}nf, nf}sf, lrlr08f], h'lsgL, s/]nf, l;dL, af]8L cflb t/sf/Lsf aLpx? pdfl/G5 . k|To]s y}nf]df @–# j6f aLp#–$ ;]=ld=ulx/f]df /f]lkG5 . aLp gpd|g] a]nf;Dd y}nf]df kfgL lb+b} ug'{ kb{5 .o:tf y}nf]nfO{ 708L, t'iff/f]af6 arfpg Knfli6ssf] u'df]h leq jf 3/ leqsf] Gofgf] 7fpFdf /flvG5 . 3/ leq /fVbf aLp pld|P klg lbpF;f] 3fddf aflx/ Nofpg' kb{5 / u'df]h leq /fVbf eg] 708Lsf] lbg afx]s ;kmf 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf u'df]hsf] s]xL efuaf6 Knfli6s x6fO{ lbg' kb{5 / dWofGx kl5 jf a]n'sL kv k'gM Knfli6sn] h:tfsf] To:t} u/L 9fSg' e'Ng' x'Fb}g . a]gf{n] Knfli6ssf] ;txaf6} k|sfz
kfpg] 5 . pko'Qm df};d x'g] ljlQs} Knfli6ssf] y}nf]sf] Knfli6s lemsL df6f]sf] 8Nnf gkm'6fO{ v]t af/Ldf j]gf{ /f]Kg' kb{5 .
y}nf eg{] ld>0f
dlnnf] ;se/ v]tL gu/LPsf] 7fpsf] df6f]–@ efu
/fd|/L s'lxPsf] uf]a/ dn– @ efu
lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] ePdf afn'jf–! efu
t/ anf}6] bf]d6 df6f] ePdf afn'jf ld;fpg' kb{}g .
y}nf]df @ j6f jLp /f]Kg]
@–# j6f ;SsnL kftx? cfPkl5 5f6]/ Pp6f lj?jf dfq /fv]/ @ k|ltztsf] o'/Lofsf] 3f]n 5s{g].
df6f] -dlnnf]_ Ö @ efu kfs]sf] uf]j/ dn Ö @ efu afn'jf Ö ! efu o"l/of Ö % u|fd÷% lsnf] df6f]nfO{ l8=P=kL= Ö !) u|fd÷% lsnf] df6f]nfO{kf]6f; dn Ö % u|fd÷ Æa]leli7g Ö % u|fd ÷ Ælqmkm]g Ö % u|fd ÷ Æ kf]nLk6 -$ X ^ _ sf] j]gf{ x'sf{pgnfO{ rflxG5 . Jof8 t}of/ eP kl5 $–^ cf}nfsf] km/sdf nfOg sf]l/ !–@ cf}nf
ulx/f]df aLp kftnf] u/L /f]Kg'' k'5{ .Jof8df aLp 5/L ;s] kl5 7fpF cg';f/ $–^ lbg ;Dd ;]tf] Knfi6Lsn]
5f]Kg' k5{ .To; kl5 Ps Ps lbg lj/fP/ kfgL lbO{ /fVg' k5{ .aLp gpld|Gh]n ;Dd Knfi6Lsn] 5f]kL /fVg' k5{ .aLp pld||;s] kl5 3fddf v'nf u/L / ;fFem 5f]Kg' k5{ .
;fwf/0ftof % b]lv & lbgdf aLp pld|G5 . /fd|f] / :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu lj?jf @ kft] ePkl5 dlN6Kn]]S;, e]lhd]S; jf Pu|f]ldg dWo] s'g} Ps z'Id tTj @–# dL=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ g;{/Ldf @ k6s 5g'{ k5{ .
-v_ jLp pkrf/
jLpnfO{ g;{/Ldf /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] j]leli6g (Bevistin) @ u|fd÷s]hL=sf] k|of]u u/]/ jLp pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ lj?jfdf /f]usf] k|of]u sd x'G5 . jLpnfO{ ly/fd jf SofK6]g h:tf ljiffbL k|of]u u/]/ klg pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ g;{/L a]8sf] tof/L
df6f] lgd{nLs/0f u/]sf] 7fpdf g} g;{/L /fVg' kb{5 .
g;{/L /fVg] 7fpnfO{ /fd|f];+u vghf]t ug'{ kb{5 .
emf/kft /fd|f];+u lgsfn]/ df6f] a'a'{/fpbf] kfg'{ kb{5 .
aiff{bdf g;{/L /fVg] xf] eg] g;{/L a]8nfO{ hldgsf] ;tx b]lv cnL dfly p7fP/ agfpg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof !% ;]=dL= df6f] p7fpg' kb{5 .
lxpbdf g;{/L /fVbf 6g]n÷u'df}h leq g;{/L /fVg' kb{5 .
g;{/L /fVbf obL df6f] lgd{nLs/0f u/]sf] 5}g eg] wfg v]tsf] df6f] k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
-3_ g;{/Ldf jLp /fVg]÷/f]Kg] t/Lsf
g;{/L a]8sf] rf}8fO{ lt/af6 $ ;]=dL= sf] km/sdf nfO{g agfpg]
aLpnfO{ g;{/Ldf @ ;]=dL=sf] ulx/fO{df /f]Kg' kb{5 .
jLp g;{/Ldf /fv]÷/f]k] kl5 dfyLaf6 xNsf ;+u df6f]n] 5f]Kg]
To;dfyL /fd|/L ;'s]sf] k/fn jf 3fF;n] xNsf 5fkf] xfNg] h;n] ubf{ g;{/Ldf tftf]kg tyf df6f] lr:ofg /xL /xG5 / aLp rf8} pd|G5 .
aLp pd|] kl5 5fk|f] x6fO{ lbg] .
-ª_ dnvfb Joj:yfkg
g;{/Ldf dnvfb Joj:yfkgn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ;f] sf/0fn] ubf{ g;{/Ldf plrt dnvfbsf] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L 5 . a]gf{ /fd|f] ;+u pd|g, a9g ljleGg lsl;dsf kf]ifs tTjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof g;{/Ldf /fd|f];+u s'lxPsf] uf]a/dn a/fa/ dfqfdf ld;fP/ df6f]df /fd|f];+u ld;fpg' kb{5 . g;{/Ldf lj?jf /f]kL;s] kl5 olb lj?jf /fd|f] ;Fu ga9]df !–@ k|ltzt o'l/ofsf] emf]n agfO{ g;{/Ldf :k|] ug'{ kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ lj?jfsf] a9g] qmd l56f] x'G5 . g;{/Ldf xfn cfP/ c? ljleGg lsl;dsf emf]ndnx?sf] k|of]u klg k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
-r_ a]gf{ tof/ x'g] ;do
g;{/Ldf /f]k]sf] a]gf{ ;fwf/0ftof @)–@% lbgdf tof/ x'G5 . t/ of] ;do t/sf/L afnL cg';f/ s]xL km/s klg x'g ;Sb5 .
-5_ a]gf{ a]rlavg
a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgn] g;{/L tof/ ubf{ nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{x?sf] lx;fa /fVg' kb{5 . vr{x? eGgfn] h:tf] dnvfb slt nfUof] < jLp slt k};fsf] nfUof] < ljiffbLx?sf] vr{ < sfdbf/sf] Hofnf cflb ;a} lsl;dsf] vr{ hf]8]/ To;df s]xL k};f gfkmf /fvL ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{ kb{5 . a]gf{sf] d"nof lgwf{/0f klg ;fwf/0f tof/ dfly pNn]lvt vr{ cg';f/ /fVg] u/LG5 .
a]gf{ olb :yfgLo ahf/df ljqmL ljt/0f u/L afFsL /x]df afXo ahf/df nu]/ klg ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
-h_ ahf/ of]hgf agfpg] t/Lsf
a]gf{ pTkfbsn] a]gf{ pTkfbg ug'{ cufj} ahf/ of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . ahf/ of]hgf agfpbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
s'g t/sf/L afnL / slt If]qkmndf a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{] .
a]gf{ tof/ slxn] / s;/L ug{]
a]gf{ pTkfbgsf] nflu dn, jLp, ljiffbL sxfFaf6 Nofpg] .
a]gf{ pTkfbgsf] nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u sxfF uP/ lng]
sxfF uP/ a]gf{ ljqmL ug{] / cfDbfgL÷vr{sf] lx;fa lstfa s;/L /fVg] dfly pNn]lvt a'bfx?sf] /fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L ePdf a]gf{ pTkfbs a9L eGbf a9L kmfO{bf lng ;Sb5 .
j]gf{sf] :ofxf/ ug]{ ljlw M a]nf a]nfdf Aof8sf] s'g} efudf 5fk|f] (Mulching) x6fO{ x]b}
{ ug'{ kb{5 . ;d:t aLp 6';fO{ pld|P kl5 a]n'sL kv 5fkf] x6fO{ lbg' kb{5 . Jof8af6 5fkf] lgsfn]sf] lbgb]lv j]gf{df b'O{ kft -!%–!^ lbg ;Dd_ gcfP ;Dd kfgL k/]df j]gf{nfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFb5 . t;y{, jiff{t x'g] ;+efjgf ePdf Jof8nfO{ kfgLaf6 hf]ufpg cf]t agfP/ Jof8df xfNg' kb{5 . 3fd nfu]df Jof8af6 cf]t lgsfNg] / kfgL k/]df cf]t xfNg' kb{5 .
a]gf{sf] b'O{ kft eP kl5 b'O{ k|ltzt o'l/ofsf] emf]nn] -Ps ln6/ kfgLdf @ u|fd ol/ofsf b/n]_ Jof8df l;+rfO{ ubf{ j]gf{ rfF8} a9\g] 5 . slnnf j]gf{nfO{ cg]sf}+ ls/fn] sfl6 gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf pQm ls/faf6 arfpg g'efg eGg] ljiffbL @ ld=ln= k|lt kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5b}{ ug'{ kb{5 .
Aof8df 3fF; b]vf k/]df t'?Gt} pv]nL kmfNg' kb{5 t/ s'6f] cflb xltof/sf] k|of]u u/L Jof8nfO{ vf];|g' x'Fb}g . j]gf{ Hofb} jfSnf] 5 eg] j]gf{ pld|Psf] !)–!@ lbg leq lj8fpg' klg h?/L 5 .
aLp 5/]sf] @% lbgleq a]gf{ cGoq v]t af/Ldf ;fg{sf] nflu 7Ls pd]/sf x'G5g\ . o;/L j]gf{ tof/ eP kl5 j]gf{ pv]Ng' eGbf @–# 306f cufj} Jof8 leHg] u/L /fd|/L kfgL lbg' kb{5 . j]gf{ pv]Nbf h/f gr'l8of]; eg]/ Ps 5]:sf] jf v'kL{n] j]gf{af6 cln 6f9}af6 df6f] d'lg cf}hf/ jf 5]:sf] 3';fP/ pv]Ng' kb{5 . ;se/ j]gf{sf] h/fdf cln cln df6f] klg x'g' h?/L 5 .df6f] ;lxtg} a]gf{ v]t af/Ldf nlu ;fg'{ kb{5 .
sfpnL ;d'xsf t/sf/L jfx]s cGo t/sf/Lsf j]gf{ dfly j0f{g ul/P cg';f/ s} tl/sf ckgfP/ v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 eg] sfpnL, aGbf, a|f]sfpnL, Uof+7sf]kL cflbsf a]gf{ klxnf] Aof8af6} l;w} v]t af/Ldf nlu ;fbf{ w]/} g} dg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] oL afnLsf a]gf{ klxnf] Aof8df !%–!^ lbgsf] pd]/ eP kl5 cyf{t j]gf{df b'O{ j6f kft cfPkl5 /fd|/L Aof8af6 pv]nL csf]{ 5'§} dlnnf] Aof8df k|To]s j]gf{ !)–!@ ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf /f]Kg' kb{5 / sl/a csf]{ @)–@% lbg kl5 ha a]gf{df $–% kft b]lvG5g\, ta dfq} v]t af/Ldf nlu ;fg'{ kb{5 . of] ljwL ckgfO{ v]t af/Ldf j]gf{ ;fbf{ lgs} sd a]gf{ d/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
klxnf] Aof8af6 a]gf{ bf]>f] Aof8df lsg ;fg]{ < z'?sf] k|yd Aof8df a]gf{ afSnf] e} xfjf, kfgL, k|sfz / vfB tTjdf
k|lt:kbf{ e} j]gf{ sdhf]/ x'G5 / logLx?nfO{ bf]>f] Jof8df kftnf] u/L ;fbf{ vfBtTj / dflysf cGo j:t' oy]i6 dfqfdf k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] j]gf{ bl/nf] / alnof] x'g]5g\ .
klxnf] Aof8af6 a]gf{ htgsf] ;fy pvn]tfklg s]xL h/f r'l8G5g\ ;f] r+'l8Psf] h/fsf] efuaf6 k|z:t gofF h/fx? bf]>f] Jof8df ;f] kl5 lgSng] 5g\ . s]xL lbgd} -!%–@) lbg d}_ oL h/fx? s8f x'g]5g\ / o:tf j]gf{ bf]>f] Jof8af6 pv]nL v]t jf/Ldf
k'¥ofO{ ;fbf{ s]xL h/f d/] tfklg afFsL h/fn] j]gf{nfO{ arfP/ /fVg] sfd ug]{ 5g\ .
g;{/Ldf /f]u ls/f lgoGq0f :j:y a]gf{ x'sf{pg O{=Pd= @ ld=ln=÷ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ x/]s !) lbgsf] k/sdf 5g]{ . kft vfg] ls/f nfu]df g'efg @ ld=nL k|ltln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ 5g'{ k5{ . /;r';L gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] ls/f nfu]df ! dL=ln= /f]u/ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ . km]b s'lxg] /f]u nfu]df j]leli7g jf 8fOy]g Pd $% 5g'{ k5{ . ;]tf] /f]u sfqmf]df nfu]df s]/flyg 5g'{ k5{ . t/sf/L afnLsf] j]gf{ g;{/L u/]df /fd|f] lj?jf ;lk|G5 . g;{/Ldf kfgL hDg lbg' x'Ì, gq km]b s'lxg] /f]u nfU5 . a]gf{ pv]Ng] ;do eGbf ! 306f cufl8 kfgLn] lehfpg' k5{ . a]gf{ ;fwf/0ftofM @%–#) lbgdf v]t jf jf/Ldf ;fg'{ k5{ . a]gf{ ;fg{ l9nf] ePdf pTkfbg 36\b} hfG5 . 5f]6f] cjlwsf j]gf{ $ kft] ePdf / nfdf] cjlwsf ^ kft] ePdf ;fg{ pko'Qm x'G5 . Aof8nfO{ 5f]Kbf u'lnof] ePsf] k/fn jf c? lrhn] 5f]Kg' x'b}g . Aof8 5f]Kbf c;'/f], ltt]kftL, asfOgf], lgdsf kftx? jf /fd|/L ;'s]sf ;kmf k/fnn] gpld|g h]n cyf{t # lbg;Dd 5f]kg' k5{ .
t/sf/L j]gf{ ;fg]{ / dn vfb Jofj:yfkghUufsf] tof/L M– # –$ k6s hUff /fd|/L hf]t]/ ;Dofpg' k5{ .l;rfO{ / lgsf;sf] Aoa:yf x'g' k5{ / hUuf tof/Lsf] a]nfdf sDkf]:6 dn cfjZostf dfqdf hldgdf k|of]u ug'{ k5{ jf la?jfsf] hft x]/L b'l/ tof/ kf/L l;kmf/L; cg';f/sf] kn df6f]df /fd|/L ld;fO vf8n eg'{ k5{ .
dnvfbsf] kl/ro M
t/sf/Lsf] lj?jf x's{g a9\g tyf kmNgsf] nfuL !^ j6f ljleGg lsl;dsf kf]ifs tTjx?sf] cfj:ostf kb{5 h;dWo] sfj{g, cS;Lhg, xfO{8«f]hg, gfO{6«f]hg, km:kf]/; / kf]6fl;od d'Vo ^ j6f tTj jf]6 lj?jfnfO{ w]/} dfqfdf cfj:ostf x'G5 . SofN;Lod,DofUg]l;od / ;Nkm/ jf]6 lj?jfnfO{ dWod dfqfdf rflxG5 eg] cfO{/g -kmnfd _, Doulgh, sk/ -tfdf _, lh+s, df]lnj8]gd, af]/g / Snf]l/g yf]/} dfqfdf rflxG5 .dxTj M t/sf/Lsf] jf]6 lj?jfnfO{ j[lb tyf ljsfz / pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf ;d]t c;/ kfg]{ k|fs[lts / /f;folgs :jfefj b]vfpg] j:t' nfO{ xf/df]g elgG5 o:tf tTj k|fs[lts ?kdf lj?jfd} pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] lj?jfdf xf/df]g / le6fldgsf] sld x'g uPdf lj?jfsf] j[l4 /f]lsg] km"n gkm"Ng], km'n km'n] klg kmg emg]{, kmnsf] gfk / cfsf/ lju|Lg] / pTkfbgdf sld x'g] ePsf] jf]6 lj?jfnfO{ s[ltd t/Lsfn] xf/df]g / ;'Id tTjx? pknJw u/fO{ pTkfbgdf a[l4 u/fpg ;lsG5 .
dnvfbsf] k|sf/Mdn vfb ljz]if u/]/ b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5.s_ k|fª\u/Ls dn v_ /f;fogLs dndnvfbsf] k|of]u ljlw Mdnvfbsf] k|of]u ubf{, lj?jf ;fg]{ hUuf tof/L ubf{, lj?jf ;fbf{, /f]Kbf, / lj?jfsf] ljleGg cfj:yfdf h:t} lj?jf /f]k]sf] !% b]vL @% lbg leqdf ljleGg t/Lsfn] lbg ;lsG5 h:t} lj?jfsf] h/fdf Top deess ug]{ emf]n jgfP/ lj?jfsf] af]6 b]vL h/f ;Dd :k|]o/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/sf/Lsf hft x]/]/ k6s k6s kmn l6Kg] t/sf/L x?, v';f{gL, e06f, 6df6/, sfs|f, nf}sf cfbLdf kmn l6Kg ;fy jf km"n km"nL /x]sf] cj:yfdf xf/df]g tyf le6fldgn] lj?jfsf] km"ndf :k|]o/ ug'{ cfj:ostf kb{5 .sDkf]i6dn tyf uf]7]dn M–
kl/ro M– sDkf]i6 dn jgfpg] 7fFp of uf]7] dn y'kfg]{ 7fFpsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ vfB tTjsf] ;+/If0f x'g] >d / ;do sf] jrt x'g] tyf u'0f:t/df c;/ gkg]{ u/L 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .uf]7] dnsf] nfuL :yfg 5gf}6 M–!= uf]7sf] glhs 7fFpsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 . olb 6f9f ePdf >d / ;do b'j}sf] nufgL kb{5 .@= uf]j/sf] eGbf d"q÷lkzfjsf] cem jl9 dxTj x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] ;+/If0f x'g] :yfg /f]Hg' kb{5 .#= ;'wf/LPsf] uf]7df d"q ;+sng ug]{ ¥ofÍ÷vf8n klg jgfpg' k5{ .
uf]7] dnsf] nfuL cfj:os ;fdfu|Lx? M– ;j} k|sf/sf emf/kftx? / :ofpnf t/ ufO{, e};L tyf e]8f, jfv|f
nfO{ c;/ gkg]{ vfnsf] x'g' kb{5. ufO{ e};Ln] vfP/ kmfn]sf] cjz]ifx? . ufO{, e};L, e]8f, afv|f cfbL . jfF;, lsnf, v/, l6g, vfN8f] vGg] ;fdfu|Lx? . hf]/g cfbL .
uf]7] dn jgfpg] t/Lsf M–ufO{ e};L tyf e]8f av|f nfO{ jfw]/ /fVg] 7fpdf klxnf g} ufO{ j:t'sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df b'O{ j6f vfN8f] tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . pQm vfN8f]sf] ulx/fO{ ! ld6/, rf}8fO{ !=% ld6/, nDjfO{ cfj:ostf cg';f/sf] jgfpg' kb{5 / pQm ufO{ j:t'n] vfP/ pj|]sf] cjz]ifx?, uf]j/ cfbL b}lgs ?kdf hDdf u/L klxnf Pp6f vfN8f]df hDdf ub}{ hfg] / pQm vfN8f] e/L ;s] kl5 rf/} lt/ dflg;n] dnnfO{ ldnfP/ /fd|/L lyRg] / dnsf] y'k|f]df sDtLdf ! ld6/sf] km/sdf jf; jf bfp/fsf] lsnfn] uf8]/ 5f]8\g] / qmd; ub}{ hfg] ! dlxgfsf] cGt/df pQm uf]7] dnnfO{ ! dlxgfsf] cjlw kl5 kN6fP/ csf]{ vfN8f]df eg]{ / o;/L kN6fPsf] dndf klg jf;sf] lsnf uf8L /fd|/L lyr]/ 5f]8\g] / o;/L tof/ ePsf] dn ! dlxgf kl5 t/sf/L jf/Ldf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
sDkf]i6 dnsf] nfuL :yfgsf] 5gf}6 M– ;fdfu|L kfpg] v]t jf/Lsf]] Ps 5]pdf sDkf]i6 dn jgfpg ;lsG5 . o;f]
ubf{ dn 9'jfgL ug{ ;lhnf] / sd vr{ nfU5 . sDkf]i6 3/, uf]7 glhs sDkf]i6 vf8n vGbf 3/df ˆoflsg] h}ljs
cjz]ifx? ;j} sDkf]i6df kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . sDkf]i6 vf8n jf y'k|f] v]t jf/Ldf jgfO{G5 eg] kfgLsf] >f]t glhs
jgfpbf kfgL k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'g5 . sDkf]i6 tof/ kfg]{ 7fpdf kft kltË/, emf/kft ;lhn} ;+u kfO{g]
7fpsf] glhs} sDkf]i6 dn jgfpbf jl9 ;'ljbf hgs / ;:tf] / >dsf] ;d]t jrt x'G5 .
