VB Script Comments

VB Script For QTP

1

VB Script For QTP

VB Script For QTP

2

VB Script Comments Comments The comment argument is the text of any comment we want to include. Purpose of comments: o We can use comments for making the script understandable. o We can use comments for making one or more statements disable from execution. Syntax Rem comment (After the Rem keyword, a space is required before comment.) Or Apostrophe (') symbol before the comment Comment/Uncomment a block of statements o Select block of statement and use short cut key Ctrl + M (for comment) o Select comment block and use short cut key Ctrl + Shift + M (for uncomment)

VB Script For QTP

3

VB Script Variables Definition 1): Variable is a named memory location for storing program information Definition 2): A variable is a convenient placeholder that refers to a computer memory location where we can store program information that may change during the time our script is running. Purpose of Variable: a) Comparing values Example: Dim x,y,a x=100 y=100 a=x=y Msgbox a 'It returns True b) Holding Program Result Example: Cost=Tickets*Price c) Passing parameters d) To store data that returned by functions Example: myDate=Now ‘ It returns current data & time e) To hold data Example: myName=”gcreddy” Declaring Variables We declare variables explicitly in our script using the Dim statement, the Public statement, and the Private statement. For example: Dim city Dim x We declare multiple variables by separating each variable name with a comma. For

VB Script For QTP

4

Example: Dim x, y, city, gcreddy We can also declare a variable implicitly by simply using its name in our script. That is not generally a good practice because we could misspell the variable name in one or more places, causing unexpected results when our script is run. For that reason, the Option Explicit statement is available to require explicit declaration of all variables. The Option Explicit statement should be the first statement in our script. Option Explicit Statement Forces explicit declaration of all variables in a script. Option Explicit ' Force explicit variable declaration. Dim MyVar ' Declare variable. MyInt = 10 ' Undeclared variable generates error. MyVar = 10 ' Declared variable does not generate error. Naming Restrictions for Variables Variable names follow the standard rules for naming anything in VBScript. A variable name: a) Must begin with an alphabetic character. Dim abc 'Right Dim 9ab 'Wrong Dim ab9 'Right b) Cannot contain an embedded period. Dim abc 'Right Dim ab.c 'worng Dim ab-c 'wrong Dim ab c 'wrong Dim ab_c 'Right c) Must not exceed 255 characters. d) Must be unique in the scope in which it is declared. Scope of Variables A variable's scope is determined by where we declare it. When we declare a variable within a procedure, only code within that procedure

VB Script For QTP

5

can access or change the value of that variable. If we declare a variable outside a procedure, we make it recognizable to all the procedures in our script. This is a script-level variable, and it has script-level scope. Example: Dim x,y,z x=10 y=20 z=x+y msgbox z 'Returns 30 Function res Dim a,b,c a=30 b=40 c=a+b+y msgbox c ' Returns 90 End Function Call res Life Time of Variables The lifetime of a variable depends on how long it exists. The lifetime of a script-level variable extends from the time it is declared until the time the script is finished running. At procedure level, a variable exists only as long as you are in the procedure. Assigning Values to Variables Values are assigned to variables creating an expression as follows: The variable is on the left side of the expression and the value you want to assign to the variable is on the right. For example: A = 200 City = “Hyderabad” X=100: Y=200 Scalar Variables and Array Variables A variable containing a single value is a scalar variable. A variable containing a series of values, is called an array variable.

VB Script For QTP

6

Array variables and scalar variables are declared in the same way, except that the declaration of an array variable uses parentheses () following the variable name. Example: Dim A(3) Although the number shown in the parentheses is 3, all arrays in VBScript are zero-based, so this array actually contains 4 elements. We assign data to each of the elements of the array using an index into the array. Beginning at zero and ending at 4, data can be assigned to the elements of an array as follows: A(0) = 256 A(1) = 324 A(2) = 100 A(3) = 55 Similarly, the data can be retrieved from any element using an index into the particular array element you want. For example: SomeVariable = A(4) Arrays aren't limited to a single dimension. We can have as many as 60 dimensions, although most people can't comprehend more than three or four dimensions. In the following example, the MyTable variable is a two-dimensional array consisting of 6 rows and 11 columns: Dim MyTable(5, 10) In a two-dimensional array, the first number is always the number of rows; the second number is the number of columns. Dynamic Arrays We can also declare an array whose size changes during the time our script is running. This is called a dynamic array. The array is initially declared within a procedure using either the Dim statement or using the ReDim statement.

VB Script For QTP

7

However, for a dynamic array, no size or number of dimensions is placed inside the parentheses. For example: Dim MyArray() ReDim AnotherArray() To use a dynamic array, you must subsequently use ReDim to determine the number of dimensions and the size of each dimension. In the following example, ReDim sets the initial size of the dynamic array to 25. A subsequent ReDim statement resizes the array to 30, but uses the Preserve keyword to preserve the contents of the array as the resizing takes place. ReDim MyArray(25) ReDim Preserve MyArray(30) There is no limit to the number of times we can resize a dynamic array, although if we make an array smaller, we lose the data in the elimina

VB Script For QTP

8

VB Script Data Types VBScript has only one data type called a Variant. A Variant is a special kind of data type that can contain different kinds of information, depending on how it is used. Because Variant is the only data type in VBScript, it is also the data type returned by all functions in VBScript. Variant Subtypes Beyond the simple numeric or string classifications, a Variant can make further distinctions about the specific nature of numeric information. For example, we can have numeric information that represents a date or a time. When used with other date or time data, the result is always expressed as a date or a time. We can also have a rich variety of numeric information ranging in size from Boolean values to huge floating-point numbers. These different categories of information that can be contained in a Variant are called subtypes. Most of the time, we can just put the kind of data we want in a Variant, and the Variant behaves in a way that is most appropriate for the data it contains. The following table shows subtypes of data that a Variant can contain.

VB Script For QTP

9

VB Script Operators Operators are used for performing mathematical, comparison and logical operations. VB Script has a full range of operators, including arithmetic operators, comparison operators, concatenation operators, and logical operators. Operator Precedence When several operations occur in an expression, each part is evaluated and resolved in a predetermined order called operator precedence. We can use parentheses to override the order of precedence and force some parts of an expression to be evaluated before others. Operations within parentheses are always performed before those outside. Within parentheses, however, standard operator precedence is maintained. When expressions contain operators from more than one category, arithmetic operators are evaluated first, comparison operators are evaluated next, and logical operators are evaluated last. Comparison operators all have equal precedence; that is, they are evaluated in the left-to-right order in which they appear. Arithmetic and logical operators are evaluated in the following order of precedence. 1) Arithmetic Operators: Operator Description 1) Exponentiation Operator (^) Raises a number to the power of an exponent 2) Multiplication Operator (*) Multiplies two numbers. 3) Division Operator (/) Divides two numbers and returns a floating-point result. 4) Integer Division Operator (\) Divides two numbers and returns an integer result. 5) Mod Operator Divides two numbers and returns only the remainder. 6) Addition Operator (+) Sums two numbers.

VB Script For QTP

10

7) Subtraction Operator (-) Finds the difference between two numbers or indicates the negative value of a numeric expression. 8) Concatenation Operator (&) Forces string concatenation of two expressions. Example: Dim a,b,c a=10 b=3 c=a^b msgbox c '1000 c=a*b msgbox c '30 c=a/b msgbox c '3.33333333 c=a\b msgbox c '3 c=a mod b msgbox c '1 c=a-b msgbox c '7 Dim a,b,c a=10 b=2 c=3 d=c*a^b 'c=a+b msgbox d '1000 Addition (+) operator Dim a,b,c a=10 b=2 c=a+b msgbox c '12 (if both are numeric, then it adds) a="10" b=2

VB Script For QTP

11

c=a+b msgbox c '12 (one is string another numeric, then it adds) a="10" b="2" c=a+b msgbox c '102 (if both are strings, then it concatenates) a="hydera" b="bad" c=a+b msgbox c 'hyderabad a="gagan" b=2 c=a+b msgbox c 'error Concatenation Operator Dim a,b,c a=10 b=2 c=a&b msgbox c '102 a="10" b=2 c=a&b msgbox c '102 a="10" b="2" c=a&b msgbox c '102 a="hydera" b="bad" c=a&b msgbox c '102 2) Comparison Operators Used to compare expressions. Operator Description

VB Script For QTP

12

1) = (Equal to) Used to compare expressions. 2) <> (Not equal to) Used to compare expressions. 3) < Less than 4) > Grater than 5) <= Less than or equal to 6) >= Greater than or equal to 7) Is Object equivalence 3) Concatenation Operators Operator Description 1) Addition Operator (+) Sums two numbers If Then 1) Both expressions are numeric Add. 2) Both expressions are strings Concatenate. 3) One expression is numeric and the other is a string Add. 2) Concatenation Operator (&) Forces string concatenation of two expressions. 4) Logical Operators Operator Description Syntax 1) Not Performs logical negation on an expression result= Not expression 2) And Performs a logical conjunction on two expressions. result= expression1 And expression2 3) Or Performs a logical disjunction on two expressions. result= expression1 Or expression2 4) Xor Performs a logical exclusion on two expressions. result= expression1 Xor expression2 5) Eqv Performs a logical equivalence on two expressions. result= expression1 Eqv expression2 6) Imp Performs a logical implication on two expressions. result= expression1 Imp expression2

VB Script For QTP

13

Input and Out Put Operations InputBox Function Displays a prompt in a dialog box, waits for the user to input text or click a button, and returns the contents of the text box. Example: Dim Input Input = InputBox("Enter your name") MsgBox ("You entered: " & Input) MsgBox Function Displays a message in a dialog box, waits for the user to click a button, and returns a value indicating which button the user clicked. Example: Dim MyVar MyVar = MsgBox ("Hello World!", 65, "MsgBox Example") MyVar contains either 1 or 2, depending on which button is clicked.

