Vectors You will be tested on your ability to: 1. correctly express a vector as a magnitude and a direction 2. break vectors into their components 3. add and multiply vectors 4. apply concepts of vectors to linear motion equations (ch. 2)
Jan 03, 2016
Vectors
You will be tested on your ability to:1. correctly express a vector as a
magnitude and a direction2. break vectors into their components
3. add and multiply vectors4. apply concepts of vectors to linear
motion equations (ch. 2)
Vector vs. Scalar
• Scalar units are any measurement that can be expressed as only a magnitude (number and units)– Examples:
• 14 girls• $85• 65 mph
• Vector quantities are measurements that have BOTH a magnitude and direction.– Examples:
• Position• Displacement• Velocity• Acceleration• Force
Representing Vectors
• Graphically, vectors are represented by arrows, which have both a length (their magnitude) and a direction they point.
v = 45 m/s
v = 25 m/s d = 50 m
a= 9.8 m/s2
Representing Vectors
• The symbol for a vector is a bold letter.– For velocity vectors we write v– For handwritten work we use the letter with an
arrow above it. v
• Algebraically– Vectors are written as a magnitude and
direction– v = lvl , Θ– Example v = 25 m/s, 120o or d = 50 m, 90o
Drawing Vectors
• Choose a scale• Measure the direction of the vector starting with east as
0 degrees. • Draw an arrow to scale to represent the vector in the
given direction• Try it! v = 25 m/s, 190o scale: 1 cm = 5 m/s• This can be described 2 other ways
– v = 25 m/s, 10o south of west– v = 25 m/s, 80o west of south
• Try d = 50 m, 290o new scale?
Adding Vectors
• Vector Equation– vr = v1+v2
– Resultant- the vector sum of two or more vector quantities.
– Numbers cannot be added if the vectors are not along the same line because of direction!
– Example……– To add vector quantities that are not along the
same line, you must use a different method…
An Example
D1
D2
D3
DT
D1 = 169 km @ 90 degrees (North)
D2 = 171 km @ 40 degrees North of East
D3 = 195 km @ 0 degrees (East)
DT = ???
Tip to tail graphical vector addition
• On a diagram draw one of the vectors to scale and label it.
• Next draw the second vector to scale, starting at the tip of the last vector as your new origin.
• Repeat for any additional vectors• The arrow drawn from the tail of the first vector
to the tip of the last represents the resultant vector
• Measure the resultant
Add the following
• d1 = 30m, 60o East of North
• d2 = 20m, 190o
• dr = d1+d2
• dr = ?
• dr = 13.1m, 61o
Vector Subtraction• Given a vector v, we define –v to be the same
magnitude but in the opposite direction (180 degree difference)
• We can now define vector subtraction as a special case of vector addition.
• v2 – v1 = v2 + (-v1) • Try this• d1 = 25m/s, 40o West of North• d2 = 15m/s, 10o
• 1cm = 5m/s• Find : dr = d1+d2
• Find dr = d1- d2
v–v
• Multiplying a vector v by a scalar quantity c gives you a vector that is c times greater in the same direction or in the opposite direction if the scalar is negative.
V
cV
-cV
Vector Components
• A vector quantity is represented by an arrow.• v = 25 m/s, 60o
• This single vector can also be represented by the sum of two other vectors called the components of the original.
v =
50 m
/s, 6
0o
sinΘ = Vy / V
Vy= V sinΘ
cosΘ = Vx / V
Vx= V cosΘ
Try this:V1 = 10 m @ 30 degrees above +x
Find: V1X = V1Y =
V2 = 10 m @ 30 degrees above –x
Find: V2X = V2Y =
But V2X should be
NEGATIVE!!!
Try using the angle 150 degrees for V2
Ө1Ө2
Try this:V1 = 10 m @ 30 degrees above +x
Find: V1X = V1Y =
V2 = 10 m @ 30 degrees above –x
Find: V2X = V2Y =
Find : V3X =V3Y =
V3 = 10 m @ 30 degrees below +x
Try using the angle 330 degrees for V3
Now try this:
VX = 25m/sVY = - 51m/s
Find V=
and your point is???
• ALWAYS:
• ALWAYS:
• ALWAYS:
Describe a vector’s direction relative to the +x axis
Measure counter-clockwise angles as positive
Measure clockwise angles as negative
An Example
D1
D2
D3
DT
D1 = 169 km @ 90 degrees (North)
D2 = 171 km @ 40 degrees North of East
D3 = 195 km @ 0 degrees (East)
DT = ???
D2X
D2Y
D1Y
D3X
A Review of an Example
y (km)
x (km)
But Wait. . . There’s more!
y (km)
x (km)
We’ve Found:
DTX = 326 km
DTY = 279 km.
For IDTI, use the Pythagorean Theorem.
For the Direction of DT, use Tan-1
Practice it:
• Pg. 70, # 1, 4