VASCULAR INJURY Paul Tahalele Paul Tahalele Chief of The Department of Surgery Chief of The Department of Surgery School of Medicine Airlangga School of Medicine Airlangga University Dr. Soetomo Teaching University Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia PIT IKABI XV, Jkt, 13-16 PIT IKABI XV, Jkt, 13-16 Juli 05 Juli 05
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Vascular Injury (Prof. Paul, PIT IKABI XV, 14-16 Juli 05)
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VASCULAR INJURY
Paul TahalelePaul TahaleleChief of The Department of SurgeryChief of The Department of Surgery
School of Medicine Airlangga University Dr. School of Medicine Airlangga University Dr. Soetomo Teaching HospitalSoetomo Teaching Hospital
Surabaya, IndonesiaSurabaya, Indonesia
PIT IKABI XV, Jkt, 13-16 Juli 05PIT IKABI XV, Jkt, 13-16 Juli 05
VASCULAR TRAUMA : SYSTEMIC, REGIONAL, AND LOCAL
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PERTURBATION
Systemic effects : blood loss shock Local & Regional effects :
Mostly: laceration or transection Incomplete transection (Mattox 2000):
Mild: <25% Moderate: 25-50% Severe: >50%
PROBLEM: REGIONAL ISCHEMIA
Oxygen delivery ≠ Metabolic need
The vulnerability of a tissue to ischemia depends on the basal energy requirements & metabolic substrate stores (Mattox 2000)
PERIPHERAL NERVES: EXTREMELY VULNERABLE
High basal energy requirements No glycogen stores
Short periode of ishemic neural damage
Neuropathic symptoms (paresthesia)
Neuropathic sign ( loss of light touch sensation)
1st SIGN OF ARTERIAL INJURY
SKELETAL MUSCLE: RELATIVELY TOLERANT
Malan & Tattoni (1963):
< 4 h : no histologic changes
> 6 h : changes, could be reversed with reperfusion
Sanderson et al (1975):
after 6 h: significant histologic changes that not be reversed with reperfusion
Cambria et al (1991), Colburn et al (1992), Jerome et al (1993):
Complete interuption of all arterial inflow (including collaterals) will result in ischemic damage after 3 hours that can be extended (rather than reversed) by reperfusion
History of moderate hemorrhage Injury (fracture, dislocation, or penetrating
wound) in proximity to major arteryDiminished but palpable pulsePeripheral nerve deficit
API
= ARTERIAL PRESSURE INDEX
Systolic pressure on the injured limb
Systolic pressure on the uninjured armAPI < 0.90
Sensitivity 95%Specificity 97%Negative predictive value 99%
(Johansen et al (1991))
AGRAM / ARTERIOGRAPHY
Negative predictive value 99-100%Sensitivity 97-100%Specificity 90-98%Accuracy 92-98%
(Mattox (2000))
(Mattox (2000))
B. Trauma Pembuluh DarahB. Trauma Pembuluh DarahKlasifikasi Perlukaan Arteri1. Trauma langsung 1.1 Trauma Tajam : a. Laserasi, luka tusuk, luka tembak b. Trauma iatrogenik ( tindakan angiografi, operasi,
injeksi intra arteri )
1.2 Trauma Tumpul : Amputasi Traumatik a. Kontusi ( Thrombosis ) b. Kompresi ( Hematoma, patah tulang ) c. Konstriksi ( Terjerat )
2. Trauma tidak langsung Replantasi 2.1. Spasma arteri; 2.2. Perlukaan arteri karena peregangan 2.3. Perlukaan arteri karena deselerasi ( aorto thoracalis )
Klasifikasi Perlukaan Arteri1. Trauma langsung 1.1 Trauma Tajam : a. Laserasi, luka tusuk, luka tembak b. Trauma iatrogenik ( tindakan angiografi, operasi,
injeksi intra arteri )
1.2 Trauma Tumpul : Amputasi Traumatik a. Kontusi ( Thrombosis ) b. Kompresi ( Hematoma, patah tulang ) c. Konstriksi ( Terjerat )
2. Trauma tidak langsung Replantasi 2.1. Spasma arteri; 2.2. Perlukaan arteri karena peregangan 2.3. Perlukaan arteri karena deselerasi ( aorto thoracalis )
klinis sistemik dan lokal ?3. Tanda iskemik : warna kulit, suhu, pulsasi perifer, pengisian
vena ? Hati-hati bila pada tungkai dengan akral dingin pada keadaan syok. 4. Pemeriksaan arteriografi bisa didahului ultrasonik doppler5. Atau segera lakukan operasi eksplorasi
Lima langkah utama dalam menegakkan diagnosis trauma aorta ( Adinolfi, et al., 1985; Vollmar, 1980 ) :1. Anamnesa riwayat trauma : trauma tajam, tumpul, adakah
klinis sistemik dan lokal ?3. Tanda iskemik : warna kulit, suhu, pulsasi perifer, pengisian