VB Script For QTP

14

VB Script Constants A constant is a meaningful name that takes the place of a number or string and never changes. Creating Constants We create user-defined constants in VBScript using the Const statement. Using the Const statement, we can create string or numeric constants with meaningful names and assign them literal values. Const statement Declares constants for use in place of literal values. Example: Const MyString = "This is my string." Const MyAge = 49 Const CutoffDate = #6-1-97# Note that String literal is enclosed in quotation marks (" "). Represent Date literals and time literals by enclosing them in number signs (#). We declare multiple constants by separating each constant name and value with a comma. For example: Const price= 100, city= “Hyderabad”, x= 27

VB Script For QTP

15

Conditional Statements

Flow Control (Conditional Statements) We can control the flow of our script with conditional statements and looping statements. Using conditional statements, we can write VBScript code that makes decisions and repeats actions. The following conditional statements are available in VBScript: 1) If…Then…Else Statement 2) Select Case Statement

Making Decisions Using If...Then...Else The If...Then...Else statement is used to evaluate whether a condition is True or False and, depending on the result, to specify one or more statements to run. Usually the condition is an expression that uses a comparison operator to compare one value or variable with another. If...Then...Else statements can be nested to as many levels as you need.

1) Running a Statement if a Condition is True (single statement) To run only one statement when a condition is True, use the single-line syntax for the If...Then...Else statement. Dim myDate myDate = #2/13/98# If myDate < Now Then myDate = Now 2) Running Statements if a Condition is True (multiple statements) To run more than one line of code, we must use the multiple-line (or block) syntax. This syntax includes the End If statement. Dim x x= 20 If x>10 Then msgbox "x value is: "&x msgbox "Bye Bye" End If

VB Script For QTP

16

3) Running Certain Statements if a Condition is True and Running Others if a Condition is False We can use an If...Then...Else statement to define two blocks of executable statements: one block to run if the condition is True, the other block to run if the condition is False. Example: Dim x x= Inputbox (" Enter a value") If x>100 Then Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "X is a Big Number" Msgbox "X value is: "&X Else Msgbox "GCR" Msgbox "X is a Small Number" Msgbox "X value is: "&X End If

4) Deciding Between Several Alternatives A variation on the If...Then...Else statement allows us to choose from several alternatives. Adding ElseIf clauses expands the functionality of the If...Then...Else statement so we can control program flow based on different possibilities. Example: Dim x x= Inputbox (" Enter a value") If x>0 and x<=100 Then Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "X is a Small Number" Msgbox "X value is "&x Else IF x>100 and x<=500 Then Msgbox "Hello GCR" Msgbox "X is a Medium Number" Else IF x>500 and x<=1000 Then Msgbox "Hello Chandra Mohan Reddy" Msgbox "X is a Large Number" Else

VB Script For QTP

17

Msgbox "Hello Sir" Msgbox "X is a Grand Number" End If End If End If

5) Executing a certain block of statements when two / more conditions are True (Nested If...) Example: Dim State, Region State=Inputbox ("Enter a State") Region=Inputbox ("Enter a Region") If state= "AP" Then If Region= "Telangana" Then msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" msgbox "Dist count is 10" Else if Region= "Rayalasema" Then msgbox "Hello GCR" msgbox "Dist count is 4" Else If Region= "Costal" Then msgbox "Hello Chandra mohan Reddy" msgbox "Dist count is 9" End If End If End If End If

Making Decisions with Select Case The Select Case structure provides an alternative to If...Then...ElseIf for selectively executing one block of statements from among multiple blocks of statements. A Select Case statement provides capability similar to the If...Then...Else statement, but it makes code more efficient and readable. Example: Option explicit Dim x,y, Operation, Result x= Inputbox (" Enter x value") y= Inputbox ("Enter y value") Operation= Inputbox ("Enter an Operation")

VB Script For QTP

18

Select Case Operation Case "add" Result= cdbl (x)+cdbl (y) Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Addition of x,y values is "&Result Case "sub" Result= x-y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Substraction of x,y values is "&Result Case "mul" Result= x*y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Multiplication of x,y values is "&Result Case "div" Result= x/y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Division of x,y values is "&Result Case "mod" Result= x mod y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Mod of x,y values is "&Result Case "expo" Result= x^y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox"Exponentation of x,y values is "&Result Case Else Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" msgbox "Wrong Operation" End Select

VB Script For QTP

19

VB Script Constants A constant is a meaningful name that takes the place of a number or string and never changes. Creating Constants We create user-defined constants in VBScript using the Const statement. Using the Const statement, we can create string or numeric constants with meaningful names and assign them literal values. Const statement Declares constants for use in place of literal values. Example: Const MyString = "This is my string." Const MyAge = 49 Const CutoffDate = #6-1-97# Note that String literal is enclosed in quotation marks (" "). Represent Date literals and time literals by enclosing them in number signs (#). We declare multiple constants by separating each constant name and value with a comma. For example: Const price= 100, city= “Hyderabad”, x= 27

VB Script For QTP

20

Conditional Statements

Flow Control (Conditional Statements) We can control the flow of our script with conditional statements and looping statements. Using conditional statements, we can write VBScript code that makes decisions and repeats actions. The following conditional statements are available in VBScript: 1) If…Then…Else Statement 2) Select Case Statement

Making Decisions Using If...Then...Else The If...Then...Else statement is used to evaluate whether a condition is True or False and, depending on the result, to specify one or more statements to run. Usually the condition is an expression that uses a comparison operator to compare one value or variable with another. If...Then...Else statements can be nested to as many levels as you need.

1) Running a Statement if a Condition is True (single statement) To run only one statement when a condition is True, use the single-line syntax for the If...Then...Else statement. Dim myDate myDate = #2/13/98# If myDate < Now Then myDate = Now 2) Running Statements if a Condition is True (multiple statements) To run more than one line of code, we must use the multiple-line (or block) syntax. This syntax includes the End If statement. Dim x x= 20 If x>10 Then msgbox "x value is: "&x msgbox "Bye Bye" End If

VB Script For QTP

21

3) Running Certain Statements if a Condition is True and Running Others if a Condition is False We can use an If...Then...Else statement to define two blocks of executable statements: one block to run if the condition is True, the other block to run if the condition is False. Example: Dim x x= Inputbox (" Enter a value") If x>100 Then Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "X is a Big Number" Msgbox "X value is: "&X Else Msgbox "GCR" Msgbox "X is a Small Number" Msgbox "X value is: "&X End If

4) Deciding Between Several Alternatives A variation on the If...Then...Else statement allows us to choose from several alternatives. Adding ElseIf clauses expands the functionality of the If...Then...Else statement so we can control program flow based on different possibilities. Example: Dim x x= Inputbox (" Enter a value") If x>0 and x<=100 Then Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "X is a Small Number" Msgbox "X value is "&x Else IF x>100 and x<=500 Then Msgbox "Hello GCR" Msgbox "X is a Medium Number" Else IF x>500 and x<=1000 Then Msgbox "Hello Chandra Mohan Reddy" Msgbox "X is a Large Number" Else

VB Script For QTP

22

Msgbox "Hello Sir" Msgbox "X is a Grand Number" End If End If End If

5) Executing a certain block of statements when two / more conditions are True (Nested If...) Example: Dim State, Region State=Inputbox ("Enter a State") Region=Inputbox ("Enter a Region") If state= "AP" Then If Region= "Telangana" Then msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" msgbox "Dist count is 10" Else if Region= "Rayalasema" Then msgbox "Hello GCR" msgbox "Dist count is 4" Else If Region= "Costal" Then msgbox "Hello Chandra mohan Reddy" msgbox "Dist count is 9" End If End If End If End If

Making Decisions with Select Case The Select Case structure provides an alternative to If...Then...ElseIf for selectively executing one block of statements from among multiple blocks of statements. A Select Case statement provides capability similar to the If...Then...Else statement, but it makes code more efficient and readable. Example: Option explicit Dim x,y, Operation, Result x= Inputbox (" Enter x value") y= Inputbox ("Enter y value") Operation= Inputbox ("Enter an Operation")

VB Script For QTP

23

Select Case Operation Case "add" Result= cdbl (x)+cdbl (y) Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Addition of x,y values is "&Result Case "sub" Result= x-y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Substraction of x,y values is "&Result Case "mul" Result= x*y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Multiplication of x,y values is "&Result Case "div" Result= x/y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Division of x,y values is "&Result Case "mod" Result= x mod y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Mod of x,y values is "&Result Case "expo" Result= x^y Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox"Exponentation of x,y values is "&Result Case Else Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" msgbox "Wrong Operation" End Select

VB Script For QTP

24

Looping Through Code

Flow Control (Loop Statements) o Looping allows us to run a group of statements repeatedly. o Some loops repeat statements until a condition is False; o Others repeat statements until a condition is True. o There are also loops that repeat statements a specific number of times. The following looping statements are available in VBScript: o Do...Loop: Loops while or until a condition is True. o While...Wend: Loops while a condition is True. o For...Next: Uses a counter to run statements a specified number of times. o For Each...Next: Repeats a group of statements for each item in a collection or each element of an array.