;fdfu|Lx? M–!= ;j} k|sf/sf] ;'s]sf / sfFrf 3fF; kft kltË/ emf/kftx? .@= jfnLsf cjz]ifx? .#= c;'/f], ltt]kftL, jgdf/f, lv/f]{, jsfO{gf] cfbL .$= efG;f 3/jf6 kmfnLPsf j:t''x? .%= olb uf]j/ Uof; 3/df ePdf hf]/gsf] ?kdf s'xfpgsf] nfuL k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .^= hf]/g - uf]j/ / d"qsf] 3f]n, kfs]sf] uf]j/sf] 3f]n, jgsf] df6f], uf]j/ Uof;sf] nbf] cfbL _
SDkf]i6 dn jgfpg] pko'Qm k|ljlw M– sDkf]i6 jgfpg k|of]u u/Lg] lrhx? sf6]/ 6'qmf jgfO{ /fVg'
k5{ htL ;fgf 6'qmf eof] TotLg} l56f] / ;lhnf] ;+u s'lxG5 . sDkf]i6 jgfpg] j:t'nfO{ s]lx lbg ;f]Q/sf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]/
vf8ndf /fVg ;s]df ;j} eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . vf8nsf] ;fO{h cfkm'nfO{ rfxLg] cfj:ostff cg';f/ sf]
vf8nsf] ;fOh jgfpg ;lsG5 . h;sf] ulx/fO{ ! dL= rf}8fO{ !=% dL6/ / nDjfO{ cfj:ostf cg';f/sf] b'O{ j6f vf8n z'?df vlg tof/ kf/L ;s] kl5 dfq ;fdfu|L ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 .
6'qmf kf/LPsf] j:t' nfO{ vf8ndf ldnfP/ /fVg] / rf/} lt/ lyr]/ ldnfpg] o;/L Ps xftsf] prfO{sf] km/sdf hf]/g k|of]u ub}{ hfg' kb{5 .
vf8n e/L ;s] k5L df6f] jf cGo j:t'n] 6fnL lbg' kb{5 ;s] ;Dd Nkf:6Ls k|of]u ug{ pQd x'G5 .
obL !) 6g sDkf]i6 dn tof/ kfg{ % dL= nDjfO{ @ dL= rf}8fO{ / ! dL= ulx/fO{ vf8n x'g' kb{5 .
sDkf]i6 dn jgfpg k|of]u u/LPsf] j:t' lr:ofg pko'Qm x'g' kb{5 obL lr:ofg sd ePdf kfgL 5s{g' kb{5 .
?vsf] 5fFofd"gL sDkf]i6 vf8n vGg' k5{ / vf8n dfyL 5fgf] /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
o;/L tof/ kf/]sf] sDkf]i6nfO{ vf8ndf /fv]sf] $% lbg kl5 csf]{ vf8ndf kN6fpbf @ dlxgf b]vL $ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf /fd|f] sDkf]i6 dn tof/ x'G5 .
af]sf;L dn M–of] Ps hfkfgLh k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df jgfOg] Ps k|sf/sf] 3/]n'
tl/sfn] :yflgo ;fwg / >f]t jf6 jgfpg ;lsg] k|fË/Ls dn xf] . of] dn hLjf0f' hLjf0f'n] jg]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ hLjf0f' dn klg eGg] rng 5 .
af]s;L nuftf/ k|of]u ugf{n] df6f]sf] pj{/f zStLnfO{ j9fFp5 . lbuf] ?kdf df6f]sf] pj{/f zStL j9fpgsf] nfuL af]s;L cToGt pkof]uL dn dflgG5 .af]s;L dn jgfpg] t/Lsf M– - ;fdfu|L x? _
!%) Pd Pn O=Pd #% ln6/ kfgLdf /fd|f] ;+u ld;fpg] o;df !%) u|fd lrgL jf ;Vv/ - e]nL_ ldnfP/ @$–$* 306f k5L k|of]u ug]{ . af]s;L jgfpg] :yfg cf]efgf], l;w} 3fd gnfUg] kfgL gkg]{ :yfg x'g' kb{5 .
wfgsf] 9'6f] – !)) s]=hL= xf+8 w'nf] – !) s]=hL=
kLgf – !) s]=hL= O{= Pd – !%) Pd Pn lrlg÷;Vv/÷e]nL – !%) u|fd kfgL – #% ln6/
agfpg] t/Lsf M– dfyL jgfPsf ;j} ;fdfu|L /fd|/L ldnfO{ O{= Pd emf]nn]
lehfpg] . ;j} y'k|f] ldnfO{ ;s] kl5 kfgL jf 3fd jf6 jrfpg] / pQm y'k|f]nfO{ Nkf:6Lsn] 9fSg] .
b'O{ lbg kl5 Ps k6s k'/} dn kN6fpg] . o;} u/L @–# lbgsf] km/sdf % k6s kN6fpg] x/]s k6s kN6fpbf kfgL klg /fVg] / y'k|f]nfO{ jf]/f÷Nkf:6Lsn] 9fSg] . o;/L jgfPsf] dn udL{ dlxgfdf @) lbgdf / hf8f] dlxgfdf $)–%) lbgdf tof/ x'G5 .
emf]n dn k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf -ljiffbLsf] ?kdf_ M
klxnf] rf]6L agfPsf] emf]n dn w]/} s8f x'G5 . o;df a9L kfgL ld;fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;kl5 ToxL ef8f jf vfN8f]df ePsf] jg:ktL jf 5f]qmfdf kfgL yk]/ agfpFb} uof] eg] emf]n dnsf] u0f:t/ sd x'b} hfG5 / To;}sf] cg'kftdf kfgL sd ld;fpb} hfg' k5{ . To;} cg';f/ lj?jfdf k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .
ev}{/} /f]k]sf] slnnf] lj?jfdf emf]n dn k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf M
klxnf] rf]6L agfPsf] ! efu emf]n dndf !@ efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jfdf 5g]{ .
;f]xL 5f]qmfdf kfgL xfn]/ bf]>f] rf]6L agfPsf] ! efu emf]n dndf * efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jfdf 5g]{ .;f]xL 5f]qmfdf kfgL xfn]/ t]>f] rf]6L agfPsf] ! efu emf]n dndf $ efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jfdf 5g]{ .;f]xL 5f]qmfdf kfgL xfn]/ rf}yf] rf]6L agfPsf] ! efu emf]n dndf ! efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jfdf 5g]{ .
lj?jf x's]{ kl5 emf]n dn k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf Mo; cj:yfsf lj?jfx?n] emf]ndn a9L krfpg ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lj?jfdf klg a9L s8f vfnsf sL/fx? nfUb5 . o:tf sL/fx?nfO{ emf]n dnsf] k|of]un] eufpg d2t ub{5 . ;fy} lj?jfsf] kftn] emf]n dn ;f]:g] ePsf]n] l;+rfO{sf] cefj klg k"lt{ u5{ . k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M
klxnf] rf]6L agfPsf] ! efu emf]n dndf * efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jfdf 5g]{ .;f]xL 5f]qmfdf kfgL xfn]/ bf]>f] rf]6L agfPsf] ! efu emf]n dndf $ efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jfdf 5g]{ .;f]xL 5f]qmfdf kfgL xfn]/ t]>f] rf]6L agfPsf] ! efu emf]n dndf ! efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jfdf 5g]{ .
dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf M
dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ubf{ ! efu emf]n dnnfO{ $ efu kfgLdf ld;fP/ lj?jfsf] j/k/ ! Unf; hlt /fvL lbg] . o;df 5f]qmf ;lxt 3f]n]/ xfNg] .
emf]n dn 5g]{ ;do M
o;nfO{ xfjf x'/L jtf;n] s]xL c;/ kfb}{g t/ kfgL kg]{ j]nfdf of] emf]n dn 5g'{ x'b}g . jf:tjdf hlt j]nf sL/f a9L nfU5, of] emf]n dn
5g'{ k5{ . o;n] sL/f dfg]{ geP/ sL/fnfO{ eufp5 . To;sf/0f sL/f nfu]sf] j]nfdf 5g'{ k5{ . ;fy;fy} dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 / h;n] ubf{ l;+rfO{sf] klg sfd u5{ .
emf]n dn 5/] kl5 afnL l6Kg] ;do M
emf]n dndf xfgL k'/\ofpg] vfnsf] /f;folgs c;/ s]xL klg x'b}g . To;sf/0f 5/]sf] s]xL ;do kl5 l6k]/ wf}O{ kvfnL vfg ldN5 .xl/of] dn (Green Manure) ljleGg k|sf/sf jg:kltx?nfO{ xl/of] cj:yfdf g} df6f]d'lg kN6fP/ s'xfO{ dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ xl/of] dn elgG5 . rfF8} x's{g], kftx? a9L x'g] / af]6 g/d x'gfsf ;fy} df6f]leq l5§} s'lxg] jg:kltx? xl/of] dnsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5g\ . sf];]afnLx? xl/of] dnsf] nflu cem a9L pkof]uL x'G5g\ lsgeg] logLx?n] xfjfdf /x]sf] gfO6«f]hgnfO{ h/fsf luvf{x?df l:y/Ls/0f (Fixation) ub{5g\ / logLx?af6 a9L gfO6«fhg k|fKt x'G5 . xl/of] dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/g] afnL ToxL hldgdf v]tL u/]/ jf cGo 7fpFdf ePsf] jg:kltx?sf] slnnf kft, xfFuf, sf6]/ NofO{ df6f] d'lg kN6fP/ xl/of] dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . xl/of] dnnfO{ df6f] d'lg kN6fPkl5 /fd|/L s'lxgsf] nflu lr+rfO{ lbg cfjZos x'G5 . xl/of] dnsf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] af]6–la?jfx?df 9}+rf, ;gO{, e6df;, Phf]nf, tLt]kftL, c;'/f], /ftf] lz/Lif, lv/f]{, jgdf/f cflb 5g\ . xl/of] dnsf] k|of]uaf6 df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm a9\g'sf] ;fy} df6f]df k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ylkg] x'gfn] df6f]sf] ef}lts u'0fdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 .
;"Id h}ljs dn (Bacterial Biofertilizer)
xfdLjl/kl/sf] jfo'd08ndf &( k|ltzt gfO6«f]hg x'G5 . o; gfO{6«f]hgnfO{ w]/} hLjx?n] pkof]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t/ s]xL ;"Id hLjf0f'x?n] jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] gfO{6«f]hgnfO{ l:y/Ls/0f u/]/ pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] gfO{6«f]hgnfO{ l:y/Ls/0f ug{ ;Sg] ;"Id hLjf0f'x? ld;fOPsf] dnnfO{ g} ;"Id h}ljs dn elgG5 .
;"Id h}ljs dnx?dWo] sf];]afnLx?df k|of]u ul/g] /fOhf]ljodo'Qm ;"Id h}ljs dn a9L k\rngdf 5 . c? ;"Id hLjf0f'x?sf] t'ngfdf /fO{hf]ljod gfds hLjf0f'sf] gfO6«f]hg l:y/Ls/0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf lgs} a9L 5 . /fOhf]ljod hLjf0f'x? sf];]afnLsf h/fx?df luvf{ agfP/ luvf{leq /xG5g\ / ltg} luvf{x?df xfjfsf] gfO6«f]hg hDdf ub{5g\ . Ps x]S6/ hUufdf nufOPsf] sf];]afnLdf, Ps jif{df /fO{hf]ljod hLjf0f'x?n] @)) b]lv #)) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg xfjfaf6 hDdf ub{5g\ . o;/L hDdf ePsf] gfO6«f]hgaf6 nufOPsf] sf];]afnLnfO{ klg kmfObf x'G5 / lubf{x? df6f]df s'lxP/ ldl;g] / sf];]afnLsf s]xL kftx? / h/f klg df6f]df ldl;g] x'gfn] df6f]df gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf a9\b5, h'g kl5 nufOg] afnLn] pkof]u ub{5 . o:t} u/]/ ux'F, ds}, cfn' cflb afnLx?sf] nflu klg Phf]6fJofS6/ / Phf]l:k/Lnd o'Qm ;"Id h}ljs dnx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
;"Id h}ljs dn sfnf] w"nf]sf] ?kdf Knfli6ssf ;fgf Kofs]6x?df ljt/0f x'G5 . Ps u|fd ;"Id h}ljs dndf s/f]8f}+sf] ;+Vofdf pkof]uL ;"Id hLjf0f'x? x'G5g\ . ;"Id h}ljs dn k|foM nufpg] afnLsf] aLp;Fu ld;fP/ k|of]u ul/G5 .
O{=Pd= (Effective Micro-organisms)
k|efjsf/L z'Id lhjf0f'x?sf] ld>t ;d"x O{=Pd=sf] k|of]un] df6f] kmf]x/ d}nf jf b'u{Gw cfpg] cGo j:t'x?df z'Id lhjf0f'x?sf] ljljwtf tyf sfo{Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/L df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm a9fpFb5 eg] kmf]x/
d}nfsf] b'u{Gw x/fpF5 ;fy} sDkf]i6 agfpg nfUg] ;dodf sld NofpF5 .
of] h}ljs ld>0f ePsf]n] o;df s'g} /;fog 5}g / o;sf] k|of]un] df6f]df nfesf/L lhjf0f'x?sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 eO{ hLjf0f'x?n] h}ljs k|s[ofåf/f pj{/f zlQm a9fpg] tyf /f]u ls/fsf] /f]syfd ug]{ ub{5 .
O{=Pd=sf s]lx k|efj / kmfObfx? M–1) lj?jfsf] c+s'/0f, km"n km"Ng], kmnnfUg] / kfSg] k|s[ofdf d2t
ug]{ . 2) df6f]sf] ef}lts, /;folgs / h}ljs jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 . 3) la?jfsf] k|sf; ;Zn]if0f k|s[ofdf j[l4 u/L pTkfbg a9fp5 . 4) lj?jfdf k|fËfl/s a:t'sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpF5 . 5) sDkf]i6 dn agfpg nfUg] ;dodf sdL NofpF5 .
O=Pd= df= ePsf d'Vo hLjf0f'x? M– kmf]6f]l;Gy]l6s JofS6]l/of n]S6Ls Pl;8 JofS6]l/of O6\; gfO6«f]hg lkmS;Lª JofS6]l/of
O=Pd=emf]n ld>0fsf] k|of]u 1) kfgL — ! ln6/ 2) O=Pd= ! — ! ld=nL= 3) v'bf] ;v/ — ! u|fd
o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] emfn @ b]lv @$ 306f /fv] kl5 afnLgfnL, df6f] jf k|fªuf/Ls a:t'x?df 5g{ ;lsG5 .
t/sf/L v]tLdf l;+rfO{ ug]{ tl/sf M– t/sf/L v]tLdf df6f]sf] k|sf/, hldgsf] cfsf/, kfgLsf] pknAwtf, kfgL k'¥ofpg] ;fwg, t/sf/L nufpg] df};d, afnLsf] lsl;d / cfjZostfnfO{ x]/]/ leGbf leGb} lsl;dsf tl/sfx? ckgfpg ;lsG5 . Pp6} afnLnfO{ cj:yf x]/]/ leGb} lsl;dsf] tl/sf ckgfpg' clgjfo{ klg x'G5 . oL dflysf s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL t/sf/L v]tLdf tklzn jdf]lhdsf tl/sfaf6 l;+rfO{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ s'nf]af6 kfgL x'Ng] k|z:t kfgL ePsf] 7fpFdf ckgfOG5 . hldg ;dtn x'g' kb{5 . ;/n tl/sf xf] . kfgL w]/} nfU5 . kl5 hldg slqmG5 . lgsf; /fd|f] ePg eg] h/f s'lxP/ lj?jf d5{g\ . /fof], n;'g, jGbf, Kofh cflbdf ckgfO{G5 .
v_ xhf/Laf6 vf;u/L t/sf/Lsf] g;{/L / e/v/} ;f/]sf] lj?jfsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . yf]/} hUufsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . kfgL sd nfU5 . b}lgs?kdf kfgL xfNg' kg]{ x'G5 . df6f] lylrP/ s8f x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . l;+rfO{df vr{ al9 nfU5 .
u_ b'O{ 8\ofËsf] aLrdf kfgL hdfP/ M 8\ofËdf nufPsf] t/sf/Lsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . df6f] s8f x'g] ;+efjgf sd x'G5 .
l;+rfO[ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . kfgLn] df6f] lyRg] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g . h/fdf /fd|/L kfgL k'U5 l;+rfO{df Ps?ktf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 cflb .
3_ l:k|sn/ M le/fnf] tyf s'nf]af6 l;+rfO{af6 ;Dej gePsf] :yfgdf pko'Qm z'?df vr{ al9 nfUg] x]bf{ /dfO{nf] nfUg] sd kfgLn] k'Ug] dfly lylrg] / s8f x'g] ;Defjgf gx'g] h'g;'s} t/sf/Ldf klg ckgfpg ;lsg] kxf8L If]qdf of] tl/sf a/bfg xf] .