vena ? Hati-hati bila pada tungkai dengan akral dingin pada keadaan syok. 4. Pemeriksaan arteriografi bisa didahului ultrasonik doppler5. Atau segera lakukan operasi eksplorasi
Axioma2: Arteriografi umumnya tidak perlu jika operasi eksplorasi memberikan hasil yang nyata
Axioma2: Arteriografi umumnya tidak perlu jika operasi eksplorasi memberikan hasil yang nyata
Mekanisme perlukaan aorta karena deselerasi vertikalMekanisme perlukaan aorta karena deselerasi vertikal
Mekanisme perlukaan aorta karena deselerasi horizontalMekanisme perlukaan aorta karena deselerasi horizontal
Iskemik perifer, pertimbangkan adanya :
1. Kompresi arteri oleh fraktur, hematom fraktur atau kons-
triksi “band” sirkumferens
2. Spasma arteri ( keadaan yang jarang terjadi )
3. Tanda-tanda sistemik seperti pada keadaan syok
Setiap tindakan konservatif hanya terbatas sampai 3 - 4 jam,
bila tidak ada kemajuan perlu segera tentukan status vaskular
melalui saturasi perifer, ultrasonik doppler atau invasif
arteriografi atau tindakan operasi eksploratif ( Vollmar, 1980 )
Iskemik perifer, pertimbangkan adanya :
1. Kompresi arteri oleh fraktur, hematom fraktur atau kons-
triksi “band” sirkumferens
2. Spasma arteri ( keadaan yang jarang terjadi )
3. Tanda-tanda sistemik seperti pada keadaan syok
Setiap tindakan konservatif hanya terbatas sampai 3 - 4 jam,
bila tidak ada kemajuan perlu segera tentukan status vaskular
melalui saturasi perifer, ultrasonik doppler atau invasif
arteriografi atau tindakan operasi eksploratif ( Vollmar, 1980 )
PITFALL12: Jika diagnosis arteri tidak segera dibuat,
sampai fungsi gerak menjadi lemah, maka terapi menjaditerlambat dan dapat mencelakakan
PITFALL12: Jika diagnosis arteri tidak segera dibuat,
sampai fungsi gerak menjadi lemah, maka terapi menjaditerlambat dan dapat mencelakakan
1. Prevensi eksanguinasi akut dengan cara : kontrol sumber perdarahan dan koreksi volume darah2. Rekonstruksi segmen arteri yang rusak dan cegah terjadinya kerusakan jaringan karena iskemik
Kontrol sumber perdarahan:1. Kompresi digital dengan jari-jari tangan pada bagian proximal untuk arteri perifer2. Bebat tekan aseptik pada tempat arteri yang terluka ( usahakan menghindari pemakaian torniquet )3. Untuk pembuluh darah besar seperti aorta dilakukan pengontrolan sumber perdarahan dengan cara kompresi digital langsung atau cara traksi memakai balloon kateter Fogarty atau menggunakan klem ataumatis
Pengobatan trauma arteri ditujukan pada 2 hal:
1. Prevensi eksanguinasi akut dengan cara : kontrol sumber perdarahan dan koreksi volume darah2. Rekonstruksi segmen arteri yang rusak dan cegah terjadinya kerusakan jaringan karena iskemik
Kontrol sumber perdarahan:1. Kompresi digital dengan jari-jari tangan pada bagian proximal untuk arteri perifer2. Bebat tekan aseptik pada tempat arteri yang terluka ( usahakan menghindari pemakaian torniquet )3. Untuk pembuluh darah besar seperti aorta dilakukan pengontrolan sumber perdarahan dengan cara kompresi digital langsung atau cara traksi memakai balloon kateter Fogarty atau menggunakan klem ataumatis
Cara kompresi digital, balloon kateter Fogarty dan klem
atraumatis untuk mengontrol perdarahan pada aorta atau
arteri besar
Cara kompresi digital, balloon kateter Fogarty dan klem
atraumatis untuk mengontrol perdarahan pada aorta atau
arteri besar
Beberapa tehnik penjahitan untuk melakukan reparasi perlukaan arteri (a) dan cara penggunaan klem atraumatik (b)
Beberapa tehnik penjahitan untuk melakukan reparasi perlukaan arteri (a) dan cara penggunaan klem atraumatik (b)
MULTITRAUMA CASEMULTITRAUMA CASE
Senen / Male / 45 years oldSenen / Male / 45 years oldTime of AccidentTime of Accident : February, 2nd : February, 2nd
2005 (20.00)2005 (20.00)Mode of Injury : Traffic Accident Mode of Injury : Traffic Accident
Strucked by car from behind Strucked by car from behind Revised Trauma Score : 7,8144Revised Trauma Score : 7,8144
Diagnose :Diagnose : Rupture of right femoral artery at Rupture of right femoral artery at
level proximal one third.level proximal one third.