1) Using Do Loops We can use Do...Loop statements to run a block of statements an indefinite number of times. The statements are repeated either while a condition is True or until a condition becomes True.

a) Repeating Statements While a Condition is True Repeats a block of statements while a condition is True or until a condition becomes True i) Do While condition Statements ----------- ----------- Loop Or, we can use this below syntax: Example: Dim x Do While x<5 x=x+1 Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Hello QTP" Loop ii) Do Statements -----------

VB Script For QTP

25

----------- Loop While condition Example: Dim x x=1 Do Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Hello QTP" x=x+1 Loop While x<5

b) Repeating a Statement Until a Condition Becomes True iii) Do Until condition Statements ----------- ----------- Loop Or, we can use this below syntax: Example: Dim x Do Until x=5 x=x+1 Msgbox "G.C.Reddy" Msgbox "Hello QTP" Loop Or, we can use this below syntax: iv) Do Statements ----------- ----------- Loop Until condition Or, we can use this below syntax: Example: Dim x x=1 Do Msgbox “Hello G.C.Reddy” Msgbox "Hello QTP"

VB Script For QTP

26

x=x+1 Loop Until x=5

2 While...Wend Statement Executes a series of statements as long as a given condition is True. Syntax: While condition Statements ----------- ----------- Wend Example: Dim x x=0 While x<5 x=x+1 msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" msgbox "Hello QTP" Wend

3) For...Next Statement Repeats a group of statements a specified number of times. Syntax: For counter = start to end [Step step] statements Next Example: Dim x For x= 1 to 5 step 1 Msgbox "Hello G.C.Reddy" Next

4) For Each...Next Statement Repeats a group of statements for each element in an array or collection. Syntax: For Each item In array Statements Next

VB Script For QTP

27

Example: (1 Dim a,b,x (3) a=20 b=30 x(0)= "Addition is "& a+b x(1)="Substraction is " & a-b x(2)= "Multiplication is " & a*b x(3)= "Division is " & a/b For Each element In x msgbox element Next Example: (2 MyArray = Array("one","two","three","four","five") For Each element In MyArray msgbox element Next

VB Script For QTP

28

VB Script Procedures

User Defined Functions In VBScript, there are two kinds of procedures available; the Sub procedure and the Function procedure. 1) Sub Procedures A Sub procedure is a series of VBScript statements (enclosed by Sub and End Sub statements) that perform actions but don't return a value. A Sub procedure can take arguments (constants, variables, or expressions that are passed by a calling procedure). If a Sub procedure has no arguments, its Sub statement must include an empty set of parentheses (). Syntax: Sub Procedure name () Statements ----------- ----------- End Sub Or Sub Procedure name (argument1, argument2) Statements ----------- ----------- End Sub Example: 1 Sub ConvertTemp() temp = InputBox("Please enter the temperature in degrees F.", 1) MsgBox "The temperature is " & Celsius(temp) & " degrees C." End Sub Example: 2 2) Function Procedures A Function procedure is a series of VBScript statements enclosed by the Function and End Function statements.

VB Script For QTP

29

A Function procedure is similar to a Sub procedure, but can also return a value. A Function procedure can take arguments (constants, variables, or expressions that are passed to it by a calling procedure). If a Function procedure has no arguments, its Function statement must include an empty set of parentheses. A Function returns a value by assigning a value to its name in one or more statements of the procedure. The return type of a Function is always a Variant. Syntax: Function Procedure name () Statements ----------- ----------- End Function Or Function Procedure name (argument1, argument2) Statements ----------- ----------- End Function Example: 1 Function Celsius(fDegrees) Celsius = (fDegrees - 32) * 5 / 9 End Function Example: 2 Function cal(a,b,c) cal = (a+b+c) End Function 3) Getting Data into and out of Procedures o Each piece of data is passed into our procedures using an argument. o Arguments serve as placeholders for the data we want to pass into our procedure. We can name our arguments any valid variable name. o When we create a procedure using either the Sub statement or the Function statement, parentheses must be included after the name of the procedure. o Any arguments are placed inside these parentheses, separated by commas. 4) Using Sub and Function Procedures in Code

VB Script For QTP

30

A Function in our code must always be used on the right side of a variable assignment or in an expression. For example: Temp = Celsius(fDegrees) -Or- MsgBox "The Celsius temperature is " & Celsius(fDegrees) & " degrees." To call a Sub procedure from another procedure, type the name of the procedure along with values for any required arguments, each separated by a comma. The Call statement is not required, but if you do use it, you must enclose any arguments in parentheses. The following example shows two calls to the MyProc procedure. One uses the Call statement in the code; the other doesn't. Both do exactly the same thing. Call MyProc(firstarg, secondarg) MyProc firstarg, secondarg Notice that the parentheses are omitted in the call when the Call statement isn't used. 5) Examples: (here, I used Flight Reservation Application for creating Functions, why because, It is the default application for QTP, anybody can practice easily...G C Reddy) '******************************************* ' Login Operation '******************************************* Function Login(Agent,Pwd) SystemUtil.Run "C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\flight4a.exe" Dialog("Login").Activate Dialog("Login").WinEdit("Agent Name:").Set Agent Dialog("Login").WinEdit("Password:").Set Pwd Dialog("Login").WinButton("OK").Click If Window("Flight Reservation").Exist(10) Then Login="Login Operation Sucessful" 'Msgbox Login else Login="Login Operation Unsucessful" Dialog("Login").Dialog("Flight Reservations").WinButton("OK").Click

VB Script For QTP

31

Dialog("Login").WinButton("Cancel").Click 'Msgbox Login End If End Function '*************************************** ' Closing Application '*************************************** Function Close_App() if Window("Flight Reservation").Exist(3) Then Window("Flight Reservation").Close End If End Function '*************************************** ' Open Order '*************************************** Function Open_Order(ord) ordnum=0 On Error Resume Next Window("Flight Reservation").Activate Window("Flight Reservation").WinButton("Button").Click Window("Flight Reservation").Dialog("Open Order").WinCheckBox("Order No.").Set "ON" Window("Flight Reservation").Dialog("Open Order").WinEdit("Edit").Set ord Window("Flight Reservation").Dialog("Open Order").WinButton("OK").Click ordnum=Window("Flight Reservation").WinEdit("Order No:").GetROProperty ("text") ordnum=cdbl (ordnum) If ord=ordnum Then Open_Order= "Order Number "&ordnum&" Opened Sucuessfully" 'Msgbox Open_Order else Open_Order= "Order Number "&ordnum&" Not Opened/ Not Available" Window("Flight Reservation").Dialog("Open Order").Dialog("Flight Reservations").WinButton("OK").Click Window("Flight Reservation").Dialog("Open Order").WinButton("Cancel").Click 'Msgbox Open_Order End If End Function '****************************************** ' Update Order '****************************************** Function Update_Order(Tickets) Window("Flight Reservation").Activate

VB Script For QTP

32

Window("Flight Reservation").WinEdit("Tickets:").Set Tickets Window("Flight Reservation").WinButton("Update Order").Click wait(10) update=Window("Flight Reservation").ActiveX("Threed Panel Control").GetROProperty ("text") If update="Update Done..." Then Update_Order= "Order Updated Sucussfully" 'Msgbox Update_Order Else Window("Flight Reservation").Dialog("Flight Reservations").WinButton("OK").Click Update_Order= "Order Not Updated" 'Msgbox Update_Order End If End Function '****************************************** ' Function to send a mail '****************************************** Function SendMail(SendTo, Subject, Body, Attachment) Set otl=CreateObject("Outlook.Application") Set m=otl.CreateItem(0) m.to=SendTo m.Subject=Subject m.Body=Body If (Attachment <> "") Then Mail.Attachments.Add(Attachment) End If m.Send otl.Quit Set m = Nothing Set otl = Nothing End Function Call SendMail("[email protected]","hi","This is test mail for testing","")

VB Script For QTP

33

VB Script Errors

Generally Errors in VB Script are 2 Types 1) VB Script Run-time Errors VB Script run-time errors are errors that result when your VBScript script attempts to perform an action that the system cannot execute. VBScript run-time errors occur while your script is being executed; when variable expressions are being evaluated, and memory is being dynamic allocated. Error Number Description: 429 ActiveX component can't create object 507 An exception occurred 449 Argument not optional 17 Can't perform requested operation 430 Class doesn't support Automation 506 Class not defined 11 Division by zero 48 Error in loading DLL 5020 Expected ')' in regular expression 5019 Expected ']' in regular expression 432 File name or class name not found during Automation operation 92 For loop not initialized 5008 Illegal assignment 51 Internal error 505 Invalid or unqualified reference 481 Invalid picture 5 Invalid procedure call or argument 5021 Invalid range in character set 94 Invalid use of Null 448 Named argument not found 447 Object doesn't support current locale setting 445 Object doesn't support this action 438 Object doesn't support this property or method 451 Object not a collection 504 Object not safe for creating 503 Object not safe for initializing 502 Object not safe for scripting 424 Object required 91 Object variable not set 7 Out of Memory 28 Out of stack space 14 Out of string space 6 Overflow

VB Script For QTP

34

35 Sub or function not defined 9 Subscript out of range 5017 Syntax error in regular expression 462 The remote server machine does not exist or is unavailable 10 This array is fixed or temporarily locked 13 Type mismatch 5018 Unexpected quantifier 500 Variable is undefined 458 Variable uses an Automation type not supported in VBScript 450 Wrong number of arguments or invalid property assignment 2) VB Script Syntax Errors VBScript syntax errors are errors that result when the structure of one of your VBScript statements violates one or more of the grammatical rules of the VBScript scripting language. VBScript syntax errors occur during the program compilation stage, before the program has begun to be executed. Error Number Description: 1052 Cannot have multiple default property/method in a Class 1044 Cannot use parentheses when calling a Sub 1053 Class initialize or terminate do not have arguments 1058 'Default' specification can only be on Property Get 1057 'Default' specification must also specify 'Public' 1005 Expected '(' 1006 Expected ')' 1011 Expected '=' 1021 Expected 'Case' 1047 Expected 'Class' 1025 Expected end of statement 1014 Expected 'End' 1023 Expected expression 1015 Expected 'Function' 1010 Expected identifier 1012 Expected 'If' 1046 Expected 'In' 1026 Expected integer constant 1049 Expected Let or Set or Get in property declaration 1045 Expected literal constant 1019 Expected 'Loop' 1020 Expected 'Next' 1050 Expected 'Property' 1022 Expected 'Select' 1024 Expected statement 1016 Expected 'Sub'

VB Script For QTP

35

1017 Expected 'Then' 1013 Expected 'To' 1018 Expected 'Wend' 1027 Expected 'While' or 'Until' 1028 Expected 'While,' 'Until,' or end of statement 1029 Expected 'With' 1030 Identifier too long 1014 Invalid character 1039 Invalid 'exit' statement 1040 Invalid 'for' loop control variable 1013 Invalid number 1037 Invalid use of 'Me' keyword 1038 'loop' without 'do' 1048 Must be defined inside a Class 1042 Must be first statement on the line 1041 Name redefined 1051 Number of arguments must be consistent across properties specification 1001 Out of Memory 1054 Property Set or Let must have at least one argument 1002 Syntax error 1055 Unexpected 'Next' 1015 Unterminated string constant

VB Script For QTP

36

VB Script Functions

Built-In Functions of VB Script o Conversions (25) o Dates/Times (19) o Formatting Strings (4) o Input/Output (3) o Math (9) o Miscellaneous (3) o Rounding (5) o Strings (30) o Variants (8) Important Functions 1) Abs Function Returns the absolute value of a number. Dim num num=abs(-50.33) msgbox num 2) Array Function Returns a variant containing an Array Dim A A=Array("hyderabad","chennai","mumbai") msgbox A(0) ReDim A(5) A(4)="nellore" msgbox A(4) 3) Asc Function Returns the ANSI character code corresponding to the first letter in a string.