ª_ kfO{jaf6 wf/f, s'jfdf v]/ hfg] kfgL ;lhn} ;+u nuL l;+rfO{df k|of]u
ug{ ;lsg] . af]6 lj?jfsf] kmf]bdf dfq nufO{g] x'gfn] kfgLdf lskmfPtL kfgL v]/ hfg] ;Defjgf gx'g] rfx]sf] lj?jfdf dfq l;+rfO{ ug{ ;lsg] hldgsf] af6f] aufpg] ;Defjgf sd x'g]
r_ yf]kf l;+rfO{ kfgLsf] cefj ePsf] 7fpFdf klg pko'Qm kfgLsf] art x'g] kfgL v]/ hfg] ;Defjgf sd x'g] rfx]sf] a]nfdf l;+rfO{ ug{ ;lsg]
Knfli6s kf]v/L agfpg] tl/sf M–
Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tLaf6 s[ifsx?n] cfsif{s cfDbfgL lnO /x]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx? xfdL n] kfpF5f} . clxn];Dd o:tf cfsif{s cfDbfgLsf pbfx/0fx? l;+rfO{sf] cefj ePsf If]qsf s[ifsx?sf nflu sxfgLdf dfq l;ldt lyof] . jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng ul/g] o; Knfli6s kf]v/Ldf kfgLnfO{ rxfj6af6 /f]Sg Pp6f laz]if lsl;dsf] Knfli6s cf]5\ofOG5 . t/ kf]v/L lgdf{0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] #)) b]lv %)) dfO{qmf]gsf] Knfli6s sfuhdf kf/f a}hgL ls/0fnfO{ k|lt/f]w ug]{ Ifdtf ePsfn] cGo Knfli6s ;fdfg h:t} l5of l5of eO{ gi6 x'b}g . kfgLsf] >f]t gePsf 7fpFdf l6gsf] 5fgf tyf en k|of]u u/L kfgL ;+sng u/]sf 5g\ eg] st} ;fgf] kfgLsf] >f]taf6 kf]v/Ldf kfgL ;+sng u/L Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5g\ . s[ifsx?n] pQm kf]v/Lsf] kfgLaf6 vf;u/L sfqmf], uf]ne]8f h:tf afnLsf] a]df};ddf v]tL ug]{ ;lsG5 .
kf]v/L lgdf{0f :yn 5gf}6 M kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug'{ cufj} s'g afnL, sxfF / slt If]qkmndf ug]{ xf], ;f] af/] bL3{sflng ;f]r agfO{ kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f :yn / cfsf/ 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . Go"gtd ^),))) nL6/ kfgL c6fpg] Ifdtf b]lv cfjZostf cg';f/ hlt ;'s} 7"nf] Ifdtfsf] kf]v/L klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kf]v/L lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fnfO{ laz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f :yn v]tL ul/g] hUuf eGbf ;se/ cUnf] 7fpF 5gf}6
ug'{k5{ . w]/} le/fnf 7fpFdf kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'b}g . kf]v/L lgdf{0f ubf{ ;se/ 5fgfsf] kfgL n}hfg ldNg] 7fpFdf x'g'
k5{ . ensf] kfgL kf]v/Ldf /fVg ldNg]u/L kf]vl/:yn 5gf}6 ug'{ /fd|f]
x'G5 . kfO{k k|0ffnLaf6 cfpg] kfgLnfO{ kf]v/Ldf v;fNg ;Sg]u/L 7fpFsf]
5gf}6 ug'{ Hofb} /fd|f] x'G5 .
?vsf] 5xf/L d'lg kf]v/L agfPdf kfgL p8]/ hfg] Xf;nfO{ s]lx xb ;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
kf]v/L lgdf{0fsf] tl/sf / cfsf/ cfjZostf cg';f/sf] cfsf/sf] vf8n agfpg' kb{5 . vf8n agfpFbf lg:sg] df6f]nfO{ kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/df /fvL l8n agfpFbf
sd nfutdf kf]v/L tof/ ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . ;dy/ hUufdf kf]v/L agfpg' kg]{ ePdf aflx/af6 df6f] NofO{ l8n
agfpFbf ;d]t kf]v/Lsf] cfsf/ agfpFg ;lsG5 . o;/L l;+rfO{ ul/g] hUuf eGbf kf]v/L cUnf] x'g k'U5 / ;xh ?kn] kfgL aflx/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
kf]v/Lsf] leQf 7f8f] x'g] u/L agfpg' x'b}+g kfv/Lsf] dflyNnf] ;txsf] nDafO{ / rf}8fO{ eGbf lk+wdf s]xL sd /fvL kf]v/L tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu kf]v/Lsf dflyNnf] ;txdf nDafO{ & dL6/ / rf}8fO{ & dL6/ 5 eg] lk+wdf nDafO{ ^ dL6/ / rf}8fO{ ^ dL6/ /fVg'pko'Qm dflgG5 .
kf]v/Ldf kfgL ;+sng x'g yfn] kl5 kfgLsf] rfkn] Knfli6snfO{ tnlt/ kf]v/Lsf] lk+wdf / rf/} lsgf/f tkm{ ws]Nbf 9'Ëfn] Knfli6snfO{ RofTg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'gfn] Knfli6s /fVg'eGbf cuf8L g} kf]v/LnfO{ n]l;nf] df6f]n] slDtdf !% ;]=ld=sf] n]kg nufpg' pko'Qm dflgG5 .
kf]v/Lsf] rf/}tkm{ l8ndf sfuhnfO{ c8\ofpgsf] nflu slDtdf %) ;]=ld=sf] ;dy/ l8n agfpg' kb{5 . kf]v/Ldf Knfli6s laR5\ofO{ ;s]kl5 kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf klg Knfli6s laR5\ofO{ 9'Ëf gePsf] dl;gf] df6f]n] slDtdf #) ;]=dL= cUnf] l8n agfO{ Knfli6snfO{ rfKg' kb{5 .
kf]v/Ldf kfgL el/Pkl5 a9L kfgLnfO{ Aojl:yt t/Lsfn] lgsf; lbgsf] nflu l8nsf] s'g} Ps :yfgdf !% ;]=ld= ulx/f] gfnL agfpg' kb{5 . cGoyf a9L ePsf] kfgLn] kf]v/Lsf] l8nnO{ laufg{ ;Sb5 .
kf]v/Ldf Kjfn kf/L kfgL lgsfNg] sfd ug'{ x'b+g . Knfli6s kf]v/Laf6 kfgL aflx/ lgsfNg 8«daf6 t]n lgsfNg] h:t} tl/sf ckgfpg' kb{5 .
Knfli6s laR5\ofpg] tl/sf M Knfli6s laR5\ofpg' k"j{ kf]v/Ldf ePsf 9'Ëf, df6f], sf7 cflb x6fpg'
h?/L x'G5 . Knfli6s laR5\ofg] a]nfdf kf]v/Ldf kfgL jf lunf] df6f] x'g' x'b}g .
kf]v/Lsf] lk+wsf] df6f] lunf] ePdf Knfli6s 6f+l;g uo{ laR5\ofpg] sfo{nfO{ c;lhnf] agfpFb5 / tn xfjf /xg ;Sg] x'gfn] kl5 kfgL el/O{ ;s]kl5 Knfli6snfO{ c;/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
tof/ ePsf] kfv/Ldf Knfli6s laR5\ofpgsf] nflu & b]lv * hgf;Ddsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Knfli6s laR5\ofpFbf Knfli6snfO{ e'O{df gntf/Lsg leq xfjf gk:g] u/L Ps tkm{af6 xNsf tl/sfn] laR5\ofpb} csf]{ tkm{ n}hfg' kb{5 . rf/} lsgf/fdf a9L ePsf] Knfli6snfO{ /fd|f] tl/sfn] k§\ofO{ ldnfpg' kb{5 / df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 .
t/sf/L afnLsf] hftx? tyf nufpg] ;do M
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s+fqmf] v]tLag:klts ljj/0f M efn] km"n ========= ,kf]yL–efn]–kf]yL km"n , kf]yL
km"n ========== klxnf] efu aLrsf] efu clGtd efu efn] km"nx?sf] afx"No – klxnf] efu efn]–kf]yLsf] ldl>t – aLrsf] efu kf]yL km"nx?sf] afx'No efu – clGtd efu sfqmfsf] d'Vo nx/fdf k|fo lxpFbdf kf]yL / jiff{df efn] km"nx?
nfUb5 . zfvf nx/fdf w]/} h;f] kf]yL km"nx? nfUb5 . 5f]6f] lbg / lr;f] xfjfkfgLdf kf]yL km"nx? a9L nfUb5 . nfdf] lbg / udL{ xfjfkfgLdf efn] km"nx? a9L nfUb5 . To; sf/0f udL{sf] ;dodf sfqmfsf] d'Vo d'G6f] ^ kft dfly sf6L zfvf
nx/fx? a9fpg' kb{5 .
xfjfkfgL sfqmf] v]tL Gofgf] df};d, t'iff/f] gkg]{ 7fpF rflxG5 . !%)–#%) ;]=u|]8 tfkqmddf v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . /ftL @));]=u|]8 / lbp;f] #)) ;]=u|]8 tfkqmddf eQmk'/ :yflgo
hftsf] v]tL ;kmntf ;fy ug{ ;lsG5 . To; sf/0f Knfli6s u'df]h leq j]df};ddf klg sfqmf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
df6f] M anf}6] bf]d6 vfnsf] df6f] ;aeGbf pTtd dflgG5 .
pGgt hftx?
eQmk'/ :yflgo — hf8f] vKg], cuf}6] tyf k5f}6] b'a} df};ddf v]tL ug{ ;lsg] / j]df};dL pTkfbg klg ug{ ;lsg] hft xf] .
s';n] — hf8f] vKg] cuf}6] hft xf] . ;nf{xL u|Lg — pRr tfkqmddf v]tL ug{ ;lsg] hft xf] . dlxsf] u|Lg nË — pRr tfkqmdf v]tL ug{ ;lsg] hft xf] . dflngL Ps — pRr tfkqmd ;xg ;lsg] / j]df};dL v]tL ug{ ;lsg] hft
xf] . sf]/Log XjfO6 — pRr tfkqmd ;xg ;lsg] / ;nfbsf] nflu pko'Qm hft
xf] . hfkflgh u|Lg Pkm ! — Knfli6s u'df]h leq v]tL ug]{ pko'Qm hft
xf] .
nufpg] ;do a];L tyf vf]rdf — d+l;/ b]lv df3 ;Dd dWo kxf8df — kf}if b]lv df3 ;Dd
dnvfB k|lt vf8n sDkf]i6 Ö !–@ s]=hL= l8=P=kL=Ö @)–@% u|fd kf]6f; dn Ö !% u|fd 6k8«]; M j]gf{ ;f/]sf] @)–@% lbg kl5 k|lt jf]6 % u|fd o"l/of dn lbg' k5{ . o"l/of dnsf] ;§f ufO{ e};Lsf] ux'Ft ! ln6/df $ ln6/ kfgL ld;fO{ 58]df lj?jf /fd|f] ;lk|G5 .
vf8n tof/ kfg]{ / lj?jf ;fg]{ vf8n vgL !–@ lbg 3fd nufpg' k5{ . To; kl5 vf8ndf dnvfw / df6f] ld;fO{ &@ 306f ;Dd /fVg] .
lj?jf &@ 306f kl5 dfq ;fg]{ lj?jf ;fbf{ lk8df vf8nf] kg]{ u/L gnufpg], gq kfgL hdL km]b lr;f]
eP/ km]b s'lxg] /f]u nfUg ;S5 .
nufpg] ;do Msfqmf] v]tLsf] nflu ;aeGbf pko'Qm ;do kmfNu'g dlxgf xf] .
o;nfO{ cfh–ef]nL j]df};ddf klg Knfi6Ls u'df]h leq ug{ ;lsG5 . udL{sf] ;dodf dflg;nfO{ vfgf kRb}g, Tof] j]nf o;n] lgs} sfd ug]{ ePsf]n] udL{df dflg;n] v'a dg k/fpF5 . o;n] kfrg zlQm a9fpF5 .
;"Id vfB tTj M lj?jf ljsf;sf] nflu ef]lhd]S; dfnLn]S; Pu|f]ldg cflb
a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !) lbg kl5 x/]s !) lbgdf 5l/ /fVg' k5{ . o;sf ;fy–;fy} Sof/flyg klg 5l/ /fVg' k5{ . kf]yL km"n a9L km"nfpgsf] nflu ld/fs'ng 5l8 /fVg' k5{, clg dfq a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
/f]u / ls/f M km"n s'xfpg] cf}+;f — ! ln6/ kfgLdf !) u|fd lrgL jf e]nL /fvL !
ld=nL= dfnfyfog emf]n ld;fP/ 5g'{ k5{ . ;]tf] 9';L /f]u — Sof/flyog emf]n @ ld=nL=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ 5g'{ k5{ cyjf 8fOy]g Pd $% @–# u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ &–!) lbgsf] km/sdf 5s{g' k5{ .
uf]ne]8f v]lt k|lalw Mkl/ro M–
g]kfndf uf]ne]8f v]lt slxn] b]lv z'? eof] eGg Plsg ;fy g;s] klg tLg rf/ bzs b]lv otf g]kfndf uf]ne]8fsf] Aofa;flos ?kdf v]lt a9\b} uPsfn] of] lgs} nf]slk|o t/sf/L x'g k'u]sf] 5 . uf]ne+]8fdf le6fldg P, aL, ;L, O tyf SoflN;od / km/km/; h:tf vlgh a:t' ePsfn] o; nfO{ æul/asf] ;'GtnfÆ klg eGg] ul/G5 . cyf{t ;'Gtnf lsGg g;Sg]n] jf gkfOg] ;dodf klg ;'Gtnfdf lsGg g;Sg]n] jf gkfOg] ;dodf klg ;'Gtnfdf kfOg] vlgh kbfy{ o; af6 ;a};fwf/0fn] kfpg ;S5g\ eGg vf]h]sf] xf] . uf]ne]8f ljleGg t/sf/Ldf ld;fP/, crf/ agfP/ jf sfr} ;nfbsf] ?kdf klg vfOG5 . uf]ne]8faf6 uf]ne]8fsf] /;, ;;\, s]rk klg agfOG5 .
xfjfkfgL M–uf]ne]8f uld{ l;hgdf x'g] t/sf/L afnL xf] . o;sf] nflu /ftsf] tfkqmd @) l8u|L ;]= / lbp;f]sf] tfkqmd #) l8=;]= eP /fd|f] ;Fu pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . kmn nfUg] a]nfdf @%–@* l8=;]= x'g' /fd|f] xf] . w]/} uld{ w]/} hf8f] uf]ne]8f, e06f v]ltsf] nflu pko'Qm dflgb}g . uf]ne]8fdf x'g] bfgfsf] /ËnfO{ xfjfkfgLn] w]/} 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . !) l8=;]= eGbf tn / #) l8=;]= eGbf dfly tfkqmd ePdf uf]ne]8fdf /ftf] /Ësf] ljsf; x'g ;Ub}g .
df6f] M–uf]ne]8f v]lt k|fo ;a] k|sf/sf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ klg anf}6] bf]d6, df6f] k|f+ul/s kbfy{ k|z:t ePsf], kfgL ghDg], xn'sf df6f]df o;sf] v]lt pko'Qm dflgG5 . df6f]sf] lk=Pr\ dfg ^–^=% /fd|f] x'G5 . hftx? M– xfnsf jif{x?df uf]ne]8fsf j0f{z+s/ hft x?sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ uf]ne]8f v]ltdf qmflGtg} cfOlbPsf] 5 . xfn k|rngdf cfPsf] j0f{z+s/ hftdf dlgzf, clagfz, n8fs', lgnwf/L, glag /lItf cflb k|d'v 5g\
. :yflgo pGgt hftx?df k';f?aL, k';fcln{ 8\jfkm{, /f]df, dlgd]s/, dgk|]s;, nA;Lu]8] cflb 5g'\ .
lapsf] dfqf M– @%–#) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL .
hldgsf] tof/L M– uf]ne]8f nufpg] hUufnfO{ #–$ k6s ;Dd vghf]t u/L 8Nnf km'6fO{, uf]ne]8f /f]Kg' eGbf ! dlxgf cuf8L l;kmf/L; dfqfdf k|f+ufl/s dn %)–^) 8f]sf] k|lt /f]klgsf b/n] df6f]df ldnfpg' kb{5 . /;folgs dnsf] xsdf l8=P=kL= dn !) s]=hL=, o"l/of % s]=hL=, kf]6f; % s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL afnL nufpg' k"j{ df6f]df ldnfpg' kb{5 . o"l/of cfwf/ z'?df / cfwf afnL nufPsf] @%–#) lbg kl5 uf]nd]n ubf{ lbg' kb{5 .
uf]ne]8f v]lt ug]{ ;do M– xfd|f] b]z ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf] sf/0faf6 oxfF k|fo af/} dlxgf t/fO{, dWokxf8 / pRr kxf8df ldnfP/ v]lt ubf{ uf]ne]8f v]lt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fpg ebf} h:tf] jiff{b dlxgfdf t/fOsf lhNnfx?df kfgL hDg], a9L tfkqmsf] sf/0faf6 uf]ne]8f v]lt ug{ ;lsb}g . o; ;dodf dWo / pRr kxf8df eg] kfgL hDg] ;d:of x'b}g, kxf8sf] le/fnf] hUufdf jiff{b ;xg ;Sg] hftnfO{ nufP/ v]lt ug]{ rng z'? x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] uf]ne]8f v]ltnfO{ a]df};dL elgg] / o:tf] v]ltaf6 a9L cfDbfgL x'g] x'Fbf s[ifsx? lbg k|ltlbg cfs[i6 x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . o;sf] nflu hft / hldgsf] 5gf]6sf] klg e"ldsf /xG5 .
;fwf/0f tof dWo kxf8df kmfNu'0f r}qdf lap /fv]/ r}q–a}zfifdf j]gf{ /f]Kg] ul/G5 . t/ lxhf]cfh Knfli6s 6g]n leq k'if df3df uf]ne]8f j]gf{ pdf/]/ kmfNu'0f leqdf a]gf{ nufpbf rf8f] cfDbfgL k|fKt x'G5 .
wfbLË, dsjfgk'/, kfNkf cflb lhNnfx?df qmdz o; k|ljlwsf] ;'? x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
l;+rfO{ M–j]gf{ /f]k]sf] lbg b]lv afnL lng] a]nf ;Dddf uf]ne]8fnfO{ l;+rfOsf] cfjZstf kb{5 . ;'Vvf df};d 5 eg] x/]s $–% lbg la/fP/ l;+rfO{ lbg' kb{5 . l;+rfOsf] >f]t x]/L yf]kf l;+rfO[ jf s'nf] l;+rfO{ cfˆgf] cj:yf cg';f/ l;+rfO{sf] Aofj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . a9L kfgL afl/g uPdf uf]ne]8fnfO{ h/f s'lxg] /f]u nfUg ;S5. uf]8d]n tyf yfqmf] lbg] M– uf]ne]8f /f]k]sf] @%–#) lbg kl5 xNsf uf]8d]n u/L o"l/of 6k8«]; ug'{ kb{5 . o"l/of lbP kl5 l;+rfO{ clgjfo{ 5 . uf]ne]8fsf] hft cg';f/ yfqmf cfjZos kb{5 . cUnf] hftnfO{ cUnf] yfqmf lbg' k5{ eg] xf]rf] nfO{ ;fgf] eP klg k'U5 . yfqmf lbbf kmnx? df6f]df nlt|g] ;+efjgf x'Fb}g . olb uf]ne]8fsf] a[l4 /fd|f] ;+u ePsf] 5}g eg] le6fldgsf] klg k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lxhf] cfh rngdf cfPsf le6fldgx?df dlN6Kn]S;, e]lhd]S;\ cflb 5g\ .
afnL lng] M– ;fwf/0f tyf uf]ne]8f slxn] l6Kg] jf slt lbgdf tof/ x'G5 eGg] s'/f uf]ne]8fsf] hft, xfjfkfgL, df};d cflbdf e/k5{ . ;fwf/0f tyf /f]k]sf] ()–!!) lbgdf uf]ne]8f kfSg z'?ub{5 . uf]ne]8f l6Kg] s'/f ahf/sf] b'/L, oftfoftsf] ;fwg, ahf/ cflbdf e/ k5{ . olb 6f8f n}hfg' 5 eg] cln cln kfSg z'? u/] kl5 l6Kg] ug'{ k5{ . olb ahf/ glhs} 5 eg] /ftf] eP kl5 l6Kbf klg x'G5 . uf]ne]8f 9'jfgL ug]{ ;fwg uf]ne]8fnfO{ gf]S;fg kfg]{ vfnsf] x'g' x'Fb}g . ;fgf] ;fgf] qm]6df tx ldnfP/ uf]ne]8fnfO{ /fVg' k5{ . jf]/fdf, y'D;]df /fv]/ 9'jfgL ubf{ a9L gf]S;fg x'g hfG5 .
pTkfbg M– uf]ne]8fsf] pTkfbg hft, nufPsf] ;do, dnhn, df6f]sf] pe|/f zlQm cflbdf e/k5{ / /fd|f] Aojf:yfkg / hft k/]df !–@ 6g ;Dd k|lt /f]kgL kmnfpg ;lsG5 .