Treatment :Treatment : Performed laparotomy to control Performed laparotomy to control
right extern iliac arteryright extern iliac artery Exploration: ruptured of proximal Exploration: ruptured of proximal
right right femoral arteryfemoral artery Performed: freshening, great Performed: freshening, great
saphenous graft.saphenous graft.
RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONRADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
Multitrauma CaseMultitrauma Case
Sulikan/Male/52 yearsSulikan/Male/52 years MOI : Traffic accident, motorcycle vs motorcycleMOI : Traffic accident, motorcycle vs motorcycle T.o. Acc : 16.30 at January 30T.o. Acc : 16.30 at January 30 thth 2005 2005 Referred fromReferred from : RS Islam Sakinah Mojokerto: RS Islam Sakinah Mojokerto
with the diagnosis is an abcess at right shoulder, with the diagnosis is an abcess at right shoulder, and had been performed incision. After and had been performed incision. After incisioning the mass, they found pus and cloth incisioning the mass, they found pus and cloth hematoma about 200 cc. hematoma about 200 cc.
RTS : 7,84RTS : 7,84
Diagnosis: Diagnosis: Pseudoaneurysme on right subclavian arteryPseudoaneurysme on right subclavian arteryRight brachialis plexus lessionRight brachialis plexus lessionRight one third lateral clavicle closed fractureRight one third lateral clavicle closed fractureSevere anemicSevere anemic
Riska / Female /17 years oldRiska / Female /17 years old Time of Accident : February, 5th 2005 (13.30)Time of Accident : February, 5th 2005 (13.30) Mode of Injury : Traffic Accident motorcycle Mode of Injury : Traffic Accident motorcycle
struck by trailer struck by trailer Referred from Sidoarjo General Hospital and Referred from Sidoarjo General Hospital and
had been resuscitated with RL 4000 cc and WB had been resuscitated with RL 4000 cc and WB 1 bag 1 bag
RTS : 3,3RTS : 3,3
DIAGNOSIS :DIAGNOSIS : Moderate head injuryModerate head injury Hypovolemia shockHypovolemia shock HypothermiaHypothermia Total Rupture of left femoral artery & vein, and partial Total Rupture of left femoral artery & vein, and partial
ruptured of left common iliac vein.ruptured of left common iliac vein. Pelvic fractured Pelvic fractured Right femur closed fracturedRight femur closed fractured
TREATMENT :TREATMENT : LaparotomyLaparotomy Reposition of fracture fragment & revision of c-clamp.Reposition of fracture fragment & revision of c-clamp. ligature left femoral artery & vein and left common ligature left femoral artery & vein and left common
iliac veiniliac vein
Px : DiedPx : Died
Chest X-rayChest X-rayPelvic X-rayPelvic X-ray
FAST : (+) morison pouch, perivesical
Operation
Multitrauma CaseMultitrauma Case
Haryono/ Male / 23 years oldHaryono/ Male / 23 years old MOIMOI : Crush by iron plate: Crush by iron plate ToAccToAcc : 09.30 feb, 21: 09.30 feb, 21thth 2005 2005 RTS :7,55RTS :7,55
Diagnosis :Diagnosis :• OF right femur grade IIICOF right femur grade IIIC• OF left femur grade IIOF left femur grade II• Ruptur a.femoral & trombusRuptur a.femoral & trombus
Treatment :Treatment :• Fogarti & venograft from V.great saphena Fogarti & venograft from V.great saphena
--- pulsation a. dorsum pedis +--- pulsation a. dorsum pedis +• debridement + external fixationdebridement + external fixation
FEMUR X-RAY
PELVIC X-RAY THORAX X-RAY
ANGIOGRAFI (22/2/2005)ANGIOGRAFI (22/2/2005)
Multitrauma Case ReportMultitrauma Case Report
Elis / Female / 21 years oldToAcc : June 20th, 2005 at 17.00 ToAd : June 20th , 2005 at 19.30 MOI : motorcycle rider hit by a truckRTS : 7.84
Patient : Pulang paksa
Diagnose :Diagnose : Vascular injury susp rupture of the left Vascular injury susp rupture of the left
popliteal arterypopliteal artery OF of the left tibial plateau gr III COF of the left tibial plateau gr III C CF of the left ankleCF of the left ankle Degloving of the left thigh until left leg Degloving of the left thigh until left leg
Treatment :Treatment : Ortho : debridement + external fixationOrtho : debridement + external fixation TCV : repair with graft great saphenous TCV : repair with graft great saphenous