VB Script For QTP

37

Dim num num=Asc("A") msgbox num * It returns the value 65 * 4) Chr Function Returns the character associated with the specified ANSI character code. Dim char Char=Chr(65) msgbox char * It returns A * 5) CInt Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Integer. Dim num num=123.45 myInt=CInt(num) msgbox MyInt 6) Date Function Returns the Current System Date. Dim mydate mydate=Date msgbox mydate 7) Day Function Ex1) Dim myday myday=Day("17,December,2009") msgbox myday Ex2) Dim myday mydate=date myday=Day(Mydate) msgbox myday 8) DateDiff Function Returns the number of intervals between two dates. Dim myday mydate=#02-17-2009# x=Datediff("d",mydate,Now) msgbox x

VB Script For QTP

38

9) Hour Function Returns a whole number between 0 and 23, inclusive, representing the hour of the day. Dim mytime, Myhour mytime=Now myhour=hour (mytime) msgbox myhour 10) Join Function Returns a string created by joining a number of substrings contained in an array. Dim mystring, myarray(3) myarray(0)="Chandra " myarray(1)="Mohan " myarray(2)="Reddy" mystring=Join(MyArray) msgbox mystring 11) Eval Function Evaluates an expression and returns the result. 12) Time Function Returns a Variant of subtype Date indicating the current system time. Dim mytime mytime=Time msgbox mytime 13) VarType Function Returns a value indicating the subtype of a variable. Dim MyCheck MyCheck = VarType(300) ' Returns 2. Msgbox Mycheck MyCheck = VarType(#10/19/62#) ' Returns 7. Msgbox Mycheck MyCheck = VarType("VBScript") ' Returns 8. Msgbox Mycheck 14) Left Function Dim MyString, LeftString MyString = "VBSCript" LeftString = Left(MyString, 3) ' LeftString contains "VBS".

VB Script For QTP

39

14) Right Function Dim AnyString, MyStr AnyString = "Hello World" ' Define string. MyStr = Right(AnyString, 1) ' Returns "d". MyStr = Right(AnyString, 6) ' Returns " World". MyStr = Right(AnyString, 20) ' Returns "Hello World". 15) Len Function Returns the number of characters in a string or the number of bytes required to store a variable. Ex 1): Dim Mystring mystring=Len("G.C.Reddy") msgbox mystring Ex 2): Dim Mystring Mystring=Inputbox("Enter a Value") Mystring=Len(Mystring) Msgbox Mystring 16) Mid Function Returns a specified number of characters from a string. Dim MyVar MyVar = Mid("VB Script is fun!", 4, 6) Msgbox MyVar * It Returns ‘Script’ * 17) Timer Function Returns the number of seconds that have elapsed since 12:00 AM (midnight). Function myTime(N) Dim StartTime, EndTime StartTime = Timer For I = 1 To N Next EndTime = Timer myTime= EndTime - StartTime msgbox myTime End Function Call myTime(2000) 17) isNumeric Function Dim MyVar, MyCheck

VB Script For QTP

40

MyVar = 53 MyCheck = IsNumeric(MyVar) msgbox MyCheck MyVar = "459.95" MyCheck = IsNumeric(MyVar) msgbox MyCheck MyVar = "45 Help" MyCheck = IsNumeric(MyVar) msgbox MyCheck * It Returns True/False like Result * 18) Inputbox Function Displays a prompt in a dialog box, waits for the user to input text or click a button, and returns the contents of the text box. Dim Input Input = InputBox("Enter your name") MsgBox ("You entered: " & Input) 19) Msgbox Function Displays a message in a dialog box, waits for the user to click a button, and returns a value indicating which button the user clicked. Dim MyVar MyVar = MsgBox ("Hello World!", 65, "MsgBox Example") 20) CreateObject creates and returns reference of the filesytemobject to an Automation object. It can be used for performing operations on computer file system Set objFso=createobject ("Scripting.FileSystemObject") 'creates and returns reference of the Excel bject to an Automation object. It can be used for performing operations on Spreed sheet (Ms-Excel files) Set objExcel = CreateObject("Excel.Application") 'creates and returns reference of the Word Object to an Automation object. It can be used for performing operations on Ms-Word documents Set objWord = CreateObject("Word.Application") 'creates and returns reference of the Database Connection to an Automation object. It can be used for Connecting, opening and Closing databases

VB Script For QTP

41

Set objConnection = CreateObject("ADODB.Connection") 'creates and returns reference of the Database Recordset to an Automation object. It can be used for performing operations on database tables(Records) Set objRecordSet = CreateObject("ADODB.Recordset") 'creates and returns reference of the Ms-Power point object to an Automation object. It can be used for performing operations on Power point presentations Set objPPT = CreateObject("PowerPoint.Application") Set xmldoc = WScript.CreateObject("msxml2.domdocument") 21) Round Returns a number rounded to a specified number of decimal places. Dim num num=172.499 num=Round(num) msgbox num 22) StrReverse It returns reverse value of the given sring x=strreverse ("dabaraedyh") msgbox x 23) strComp It compares two strings based on ASCII Values and Returens -1 (1st less than 2nd ), 0 (Equal) and 1 (1st greater than 2nd) Dim x, y x="cd": y="bcd" comp=strcomp(x,y) msgbox comp 24) Replace It replace a sub string with given value (another sub string) mystring=Replace("kb script", "k","v") msgbox mystring For More Functions visit:

Conversion Functions

VB Script For QTP

42

) Asc Function Returns the ANSI character code corresponding to the first letter in a string. Syntax: Asc(string) Remarks The string argument is any valid string expression. If the string contains no characters, a run-time error occurs. Dim MyNumber MyNumber = Asc("A") ' Returns 65. MyNumber = Asc("a") ' Returns 97. MyNumber = Asc("Apple") ' Returns 65. 2) CByte Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Byte. Syntax: CByte(expression) The expression argument is any valid expression. Use the CByte function to provide conversions from any data type to a Byte subtype. Example: Dim MyDouble, MyByte MyDouble = 125.5678 ' MyDouble is a Double. MyByte = CByte(MyDouble) ' MyByte contains 126. 3) CDate Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Date. Syntax: CDate(date) The date argument is any valid date expression. Use the IsDate function to determine if date can be converted to a date or time. Example: MyDate = "October 19, 1962" ' Define date. MyShortDate = CDate(MyDate) ' Convert to Date data type. MyTime = "4:35:47 PM" ' Define time. MyShortTime = CDate(MyTime) ' Convert to Date data type. 4) Chr Function Returns the character associated with the specified ANSI character code. Syntax:

VB Script For QTP

43

Chr(charcode) The charcode argument is a number that identifies a character. Numbers from 0 to 31 are the same as standard, nonprintable ASCII codes. For example, Chr(10) returns a linefeed character. Example: Dim MyChar ' Returns A: MyChar = Chr(65) ' Returns B: MyChar = Chr(66) ' Returns Z: MyChar = Chr(90) ' Returns a: MyChar = Chr(97) ' Returns b: MyChar = Chr(98) ' Returns z: MyChar = Chr(122) ' Returns 0: MyChar = Chr(48) ' Returns 1: MyChar = Chr(49) ' Returns 9: MyChar = Chr(57) ' Returns horizontal tab: MyChar = Chr(9) ' Returns >: MyChar = Chr(62) ' Returns %: MyChar = Chr(37) 5) CLng Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Long. Syntax: CLng(expression) The expression argument is any valid expression. Use the CLng function to provide conversions from any data type to a Long subtype. Example:

VB Script For QTP

44

Dim MyVal1, MyVal2, MyLong1, MyLong2 MyVal1 = 25427.45: MyVal2 = 25427.55 ' MyVal1, MyVal2 are Doubles. MyLong1 = CLng(MyVal1) ' MyLong1 contains 25427. MyLong2 = CLng(MyVal2) ' MyLong2 contains 25428. 6) CStr Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype String. Syntax: CStr(expression) The expression argument is any valid expression. Example: Dim MyDouble, MyString MyDouble = 437.324 ' MyDouble is a Double. MyString = CStr(MyDouble) ' MyString contains "437.324" 7) Oct Function Returns a string representing the octal value of a number. Syntax: Oct(number) The number argument is any valid expression. Example: Dim MyOct MyOct = Oct(4) ' Returns 4. MyOct = Oct(8) ' Returns 10. MyOct = Oct(459) ' Returns 713. 8) CBool Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Boolean. Synta: CBool(expression) The expression argument is any valid expression. If expression is zero, False is returned; otherwise, True is returned. If expression can't be interpreted as a numeric value, a run-time error occurs. Example: Dim A, B, Check A = 5: B = 5 ' Initialize variables. Check = CBool(A = B) ' Check contains True. A = 0 ' Define variable. Check = CBool(A) ' Check contains False.