/f]u M– uf]ne]8fdf nfUg] d'Vo d'Vo /f]ux?df 88'jf klg Ps xf] . of] /f]u nfUbf kfgLn] leh]sf] h:tf] yf]Knf, kft, kmndf b]vf k5{g\ . kl5 logLx? v}/f] sfnf]df kl/0ft x'G5g\ . al9 cfb|tf / 708L jftfj/0f afbn nfUg] lbgx? z'? x'Fbf of] /f]u b]vf kg{ yfN5g\ . kl5 logLx? v}/f] sfnf]df kl/0ft x'g yfN5g\ . cGtdf af]6 k'/} sfnf]df kl/0ft eO{ af]6x? dg{ yfN5g\ .
pkrf/ M–uf]ne]8f nufPsf] If]qnfO{ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{, uf]8d]n ug]{ . uf]ne]8f v]lt nufpg' cuf8L s'g}klg la?jfsf] caz]if afFsL /fVg x'b}g . ;s];Dd 3'DtL afnL rqm ckgfpg' k5{ . /;follgs pkrf/df 8fOyfg Od–$% eGg] y'nf] ljiffwL $–% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL /f]usf] nIf0f kmf6km'6 b]Vg] lalQs} 5s{g z'? ug'{ kb{5 . j]gf{ s'lxg] /f]u M– of] /f]u g;{/L cj:yfdf al9 nfUb5 . of] /f]u nfUbf g;{/Ldf pd|g' klxnf jf pd|]kl5 j]gf{x? d/]sf] kfOG5 . j]gf{nfO{ hldgsf] ;txdf d/]sf] cj:yfdf e]l6G5 .
lgoGq0f M–g;{/L /fVbf uf]ne]8f v]lt gu/]sf], :jf]R5 hUufdf /fd|/L vghf]t u/]/ ;'s]sf emf/kft x6fO jf kf]n]/ s]xL dfqfdf eg]klg df6f]sf] pkrf/ x'g k'U5 . lapnfO{ pkrf/ u/]/ /f]Kg' kb{5 . a]la:6Lg eGg] w'nf] cf}iflw @–# u|fd k|lt s]=hL=sf b/n] pkrf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
jf]Onfpg] /f]u M– of] klg uf]ne]8fsf] clt vt/f /f]u xf] . of] /f]u nfu] kl5 pkrf/ nfUb}g eg] klg x'G5 . of] /f]usf] lhaf0f' df6f]df ;'/lIft a;]sf x'G5g\ . pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfpg] ljlQs} logLx?n] cfqmd0f ug{ yfN5g\ .
/f]syfd M– uf]ne]8f nufpg] hldgnfO{ @–$ k6s rsf]{ 3fddf hf]Tg' kb{5 . hldgdf ePsf emf/kft ;a} a6'n]/ hnfO{{ lbg' kb{5 . afnL rqm ckgfpg' kb{5 .
ls/f M– uf]ne]8fdf nfUg] d'Vo ls/fdf kmndf Kjfn kfg]{ ls/f g} xf] . of] a;Gt Ct'df nufPsf] uf]ne]8fdf al9 nfU5 . o;sf] dfpn] eGbf nfef{n] al9 gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . ao:s dfpn] af]6sf] j/k/ km'n kf/L lbG5 / oxLaf6 nfef{ lg:sL gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFg yfN5 . Kjfnk/]sf] clwsf+z uf]ne]8f s'xLg yfN5g\ .
/f]syfd M– nfe|fsf] z'? cj:yfdf af]6dfg} b]Vgf ;fy xft}n] l6k]/ klg dfg{ ;lsG5
. t/ w]/} nfu]sf] v08df cf}iflwg} k|of]u ug{ kg]{ x'G5 . vghf]t ubf{ uf]ne]8f af]6 j/k/sf] emf/kft ;a} hnfO{ lbg' kb{5 . olb /;folgs cf}ifwLg} k|of]u ug{ k/]df g'efg jf yfof]8fg x/]s !%–!
% lbgsf] km'/sdf 5s{g k5{ . /f]uL kmnfO{ a6'n]/ uf8Llbg' kb{5 .
sfpnL t/sf/L afnL ;d"x
kl/ro M sfpnL ;d"x eGgfn] km"nsf]eL, jGbf, UofF7 sf]kL, aGbf, a|f]sfpnL cflb 5g\ . oL ;a}} afnLx?sf] v]tL ug]{ tl/sf ldNbf h'Nbf 5g\ .
xfjfkfgL M hf8f] ofddf x'g] t/sf/L xf] jg:klts lasf;sf] nflu lgDg k|sf/sf tfkqmd x'g' cfjZos 5 M–cuf}6] hft Ö @)—@%) ;]=u|]8dWod hft Ö !%—@)) ;]=u|]8 k5f}6] hft Ö !)—!%) ;]=u|]8 tfkqmd 36L jf a9L ePdf ;dodf / /fd|f] afnL pTkfbg lbg ;lsb}g . dWod df};dL hftx?nfO{ udL{ df};ddf nufOof] eg] kft}kft cfpF5
/ kmn nfUb}g . k5f}6] hft hf8f] df};ddf nufOof] eg] kft}kft cfpF5 / kmn
nfUb}g . df6f] M ;a} k|sf/sf] df6f]df kmnfpg ;lsG5 t/ v's'/L / dlnnf] x'g'k5{ . df6f]df k|fªul/s a:t' k|z:t x'g' kb{5 . df6f]df lr:ofg cl8/xg] t/ kfgL hDg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ .
Aof8 k|aGw / aLp a]gf{ Joj:yf M pRr:t/Lo a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{nfO{ z'4 aLp, /fd|f] pdf/ zlQm ePsf],
df6f] :j:y ;kmf, v's'nf], kfgL ghDg], dlnnf] df6f] x'g' k5{ a]gf{ 3fd, kfgL / t'iff/f]af6 rfpg Jof8 Knfli6s 6g]ndf agfpg' k5{ . la:t[t hfgsf/LnfO{ g;{/L Joj:yfkg x]g'{ xf]; .
afnL nufpg] ;do M
prfOsf] km/sn] tfkqmdsf] km/s kg]{ ePsf]n] :yflgo xfjfkfgLnfO{ Vofn u/L afnL nufpg' k5{ .
nufpg] ;do tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5
dnvfB M ! /f]KgL hUufdf t/sf/L v]tL ug{ dnvfB lgDg k|sf/ xfNg' k5{ M sDkf]i6 Ö %)—^) 8f]sf gfO6«f]hg Ö % s]=hL= km:kmf]/ Ö $ s]=hL= kf]6f; Ö @=% s]=hL= k|lt vf8n Ö !—@ s]=hL= sDkf]i6
a]gf{ tof/L M a]gf{ @–# kft] eP kl5 csf]{ Jof8df ;fg'{ k5{ . cuf}6] hft eP #–$ kft eP kl5 v]tdf ;fg'{k5{ . k6f}6] hft eP %–^ kft eP kl5 v]tdf ;fg'{k5{ . ! /f]KgL hUufsf] nflu !x# Ö # ju{ ld6/ x'g'k5{ .
a]gf{ ;fg]{, uf]nd]n / l;+rfO{ M a]gf{ a]n'sL kv ;fg'{ k5{ . ;f/]sf a]gf{df kfgL t'?Gt lbg' k5{ . a]gf{ ;f/]sf] $–% lbgsf] km6sdf kfgL xfNg' k5{ . a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbg kl5 emf/kft uf]8g' k5{ . la?jf ;f/]sf] @)–@% lbgdf o"l/of @–# u|fd k|lt jf]6 xfNg' k5{ . l;+rfO{ / uf]nd]n uUuf / lj?jfsf] cj:yf x]/L $–% k6s ;Dd ug{ ;lsG5
. la?jf ;f/]sf] $) lbgdf km]l/ o"l/of ykL ps]/f nufpg' k5{ .
£o" l;dLkl/ro Ml;dL b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M– !_ ‰of+u] l;dL . @_ nx/] l;dL . ‰of+u] l;dLsf] nx/f hfb}g t/ nx/] l;dLsf] nx/f x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] v]tLsf] nflu yf+qmf] xfNg' k5{ . of] b'a} lsl;dsf l;dLnfO{ k|m]Gr l;dL dflgG5 . £o" l;dL nx/] l;dL xf] . o;sf] pTklQ blIf0f cd]l/sfaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . o;df k|z:t dfqfdf k|f]l6g, le6fldg P, cGo vlgh tTjx? / sfjf]{xfO8«]6 kfOg] ePsfn] kf}li6s b[li6sf]0faf6 a9L dxTjk"0f{ 5 . £o" l;dLsf] xl/of] sf];f t/sf/L vfgsf] nflu / ;'sf] bfgf bfn vfgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .
xfjfkfgL Ml;dLnfO{ udL{ df};dsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;nfO{ w]/} lr;f] / t'iff/f]n] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf pRr / dWo kxf8L Onfsfdf udL{ ofddf / t/fO{ Onfsfdf jiff{ ofd / w]/} hf8f] ofd afx]s c? ;dodf o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} udL{ / ;'Vvf ofddf o;sf] km"n / ;fgf sf];fx? em5{g\ . sf];f nfUg] plrt tfkqmd !%–@! l8=;]= xf] . kfgL hDg] hUufdf o;sf] v]tL /fd|f] x'b}g .
df6f] M o;sf] v]tL a;} lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 tfklg cuf}6] afnLsf] nflu anf}6] b'd6 / cGt/ afnLsf] nflu b'd6 lrlD6sf] df6f] pQd x'G5 .
hUuf tof/L M @÷# k6s /fd|/L vghf]t u/L 8Nnf kmf]g]{ / kfgL ghDg] u/L ;tx ldnfpg' k5{ .
dnvfb M @)–@% 8f]sf] /fd|/L s'x]sf] uf]8d]n cyjf sDkf]i6 dn, @ lsnf] kmf]:kmf]/;, # lsnf] kf]6f; / @ lsnf] gfO6«f]hg k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf vghf]t ubf{ /fd|/L df6f]df ldnfpg' k5{ . of] klg sf];] afnL ePsfn] o;n] JofS6]l/ofsf] ;xfotfaf6 h/fdf gfO6«f]hg hDdf u5{ . To;}n] gfO6«f]hgo'Qm dn 6k8«]; ug'{ kb}{g .
nufpg] ;do / tl/sf M o;nfO{ ljleGg Onfsfdf lgDg ;dodf nufpg' k5{ . nfOg ldnfP/ ;f]em} aLp /f]Kg k5{ .
Onfsf aLp 5g]{ ;do afnL lng] ;dopRr kxf8 r}q — a}zfv c;f9 — efb| dWo kxf8 df3 — a}zfv
>fj0f — efb| a}zfv — >fj/0f c;f]h — d+l;/
t/fO{ efb| — c;f]h d+l;/ — df3
aLp b/ M @–# lsnf] k|lt /f]kgL . aLp /f]Kg] b'/L M xf/sf] k/s — !@) ;]=dL= af]6sf] km/s — @)–#) ;]=dL= yf+qmf] lbg] M £o" l;dL nx/] afnL ePsfn] yf+qmf] lbg' k5{ . yf+qmf] lb+bf af+;sf] ef6f, lgufnf] cyjf ?vsf] xf+ufn] yf+qmf] lbg' k5{ . jiff{df £o" l;dL /f]Kbf !@) ;]=dL= sf] km/s kf/L 8of+u p7fpg] / 8of+usf] 5]pdf nfOg ldnfO{ aLp /f]Kg] / aLp pd|] kl5 af+;sf] ef6f cyjf ?vsf] xf+ufn] yf+qmf] lbg' k5{ .
l;+rfO{ / uf]8d]n M aLp /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] v]t af/Ldf kfgL k6fpg] / /fd|f] lr:ofg ePsf] df6f]df /f]Kg' k5{ . To; kl5 cfjZostf cg';f/ l;+rfO{ ub}{ hfg' k5{ . emf/kft knfPdf cyjf sf]bfnLn] xNsf;+u vg]/ uf]8g' k5{ . afnL lng] M aLp /f]k]sf] ^)–&) lbgdf xl/of] sf];f l6k]/ t/sf/L vfg ;lsG5 . afnL cjlw k6s–k6s xl/of] sf];f l6Kg' k5{ . pTkfbg M @))–#)) lsnf] xl/of] sf];f k|lt /f]kgL pTkfbg x'G5 . /f]u / ls/f M l;dLnfO{ nfUg] /f]ux?df df]h]s efO/;, PGy|f]sgf]h, l;+b'/] / sf];f 89g] cflb x'g . df]h]s efO/; nfu]df /f]syfd ug{ /f]uL af]6x? pv]Ng] / /f]u gnfUg] hft /f]Kg], l;+b'/] /f]u /f]syfd ug{ sf/fy]g cf}ifwL 5g]{ / sf];f 89g] /f]u /f]syfd ug{ SofK6g cf}ifwLn] aLp pkrf/ u/L aLp /f]Kg' k5{ . o;nfO{ nfUg] ls/fx?df nfxL / sf];f Kjfn kfg]{ nfe|] x'g . nfxLnfO{ d]6fl;8 / nfe|]nfO{ dfnfyfog emf]n cf}ifwL 5/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
hft M £o" l;dLsf] hft s]G6sL jG8/ g]kfndf k|rlnt 5 . o;sf] nx/f hfG5 / df]h]s efO/; /f]u nfUb}g .
h/] t/sf/L afnLkl/ro M
h/] t/sf/L afnLdf h/f k|of]udf NofOg] t/s/L afnLx? kb{5g\ . h/fsf] t/sf/L ksfP/, sfr} ;nfb jf crf/ agfP/ vfOG5 . h/] t/sf/L afnL ;d"xdf d'Vo u/L d'nf, ufh/ / ;nud kb{5g\ . != d'nf M d'nf t/sf/L afnLx?df lgs} k|rlnt t/sf/L xf] . o;sf] h/fsf] t/sf/L ksfP/, sfr} ;nfb / crf/sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 ;fy} ;fysf] t/sf/L l;GsL agfP/ klg vfOG5 . h/fsf] rfgf Wh/f agfO{ ;'sfP/ kl5 ;'Vvf df};ddf k|of]udf NofOG5 . d'nfaf6 le6fldg …l;Ú Sofnl;od, km:kmf]/; kfOG5 / kfrg k|s[ofdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 . xfjfkfgL M d'nf Ps lxpFb] t/sf/L afnL ePsf]n] lr;f] xfjfkfgLdf /fd|f];+u ;k|G5 . d'nfsf] nflu plrt jftfj/0f gePdf d'nfsf] h/f a9\g'sf] ;§f lgl:s km"n km"N5 .
df6f] M k|z:t k|f+ufl/s kbfy{ ePsf] anf}6] b'd6 df6f]df d'nf a9L kmi6fpF5 . s8f lrD6fxf df6f]df d'nfsf] h/f Tolt /fd|f] x'Fb}g . hft M s_ $) lbg] v_ ldg' cnL{ u_ Ko"7fg] /ftf] 3_ 6f]sLgf;L aLp b/ M Ps /f]kgL hUufsf] nflu %)) u|fd d'nfsf] aLp cfjZos kb{5 .
/f]Kg] ;do M
If]q hft /f]Kg] ;do afnL tof/ x'g nfUg] lbg
tNnf] kxf8 $) lbg] r}q dWo sflt{s #%–$%dWo kxf8 $) lbg] dWo cfiff9–slt{s $)–%)pkNnf] dWo kxf8
$) lbg] dWo >fj0f–cW cflZjg
$)–%)
tNnf] kxf8 ldGg' cnL{
ebf}–dWo d+l;/ ^)
dWo kxf8 ldg' cnL{ dWo >fj0f–dWo sflt{s
^%
pkNnf] dWo kxf8
ldg' cnL >fj0f–ebf} ^)
tNnf] kxf8 Ko"7fg] /ftf]
ebf}–dWo d+l;/ *#
dWo kxf8 Ko"7fg] /ftf]
ebf}–dWo sflt{s &)
pkNnf] dWo kxf8
Ko"7fg] /ftf]
dWo >fj0f–ebf} &)
tNnf] kxf8 6f]sLgf;L dWo d+l;/–kmfNu'0f
&%–()
dWo kxf8 6f]sLgf;L dWo d+l;/–kmfNu'0f
*)–!))
pkNnf] dWo kxf8
6f]sLgf;L dWo d+l;/–kmfNu'0f
*)–!@)
dnvfb M
Ps /f]kgL hUufsf] nflu sKkf]i6 dn @%–#) 8f]sf] sDKn]S;fn ! s]=hL Do"/]6 ckm kf]6f; @ s]=hL= o"/Lof % s]=hL= cfjZos kb{5 . o"/Lof dnn] kl5 6k8«]; ug'{ kb{5 .
hUufsf] tof/L M d'nf v]tLsf] nflu @)–#) ;]lG6ld6/ ulx/f] u/L vgL df6f] a'/a'/fpFbf] agfpg' kb{5 . kfgL ghDg] u/L 8«ofª p7fpg' kb{5 .
/f]Kg] b'/L M Ps nfOg b]lv csf]{ nfOgsf] km/s @) ;lG6ld6/ / af]6b]lv af]6sf] km/s @) ;]lG6ld6/sf] km/s kf/L k|To]s 8f]adf b'O{ u]8f aLp /f]Kg' kb{5 . !%–@) lbg kl5 Ps 8f]adf Pp6f la?jf /fvL c? pv]Ng' kb{5 .
uf]nd]n, l;+rfO{ 6k8«]; M d'nf /f]k]kl5 @)–@% lbgdf emf/kft pv]nL xTsf;Fu s'6fn] vgL o"l/of la?jfsf] jl/kl/ 6k8«]; u/L l;+rfO{ ug'{ kb{5 / s]xL ;dokl5 df6f] ;'Vvf epdf k'g l;+rfO{ u/L lbg' kb{5 .
pTkfbg M s_ $) lbg] M Ps /f]kgL hUufdf ;/b/ ^))–!@)) s]=hL= pTkfbg x'G5 . v_ ldg' cnL{ M Ps /f]kgL hUufdf ;/b/ !%))–@#)) s]=hL= pTkfbg x'G5 . u_ Ko"7fg] /ftf] M Ps /f]kgL hUufdf ;/b/ !%))–@))) s]=hL= pTkfbg x'G5 . 3_ 6f]sLgf;L M Ps /f]kgL hUufdf ;/b/ %))–#*)) s]=hL= pTkfbg x'G5 .