VB Script For QTP

45

9) CCur Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Currency. Syntax: CCur(expression) The expression argument is any valid expression. Example: Dim MyDouble, MyCurr MyDouble = 543.214588 ' MyDouble is a Double. MyCurr = CCur(MyDouble * 2) ' Convert result of MyDouble * 2 (1086.429176) to a Currency (1086.4292). 10) CInt Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Integer. Syntax: CInt(expression) The expression argument is any valid expression. Example: Dim MyDouble, MyInt MyDouble = 2345.5678 ' MyDouble is a Double. MyInt = CInt(MyDouble) ' MyInt contains 2346. 11) CSng Function Returns an expression that has been converted to a Variant of subtype Single. Syntax: CSng(expression) The expression argument is any valid expression. Example: Dim MyDouble1, MyDouble2, MySingle1, MySingle2 ' MyDouble1, MyDouble2 are Doubles. MyDouble1 = 75.3421115: MyDouble2 = 75.3421555 MySingle1 = CSng(MyDouble1) ' MySingle1 contains 75.34211. MySingle2 = CSng(MyDouble2) ' MySingle2 contains 75.34216. 12) Hex Function Returns a string representing the hexadecimal value of a number. Syntax: Hex(number) number argument is any valid expression. we can represent hexadecimal numbers directly by preceding numbers in the

VB Script For QTP

46

proper range with &H. Example: Dim MyHex MyHex = Hex(5) ' Returns 5. MyHex = Hex(10) ' Returns A. MyHex = Hex(459) ' Returns 1CB.

VB Script For QTP

47

Regular Expressions in QTP What is Regular Expression? It is a way of representing data using symbols. They are often used within matching, searching or replacing algorithms. Regular Expressions in QTP: Regular expressions can be used in QTP for identifying objects and text strings with varying values. Where we use: o Defining the property values of an object in Descriptive programming for handling dynamic objects o For parameterizing a step o creating checkpoints with varying values

Using Regular Expressions in QTP: We can define a regular expression for a constant value, a Data Table parameter value, an Environment parameter value, or a property value in Descriptive programming. We can define a regular expression in standard checkpoint to verify the property values of an object; we can set the expected value of an object's property as a regular expression so that an object with a varying value can be verified. We can define the text string as a regular expression, when creating a text checkpoint to check that a varying text string is displayed on our application, For XML checkpoints we can set attribute or element values as regular expressions. Ways of Regular Expressions: a) Backslash Character: A backslash (\) can serve two purposes. It can be used in conjunction with a special character to indicate that the next character be treated as a literal character. Alternatively, if the backslash (\) is used in conjunction with some characters that would otherwise be treated as literal characters, such as the letters n, t, w, or d, the combination indicates a special character. b) Matching Any Single Character:

VB Script For QTP

48

A period (.) instructs QTP to search for any single character (except for \n). Ex: welcome. Matches welcomes, welcomed, or welcome followed by a space or any other single character.

c) Matching Any Single Character in a List: Square brackets instruct QTP to search for any single character within a list of characters. Ex: To search for the date 1867, 1868, or 1869, enter: 186[789]

d) Matching Any Single Character Not in a List: When a caret (^) is the first character inside square brackets, it instructs QTP to match any character in the list except for the ones specified in the string. Example: [^ab] Matches any character except a or b.

e) Matching Any Single Character within a Range: To match a single character within a range, we can use square brackets ([ ]) with the hyphen (-) character. Example: For matching any year in the 2010s, enter: 201[0-9]

f) Matching Zero or More Specific Characters: An asterisk (*) instructs QTP to match zero or more occurrences of the preceding character. For example: ca*r Matches car, caaaaaar, and cr

g) Matching One or More Specific Characters: A plus sign (+) instructs QTP to match one or more occurrences of the preceding character. For example:

VB Script For QTP

49

ca+r Matches car and caaaaaar, but not cr. h) Matching Zero or One Specific Character: A question mark (?) instructs QTP to match zero or one occurrences of the preceding character. For example: ca?r Matches car and cr, but nothing else.

i) Grouping Regular Expressions: Parentheses (()) instruct QTP to treat the contained sequence as a unit, just as in mathematics and programming languages. Using groups is especially useful for delimiting the argument(s) to an alternation operator ( | ) or a repetition operator ( * , + , ? , { } ).

j) Matching One of Several Regular Expressions: A vertical line (|) instructs QTP to match one of a choice of expressions.

k) Matching the Beginning of a Line: A caret (^) instructs QTP to match the expression only at the start of a line, or after a newline character. l) Matching the End of a Line: A dollar sign ($) instructs QTP to match the expression only at the end of a line, or before a newline character.

m) Matching Any AlphaNumeric Character Including the Underscore: \w instructs QTP to match any alphanumeric character and the underscore (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _).

n) Matching Any Non-AlphaNumeric Character: \W instructs QTP to match any character other than alphanumeric characters and underscores.

o) Combining Regular Expression Operators: We can combine regular expression operators in a single expression to achieve the exact search criteria we need. For example,

VB Script For QTP

50

start.* Matches start, started, starting, starter, and so forth. we can use a combination of brackets and an asterisk to limit the search to a combination of non-numeric characters. For example: [a-zA-Z]* To match any number between 0 and 1200, we need to match numbers with 1 digit, 2 digits, 3 digits, or 4 digits between 1000-1200. The regular expression below matches any number between 0 and 1200. ([0-9]?[0-9]?[0-9]|1[01][0-9][0-9]|1200)

RegExp object VB Script is providing RegExp object for defining Regular expressions, It provides simple support for defining regular expressions. Regular Expression Object Properties and Methods: Properties: a) Global Property b) IgnoreCase Property c) Pattern Property Methods: a) Execute Method b) Replace Method c) Test Method

Regular Expressions Examples: 1) Match File Names in a Directory against Regular Expression Set objFS = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") Set objShell = CreateObject("WScript.Shell") strCurrentDirectory = objShell.CurrentDirectory Set objFolder = objFS.GetFolder(strCurrentDirectory) Set colFiles = objFolder.Files Set objRE = New RegExp objRE.Global = True objRE.IgnoreCase = False

VB Script For QTP

51

objRE.Pattern = WScript.Arguments(0) For Each objFile In colFiles bMatch = objRE.Test(objFile.Name) If bMatch Then WScript.Echo objFile.Name End If Next 2) Match Content in a File against a Regular Expression strFileName = "E:\gcreddy.txt" Set objFS = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") Set objTS = objFS.OpenTextFile(strFileName) strFileContents = objTS.ReadAll WScript.Echo "Searching Within: " WScript.Echo strFileContents objTS.Close Set objRE = New RegExp objRE.Global = True objRE.IgnoreCase = False objRE.Pattern = WScript.Arguments(0) Set colMatches = objRE.Execute(strFileContents) WScript.Echo vbNewLine & "Resulting Matches:" For Each objMatch In colMatches WScript.Echo "At position " & objMatch.FirstIndex & " matched " & objMatch.Value Next

VB Script For QTP

52

VB Script Objects a) FileSystemObject Scripting allows us to process drives, folders, and files using the FileSystemObject (FSO) object model. Creating FileSystemObject: Set Variable=CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") Example: Dim objFso Set objFso=CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") objFso.CteateTextFile("D:\gcreddy.txt") b) Dictionary

Creating Dictionary Object: Set Variable=CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") Example: c) Excel Application

Creating Excel Object: Set Variable=CreateObject("Excel.Application") Example: d) Word Application

Creating Word Object: Set Variable=CreateObject("Word.Application") Example: e) Shell

Creating Shell Object: Set Variable= WScript.CreateObject("Wscript.Shell") Example:

VB Script For QTP

53

f) Network

Creating Network Object: Set Variable= WScript.CreateObject("WScript.Network") Example: g) PowerPoint

Creating PowerPointObject: Set Variable=CreateObject("PowerPoint.Application") Example: h) ADODB Connection

The ADO Connection Object is used to create an open connection to a data source. Through this connection, you can access and manipulate a database.

Creating Database Connection Object: Set Variable=CreateObject("ADODB.Connection") Example: i) ADODB RecordSet The ADO Recordset object is used to hold a set of records from a database table. A Recordset object consist of records and columns (fields).

Creating Database RecordSet Object: Set Variable=CreateObject("ADODB.RecordSet") Example: j) ADODB Command The ADO Command object is used to execute a single query against a database. The query can perform actions like creating, adding, retrieving, deleting or updating records.

VB Script For QTP

54

Creating Database Command Object: Set Variable=CreateObject("ADODB.Command") Example: k) Error

Creating Error Object: l) RegExp Creating RegExp Object:

Set objReg=CreateObject("vbscript.regexp") m) Internet Explorer n) Outlook Express

a) Dictionary Object Dictionary Object that stores data key, item pairs. A Dictionary object is the equivalent of a PERL associative array/Hash Variable. Items can be any form of data, and are stored in the array. Each item is associated with a unique key. The key is used to retrieve an individual item and is usually an integer or a string, but can be anything except an array. Creating a Dictionary Object:

Set objDictionary = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")

Dictionary Objects Methods: Add Method Adds a key and item pair to a Dictionary object

VB Script For QTP

55

Exists Method Returns true if a specified key exists in the Dictionary object, false if it does not. Items Method Returns an array containing all the items in a Dictionary object. Keys Method Returns an array containing all existing keys in a Dictionary object. Remove Method Removes a key, item pair from a Dictionary object. RemoveAll Method The RemoveAll method removes all key, item pairs from a Dictionary object. Example: Dim cities Set cities = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") cities.Add "h", "Hyderabad" cities.Add "b", "Bangalore" cities.Add "c", "Chennai" Dictionary Objects Properties: Count Property Returns the number of items in a collection or Dictionary object. Read-only. CompareMode Property Sets and returns the comparison mode for comparing string keys in a Dictionary object. Key Property Sets a key in a Dictionary object. Item Property Sets or returns an item for a specified key in a Dictionary object. For collections, returns an item based on the specified key. Read/write.