@= ;nud M -ufG6] d'nf_
hft — kk{n 6k /f]Kg] ;do — >fj0f–sflt{s ;Dd /f]Kg] b"/L — nfOgsf] km/s #) ;]lG6ld6/, af]6sf] km/s !% ;]lG6ld6/ aLp b/ — Ps /f]kgL hUufdf @)) u|fd aLp nfU5 . pTkfbg — Ps /f]kgL hUufdf ;/b/ ^))–!@)) s]=hL] pTkfbg x'G5 . c? k|ljlw d'nf v]tL h:t} .
#= uf+h/ M h/] t/sf/L afnLx? dWo klg Ps k|d'v afnL xf] . o;sf] h/f sfr} ;nfbsf] ?kdf / cGo t/sf/L;Fu ld;fP/ ksfO{ vfOG5 . le6fldg …PÚ sf] >f]t dWo] uf+h/ k|d'v ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;df k|z:t dfqdf le6fldg …PÚ …aÚ …l;Ú sf] ;fy} SoflN;od, km:kmf]/; / kmnfd kfOG5 . xfjfkfgL M uf+h/ v]tLsf] nflu lr;f] xfjfkfgLsf] cfjZos kb{5 . a9L tfkqmd ePdf uf+h/sf] h/f df6f]dflysf] efu xl/of] x'G5 . df6f] M uf+h/ v]tLsf] nflu v's'nf] anf}6] b'd6 df6f]df /fd|f];+u ;k|G5 , s8f lrD6fxf df6f]df h/f a9\g kfpb}g . hft M !_ gfG6L; @_ Go"s'/f8f] /f]Kg] ;do M
If]q hft /f]Kg] ;do afnL tof/
pTkfbg
tNnf] kxf8 gfG6L; dWo cflZjg d+l;/
!)) !)))–!%))
kWo kxf8 gfG6L; cflZjg–sflt{s !!% %))–&%)pkNnf] gfG6L; dWo cfiff9– !@) &%)–!)))
dWo kxf8 dWo d+l;/ / dWo df3–dWo r}q
tNnf] kxf8 Go"s'/f]8
cflZjg–sflt{s *%–() !)))–!#%)
dWo kxf8 Go"s'/f]8f
dWo ebf}–sflt{s
()–(% %))–*))
pkNnf] dWo kxf8
Go"s'/f]8f
dWo cfiff9–dWo d+l;/ / dWo df3–dWo r}q
!))*)
())–!!))&%)–!)))
aLp b/ M Ps /f]kgL hUufsf] nflu uf+h/sf] aLp @%) u|fd nfU5 . dnvfb M Ps /f]kgL hUufsf] nflu sDkf]i6 dn @%–#) 8f]sf] sDKn]S;fn % s]=hL= / Do"/]6 ckm kf]6f; @ s]=hL= Ps /f]kgL hUufsf] nflu cfjZos kb{5 / % s]=hL= o"l/of dnn] 6k8«]; ug'{ kb{5 . hUufsf] tof/L M d'nf v]tLdf h:t} . /f]Kg] b"/L M Ps nfOgb]lv csf]{ nfOgsf] km/s @) ;]lG6ld6/ / af]6b]lv af]6sf] km/s !% ;]G6L ld6/sf] km/s kf/L /f]Kg' kb{5 . k|To]s 8f]adf @–# u]8f aLp /f]Kg' kb{5 . afSnf] pd|]df kl5 @)–@% lbgdf ! af]6df ! af]6 dfq /flv c? pv]Ng' kb{5 . uf]8d]n, l;+rfO{ / 6k8«]; M
uf+h/ /f]k]kl5 @%–#) lbgdf emf/kft pv]nL xNsf;Fu s'6fn] vgL o"/Lof dnn] jl/kl/ 6k8«]; u/L l;+rfO{ ug{ clt cfjZos 5 . kl5 df6f] ;'Vvf ePdf l;+rfO{ u/L lbg' kb{5 . Kofh v]tL ug]{ tl/sf kl/ro M–Kofh g]kfnL ;dfhdf cToflws nf]slk|o t/sf/L afnL xf] . Kofh v]tL g]kfnsf] t/fO{ b]lv lnP/ kxf8, dWo kxf8 / pRr kxf8 ;Dd ;kmntf k"j{s v]tL ul/G5 . Kofh v]tL vg]sf] ?kdf / xl/of] ;fu vfgsf] lglDt a9L k|of]u ul/G5 eg] o;nfO{ cf}iflwsf] ?kdf klg k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . cfo"j]lb[s cf}iflwsf] ?kdf o;nfO{ :jf; km]g{ ufx|f] ePdf afy nfu]df, kfrg k|s[ofdf ;xof]u ug{, ?3fvf]sL nfu]df / 3fp nfu]df o;nfO{ k|of]u ul/G5 . Kofhdf :6r{, k|f]l6g, Sof/f]l6g, le6fdLg aL / ;L kfOG5 / o;df cflnn k|fkfO{n 8fO;NkmfO{8 eGg] Oy/ t]n x'gfn] Kofhdf lk/f]kgf x'G5 . j}1flgsx?sf] egfO{ cg';f/ Kofhsf] pTklt dWo Plzofdf ePsf] dflgG5 . xfjfkfgL M–Kofh v]tL lr;f] df};ddf ul/g] ePsf]n] pd|g #–%) ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd rflxG5 eg] /fd|f] pTkfbg lng !*–@@) ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd rflxG5 . Kofhsf] klxnf] cfwf hLjg rqmdf k|z:t kfgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eg] bf];|f] cfwf hLjgrqmdf kfgL sd ub}{ nlu cGTodf ;'Vvf kfg'{ kb{5 .
df6f] M–k|z:t k|f+ul/s kbfy{ ePsf] xNsf b'd6 df6f] / lk=Pr= %=*–^=% ;Dd plrt x'G5 . dnvfb M–/fd|f]/L s'lxPsf] k|f+ul/sdn sDkf]i6 jf uf]j/dn k|lt /f]kgL $)–%) 8f]sf] cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} /f;folgs dndf sDKn];fn ;jf Ps lsnf]
Pdf]lgod ;Nkm]6 cfwf lsnf] / Do"/]6 ckm kf]6f; dn sl/a @%) u\fd hlt cfjZos kb{5 . hftx? M– g]kfndf d'Vo u/]/ nufOg] k|rlnt hftx?df /]8lqmjn, k';f /]8, gfl;s–%#, cln{ ufgf]og %# / dNnfh nf]sn 5g\ . aLpsf] b/ M– /f]kgL cfwf lsnf] aLpsf] cfjZos kb{5 . j]gf{nfO{ Ps nx/ b]lv csf]{ nx/sf] b'/L !% ;]=dL= / Ps j]gf{ b]lv csf]{ j]gf{sf] b'/L !) ;]=dL= /fvL /f]Kg' kb{5 . afnL nufpg] ;do M– r}q hft aLp
/f]Kg] ;do
j]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do
ufgf] pTkfbg ;do
pTkfbg k|lt /f]kgL -lsnf]_
pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8
t/fO{
/]8 lqmjn gfl;s /]8 /]8 lqmjn dNnfh nf]sn k';f/]8gfl;s /]8
kmfNu'g–r}qebf}–sflt{s Æ ÆÆ Æsflt{s–d+l;/
r}q–j}zfv sflt{s–k'if Æ ÆÆ Ædfu{–df3
ebf}–czf]hj}zfif–h]i7Æ ÆÆ Æj}zfif–h]i7
!)))!)))–!@)) Æ Æ Æ Æ!@))–!#))
sfpnL v]tL lju|g] sf/0fx? !_ a6lgË — u'Rrf hqf] kmNg'
sf/0f — a'9f ePsf j]gf{ nufpgfn] — gfO6«f]hg dn / l;rfO{sf] sdL ePdf — nufpg] df};d gldNgfn]
@_ /fOl;g]; — sf]kLsf] ;txdf em"; lg:sg] / u'0f x/fpg], sf/0f — tfkqmd 36L–a9L ePdf
#_ a|fplgË — sf]kLsf] ;txdf lvof h:tf] bfu b]lvg', — 8fF7 leq vf]qmf] x'g'
sf/0f — jf]/gsf] sdL ePdf — sfpnLdf of] w]/} b]vf k5{
pkrf/ — af]/]S; ! s]=hL= /f]hL df6f]df ld;fpg] . $_ lxj\k6]n — slnnf kftx? 8f8' h:tf] eO{ leq k§L kmls{G5 .
sf/0f — df6f] cDnLo ePdf df]lna8]go sdL x'G5 . pkrf/ — ;f]l8od df]lnj8]6 %) u|f=÷/f]hL df6f]df ld;fpg] .
%_ JnfOG8g]; — sf]kL gnfUg] -cGwf]kgf_ sf/0f — d'gf efFr]df jf d'gf gePdf .
^_ km]b s'lxg] /f]u — km]b un]/ hfg] . sf/0f — h/fdf w]/} kfgL hd]df 9';L pTkGg eO{ of] /f]u nfU5 . pkrf/ — jfSnf] g;{/L /fVg' x'b}g .
— w]/} kfgL nufpg' x'b}g . — df6f] pkrf/ lyd]6, j]leli7g, SofK6fgn] ug]{ . — aLp pkrf/ yfO/fdn] ug]{ .
t/sf/L afnLdf k|of]u x'g] ljiffbLx? tyf kv{g kg]{ ;do!_ /f]u gfzs cf}ifwLx? M– gfd dfqf÷nL6/ kfgLdf afnL l6Kg kvg]{ ;do s_ Sof/fy]g @ ld=ln= !) lbgv_ JnfO6S; @–# u|fd & lbg
u_ 8fOy]g Pd $% @–# u|fd !$ lbg 3_ j]lei6Lg ! u|fd !$ lbg ª_ 8]/f];fn ! u|fd !$ lbg
@= afnL lj?jf sL/f lgoGq0f ug]{ cf}ifwLx? M–gfd dfqf÷nL=kfgLdf afnL l6Kg kvg]{ ;do s_ g'efg !)) )=% ld=ln= # lbgv_ dfnfyfog %) ! ld=ln= & lbgu_ ;'ldyfog %) ! ld=ln= @! lbg3_ kmf]lnyfog %) ! ld=ln= @! lbg ª_ l8d]qmg @) ! ld=ln= !% lbg r_ d]6fl;8 %) ! ld=ln= @! lbg 5_ d]6fl;:6S; @% ! ld=ln= @! lbg h_ g'efqmg @) Ü ! ld=ln= #) lbg
#_ df6f]df ld;fpg] sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? M–gfd dfqf afnL kvg]{ ;do
s}lkmot s_ kmo'/f8]g ! s]=hL÷/f]= &) lbg r';]/ vfg] ls/f v_ kmf]/]6 ! s]=hL÷/f]= () lbg lgoGq0f u_ clN8«g @ s]=hL÷/f]= wld/f, /ftf] sldnf
ljiffwL vt/f cj:yf M–ljiffwL
j§fsf] /Ëvt/fsf] cj:yf kvg]{ ;do s}lkmot
/ftf] clt vt/f slDtdf ^ xKtf ;se/ t/sf/Ldf k|
of]u ug'{ x'b}g .
kx]nf] w/} vt/f #–$ xKtf clt cfjZos ePdf dfq
lgnf] vt/f @–# xKtf xl/of]n] lgoGq0f gePdf dfqf
xl/of] sd vt/f slDtdf ! xKtf ;se/ o;nfO{ k|of]u ug]{
ls/fsf] /f]syfd M– 1) km]b sf6\g] ls/f — Snf]/f]8]g -! s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL df6f]df 5g]
{_ 2) /ftf] sldnf — Snf]/f]8]g -! s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL df6f]df 5g]{_ 3) k'tnL — dfnfyfog, gefg, yfof]8fg -!–@ ld=nL= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ 5g]{_ 4) ujf/f] — ;'ldl;8g -! ld=nL= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{_ 5) km6]ªu|f — dfnfyfog, g'efg, ;]leg, yfof]8fg -! ld=nL= k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{_ 6) nfxL — dfnfyfog, n'efg, /f]u/, yfof]8fg -! ld=nL= k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{_:yflgo k|ljlwaf6 /f]u / ls/fsf] /f]syfd M h}ljs ljiffwL M s'g} klg s[ltd kbfy{sf] k|of]u ljgf k|s[ltdf pknJw ePsf af]6lj?jf, ls/f km6\ofªu|f, r/fr'ËL / hgfj/x?nfO{ k|of]u u/L /f]u ls/f Joj:yfkg ug'{ g} h}ljs k|ljlwaf6 /f]u ls/f Joj:yfkg ug'{ xf] . != lk;f -ux'Ft_ M ux'Ft Ö ! efu kfgL Ö # efu
Ps–Ps xKtfsf] km/sdf 5bf{ afnLnfO{ dn k|fKt x'g'sf ;fy–;fy} v/fg] tyf efO/; /f]u / em'l;nls/f, nfxL, ;'n;'n], sNn] ls/fnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . @= d]jfsf] kft M kft Ö ! s]=hL= kfgL Ö ! ln6/ ;fj'g Ö !)) u|fd dflysf oL d>0f emf]ndf csf]{ $ ld6/ kfgL ykL 5bf{ 89'jf / v/fg] /f]u lgoGq0f x'G5 . #= d]jfsf] kft M kft Ö ! s]=hL= kfgL Ö !) ln6/ dl§t]n Ö @ rDrf ;fj'g Ö @% u|fd oL ld>0f agfO{ 5bf{ km8]s / nfxL ls/f lgoGq0f x'G5 . $= nx;'g, dl§t]n / ;fj'g nx;'g Ö !)) u|fd kfgL Ö !÷@ ln6/ dl§t]n Ö @ rDrf
;fj'g Ö @% u\fd oL ld>0f agfO{ csf]{ @ ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5bf{ nfxL, jGbfsf] k'ntL / ;]tf] v'd] ls/fnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 . %= v/fgL cfnf] v/fgL afnLdf 5bf{ nfxL, vK6], kft vfg]ls/f, 9';L /f]unfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . ^= lkgf / v/fgL lkgf Ö ! efu v/fgL Ö @ efu kfgL Ö !% efu oL ld>0f agfO{ Jof8df 5bf{ wld/f / sldnfnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . &= l;:g' / ltt]kftL l;:g' Ö %)) u|fd ltt]kftL Ö %)) u|fd kfgL Ö ! ln6/ ux'Ft Ö ! kfpF oL ld>0f agfO{ 5bf{ nfxL ls/f lgoGq0f u5{ .
*= ;'tLsf] emf]n
;'lt{sf] kft Ö !)) u|fd kfgL Ö ! ln6/ ;fj'g Ö @% u|fd oL ld>0f agfO{ csf]{ # ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5bf{ nfxL lgoGq0f x'G5 . (= uf]ne]8fsf] kft kft Ö @)) u|fd kfgL Ö ln6/ ;fj'g Ö @% u|fd oL ld>0f agfO{ csf]{ @ ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5bf{ r/fr'?ËL tyf em'l;n ls/fnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . !)= uaf/f] ls/f /f]syfd aGbf, sfpnL, a|f]sfpnL ;-u uf]ne]8f nufpFbf uaf/f]sf ;fy–;fy} cGo ls/fx?nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . !!= v';fgL{÷l6Da'/ v'fgL{÷l6Da'/ Ö !)) u|fd kfgL Ö ! ln6/ oL ld>0f 5bf{ 89'jf tyf k'tln, nfxL cflb ls/fx?sf] lgoGq0f x'G5 .
!@= jsfOgf] ! s]=hL= jsfOgf] ^ ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5bf{ nfxL, v'd|], /ftf] sldnf, 9'+u|] ls/fnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . !#= jf]8f]{ ldSr/ lgnf] t'yf] Ö !) u|fd r'gf Ö !) u|fd kfgL Ö ! ln6/ oL ld>0f jgfO{ 5bf{ yf]Kn], 89'jf /f]unfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . !$= lgd -!@( /;fog ePsf] kbfy{_ lgdsf] w"nf] Ö !)) u|fd kfgL Ö @ ln6/ ;fj'g Ö % u|fd oL ld>0f jgfO{ 5bf{ w]/} h;f] ls/fnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . !%= t'N;Lsf] kft kft Ö @)) u|fd kfgL Ö ! ln6/ oL ld>0fn] w]/} h;f] ls/fnfO{ /f]syfd u5{ .
t/sf/LafnLsf] nflu dnvfB M
afnL sDkf]i6 -6g÷ x]=_ /f;folgs dn s]=hL=÷x]=
sfpnL 30 120:100:60 gf=km=kf]=jGbf 30 120:100:60/fof] 20 50:25:50j|f]sfpnL 30 120:100:60;nUd 15 40:40:40d"nf 10 50:20:50ufh/ 10 50:50:50s]/fp 20 30:75:40:jL;rf8{ 20 50:25:50Kofh 10 125:50:25v';f{gL 15 60:30:30l;dL 15 30:40:40:Sjf; 15 50:25:25sfqmf] 15 50:25:25s/]nf 15 50:25:25uf]ne]8f 10 100:50:50ef06f 15 100:50:25kfn'Ëf] 15 75:40:0rD;'/ 15 40:40:40Uof7 uf]eL 15 125:50:40le08L 15 100:50:0n;'g 10 60:40:40
gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/;, kf]6f; / DofUg]l;od tTjsf] sdL ePdf lj?jfsf] tNnf] efusf kftx?df nI0f b]vf k5{ .
SoflN;od, ;Nkm/, kmnfd, DofËlgh, lhÍ, jf]/f]g, tfkf, df]lnJ8]gd, snf]l/g tTjsf] sdL ePdf lj?jfsf] dflyNnf] efusf] gofF kftx?df nI0f b]vf k5{ .
hldgsf] tof/L M @ jf # k6s @) b]lv @% ;]=dL= ulx/f] x'g] u/L hldg vghf]t
ug]{ . 8Nnf km'6fP/ dl;gf] agfpg] .
sfFs|f÷l3/f}nf÷nf}sf÷s/]nf÷km;L{- :Sjf;_ t/sf/Lx?sf nflu hldg /fd|/L tof/ eP kl5 #) ;]=dL= Jof; ePsf] #) ;]=dL= ulx/f] ePsf] vf8n vGg' k5{ / vf8ndf lgDg cg';f/ dn /fVg' k5{ .
dnvfb k|lt vf8nM uf]a/ dn @ s]= hL= l8PkL !% u|fd -8]9 rDrf_ o'l/of !) u|fd -Ps rDrf_ kf]6ff; !) u|fd -Ps rDrf_ dfnflyPg !) u|fd -b'O{ rDrf_ df6f]df /fd|/L ldnfO{ /fVg' k5{ . !%–@) lbg kl5 %–!) u|fd -Ps dWod rDrf_ o'l/ofn] 6k 8«]; ug'{
k5{ . km]/L csf]{ k6s !% lbg kl5 csf]{ 6k 8«]; ug]{ . dfly pNn]v
u/] adf]lhd . o'/Lofn] 6k 8]«; u/]kl5 $.% lbg kl5 le6fldgn] :k|] ug]{ . !)–!@
lbgsf] km/sdf # b]lv $ k6s ;Dd ug]{ t/ km'n v]Ng] ;dodf gug]{ .
e]hLd]S; @ ldln nL6/ k|lt !) ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ . dN6LKn]S; @ ldln nL6/ k|lt ! nL6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ .
ls/f dfg]{ ljifflb klg # k6s :k|] ug]{ . @ k6s km'n v]Ng' eGbf cuf8L / ! k6s kmn nfuL ;s] kl5 . ;fOk/]ldyg÷/f]u/÷ydf]l8g÷! b]lv !=% ldln ln6/ k|lt ! nL6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ . !)–!@ lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ . cfjZostf b]lvPdf csf]{ k6s klg /fVg ;lsG5 .
/f]unfu]sf] b]lvPdf 8fO{y]lgod Pd–$%, a]lei6Lg kfj8/ @–# u|fd k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]nL 5fgL :k|]o/ af6 5g]{ . !) lbgsf] km/sdf cfjZos k/] km]/L 5g]{ .
/f]Kg] t/Lsf M !–@ 306f cufl8 Knfl:6s y}nf lehfpg] To;kl5 An]8n] Knfl:6s
y}nfnfO{ lr/]/ vf8nsf] lar efudf kg]{ u/L a]gf{ ;fg]{ . km'nsf]kL
nufpg] ;do M— ciff9,>fj0f efb| c;f]h c;f]h– sflt{snufpg] b'/L M– hft cg'';f/ km/s x'g ;S5 -nfO{g b]lv nfO{g b'/L ^) ;]=dL=, j]gf{b]lv j]gf{ b'/L $% ;]=dL=dnvfb M– k|lt s7\7f uf]a/ dn &)) s]=hL= l8PkL ^ s]hL, o'l/of % s]hL, kf]6f; # s]hL ljp b/ M– !& b]lv @) u+|fd k|lt s7\7f pTkfbg M k|lt s7\7f %)) b]lv ^%) s]= hL= ;Dd
aGbfsf]kLnufpg] ;do M efb| – c;f]h, c;f]h – k';nufpg] b"/L M nfO{g b]lv nfO{gsf] b'/L ^) ;]=dL= af]6 b]lv
af]6sf] b'/L $% ;]=dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn ^)) s]=hL=, l8PkL $ s]=hL=, o'l/of %=%
s]=hL= kf]6f; # s]=hL= - k|lt s7\7f_lap b/ M !& b]lv @) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !)))–!@)) s]=hL= - k|lt s7\7f _
a|f]sfpnL nufpg] ;do M efb| – c;f]hnufpg] b'/L M nfOg b]lv nfOgsf] b'/L $% ;]=dL= af]6 b]lv
af]6sf] b'/L #) ;]=dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn ^)) s]=hL= l8PkL $ s]=hL= o'l/of %=%
s]=hL= kf]6f; # s]=hL= lap b/ M @)–@% u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M *))– !))) s]=hL=
UofF7sf]kLnufpg] ;do M efb| – c;f]h nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L $) ;]=dL=, af6sf] b'/L #) ;]=dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn ^)) s]=hL=, l8PkL $ s]=hL=, o'l/of % s]=hL=,
kf]6f; # s]=hL=lap b/ M @)–@% u|fd pTkfbg M ^)) –*)) s]=hL=
hUufsf] tof/LM @ jf # k6s @) b]lv @% ;]=dL= ulx/f] x'g] u/L hldg vghf]t
ug]{ . 8Nnf km'6fP/ dl;gf] agfpg] .
l8PkL, kf]6f; ;a} efu, cfwf efu o'l/of / sDkf]i6 dn ;a} hUuf tof/ ubf{ df6f]df ld;fpg] / afsL /x]sf] o'l/ofsf] cfwf nfO{ @ efudf cfwf u/L klxnf] / bf];f]| uf]8d]ndf df6f]df ld;fO 6k8«]; ug]{ .
afnL ;+/If0fM
x/]s ;fF´ / laxfg af/Ldf uP/ t/sf/L sf] /]vb]v ug{' k5{ . olb /f]u / ls/f b]lvPdf tn t/sf/L afnLdf b]lvg] ;d:ofx?df pNn]v eP adf]lhd Aoj:yf ug{' k5{ .
&_ kmn ;d'xsf t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlws_ eG6f M k';f kk{n n+u, k';f Snf:6/, g'sL{, k';f s|flGt, ;nf{xL
xl/of] v_ uf]ne]+8f M k';f ?la, /f]df, dgf]k|]S;, Prcf/l8 !, ^, l;Pn !!#!,
u|]:sf] !, nK;Lu]8], gljg, Pg P; *!%, dlgiff, u_ le08L - /fdtf]l/of_ M k';f ;fpgL, sn]d;g, :kfOgn];, ;u'g / :yfgLo3_ v';f{gL M k';f Hjfnf, ofT;'k'm;f, PgkL $^, PgP; !
&)!, !!)!, ;'o{d'vLª_ e]+8] v';f{gL M Soflnkmf]lg{of j08/, sf]lxg'/, PgP; $##, a]n
j08/, xfQL;'F8]
eG6f nufpg] ;do M efb| – c;f]h nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L ^) ;]=dL=, af]6sf] b'/L $%;]=dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn %))–^)) s]=hL=, l8PkL $ s]=hL=, o'l/of $=%
s]=hL=, kf]6f; # s]=hL=lap b/ M @) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !)))– !%)) s]=hL=
uf]ne]+8f nufpg] ;do M efb| – c;f]h nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L ^) ;]=dL=, af]6sf]b'/L $% ;]=dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn &))–!))) s]=hL=, l8PkL $ s]=hL=, o'l/of
%s]=hL=, kf]6f; # s]=hL=
lap b/ M @) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !)))–!@)) s]=hL=
le08L - /fdtf]l/of _ nufpg] ;do M df3 – ciff9nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L %) ;]=dL= af]6sf] b'/L #) ;]=dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn &)) s]=hL= l8PkL # s]=hL=, o'l/of # s]=hL=,
kf]6f; # s]=hL=lap b/ M %)) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M ^))–*)) s]=hL=
v';f{gL nufpg] ;do M efb| – c;f]h – d+;L/ nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b"/L $% ;]=dL= af]6sf] b'/L #) ;]=dL=dnvffb M uf]a/ dn ^)) s]=hL=, l8PkL $s]=hL=, o'l/of % s]=hL=,
kf]6f; # s]=hL= lap b/ M @) u|fdpTkfbg M ^)) – *)) s]=hL= -xl/of]_ pGgt hft ePdf @)) – @%) s]=hL= - ;'s]sf] _
e]+8] v';f{gLnufpg] ;do M efb| – c;f]h – sflt{s nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L $% ;]=dL= af]6sf] b'/L $% ;]=dL= dnvfb M uf]a/ dn ^)) s]=hL=, l8PkL $ s]=hL= o'l/of %=% s]=hL= kf]6f; @ s]=hL= lap b/ M !%– @) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _ pTkfbg M $))–^)) s]=hL=hUufsf] tof/LM
@ jf # k6s @) b]lv @% ;]=dL= ulx/f] x'g] u/L hldg vghf]t ug]{ .
8Nnf km'6fP/ dl;gf] agfpg] . l8PkL, kf]6f; ;a} efu, cfwf efu o'l/of / sDkf]i6 dn ;a} hUuf
tof/ ubf{ df6f]df ld;fpg] / afsL /x]sf] o'l/ofsf] cfwf nfO{ @ efudf cfwf u/L klxnf] / bf];f]| uf]8d]ndf df6f]df ld;fO 6k8«]; ug]{ .
afnL ;+/If0fMx/]s ;fF´ / laxfg af/Ldf uP/ t/sf/L sf] /]vb]v ug{' k5{ . olb /f]u / ls/f b]lvPdf tn t/sf/L afnLdf b]lvg] ;d:ofx?df pNn]v eP adf]lhd Aoj:yf ug{' k5{ .
*_ nx/] ;d'xsf t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw-s_ sfFs|f] M eStk'/ nf]sn, s';n], lgGhf, dflngL, hfkfgL nªlu|g, lk|of, KjfOG6 ;]6v_ km;L{ ÷:sjf; M u|] h'lsgL, Anfs Ao'6Lu_ ltt] s/]nf M sf]oDa6'/ ;]tf], dx]sf] u|Lg, hf}gk'/L, km}hfjfbL, emNnf/L3_ nf}sf M ;d/ kf]|lnlkms n+u, u'6sfª_ lrlr08f]M :yflgo, xfOla|8;, :j]6f, co-1, csf{ lztn
sfFs|f]nufpg] ;do M df3 – h]7 nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L !=% dL= af]6sf] b'/L ! dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn &)) s]=hL= l8PkL @=% s]=hL= o'l/of # s]=hL= kf]6f; !=% s]=hL=lap b/ M $) –%) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _
pTkfbg M !))) – !@)) s]=hL=
km;L{ ÷:sjf;nufpg] ;do M df3 – h]7 nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L ! dL= af]6sf] b'/L ^) ;]= dL=dnvfb M uf]a/ dn &)) s]=hL= l8PkL $=% s]=hL= o'l/of $ s]=hL= kf]6f; @=% s]hLlap b/ M ^) –&) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M *)) – !))) s]=hL=
ltt] s/]nf nufpg] ;do M df3–h]7 nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L !=% dL= af]6sf b'/L ^) ;]= dL= dnvfb M uf]a/ dn &)) s]=hL= l8PkL # s]=hL= o'l/of # s]hL, kf]6f; !=% s]hLlap b/ M &) – *) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !))) –!@)) s]hL
nf}sf nufpg] ;do M df3–h]7 nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L @ dL= af]6sf] b'/L @ dL= dnvfb M uf]a/ dn &)) s]hL, l8PkL # s]hL, o'l/of # s]hL, kf]6f; !=% s]hLlapb/ M &) – *) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !@)) – !%)) s]hL
lrlr08f]nufpg] ;do M df3–h]7 nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L !=% dL= af]6sf] b'/L !=% dL=
dnvfb M uf]a/ dn &)) s]hL, l8PkL # s]hL, o'l/of # s]hL, kf]6f; !=% s]hLlapb/ M !%) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !@)) – !%)) s]hL
hUufsf] tof/LM @ jf # k6s @) b]lv @% ;]=dL= ulx/f] x'g] u/L hldg vghf]t
ug]{ . 8Nnf km'6fP/ dl;gf] agfpg] .
l8PkL, kf]6f; ;a} efu, cfwf efu o'l/of / sDkf]i6 dn ;a} hUuf tof/ ubf{ df6f]df ld;fpg] / afsL /x]sf] o'l/ofsf] cfwf nfO{ @ efudf cfwf u/L klxnf] / bf];f]| uf]8d]ndf df6f]df ld;fO 6k8«]; ug]{ .
afnL ;+/If0fMx/]s ;fF´ / laxfg af/Ldf uP/ t/sf/L sf] /]vb]v ug{' k5{ . olb /f]u / ls/f b]lvPdf tn t/sf/L afnLdf b]lvg] ;d:ofx?df pNn]v eP adf]lhd Aoj:yf ug{' k5{ .
(_ h/] t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw h/] ;d'xsf t/sf/L afnLx? / hft s_ d'nf M JxfO6 g]s, ldg'cnL{, Ko'7fg] /ftf], 6f]sLgf;L, cn l;hgn, $) lbg] d'nfv_ ufh/ M gfG6L;, RofG6]gL / :yfgLou_ ;nud M kk{n 6k, JxfO6 Unf]j, :yfgLo
d'nfnufpg] ;do M ebf}–c;f]hnufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L #) ;]= dL= af]6sf] b'/L !@ ;]= dL=
dnvfb M uf]a/ dn !^)) s]hL, l8PkL != s]hL, o'l/of !=%s]hL, kf]6f; ! s]hLlapb/ M @)) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !))) – !%)) s]hL k|lt s7\7f ufh/
nufpg] ;do M c;f]h –sflt{s nufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L $% ;]= dL= af]6sf] b'/L #) ;]= dL= dnvfb M uf]a/ dn !^)) s]hL, l8PkL ! s]hL, o'l/of ! s]hL, kf]6f; !=% s]hLlapb/M @)) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M !))) – !%)) s]hL k|lt s7\7f ;nud
nufpg] ;do M c;f]h –sflt{snufpg] b'/L M nfOgsf] b'/L $% ;]= dL= af]6sf] b'/L #) ;]= dL= dnvfb M uf]a/ dn !^)) s]hL, l8PkL !=% s]hL, o'l/of ! s]hL, kf]6f; @ s]hLlapb/ M !%) u|fd - k|lt s7\7f _pTkfbg M $)) – ^)) s]hL k|lt s7\7f
afnL ;+/If0f ;do ;dodf d'nf, ;nud tyf ufh/ v]tLdf /f]u ls/fsf] k|sf]k lg/LIf0f ul/ /f]syfd sf pkfo ckgfpg] . afnL lnbf ;se/ l7s ;fO{hsf] l7s} j]nf lng ;Sg' k5{ . d'nf kmf]S;g] x'bf jhf/ efp gkfpg ;S5 . t;y{ ;dodf slnn} cj:yfdf jfnL lng] ;kmf ;'Uu/ wf]O{ kvfnL d'7f agfO{ ljqmL ug'{ k5{ .
!)_ ;fukft t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw kl/ro
kft vfg] t/sf/Lx? hf] xl/o} 5bf vfO{G5 . xl/of] t/sf/L /fof], rD;'/, :jL:rf8,{ kfn'+uf], d]yL, n6], j]y], s/sNnf], lh/Lsf] ;fu, ;f}km cfbL t/sf/L x? ;fukft t/sf/Lx?df kb{5g . xl/of ;fukft vfgfn] zl//nfO{ k|z;:t dfqdf le6fdLg P, lj, ;L, O{, / cfo/g h:tf tTjx? klg k|fKt x'G5 . h'g zl//sf] nflu clt nfebflos x'G5 . le6fldg P sf] sdL ePdf /tGwf] /f]u nfU5 . t;y{ o:tf] /f]uaf6 arfpg ;fukft t/sf/Lx? k|To]s 5fsdf #) k|ltztdf t/sf/L vfg' h?/L x'G5 .
xfjfkfgL ;fukft t/sf/L pRr kxf8 b]lv t/fO{ ;Dd v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . of] v]tL t/fO{df / dWo kxf8df lxpbsf] j]nf / pRr kxf8df udL{ ofddf v]tL ul/G5 . o;n] lxpbdf t'iff/f] ;xg ;S5 / udL{ofddf l56f] j[4L ljsf; x'G5 . df6f] k|z:t k|fËfl/s dn ePsf] xn'sf bf]d6 df6f] ;fukftsf] nfu /fd|f] x'G5 . df6f]df ;w} lr:ofg ;w} /xg ;Sg] j9L kfgL aflx/ hfg ;Sg] lgsf; ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
hftx? M /fof] -v'dnrf}8fkft, dfkmf{ rf}8fkft, v'dn/ftf]kft_dnvfb M– sDkf]i6 dn, &)) b]vL *)) s]hL l8PkL # s]hL o'/Lof $ s]hL kf]6f; @ s]hL k|tL s7\7fsf b/n] /fVg] . aLp b/ M– k|lts7\7f @) u|fd nufpg] b'/L M– nfO{g b]lv nfO{g #) ;]=dL= af]6 b]lv af]6 @) ;]= dL= .pTkfbg M– k|tL s7\7f !))) b]lv !%)) s]hL .hft M:jL:rf8{ M– kmf]8x'{s hfofG6
kfn'+uf] M– :yfgLo hfkfgL rdr'/ M– :yfgLo dnvfb M sDkf]i6 M &)) b]lv *)) s]hL l8PkL M # fs]hL o'l/of M $ s]hL kf]6f; M # s]hL nufpg] b'/L M nfO{g b]vL nfO{g #) ;]= dL= af]6 b]lv af]6 !% ;]dL aLpb/ M ##) u|fd
n6]sf] ;fu M dnvfb M sDkf]i6 M &)) b]lv *)) s]hL l8PkL M # s]hL o'l/of M $ s]hL kf]6f; M @ s]hL nufpg] b'/L M nfO{g b]vL nfO{g @) ;]dL af]6 b]lv af]6 !) ;]dL pTkfbg M– k|lt s7=\7f @)) b]lv #)) s]hL
a]gf{ pdfg]{ M ! dL6/ rf}8fO{ tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ #– % ld6/ nDafO{sf] g;{/L agf[pg' k5{ . /fd|f] ;+u vghf]t u/L sDkf]i6 dn /fvL ;Dd kf/]/ @) u|fd jLp /fof] k|lt s7\7fnfO{ k'Ug] u/L df6f]df jLp ld;fO{ nfO{g jf l;b} a|f]8sf:6 u/]/ 5g'{ k5{ . pd|L ;s]/ @÷# kft ePkl5 .! k|ltzt o'l/ofsf emf]n 5s{gj] $÷% kft] ePkl5 a]gf{ pv]nL v]]tdf nuL ;fg'{ k5{ . /fof] / :jL:rf8{ nfO{ a]gf{ agfO{ ;fg]{ / c? ;fukft nfO{ l;w} 5g]{ ug'{ k5{ .
hUufsf] tof/L M @÷# k6s /fd|f] ;+u vghf]t u/L 8\ofu+ agfO{ lgDg adf]lhd dnvfb k|of]uu/L a]gf{ ;fg'{ k5{ tf]lsPsf] l8PkL, kf]6f; ;a} efu, cfwf efu o'l/of / sdkf]i6 dn ;a} Ps k6s df6f]df ld;fpg] / o'l/ofsf] cfwf efu afsL /fvL kl5 af]6 a9fpg] a]nfdf 6k8«]; ug]{ .
a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do M– t/fO{df efb| b]vL d+;L/ a]gf{ ;f/]sf] ! dlxgf b]lv l6Kg nfPs x'G5 .
afnL ;+/If0f M– ;do ;dodf afnL ;+/If0fsf pkfPx? ckgfpg' k5{ . ;fukft t/sf/L afnLdf /f]u tyf ls/fn] gf]S;fg ug]{ ub{5g\ . To;sf/0f klxrfg ul/ ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;fukft t/sf/Ldf s8f ljiffbL k|of]u gu/L g'efg h:tf xnsf ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . ljiffbL 5/]sf] &–* lbg kl5 t/sf/L vfg ;lsG5 . Ps kN6 t/sf/L sfl6;s]kl5 k'gM dn hnsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 / knfP/ cfpFb5 . pGgt cfn' v]tL k|ljlw kl/roM
laleGg s[lif ;d'bfox? 4f/f cfkm\g} tf}/ tl/sf cg';f/ cfn' v]tL ul/ cfPsf] kfO{G5 . To;} sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] laleGg 7fp+ / aftfj/0f cg';f/ cfn'sf] pTkfbg klg km/s km/s g} b]lvG5 .cfn' v]tLsf] d'Vo p4]Zo df6f]sf] k|lt OsfO{ If]qkmn af6 clwstd\ pTkfbsTj xfl;n ug'{ xf] , h;sf] lgldTt pGgt v]tLsf tl/sfx? ckgfpg' kg]{ lgtfGt cfaZostf kb{5 .