VB Script For QTP

56

Examples: a to Elements 1) AddDictionary Set objDictionary = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") objDictionary.Add "Printer 1", "Printing" objDictionary.Add "Printer 2", "Offline" objDictionary.Add "Printer 3", "Printing" a 2) Delete All Elements fromDictionary Set objDictionary = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") objDictionary.Add "Printer 1", "Printing" objDictionary.Add "Printer 2", "Offline" objDictionary.Add "Printer 3", "Printing" colKeys = objDictionary.Keys Wscript.Echo "First run: " For Each strKey in colKeys Wscript.Echo strKey Next objDictionary.RemoveAll colKeys = objDictionary.Keys Wscript.Echo VbCrLf & "Second run: " For Each strKey in colKeys Wscript.Echo strKey Next 3) Delete One Element from a Dictionary Set objDictionary = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") objDictionary.Add "Printer 1", "Printing" objDictionary.Add "Printer 2", "Offline" objDictionary.Add "Printer 3", "Printing" colKeys = objDictionary.Keys

VB Script For QTP

57

Wscript.Echo "First run: " For Each strKey in colKeys Wscript.Echo strKey Next objDictionary.Remove("Printer 2") colKeys = objDictionary.Keys Wscript.Echo VbCrLf & "Second run: " For Each strKey in colKeys Wscript.Echo strKey Next 4) List the Number of Items in a Dictionary Set objDictionary = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") objDictionary.Add "Printer 1", "Printing" objDictionary.Add "Printer 2", "Offline" objDictionary.Add "Printer 3", "Printing" Wscript.Echo objDictionary.Count 5) Verify the Existence of a Dictionary Key Set objDictionary = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") objDictionary.Add "Printer 1", "Printing" objDictionary.Add "Printer 2", "Offline" objDictionary.Add "Printer 3", "Printing" If objDictionary.Exists("Printer 4") Then Wscript.Echo "Printer 4 is in the Dictionary." Else Wscript.Echo "Printer 4 is not in the Dictionary." End If

VB Script For QTP

58

VBScript Coding Conventions

Coding conventions are suggestions are designed to help us write code using VB Script.

Coding conventions can include the following: • Naming conventions for objects, variables, and procedures • Commenting conventions • Text formatting and indenting guidelines The main reason for using a consistent set of coding conventions is to standardize the structure and coding style of a script or set of scripts so that we and others can easily read and understand the code. Using good coding conventions results in clear, precise, and readable source code that is consistent with other language conventions and is intuitive. Variable Naming Conventions To enhance readability and consistency, we have to use the following prefixes with descriptive names for variables in our VBScript code. Subtype Prefix Example ---------------------------------------------- Boolean bln blnFound ----------------------------------------------- Byte byt bytRasterData ----------------------------------------------------- Date (Time) dtm dtmStart ---------------------------------------------------- Double dbl dblTolerance ----------------------------------------------------- Error err errOrderNum ----------------------------------------------------- Integer int IntQuantity ----------------------------------------------------- Long lng lngDistance ----------------------------------------------------- Object obj objCurrent ----------------------------------------------------- Single sng sngAverage ----------------------------------------------------- String str strFirstName ----------------------------------------------------- Object Naming Conventions:

VB Script For QTP

59

The following table lists recommended conventions for objects you may encounter while programming VBScript. Object type Prefix Example --------------------------------------------------- 3D Panel pnl pnlGroup --------------------------------------------------- Animated button ani aniMailBox --------------------------------------------------- Check box chk chkReadOnly --------------------------------------------------- Combo box cbo cboEnglish --------------------------------------------------- Command button cmd cmdExit --------------------------------------------------- Common dialog dlg dlgFileOpen --------------------------------------------------- Frame fra fraLanguage --------------------------------------------------- Image img imgIcon --------------------------------------------------- Label lbl lblHelpMessage --------------------------------------------------- Line lin linVertical --------------------------------------------------- List Box lst lstPolicyCodes --------------------------------------------------- Spin spn spnPages --------------------------------------------------- Text box txt txtLastName --------------------------------------------------- Slider sld sldScale ---------------------------------------------------

Code Commenting Conventions All procedures should begin with a brief comment describing what they do. This description should not describe the implementation details (how it does it) because these often change over time, resulting in unnecessary comment maintenance work, or worse, erroneous comments. The code itself and any necessary inline comments describe the implementation. Arguments passed to a procedure should be described when their purpose is not obvious and when the procedure expects the arguments to be in a specific

VB Script For QTP

60

range. Return values for functions and variables that are changed by a procedure, especially through reference arguments, should also be described at the beginning of each procedure. Procedure header comments should include the following section headings. For examples, see the "Formatting Your Code" section that follows. Section Heading Comment Contents Purpose: What the procedure does (not how). Assumptions: List of any external variable, control, or otherelement whose state affects this procedure. Effects: List of the procedure's effect on each external variable, control, or other element. Inputs: Explanation of each argument that is not obvious. Each argument should be on a separate line with inline comments. Return Values: Explanation of the value returned.

Remember the following points: •Every important variable declaration should include an inline comment describing the use of the variable being declared. •Variables, controls, and procedures should be named clearly to ensure that inline comments are only needed for complex implementation details. •At the beginning of your script, you should include an overview that describes the script, enumerating objects, procedures, algorithms, dialog boxes, and other system dependencies. Sometimes a piece of pseudocode describing the algorithm can be helpful. Formatting the Code Screen space should be conserved as much as possible, while still allowing code formatting to reflect logic structure and nesting. Here are a few suggestions: • Indent standard nested blocks four spaces. • Indent the overview comments of a procedure one space. • Indent the highest level statements that follow the overview comments four spaces, with each nested block indented an additional four spaces.

VB Script For QTP

61

The following code adheres to VBScript coding conventions. '********************************************************* ' Purpose: Locates the first occurrence of a specified user ' in the UserList array. ' Inputs: strUserList(): the list of users to be searched. ' strTargetUser: the name of the user to search for. ' Returns: The index of the first occurrence of the strTargetUser ' in the strUserList array. ' If the target user is not found, return -1. '********************************************************* Function intFindUser (strUserList(), strTargetUser) Dim i ' Loop counter. Dim blnFound ' Target found flag intFindUser = -1 i = 0 ' Initialize loop counter Do While i <= Ubound(strUserList) and Not blnFound If strUserList(i) = strTargetUser Then blnFound = True ' Set flag to True intFindUser = i ' Set return value to loop count End If i = i + 1 ' Increment loop counter Loop End Function

VB Script For QTP

62

VB Script Classes Creating Classes Classes aren't a new concept in scripting. JavaScript, JScript, and other scripting languages have supported classes or similar elements for years. However, VBScript 5.0 is the first version of VBScript to support classes. To use classes in your VBScript code, you first need to obtain VBScript 5.0 by downloading the appropriate self-executable file from the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) Web site (http://msdn.microsoft.com/scripting) or by installing Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) 5.0. Then you need to understand what a VBScript class is and learn how to declare, define, initialize, and instantiate a class. VBScript Classes VBScript 5.0 supports two types of objects: COM objects and Class objects (typically referred to as simply classes). VBScript COM objects have basic subtypes, such as an Integer or String. VBScript classes have an abstract subtype that encapsulates data and the functions to work with that data. You can think of a VBScript class as having a souped-up subtype that provides you with more computing power and flexibility. (Other differences exist between these two types of objects. For more information, see the Web-exclusive sidebar "How VBScript Classes and COM Objects Differ" on the Win32 Scripting Journal Web site at http://www.winntmag.com/ newsletter/scripting. You can use classes to describe complex data structures. For example, if your application tracks customers and orders, you can define two classes for them, each with a unique set of internal data (typically called properties) and functions (typically called methods). You can then manage customers and orders as if they were native VBScript subtypes. More important, because you assign a class its properties and methods (i.e., its programming interface), you have an object-oriented tool to improve VBScript applications. Declaring a Class You use the Class statement to declare a class. This statement's syntax is: Class name ' Properties and methods go here. End Class where name is the name you give that class. You declare the properties and methods for your class between the Class and End Class clauses. For example, suppose you want to create the VBScript class FileList, which Listing 1 contains. This class manages those files in a folder that meet a filename

VB Script For QTP

63

specification that you provide. You create this class by first specifying the keyword Class followed by the class' name Class FileList. Next, you declare the class' properties and methods. FileList has two properties (FileSpec and FolderPath) and one method (Search). Declaring the FileSpec Property The FileSpec property holds the filename specification. For example, the filename specification might be C:\*.*. You want users to be able to freely read and write values to this property, so you declare FileSpec as an external, or public, variable with the Public statement Public FileSpec You can use a public variable in any script, not just the script in which you created the variable. However, if you use a public variable, you have no control over the value that users assign to the variable and no control over the value that the variable returns. Thus, you can't use public variables to hold values that you need to validate. Declaring the FolderPath Property The FolderPath property holds the full path to the folder containing the files. After a user sets a folder path, you need to validate that the folder exists, which means you can't use a public variable. Instead, you need to store the folder path in an internal, or private, variable and use two public property procedures to read and write to that variable. (Public property procedures are wrappers that hide the code that gets and sets the values of private variables.) Prefixing a private variable with the m_ string is a common scripting convention. For example, the private variable for the FolderPath property is m_folderPath. To declare m_folderPath, you use the Private statement Private m_folderPath Procedures and variables that have the Private qualifier aren't visible outside the class. In addition, private variables apply only to the script in which you created them. After you declare m_folderPath, you need to declare the two public property procedures that you'll use to read and write to that variable. The first procedure to declare is the Property Get procedure, which returns the values of properties. The second procedure is the Property Let procedure, which assigns values to properties. To declare the Property Get procedure, you use the Property Get statement

VB Script For QTP

64

Public Property Get FolderPath FolderPath = m_folderPath End Property where FolderPath is the name of that procedure. By including the Public statement with the Property Get statement, you're making the value that the FolderPath procedure returns available for public reading. Thus, by assigning FolderPath to m_folderPath, you make the value of m_folderPath available for public reading.