cfn'sf l;kmfl/; hft tyf hflto laz]iftfcfn'sf] dxTjM–
cfn' g]kfn nufot laZjs} Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ gub] afnL xf] . o;af6 c? cGg tyf vfBfGg afnLsf] t'ngfdf k|lt O{sfO{ hldgaf6 yf]/} ;dodf clws pTkfbg, cfDbfgL tyf a9L pi0f zlQm - Sofnf]/L _ kfO{G5 . Ps ;o u|fd tfhf cfn'sf] k|of]u af6 &%–*% Sofnf]/L zlQmL k|bfg ub{5 . a|Ll6; d]l8sn P;f]l;o;gsf] l;kmfl/; cfg';f/ dflg;n] k|lt lbg !@%–!%) u|fd cfn'sf] ;]jg u/]df zl//sf] nfuL cfaZos kg]{ le6fldg–;L sf] dfqf k'/f x'g ;Sb5 . cfn'sf] af]qmf glhs} laleGg kf}i6Ls kbfy{x? x'g] ePsf]n] cfn' tf5]/ k|of]u ug'{ 7Ls x'+b}g .
clk|msg l/;r{ sfpGl;nsf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ k|lt lbg %)).^)) u|fd cfn'sf] ;]jg ub}{ uPdf zl//sf] df]6fkf sd u/fp+5 / X\bo /f]usf] ;Defjgf nfO{ sd u/fp+5, ;fy} /Qmrfk, /utsf] sdL, cDnlkQ cflbsf] nfuL nfebfos x'G5 .
of] afnL g]kfnsf] laleGg If]qdf Pp6f cToGt pkof]uL afnL xf] . t/fO{, leqL dB]z, tyf dWo] kxf8L e]udf of] t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 eg] pRr kxf8L e]udf of] Pp6f k|d'v vfBfGgsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ klg k|rng 5 .
cfn' laleGg t/sf/Lx? ;+u laleGg kl/sf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;a} ju{n] sl/a sl/a ;fn e/L g} cGo s'g} t/sf/L eGbf a9L k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ .
cfn'df k|z:t dfqfdf sfaf]{xfO{8]6 -*! k|ltzt_ kfO{G5 . h'g zl//sf] Sofnf]/L -pi0f zlQ _ k'lt{df 7'nf] e'ldsf v]Nb5 . cfn'df sfaf]{xfO{8]6sf] ;fy} k|f]6Lg-!=& % _ , af];f]-)=! % _, SofNl;od - !) mg/ !)) g _ , DofUg]lzod -@) mg/ !)) g _, km;kmf]/; -$) mg/ !)) g , cfO{/g- )=& mg /!)), ;f]l8od !!=( mg,kf]6fl;od - @&$ mg ,sk/ -)=@) mg _, uGws #& mg , Nsf]l/g !^ mg , le6fldg aL–!, yfoldg )=! mg , le6fldg aL–@ )=)! mg - /fO{af]]Nkmf]leg_, le6fldg ;L–!& mg, gfol;g !=@ mg kfO{G5 . o;af6 k|lt !)) u|fddf (( Sofnf]/L pknJw x'G5 . cfn' vfBfGg tyf t/sf/Ldf k|of]u x'g'sf] ;fy} o;af6 lrK; nufot
cGo kl/sf/sf] ?kdf ;d]t k|of]u x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy} cf}Bf]lus kbfy{ cNsf]xn :6fr{ cflb pTkfbg ul/G5 . auL{s/0f M– cfn'nfO{ tof/ x'g] cjlw cg';f/ l56f], dWo]d tyf l9nf] cjlw, af]qmfsf] /¨ /ftf], ;]tf]sf] cfwf/df, prfO{ cg';f/ kxf8 tyf t/fO{df nufpg] lsl;dn], k|of]usf] cfwf/df lrK;, t/sf/Lsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L afnL tof/ x'g] cjlwsf] cfwf/df cNksfnLg - *)–() lbg_, dWo] sfnLg - ()–!!) lbg_ tyf l9nf] jf bL3{sfndf tof/ x'g] hft !!) lbg eGbf a9L nfUb5 . g]kfndf s]xL k|rlnt cfn'sf hftx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .-s_ l56f] tof/ x'g] hftx?–!= s'lk|m l;Gb'/L M–
l9nf] u/L tof/ x'g] t/fO{ If]qsf] nfuL of] Pp6f pQd hft xf] . o;sf] af]6 cUnf] sd k}mlng] tyf afSnf] x'G5 . kft uf9f xl/of] /¨sf] x'G5 . sd pj{/fzlQm ePsf] df6f]df klg o;nfO{ nufpg ;lsG5 . 5f]6f] lbg cjlwsf] nfuL of] pko"Qm hft xf] . u]8f dWod cfsf/sf], xNsf /ftf] tyf uf]nf] x'G5 . cf“vf ulx/f] tyf u'bL xn'sf k“x]nf] /¨sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ clws ;do;Dd e08f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] pTkfbg $)) d]=6g= k|lt x]S6/ jf @) SjLG6n k|lt /f]kgL jf !$ SjLG6n k|lt s¶f ;Dd lng ;lsG5 .@ = v'dn /ftf] – @ M –
of] hft t/fO{ Pj+ leqL dB]zdf x'G5 . of] 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/ x'g] hft xf] , o;sf] nfuL sl/a (% lbg cjlw eP k'U5 / pTkfbg #^ d]=6g= k|lt x]S6/ 5 .#= s'lk|m nflndf M
of] hft s'lk|m l;Gb'/L ;+u ldNbf] h'Nbf] hft xf] . afnL !)) lbgdf tof/ x'G5 . o;df u]8f l56f] nfUb5 . ct M ^)–&) lbg b]lv g} lgsfn]/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . u]8f /ftf], uf]nf] tyf dWod cfsf/sf] x'G5 . o;df cf“vf sd ulx/f], u]8f a9L /ftf] tyf /fd|f] x'G5 . o;sf]
pTkfbg k|lt k|lt x]S6/ $)) SjLG6n jf k|lt /f]kgL @) SjL6n jf k|lt s¶f !# SjLG6n x'G5 .-v_ dWod cjlwsf hftx?M–!= 8]lh/] M–
of] klg l56f] x'g] hft xf] tyf kj{lto Pj+ t/fO{ b'a} If]qdf o;sf] v]tL ug{;lsG5 . o;sf] af]6 xf]rf], gkm}lng] tyf kftnf] x'G5 . 8f+7 dWod df]6fO{, kft rf}8f tyf xNsf k“x]nf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ sl/a !!) lbg tof/ x'g nfU5 . o;df u]8fsf] lasf; l56f] x'G5 . u]8f xn'sf /ftf], lrNnf], nfDrf] x'G5 . h;sf] cfsf/ Ps lt/ df]6f] / csf]{ lt/ kftnf] eP/ hfG5 . u'bL xn'sf k“x]nf] / ;fx|f] x'G5 . vfgsf] nfuL of] hft ;a} eGbf :jflbnf] 5 .@= sfl8{gn M–
l56f] tof/ x'g] t/fO{ tyf kj{lto If]qsf] nfuL of] pQd hft xf] . o;sf] af]6 cUnf], k}mlng] tyf afSnf] x'G5 , 8f+7 df]6f], kft rf}8f tyf xl/of] afSnf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ sl/a !!) lbg tof/ x'g nfU5 . o;df u]8fsf] lasf; l56f] x'G5 . u]8f xn'sf /ftf], nfDrf] cfsf/sf] x'G5 . o;sf] u'bL xn'sf k“x]nf] tyf ;fx|f] x'G5 . o;nfO{ l56f] vgL leqfpg' kb{5 . cGoyf u]8f k'm6\g] tyf vf]qmf] x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o;af6 $) d]=6g= k|lt x]S6/ jf @) SjLG6n k|lt /f]kgL jf !$ SjLG6n k|lt s¶f pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .#= Pg=P;=cfO{= ! M–
of] Pp6f j0f{z+s/ hft xf] of] cf=j= @)%$.)%% df bf¨, ;Nofg tyf Ko'7fgsf] laleGg xfjfkfgL If]qdf k|bz{g ul/Psf] yLof] . o;sf] af]6 cUnf] tyf l9nf] x'g] hft xf] . af]6 cUnf], km}lng] tyf :j:y x'G5 . kft rf}8f, df]6f] tyf 8f+7 df]6f] x'G5 . kmn ;]tf] tyf 7'nf] x'G5 . o;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf %) d]=6g= k|lt x]S6/ jf @% SjL6n k|lt /f]kgL jf !^ SjLG6n k|lt s¶f x'G5 . of] hft 89'jf /f]usf] w]/} xb;Dd k|lt/f]wL -cj/f]lw_ 5 .
$ = Pg=P;=cfO{= # M– of] hft klg Pg=P;=cfO{= ! ;+u ldNbf] h'Nbf] vfnsf] 5 / o;sf]
pTkfbg Ifdtf%) d]=6g= k|lt x]S6/ jf @% SjLG6n k|lt /f]kgL jf !^ SjG6n k|lt s¶f 5 .%= Pg=P;=cfO{= ^ M–
Pg=P;=cfO{= ! h:t} 5 t/ kmnsf] af]qmf ;fx|f], afSnf] / cf“vf /ftf] u'nfjL /¨sf] x'G5 . o;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf %@ d]=6g= k|lt x]S6/ jf @^ SjLG6n k|lt /f]kgL jf !* SjLG6n k|lt s¶f 5 .^= v'dn ;]tf] – ! M–
t/fO{, leqL dB]z, a]+zL, dWo Pj+ pRr kxf8df ug{ ;lsG5 . afnL tof/ x'g .of] hftsf] cfn' tof/ x'g !!) lbg nfUb5 / pTkfbg #* d]=6g= k|lt x]S6/ 5 . &= hgsb]j M–
of] hftsf] cfn' t/fO{, a];L, dWo Pj+ pRr kxf8df ug{ ;lsG5 . afnL tof/ x'gsf] nfuL !!) lbg nfUb5 eg] pTkfbg #( d]=6g=k|lt x]S6/ x'g ;Sb5 . of] cfn' v'dn ;]tf] h:t} 5 .-u_ l9nf] tof/ x'g] hftx?M–!= s'lk|m Hof]tL M–
s'lk|m Hof]tL kj{lto If]qsf] nfuL clt pQd hft xf] . o;nfO{ tof/ x'g !!)–!@) lbg nfU5 . o;df u]8fsf] lasf; Psbd l56f] x'G5 . u]8f ;]tf], 7'nf], r]K6f] tyf c08fsf/sf] x'G5 . of] 89'jf /f]usf] cj/f]ws xf] . clws aif{fn] klg o;sf] kmn s'lx+b}g tyf jf6{ -Wart_ /f]usf] cj/f]ws xf] o;nfO{ l56f] lgsfNg' k5{ . cGoyf kmn vf]qmf] / km'6\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . of] hftsf] cfn' 89'jf /f]usf] klg s]xL xb ;Dd k|lt/f]wL xf] . o;sf] pTkfbg #) d=]6g= k|lt x]S6/ jf !% SjLG6n k|lt /f]kgL jf !) SjLG6n k|lt s¶f pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .@= s'lk|m afbzfx M–
o; hftdf 89'jf ;xg ;Sg] clws Ifdtf 5 . af]6 km}lnPsf] afSnf] tyf cUnf] x'G5 . kft rf}8f, 7'nf], xNsf xl/of] tyf 8f+7 slnnf] x'G5 . kmn uf]nf], xNsf k“x]nf], cf“vf uf9f /ftf] x'G5 . o;sf] afnL !@) lbgdf tof/ x'G5 . o; af6 k|lt x]S6/ $) d]=6g= jf @) SjLG6n k|lt /f]kgL jf !# SjLG6n k|lt s¶f pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . #= 6L ))!@M– of] cfn' nfO{ hfkfgLh cfn' klg eGg] rng 5 . o;sf] af]6 7f8f] tyf uf9f xl/of] x'G5 . o:sf] kmn 7'nf] /ftf] lrNnf] lgs} cfsif{s vfNsf] x'G5 .$= d}Ugd af]g;M–
o;sf] af]6 cUnf] tyf lkmsf xl/of] /Ësf] x'G5 . kmnsf] cfsf/ dWod tyf s]lx nfDrf] k/]sf] ;]tf] x'G5 .%= ck6'8]6M–
of] ;]tf] /Ësf] cfn' xf] . o:sf] af]6 cUnf] tyf lkmsf xl/of] / af]6 cln sl;Psf] x'G5 .
^= la6]M– of] /ftf] cfn' xf] . o;sf] af]6 cUnf] tyf xl/of] x'G5 . kmnsf]
cfsf/df 7'nf] x'G5 . pkef]Qmfx?n] of] cfn' nfO{ la|6L; cfn' klg eGg] k|rng 5 .&= :yflgo uf]nf] /ftf]M–
o;sf] af]6 7f8f] k/]sf], alnof] / kft uf9f xl/of] x'G5 . af]6 l5lkPtf klg o:sf] af]6df cfn'e]8f nfUb}g . cfn'sf] bfgf ;fgf] uf]nfsf/ t/ b'a} 6'Kkf clnst p7]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . of] hftsf] cfn' df};dLdf s]lx u8a8L x'gf ;fy laleGg lsl;dsf /f]ux?n] cfqmd0f ug{ yfNb5 .
hUufsf] tof/LMlap /f]Kg' cl3 vghf]t ug]{ eg]sf] la?jfn] kf}li6s cfxf/ tTj lng]
7fp+df h/f l56f] / /fd|f] aLpsf] Jof8 tof/ ug'{ xf] . tfklg oL
b'O{ laeflht sfd dWo] Pp6f cyjf b'a} slt k6s rflxG5 eGg] s'/f df6f]sf] lsl;d, lr:ofgsf] l:ytL O{Toflbdf e/ kb{5 . a9L vghf]t ugf{n] df6f]sf s0fx? Psbd vf+lbP/ sl;g hfg ;S5 h;af6 lgDg lnlvt glthf x'g hfG5 . 6';f l9nf] lg:sg . sd ultnf] la?jf . h/f ulx/f] hfg / cfn' kmNg lg?T;fxL x'g] / cfn' kmNg] ulx/fO{ sd
x'G5 . vfgf ;f]:g] h/fx? sd lasl;t x'G5g\ . df6f]sf] lr:ofg / xfjf sd x'g hfG5 . h/fsf] ePsf] If]qdf df6f]sf] tfkfqmd al9 x'G5 . pTkfbsTj 36\g hfG5 .
la?jf pd|g cuf8L vghf]t eg]sf] aLp /f]kL ;s]kl5 la?jf pd|g'cl3 ef/L aiff{ ePsf] v08df vf;u/L xNsf df6f]df 8Nnf kmf]g]{ xf] .
la?jf pd|L ;s]kl5 vghf]t eg]sf] 3f+; lgoGq0f ug{ / 8\ofË agfpg ug]{ sfd xf] . hxf+ l;rfO 5 / ;Dej 5, To; If]qdf 8\ofË agfP/ cfn' /f]Kg v]t tof/ ul/G5 . t/ cl;lrt If]qdf h/f nfUg] 7fp+df lr:ofg agfpg nfO{ ;dy/ Jof8dfg} cfn' /f]Kg] ul/G5 . 8\ofË agfpgfn] lgDg lnlvt kmfO{bfx? x'G5g\ .
l;rfO ubf{ cyjf aiff{ x'+bf kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgoGq0f x'G5 . h/f nfUg] 7fp+df df6f]sf] lr:ofg ;+/If0f x'G5 . xl/of] cfn'sf] ;+Vof sd x'G5 .cfn' a9\g] efudf df6f]sf] tfkfqmd
7Ls dfqfdf sfod x'G5 .
/f]Kg] lap a:t'sf] tof/LM/f]Kg' eGbf cuf8L 6';fpg] / sf6\g] h:tf cg]sf}+ lap pkrf/x? ul/G5 .
6';fpg] sfd M olb af]6 l56f] pdfg'{ 5 eg] aLp /f]Kg' eGbf cl3 6';fpg nfO{ /fVg h?/L x'G5 .aLp cfn' sDtLdf cf+vf v'n]sf] x'g' kb{5 . 6';f sl/a !.@ ;] =dL cyjf cfwf O{Gr nfdf] ePdf cem} /fd|f] x'G5 . 6';f alnof] x'g' kb{5 . lsgeg] /f]Kg] a]nfdf 6';;f ef+r]/ cyjf 3fp rf]6 nfu]/ /f]usf lhjf0f'n] cfqmd0f ug{ gkfpg\ . pHofnf] / dWod tfkfqmddf alnof / xl/of 6';fsf] lasf; x'G5 . aLp zfl//Ls pd]/n] k'/fgf] x'g] a]nfdf /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] 6';fpg nufpg' kb{5 .
cfn'sf] aLp sf6\g]M aLpsf] cfn' sf6\g] w]/} 7fp+df rlncfPsf] ;fdfGo rng g} xf] . of] k|rngn] ubf{ cfn' jfnLdf Psf tL/ /f]u km}nfpg] sfd ub{5 eg] csf]{ tL/ sf6LPsf] aLpg} ;8\g hfg] x'G5 .
aLp s'lxg] / /f]u sd ug{sf] nfuL tnsf a'+bfx?df Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . k'/fgf] cfn'nfO{ sf6\g' x'+b}g . w]/} /f]usf hLjf0f' ePsf] aLp cfn' gsf6\g] . sfl6Psf ;tx nfO{ ;'Sg glbg] . cfn' sf6\g' jg]{ l:ytLdf tLvf] /f]u /lxt kf/]sf] rSs'sf] k|of]u ug]{ . cfn' sf6\g' eGbf klxn] /f]u lgjf/s pkrf/ ug]{ . /f]Kg' eGbf @ lbg klxn] aLp cfn' sf6\g] / sl/j !% l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8
tfkfqmd ePsf] 7fp+df /fv]/ kq hDg lbg] . k|To]s aLpsf] 6'qmfdf @ b]lv # j6f 6';f /xg lbg] . tfhf sf6LPsf] ;txdf 8fO{y]g Pd $% jf a]le:6Lg @ b]lv # u|fd k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n agfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ .aLpsf] ;fO{h, aLpb/ / /f]Kg] b'/LM
-s_ aLpsf] ;fO{h - k|sf/_ @% blv %) u|fd ;fO{h ePsf] aLpsf] 6'qmf cS;/ u/L cfn' pTkfbgsf nfuL k|of]u ug'{ a]; x'G5 .-v_ aLp b//f]Kg] b'/L aLpsf] ;fO{h Ps /f]kgLsf] nfuL rflxg] aLp
^% x !% !) u|fd %) s]=hL &) x @) @) ,, &) ,,&) x @% @) ,, %% ,,&) x @% @% ,, &) ,,&) x @% #) ,, *) ,,&) x @% $) ,, !)%,,&% x #) %) ,, !!),,/f]Kg] ;doM
cfn' /f]Kg] ;do d'Vo u/L /f]Kg] a]nf / To;kl5 eI{ /xg] tfkfqmd /]s8{df e/ kb{5 . la?jf x's{g] laleGg ;dosf] cfaZos tfkfqmd nfO{ ;'xfpg] u/L /f]Kg] sfo{ tflnsf ldnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg] la?jf x's{g] laleGg ca:yfsf] df6f]sf] tfkqmdn] 6';f pd|g], h/f a9\g], cfn' aGg] / a9\g] tyf cGtdf pTkfbsTjnfO{ c;/ kf5{ . /f]Kg] lbgn] klg vlgh cfxf/f tTjx? vf;u/L gfO{6|\f]hg ;+u cfk;L n]gb]g k|s[ofdf c;/ ub{5 . la?jf pd|g] / lasf; x'g] b]lv cfn' aGg] ;do ;Dd df6f]sf] tfkfqmd
a9L ePdf l56f] pd|g] / a9\g] x'G5 , t;y{ oL a]nfdf tfkfqmd 36\g' afG5lgo x'+b}g .
cfn' aGg] / o;sf] lasf; x'g] ca:yfdf df6f]sf] tfkfqmd sd x'g' cfn' kmNgsf nfuL a9L ;'xfp+bf] x'G5 . o; a]nfdf a9L tfkfqmd ePdf pTkfbsTj 36\g hfg] x'G5 .
cfn' 7'nf] eP/ a9\g] / l5KkLg ;'?x'g] avtdf df6f]sf] tfkfqmd a9L ePdf pTkfbsTj a9L x'G5 .
/f]Kg] ;dodf xfjfsf] tfkfqmd a9L eof] eg] pd|g] / To;kl5 a9\g] ;dodf c;/ kfb{5 .
t/fO{ If]qdf /f]Kg] ;do To;a]nf x'G5, ha clwstd\ tfkfqmd #)—#@ l8u|L ;]Nl;o; x'G5 / cfn' aGg Tolta]nf x'G5, ha Go"gtd tfkfqmd !%—@) l8u|L ;]Nl;o; x'G5 .
kxf8df clwstd\ tfkfqmd @)—@@ l8u|L ;]Nl;o; / Go"gtd\ tfkfqmd !@—!% l8u|L ;]Nl;o; k'Ubf cfn' /f]Kg] sfd z'? x'G5 .
vf; cfn' /f]Kg] ;do pRr kxf8df==============r}q / a}zfv, h]i7 / cfiff9, kmfNu'0f / r}q .
,, ,, dWo] kxf8df============== df3 / kmfNu'0f, efb| dlxgf .
,, ,, tNnf] kxf8df============= sflt{s / d+l;/ dlxgf .
,, ,, t/fO{df===================== sflt{s, d+l;/ / kf}if dlxgf .
cfn' /f]Kg] tl/sfM p7fO{Psf] 8\ofË - Jof8_ leq 3';f/]/ . klxnf] ;dy/ Jof8df /f]Kg] / To;kl5 5f]Kg ps]/f lbg] . ;dy/ hldgdf s'n];f] agfpg], To;kl5 dn / aLp xfNg] df6f]n]] 5f]Kg]
/ ;Dofpg] . hldg vg]/ v's'nf] agfpg], To;kl5 dn / aLp xfNg] df6f]n]
5f]Kg] / ;Dofpg] . df6f]sf] l9:sf] agfP/ aLp 3';fP/ /f]Kg] .
cfn'sf] aLof+ af6 cfn' v]tL k|lalw
k[i7e"ldM–cfn' Ps t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf nLO{g] afnL xf] . o;df kfO{g] kf}i6Lssf]
b[i6Lsf]0fn] cfn' Ps pQd vfB kbfy{df klg ulgG5 . o;df pknJw x'g ;Sg sfaf]{xfO{8|\]6 k|f]6Lg tyf vlgh kbfy{n] ubf{ vfBfGgsf] cefjdf o:sf] lgs} 7'nf] dxTj x'g cfp+5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg' kbf{ cfn' Ps ;a} t/sf/Lsf] /fhf xf] . lsgeg] h'g;'s} t/sf/Ldf klg of] ;lhn} ldNg ;Sb5 / :jfp+5 klg . cfn' lxdfnL e]usf dflg;x?sf] nfuL vfBfGgsf] abnfdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;sf] cnfjf o:tf :yfgx?df cfn's} bfn / cfn's} crf/ agfO{ vfg] klg Tolts} rng b]lvG5 . g]kfn ef}uf]lns w/ftlno Pad\ hnafo"sf] k|r'/ lalawtfsf] / las6tfsf] b]z ePsf] x'gfn] clwstd\ s[ifs ;+Vofdf Go"gtd] e"–:jldTj, cw{ a]/f]huf/ tyf a]/f]huf/ dlxnfx?sf] afx'Notf ePsf]n] pQm hgzQmLnfO{ kl/rfng ug{sf] nfuL laBdfg u'0f:t/ o"Qm aLp cfn'sf] cefjnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ "laof+ af6 cfn' v]tL" u/L sd eGbf sd nufgL ug]{ / pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 Nofpg ;lsPsf] v08df s[lif If]qsf] lasf;df 7'nf] ;]jf 6]jf ldNg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
cfn'sf] aLof+ eg]sf] s] xf] ? cfn'sf] af]6df km'n nfu]/ uf]ne]8f h:tf] kmn kmNb5 / oLg}
kmn leq ePsf aLof+x?g} vf; cfn'sf] aLp tyf aLof+ x'g\ . oL aLof+x? nfO{ ;fjwfgL ;+u pkof]u u/]/ cfn' v]tL Joa;foLs :t/df ;Dej x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
cfn'sf] laof+ af6 v]tL ubf{ x'g] kmfO{bfx?M– Ps /f]kgL If]qkmnsf] nfuL ;fgf ;fgf cfn'sf] bfgf -k|L a]l;s l;8_ tof/
kfg{sf] nfuL @ u|fd dfq cfn'sf] aLof+ k|ofKt x'G5 eg] Ps /f]kgL If]qkmnsf] nfuL Jof8df a]gf{ tof/ kf/L /f]Kgsf] nfuL $=% u|fd
aLof+ k|ofKt x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ s'n pTkfbg nfutnfo{ 36fpg d4t ub{5 .
cfn'sf] aLof+ Ps :yfg af6 csf]{ :yfgdf ;lhn} ;+u x'nfs jf vNtLd} af]s]/ nfg ;lsG5 .
aLof+ af6 cfn' v]tL ubf{} e08f/sf] ;dZof sd x'g'sf] ;fy} e08f/0f vr{ hf]luG5 .
aLpsf] nfuL k|of]u x'g] cfn' vfgsf] nfuL k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfn'df x'g] laleGg xflgsf/s /f]u tyf sL/fn] afnL ;vfk kfg{ ;Sb5 .
cfn'sf] aLof+df o:tf] /f]u tyf sL/fx? nfUg] 8/g} x'+b}g / ePtf klg aLp pkrf/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
u'0f:tl/o aLp cfn'sf] cefjn] cfn' v]tL x'g g;s]sf] 7fp+x?df cfn' v]tLsf] la:tf/sf nfuL aLof+ Ps lasNk x'g ;Sb5 . cfn'sf] aLof+x? a0f{z+s/ hftsf] x'g] x'gfn] / 89'jf /f]u ;xg ;Sg]
ePsf]n] o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ cfn'sf] pTkfbsTj a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ cfn' v]tL af6 s'n cfDbfgL a9L x'G5 .
xfn k|rlnt cfn' aLof+sf hftx?M–-s_ Pr=kL=o; ../^&
-v_ Pr=kL=o; ./!#g;{/L Jof8sf] tof/LM–
/fd|/L vghf]t u/L Ps dL6/ rf}8fO{ / cfaZostf cg';f/sf] ndfO{ ePsf] Jof8 agfpg' xf];\ . ;fwf/0ftof dflyNnf] ;txsf] df6f]df laleGg lsl;dsf /f]usf lhjf0f', sL/f tyf 3f+;sf aLpx? x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] sl/a $ OGr hlt dfyLsf] ;txsf] df6f] x6fO{ lbg' xf];\ .
ld>0f tof/ ug{sf] nfuL cGo 7fp+ af6 hldgsf] ;tx eGbf @ lkm6 tnsf] df6f] vg]/ Nofpg' xf];\ clg o; df6f]df ! efu /fd|/L kfs]sf] uf]a/ dn, k|lt au{ ld6/sf] b/df l8=P=kL !& u|fd, o"l/of !@ u|fd / Do"l/o6 ckm kf]6f; !& u|fd xfnL /fd|/L df6f]df ldnfpg' xf];\ . o;/L
ldnfPsf] df6f] @ OGr htL cUnf] x'g] u/L Jof8sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf];\ / /fd|/L ;Dofpg' xf];\ .aLp b/M–
Ps /f]kgL hUufsf] nfuL ;fgf ;fgf cfn'sf] bfgf pTkfbg ug{ !@ au{ ld6/ / @ u|fd cfn'sf] aLof+ k|ofKt x'G5 / o; af6 sl/a $) s]=hL ;fgf ;fgf cfn'sf] aLp -k|L a]l;s kf]6\of6f] l;8_ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . olx aLp csf]{ aif{ Ps /f]kgL If]qkmndf cfn' v]tL ug{ k'Ub5 . a]gf{ pTkfbgsf] nfuL $=% u|fd cfaZos kb{5 .aLof+ s;/L /f]Kg] ?
cfn'sf] aLof+nfO{ Jof8df /f]Kg' eGbf Ps lbg cufa} ;kmf kfgLdf lehfP/ /fVg' xf];\ . tof/ ul/Psf] Jof8sf] df6f] ;'Vvf 5 eg] xNsf tj/n] l;rfO{ ug'{xf];\ -df6f]df lr:ofg x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/f ge'Ng' xf];\_ aLof+ /f]Kbf ;fjwfgL ;+u Ps aLof+ b]lv csf]{ aLof+sf] b'/L !=% -8]9_ O{Gr / Ps nfO{g b]lv csf]{ nfO{gsf] b'/L !) O{Gr sfod /fVg' xf];\ . aLp /f]Kbf ;f]emf] kf/]/ xftsf] rf]/ cf}+nfn] s'n];f] agfpg' xf];\ clg k|To]s 8f]adf @.# bfgf cfn'sf] aLof+ v;fNg' xf];\ . aLp v;fNg] sfd k'/f x'gf ;fy a'/a'/fp+bf] dn cyjf cuf8L agfO{Psf] dn df6f]sf] ld>0fn] xNsf ;+u 5f]kL lbg' xf];\ .
5fkf] lbg] sfdM–cfn'sf aLof+x? /fd|f] ;+u pdfg{sf] nfuL kfgLn] lehfPsf] h'6sf] af]/f , k/fn jf ;'s]sf] v/n] aLof+ gpd|] ;Ddsf] nfuL Jof8 5f]kL /fVg' xf];\ / Jof8df lr:ofg sfod} /fVgsf] nfuL xhf/Ln] b}lgs jf Ps lbg la/fP/ kfgL lbg ge'Ng' xf];\ . o;/L nufO{Psf] cfn'sf] aLof+ pd|g a9Ldf Ps xKtf nfUg ;Sb5 t/ aLof+ pd|] xf]nfg\sL elg $.% lbg k'Ugf ;fy Ps 5]p af6 5fkf] x6fO{ lgofn]/ x]g'{ kb{5 / pd|L ;s]sf] eP xNsf tj/n] 5fkf] x6fO{ lbg' kb{5 . o:sf] sfd ;s]e/ lbp+;f] s8f 3fddf ug'{ x'+b}g .
uf]8d]n ug]{M–uf]8d]nsf] qmddf emf/x? ;fjwfgL ;+u pv]Ng' xf];\ . Ps} 7fp+df w]/} a]gf{ pd|]sf /x]5g\ eg] ultnf] a]gf{nfO{ 5f8L c? pv]n]/ x6fO{ lbg' xf];\ . /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf 8fO{y]g Pd–$% cyjf a]le:6Lg @=% u|fd k|lt nL6/ kfgLsf] b/df 3f]n agfO{ la?jfsf] h/f ;d]t leHg] u/L 8|\]GrLË u/L lbg' xf];\ .
o"l/of dn lbg] sfdM–cfn'sf] la?jf pd|]sf] @ xKtf kl5 /fd|f] ;+u ;k|]sf] gkfO{Pdf ! u|fd ol/of k|lt nL6/ kfgLsf] b/df 3f]n]/ :k|] ug'{ xf];\ .
la?jf ;fg]{sfdM– sl/a @%–#) lbgsf la?jfx? :yfgfGt/ ug{ nfossf x'G5g\ . ;/b/ Ps /f]kgLsf] nfuL $%)) la?jf cfaZos kb{5 . oL la?jf kl/k"lt{ ug{ sl/a $=% au{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] Jof8 cfaZos kb{5 . la?jf ;fg{sf] nfuL &.* O{Gr p7]sf] @ lkm6 km/ssf] 8\ofË agfO{ Ps a]gf{ b]lv csf]{ a]gf{sf] b'/L *.( O{Gr km/s kf/L a]gf{ ;fg'{ xf];\ .ps]/f lbg] sfdM– la?jf ;f/]sf] @%.#) lbgdf klxnf] ps]/f, csf]{ @% lbgdf bf]>f] ps]/f / o;sf] @).@% lbgdf t]>f] ps]/f lbg' kb{5 . sl/a () lbgdf cfn' vGg ;lsg] x'G5 .cfn'sf] e08f/0f tyf ahf/ Joa:yfkg c? afnLsf] t'ngfdf cfn' Ps} k6s tof/ x'g] afnL ePsf] x'gfn] Ps} k6sdf cfn' vgL leq\ofpg] sfd jf ahf/df laqmL ug]{ sfd u/L xfNg' kb{5 . olb cfn' t'?Gt laqmL x'g ;s]g eg] s'lxg / sL/f nfUg af6 arfO{ /fVg plrt lsl;dsf] e08f/sf] Joa:yf x'g h?/L x'G5 .
cfn' e08f/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?M
!= vfg] cfn'sf] nfuL c+Wof/f] tyf 708f 7fp+ e08f/0fsf] nfuL pko"Qm x'G5 .@= aLp cfn'sf] nfuL e08f/0f ubf{ pHofnf] cfpg] 7fp+ t/ ;f]em} 3fd gkg]{ 7fp+ x'g' k5{.#= e08f/ sf]7df lr;f] cfjxjf x'g' h?/L x'G5 .$=cfn' e08f/ ug]{ sf]7f xfjfbf/ x'g' kb{5 hxf+ lr;f] xfjf tn af6 l5g]{ / tftf] xfjf dfyL af6 hfg ;Sg] u/L sf]7fsf] k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5 .%= cfn' e08f/ ug]{ sf]7fdf 3fd kg{ lbg' x'+b}g / kfgL tyf w'+jf /lxt x'g' kb{5 .cfn' e08f/sf tl/sfx?M!= lzt e08f/ M—o; lsl;dsf] e08f/sf] nfuL laB'tLo zQmLsf] cfaZos kg]{ x'G5 . ctM lah'nL gePsf] :yfgx?df of] k|sf/sf] e08f/ c;Dea x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] e08f/df cfn' /fVgsf] nfuL cfn' l5KkLPsf] gsf6LPsf], s'g} klg bfu gnfu]sf],gv'O{lnPsf] / cfn' ;8fpg] vfNsf lhaf0f' gePsf] x'g' kb{5 . o; vfNsf] e08f/df ;fk]IfLs cfb|tf *)—() k|ltzt, tfkfqmd @—% l8u|L ;]Nl;o; sfod ug{ h?/L x'G5 .o;f] ugf{n] e08f/ ul/Psf] cfn' 6';fp+b}g / rfp/L kg]{ af6 klg arfp+5.
@= /:6Ls e08f/ . :yflgo e08f/M— o; lsl;dsf] e08f/ lztn 7fp+ vf; u/]/ ?vsf] 5xf/L jf 3/ tfy uf]7sf] 5xf/Ldf kg]{ u/L k/fn cyjf ux'+sf] 5\jfnLsf] 5fgf agfO{ /flvG5 . o; lsl;dsf] e08f/ sf7sf] %—& cf]6f sf7sf] tvtf jf v08x? agfO{G5 . oL v08x? sf7sf 6f]s/L h:tf b]lvG5g\ . olx 6f]s/L dfyL cfn' lkmhfP/ /flvG5 .
ahf/ Joa:yfkgM— xfd|f] b]zsf] kl/k|]SIfdf laleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx?df laleGg df};d cg';f/ cfn' v]tL ul/G5 . laleGg xfjfkfgL kfO{g] ePsf]n] k|fs[lts a/bfg sf] sf/0f nuftf/ tfhf cfn'sf] cfk"tL{ aif}{e/L ug{ ;lsG5 . cfn' pTkfbg If]qdf df};dL pTkfbg / vkt If]qdf a]df};dL
vkt e} lbgfn] vfg] cfn'sf] Jofkf/ /fd|f] 5 . laleGg 7fp+sf] :yfgLo ahf/ efpsf] l7s l7s hfgsf/L s[ifsx? nfO{ pknJw x'g ;s]sf] v08df pgLx?n] plrt d'No kfO{ k|ofKt dfqfdf cfDbfgL a9fpg ;Ifd x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
ahf/sf] lsl;dM—
!= ;6xL ahf/M— b'u{d kxf8L If]qx?df cem} klg k/Dk/fut ?kdf cfn'sf] Jofkf/ ul/g] k|rng 5 . pRr kxf8 / oftfoft ;'lawf gePsf n]sfnL If]qx?df pTkflbt cfn' dWo] vf]r tyf a];L If]qx?df af]s]/ nfg] / pQm cfn' af6 wfg, ds}, ux'+, sf]bf] cflb vfBfGg ;+u ;f6]/ Jofkf/ ug]{ k|rng laBdfg 5 .
@= u|fdL0f jf :yflgo ahf/M—cfn' pTkfbg If]qsf] j/k/ k|f/DeLs jf u|fdL0f ahf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . pTkfbsx?n] cfn' vGg] lalQs} tf}n g36f]; eGgfsf nfuL o:tf] ahf/df laqmL ug]{ ub{5g\ .
#= ;+sng ahf/M— oL ahf/x? s[ifsx?sf] nfuL Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o:tf ahf/x? kxf8sf] km]bL jf cfn' pTkfbg If]qsf] lardf cal:yt x'g ;Sb5g\ . o:tf ahf/df pTkfbsx?n] :yflgo oftfoft sf] ;fwg fj af]s]/ nuL ;+sng stf{nfO{ laqmL ub{5g\ .
$= yf]s jf d'Vo ahf/M—o:tf] ahf/x? b]zsf] d'Vo d'Vo zx/df laBdfg 5g\ . h:} sf7df08f}sf] sfnLdf6L, kf]v/f , a'6jn, e}/xjf , g]kfnuGh, la/uGh, la/f6gu/ cflb.
a]df};dL ahf/M—kxf8df :yfgLo prfOsf] cfwf/df a}zfv dlxgf b]lv cfiff9 dlxgf ;Dd cfn' vGg] sfd x'G5 . o; ;dodf cfn' lg}s} ;:tf]
dflgG5 . a}zfv, h]i7df vg]sf] cfn' lzt e08f/df /fv]/ efb| b]lv sflt{s ;Dd a}df};dL cfn'sf] ?kdf ahf/df dxËf] efpdf laqmL ul/G5 . pkTosf / xf]rf vf]r a];Lx?df sflt{s dlxgfdf cfn' vGg] sfd x'G5 .
of] cfn'n] lgs} /fd|f] efp k|fKt ub{5 . t/fO{ If]q af6 kf}if dlxgfdf k|z:t cfn' ahf/df cfp+5 / o;a]nf
cfn'sf] ahf/ efp k|efljt x'g yfNb5 . kxf8 af6 km]/L r}q dlxgf b]lv cfn' ahf/df cfO{ k'Ub5 . g]kfndf d+l;/ dlxgf b]lv cfiff9 ;Dd tfhf cfn' ahf/df kfO{g] ePsf]
x'gfn] e08f/ u/]sf] cfn' efb| b]lv sflt{s ;Dd ahf/ efp kfp+5g\ .
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