VB Script For QTP

65

VBScript Syntax Rules and Guidelines

1) Case-sensitivity: By default, VBScript is not case sensitive and does not differentiate between upper-case and lower-case spelling of words, for example, in variables, object and method names, or constants. For example, the two statements below are identical in VBScript: Browser("Mercury").Page("Find a Flight:").WebList("toDay").Select "31" browser("mercury").page("find a flight:").weblist("today").select "31" 2) Text strings: When we enter a value as a text string, we must add quotation marks before and after the string. For example, in the above segment of script, the names of the Web site, Web page, and edit box are all text strings surrounded by quotation marks. Note that the value 31 is also surrounded by quotation marks, because it is a text string that represents a number and not a numeric value. In the following example, only the property name (first argument) is a text string and is in quotation marks. The second argument (the value of the property) is a variable and therefore does not have quotation marks. The third argument (specifying the timeout) is a numeric value, which also does not need quotation marks. Browser("Mercury").Page("Find a Flight:").WaitProperty("items count", Total_Items, 2000) 3) Variables: We can specify variables to store strings, integers, arrays and objects. Using variables helps to make our script more readable and flexible 4) Parentheses: To achieve the desired result and to avoid errors, it is important that we use parentheses () correctly in our statements. 5) Indentation: We can indent or outdent our script to reflect the logical structure and nesting of the statements.

VB Script For QTP

66

6) Comments: We can add comments to our statements using an apostrophe ('), either at the beginning of a separate line, or at the end of a statement. It is recommended that we add comments wherever possible, to make our scripts easier to understand and maintain. 7) Spaces: We can add extra blank spaces to our script to improve clarity. These spaces are ignored by VBScript

VB Script For QTP

67

VB Script Examples

VB Script General Examples 1) Write a program for finding out whether the given year is a leap year or not? Dim xyear xyear=inputbox ("Enter Year") If xyear mod 4=0 Then msgbox "This is a Leap year" Else msgbox "This is NOT" End If 2) Write a program for finding out whether the given number is, Even number or Odd number? Dim num num=inputbox ("Enter a number") If num mod 2=0 Then msgbox "This is a Even Number" Else msgbox "This is a Odd Number" End If 3) Read two numbers and display the sum? Dim num1,num2, sum num1=inputbox ("Enter num1") num2=inputbox ("Enter num2") sum= Cdbl (num1) + Cdbl (num2) 'if we want add two strings conversion require msgbox ("Sum is " &sum) 4) Read P,T,R values and Calculate the Simple Interest? Dim p,t, r, si p=inputbox ("Enter Principle") t=inputbox ("Enter Time") r=inputbox ("Enter Rate of Interest") si= (p*t*r)/100 ' p= principle amount, t=time in years, r= rate of interest msgbox ("Simple Interest is " &si) 5) Read Four digit number, calculate & display the sum of the number or display Error message if the number is not a four digit number?

VB Script For QTP

68

Dim num, sum num=inputbox ("Enter a Four digit number") If Len(num) = 4 Then sum=0 sum=sum+num mod 10 num=num/10 num= left (num, 3) sum=sum+num mod 10 num=num/10 num= left (num, 2) sum=sum+num mod 10 num=num/10 num= left (num, 1) sum=sum+num mod 10 msgbox ("Sum is " &sum) else msgbox "Number, you entered is not a 4 digit number" End If 6) Read any Four-digit number and display the number in reverse order? Dim num,rev num= inputbox("Enter a number") If len(num)=4 Then rev=rev*10 + num mod 10 num=num/10 num= left(num,3) rev=rev*10 + num mod 10 num=num/10 num= left(num,2) rev=rev*10 + num mod 10 num=num/10 num= left(num,1) rev=rev*10 + num mod 10 msgbox "Reverse Order of the number is "&rev Else msgbox "Number, you entered is not a 4 digit number" End If 7) Read 4 subjects marks; calculate the Total marks and grade? a) If average marks Greater than or equal to 75, grade is Distinction b) If average marks Greater than or equal to 60 and less than 75 , then grade is First c) If average marks Greater than or equal to 50 and less than 60 , then grade is Second

VB Script For QTP

69

d) If average marks Greater than or equal to 40 and less than 50 , then grade is Third e) Minimum marks 35 for any subject, otherwise 'no grade fail') Dim e,m,p,c, tot e=inputbox ("Enter english Marks") m=inputbox ("Enter maths Marks") p=inputbox ("Enter physics Marks") c=inputbox ("Enter chemistry Marks") tot= cdbl(e) + cdbl(m) + cdbl(p) + cdbl(c) msgbox tot If cdbl(e) >=35 and cdbl(m) >=35 and cdbl(p) >=35 and cdbl(c) >=35 and tot >=300 Then msgbox "Grade is Distinction" else If cdbl(e) >=35 and cdbl(m) >=35 and cdbl(p) >=35 and cdbl(c) >=35 and tot >=240 and tot<300 Then msgbox "Grade is First" else If cdbl(e) >=35 and cdbl(m) >=35 and cdbl(p) >=35 and cdbl(c) >=35 and tot >=200 and tot<240 Then msgbox "Grade is Second" else If cdbl(e) >=35 and cdbl(m) >=35 and cdbl(p) >=35 and cdbl(c) >=35 and tot >=160 and tot<200 Then msgbox "Grade is Third" else msgbox "No Grade, Fail" End If End If End If End If 8) Display Odd numbers up to n? Dim num,n n=Inputbox ("Enter a Vaule") For num= 1 to n step 2 msgbox num Next 9) Display Even numbers up to n? Dim num,n n=Inputbox ("Enter a Vaule") For num= 2 to n step 2 msgbox num Next

VB Script For QTP

70

10) display natural numbers up to n and write in a text file? Dim num, n, fso, myfile n= inputbox ("Enter any Value") num=1 For num= 1 to n step 1 Set fso= createobject ("scripting.filesystemobject") set myfile=fso.opentextfile ("E:\gcreddy.txt", 8, true) myfile.writeline num myfile.close Next 11) Display Natural numbers in reverse order up to n? Dim num,n n=Inputbox ("Enter a Vaule") For num=n to 1 step -1 msgbox num Next 12) Display Natural numbers sum up to n? (Using For...Next Loop) Dim num, n, sum n= inputbox ("Enter a Value") sum=0 For num= 1 to n step 1 sum= sum+num Next msgbox sum 13) Display Natural numbers sum up to n? (using While...Wend Loop) Dim num, n, sum n= inputbox ("Enter a Value") While num <=cdbl (n) sum= sum+num num=num+1 Wend msgbox sum 14) Display Natural numbers sum up to n? (Using Do...Until...Loop) Dim num, n, sum n= inputbox ("Enter a Value") sum=0 num=1

VB Script For QTP

71

Do sum= sum+num num=num+1 Loop Until num =cdbl (n+1) msgbox sum 15) Write a Function for Natural Numbers sum up to n? Function NNumCou (n) Dim num, sum sum=0 For num= 1 to n step 1 sum= sum+num Next msgbox sum End Function 16) Verify weather the entered 10 digit value is a numeric value or not? Dim a,x,y,z,num num=Inputbox ("Enter a Phone Number") d1= left (num,1) d10=Right (num,1) d2=mid (num, 2, len (1)) d3=mid (num, 3, len (1)) d4=mid (num, 4, len (1)) d5=mid (num, 5, len (1)) d6=mid (num, 6, len (1)) d7=mid (num, 7, len (1)) d8=mid (num, 8, len (1)) d9=mid (num, 9, len (1)) If isnumeric (d1) = "True" and isnumeric (d2) = "True" and isnumeric (d3) = "True" and isnumeric (d4) = "True"and isnumeric (d5) = "True"and isnumeric (d6) = "True"and isnumeric (d7) = "True"and isnumeric (d8) = "True"and isnumeric (d9) = "True"and isnumeric (d10) = "True" Then msgbox "It is a Numeric Value" else Msgbox "It is NOT Numeric" End If 17) Verify weather the entered value is a 10 digit value or not and Numeric value or not? (Using multiple if conditions) Dim a,x,y,z,num

VB Script For QTP

72

num=Inputbox ("Enter a Phone Number") d1= left (num,1) d10=Right (num,1) d2=mid (num, 2, len (1)) d3=mid (num, 3, len (1)) d4=mid (num, 4, len (1)) d5=mid (num, 5, len (1)) d6=mid (num, 6, len (1)) d7=mid (num, 7, len (1)) d8=mid (num, 8, len (1)) d9=mid (num, 9, len (1)) If len (num) =10 Then If isnumeric (d1) = "True" and isnumeric (d2) = "True" and isnumeric (d3) = "True" and isnumeric (d4) = "True"and isnumeric (d5) = "True"and isnumeric (d6) = "True"and isnumeric (d7) = "True"and isnumeric (d8) = "True"and isnumeric (d9) = "True"and isnumeric (d10) = "True" Then msgbox "It is a Numeric Value" End If End If If len (num) <> 10 Then Msgbox "It is NOT valid Number " End If

18) Generate interest for 1 to 5 years (for 1 year -7%, 2 years -8%, 3 years-9%, 4 years-10%, 5 years -11%) Dim amount, duration, intr amount=inputbox("enter amount") If amount<10000 Then msgbox "low amount" else For duration=1 to 5 If duration=1 Then intr=amount*7/100 msgbox "1 year intrest is: " &intr else if duration=2 Then intr=amount*8/100 msgbox "2 years intrest is: " &intr else if duration=3 Then intr=amount*9/100 msgbox "3 years intrest is: "&intr else if duration=4 Then

VB Script For QTP

73

intr=amount*10/100 msgbox "4 years intrest is: "&intr else if duration=5 Then intr=amount*11/100 msgbox "5 years intrest is: "&intr else msgbox "invalid data" End If End If End If End If End If Next End If

For More Examples: VB Script Examples-II

VB Script General Examples

1) Read a value and find size of the value Dim val: val=Inputbox("Enter value for val: ") val_length =Len(val) msgbox "Size of "&val&" is "&val_length 2) Read a value and find whether the value is numeric or not? Dim val: val=Inputbox("Enter value for val: ") val_type =IsNumeric(val) If val_type = true Then msgbox "val is Numeric" else msgbox "val is not Numeric" End If 3)'Read a value and find whether the value is Date type data or not? Dim val: val=Inputbox("Enter value for val: ") val_type =IsDate(val) If val_type = true Then msgbox "val is Date type data" else msgbox "val is not date type"

VB Script For QTP

74

End If 4)Read a value and Verify whether the value is 10-digit number or not and started with 9 0r 8. 'Then Display it is a valid mobile number Dim val,val_Length, val_Numeric, val_Start val=Inputbox("Enter value for val: ") val_Length= Len(val) val_Numeric=IsNumeric(val) val_Start=Left(val,1) If val_Length=10 and val_Numeric and val_Start=9 or val_Start=8 Then msgbox val&" is a valid mobile number " Else msgbox val&" is not a valid mobile number " End If 5) 'Read a mobile number and verify the series 'if it starts with 92478 or 92471 then display it is TataIndicom number 'if it starts with 98490 or 98480 then display it is Airtel number Dim val, val_Length,val_Numeric,val_Series,val_Start val=Inputbox("Enter value for val: ") val_Length= Len(val) val_Numeric=IsNumeric(val) val_Start=Left(val,1) val_Series=Left(val,5) If val_Numeric=true Then If val_Length=10 and val_Start=9 Then If val_Series = 92478 or val_Series=92471 Then msgbox "It is TataIndicom Number" ElseIf val_Series=98490 or val_Series = 98480 then msgbox "It is Airtel Number" End If Else msgbox val&" is not a valid mobile number " End If Else msgbox val& " is Invalid data" End If

VB Script For QTP

75

6) Read a Value and Verify weather the value is started with Alfa bytes or not? (First letter should be Alfa byte) Dim val, val_Asc val=Inputbox("enter a value") val_Asc=Asc(val) Msgbox val_Asc If val_Asc>=65 and val_Asc<=90 or val_Asc>=97 and val_Asc<=122Then msgbox val&" is an Alphabet" Else msgbox val&" is not an Alphabet" End If 7) Read a value and Verify weather the value is Alfa bytes are not?

Dim str, valAsc, flag,i Dim strlen, counter,valsingle counter=0 str=Inputbox("enter a string value") strlen= Len(str) For i=1 to strlen step 1 valsingle=Mid(str,i,1) valAsc=Asc(valsingle) If valAsc>=65 and valAsc<=90 or valAsc>=97 and valAsc<=122Then flag=1 counter=counter+1 Else flag=0 End If Next msgbox "No.of characters " &counter If counter=strlen and flag=1Then msgbox str&" is an Alphabetic value" Else msgbox str&" is not an Alphabetic value" End If

VB Script For QTP

76

VB Script For QTP

77

VB Script Glossary of Terms ActiveX control An object that you place on a form to enable or enhance a user's interaction with an application. ActiveX controls have events and can be incorporated into other controls. The controls have an .ocx file name extension. ActiveX object An object that is exposed to other applications or programming tools through Automation interfaces. Argument A constant, variable, or expression passed to a procedure. Array A set of sequentially indexed elements having the same type of data. Each element of an array has a unique identifying index number. Changes made to one element of an array do not affect the other elements. ASCII Character Set American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 7-bit character set widely used to represent letters and symbols found on a standard U.S. keyboard. The ASCII character set is the same as the first 128 characters (0–127) in the ANSI character set. Automation object An object that is exposed to other applications or programming tools through Automation interfaces. Bitwise comparison A bit-by-bit comparison of identically positioned bits in two numeric expressions. Boolean expression An expression that evaluates to either True or False. By reference A way of passing the address, rather than the value, of an argument to a procedure. This allows the procedure to access the actual variable. As a result, the variable's actual value can be changed by the procedure to which it is passed. By value A way of passing the value, rather than the address, of an argument to a procedure. This allows the procedure to access a copy of the variable. As a result, the variable's actual value can't be changed by the procedure to which it is passed.

VB Script For QTP

78

character code A number that represents a particular character in a set, such as the ASCII character set. Class The formal definition of an object. The class acts as the template from which an instance of an object is created at run time. The class defines the properties of the object and the methods used to control the object's behavior. Class module A module containing the definition of a class (its property and method definitions). Collection An object that contains a set of related objects. An object's position in the collection can change whenever a change occurs in the collection; therefore, the position of any specific object in the collection may vary. Comment Text added to code by a programmer that explains how the code works. In Visual Basic Scripting Edition, a comment line generally starts with an apostrophe ('), or you can use the keyword Rem followed by a space. Comparison operator A character or symbol indicating a relationship between two or more values or expressions. These operators include less than (<), less than or equal to (<=), greater than (>), greater than or equal to (>=), not equal (<>), and equal (=). Is is also a comparison operator, but it is used exclusively for determining if one object reference is the same as another. Constant A named item that retains a constant value throughout the execution of a program. Constants can be used anywhere in your code in place of actual values. A constant can be a string or numeric literal, another constant, or any combination that includes arithmetic or logical operators except Is and exponentiation. For example:

Data ranges Each Variant subtype has a specific range of allowed values: Subtype Range Byte 0 to 255. Boolean True or False. Integer -32,768 to 32,767. Long -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. Single -3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative values; 1.401298E-45 to

VB Script For QTP

79

3.402823E38 for positive values. Double -1.79769313486232E308 to -4.94065645841247E-324 for negative values; 4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232E308 for positive values. Currency -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807. Date January 1, 100 to December 31, 9999, inclusive. Object Any Object reference. String Variable-length strings may range in length from 0 to approximately 2 billion characters.

Date expression Any expression that can be interpreted as a date. This includes any combination of date literals, numbers that look like dates, strings that look like dates, and dates returned from functions. A date expression is limited to numbers or strings, in any combination, that can represent a date from January 1, 100 through December 31, 9999. Dates are stored as part of a real number. Values to the left of the decimal represent the date; values to the right of the decimal represent the time. Negative numbers represent dates prior to December 30, 1899.

Date literal Any sequence of characters with a valid format that is surrounded by number signs (#). Valid formats include the date format specified by the locale settings for your code or the universal date format. For example, #12/31/99# is the date literal that represents December 31, 1999, where English-U.S. is the locale setting for your application. In VBScript, the only recognized format is US-ENGLISH, regardless of the actual locale of the user. That is, the interpreted format is mm/dd/yyyy.

Date separators Characters used to separate the day, month, and year when date values are formatted.

Empty A value that indicates that no beginning value has been assigned to a variable. Empty variables are 0 in a numeric context, or zero-length in a string context.

Error number A whole number in the range 0 to 65,535, inclusive, that corresponds to the Number property of the Err object. When combined with the Name property of the Err object, this number represents a particular error message.

VB Script For QTP

80

Expression A combination of keywords, operators, variables, and constants that yield a string, number, or object. An expression can perform a calculation, manipulate characters, or test data.

Intrinsic constant A constant provided by an application. Because you can't disable intrinsic constants, you can't create a user-defined constant with the same name.

Keyword A word or symbol recognized as part of the VBScript language; for example, a statement, function name, or operator.

Locale The set of information that corresponds to a given language and country. A locale affects the language of predefined programming terms and locale-specific settings. There are two contexts where locale information is important: • The code locale affects the language of terms such as keywords and defines locale-specific settings such as the decimal and list separators, date formats, and character sorting order. • The system locale affects the way locale-aware functionality behaves, for example, when you display numbers or convert strings to dates. You set the system locale using the Control Panel utilities provided by the operating system.

Nothing The special value that indicates that an object variable is no longer associated with any actual object.

Null A value indicating that a variable contains no valid data. Null is the result of: • An explicit assignment of Null to a variable. • Any operation between expressions that contain Null.

Numeric expression Any expression that can be evaluated as a number. Elements of the expression can include any combination of keywords, variables, constants, and operators that result in a number.

Object type A type of object exposed by an application, for example, Application, File, Range, and Sheet. Refer to the application's documentation (Microsoft Excel, Microsoft

VB Script For QTP

81

Project, Microsoft Word, and so on) for a complete listing of available objects.

pi Pi is a mathematical constant equal to approximately 3.1415926535897932.

Private Variables that are visible only to the script in which they are declared.

Procedure A named sequence of statements executed as a unit. For example, Function and Sub are types of procedures.

Procedure level Describes statements located within a Function or Sub procedure. Declarations are usually listed first, followed by assignments and other executable code. For example: Sub MySub() ' This statement declares a sub procedure block. Dim A ' This statement starts the procedure block. A = "My variable" ' Procedure-level code. Debug.Print A ' Procedure-level code. End Sub ' This statement ends a sub procedure block. Note that script-level code resides outside any procedure blocks.

Property A named attribute of an object. Properties define object characteristics such as size, color, and screen location, or the state of an object, such as enabled or disabled.

Public Variables declared using the Public Statement are visible to all procedures in all modules in all applications.

Run time The time when code is running. During run time, you can't edit the code.

Run-time error An error that occurs when code is running. A run-time error results when a statement attempts an invalid operation.

VB Script For QTP

82

Scope Defines the visibility of a variable, procedure, or object. For example, a variable declared as Public is visible to all procedures in all modules. Variables declared in procedures are visible only within the procedure and lose their value between calls.

SCODE A long integer value that is used to pass detailed information to the caller of an interface member or API function. The status codes for OLE interfaces and APIs are defined in FACILITY_ITF.

Script level Any code outside a procedure is referred to as script-level code.

Seed An initial value used to generate pseudorandom numbers. For example, the Randomize statement creates a seed number used by the Rnd function to create unique pseudorandom number sequences.

String comparison A comparison of two sequences of characters. Unless specified in the function making the comparison, all string comparisons are binary. In English, binary comparisons are case-sensitive; text comparisons are not.

String expression Any expression that evaluates to a sequence of contiguous characters. Elements of a string expression can include a function that returns a string, a string literal, a string constant, or a string variable.

Type library A file or component within another file that contains standard descriptions of exposed objects, properties, and methods.

Variable A named storage location that can contain data that can be modified during program execution. Each variable has a name that uniquely identifies it within its level of scope. Variable names: • Must begin with an alphabetic character. • Can't contain an embedded period or type-declaration character.

VB Script For QTP

83

• Must be unique within the same scope. • Must be no longer than 255 characters.