Variatie in Free Variatie in Free Choice Choice Giannakidou 2001 Giannakidou 2001 The meaning of The meaning of Free Choice Free Choice , Linguistics & , Linguistics & Philosophy 24 Philosophy 24 Evangelia Vlachou, ViB, 30/05/2005 Evangelia Vlachou, ViB, 30/05/2005
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Variatie in Free Choice Giannakidou 2001 The meaning of Free Choice, Linguistics & Philosophy 24 Evangelia Vlachou, ViB, 30/05/2005.
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Variatie in Free ChoiceVariatie in Free Choice
Giannakidou 2001 Giannakidou 2001 The meaning of The meaning of Free ChoiceFree Choice, Linguistics & , Linguistics &
*Xerome pu pandreftikes opjondhipote*Xerome pu pandreftikes opjondhipote
Am.glad that got.married FCI-anyoneAm.glad that got.married FCI-anyone I am glad that you got married with ANYoneI am glad that you got married with ANYone Negative factive contextenNegative factive contexten *Lipame pu pandreftikes opjondhipote*Lipame pu pandreftikes opjondhipote Am.sorry that got.married FCI-anyoneAm.sorry that got.married FCI-anyone I am sorry that you got married with ANYoneI am sorry that you got married with ANYone
GR FCIs zijn ongramaticale inGR FCIs zijn ongramaticale in
*There is anyone in the garden *There is anyone in the garden
in een word: veridicale contextenin een word: veridicale contexten
FCIs zijn niet in de bereik van FCIs zijn niet in de bereik van episodische contextenepisodische contexten
Negatieve episodic contexten:Negatieve episodic contexten: Je n’ ai pas parlJe n’ ai pas parlé àé à n’importe quin’importe qui I not have not spoken to FC-anyoneI not have not spoken to FC-anyone I did not meet just anyone. (I met the president)I did not meet just anyone. (I met the president)
Andere episodische contexten:Andere episodische contexten: Est-ce qu’elle a mangEst-ce qu’elle a mangé é n’importe quoi?n’importe quoi? ? she has eaten FC-anything?? she has eaten FC-anything? Did she eat just anything?Did she eat just anything?
Je n’ ai pas vu qui que ce soitJe n’ ai pas vu qui que ce soit I not have not seen anyoneI not have not seen anyone I did not see anyone I did not see anyone x[person(x) x[person(x) I.met(x)I.met(x)
FCIs zijn gramaticale in FCIs zijn gramaticale in Modale contexten:Modale contexten: Boris na paris opjadhipote kartaBoris na paris opjadhipote karta Can SUBJ take any cardCan SUBJ take any card You can take any card!You can take any card!
Conditionele contexten:Conditionele contexten: Ean lisis opjadhipote askisi, tha paris dhekaEan lisis opjadhipote askisi, tha paris dheka If solve any exercise will take tenIf solve any exercise will take ten If you solve any problem, I will give you a ten! If you solve any problem, I will give you a ten!
In een word: nonveridicale contextenIn een word: nonveridicale contexten
Let Let cc be a context which contains a set be a context which contains a set MM of models of models relative to an individual relative to an individual x.x.
A propositional operator A propositional operator Op Op is is veridicalveridical iff [[Op p]] iff [[Op p]]cc= 1 → = 1 → [[p]]=1 in some epistemic model M[[p]]=1 in some epistemic model MEE (x) (x) cc; otherwise ; otherwise Op Op is nonveridical. is nonveridical.
YesterdayYesterday, I saw a student → I saw a student (VER), I saw a student → I saw a student (VER)Binding by a default existential quantifier (existential Binding by a default existential quantifier (existential
closure Heim 1982)closure Heim 1982)
There isThere is a student in the court → A student is in the yard a student in the court → A student is in the yard
ttp ur l o u ru l Lw t s pp rsh e e d c b g F e e cha ettp ur l o u ru l Lw t s pp rsh e e d c b g F e e cha epdfpdf
Nonveridical en antiveridicalNonveridical en antiveridical
NonveridicalNonveridical
You You maymay go out with a studentgo out with a student-/ →-/ → You go out You go out with a studentwith a student
AntiveridicalAntiveridicalA nonveridical operator A nonveridical operator Op Op is antiveridical iff is antiveridical iff [[Op p]]c =1 [[p]]=0 in some epistemic model [[Op p]]c =1 [[p]]=0 in some epistemic model ME(x) ME(x) c. c.
Yesterday, I did Yesterday, I did notnot see a student see a student → → (I saw a (I saw a student)student)
Epistemic modelEpistemic model
An epistemic model MAn epistemic model MEE(x) is a set of (x) is a set of worlds associated with an individual worlds associated with an individual x, representing worlds compatible x, representing worlds compatible with what x believeswith what x believes
MMEE(x)(w) ={w’:(x)(w) ={w’:p[x believes p(w)p[x believes p(w) p(w’)]}, where w is a world of p(w’)]}, where w is a world of evaluation and x an individualevaluation and x an individual
Licensing conditions voor FCIsLicensing conditions voor FCIs
Een FCI Een FCI aa is gramaticaal in een zin S is gramaticaal in een zin S desda:desda:
(i) (i) a a is de bereik van een is de bereik van een nonveridicaal operator nonveridicaal operator b b enen
(ii) S is niet episodisch(ii) S is niet episodisch
Waarom zijn FCIs SIs?Waarom zijn FCIs SIs?
(I) FCIs zijn indefinites: ze introduceren (I) FCIs zijn indefinites: ze introduceren alleen een free variable alleen een free variable
(II) Indefinites + intensional(II) Indefinites + intensional
Indefinites zijn free variables (I)Indefinites zijn free variables (I)
Een indefinite is een free variable zonder quantificationele Een indefinite is een free variable zonder quantificationele macht. macht. (Heim, on Lewis 1975, zie ook Kamp 1981) (Heim, on Lewis 1975, zie ook Kamp 1981)
De free variable is bound in 2 manieren: De free variable is bound in 2 manieren: (a) in de bereik van een unselective kwantor(a) in de bereik van een unselective kwantor If a man owns If a man owns a donkeya donkey, he always beats , he always beats itit
(b) Door (b) Door existential closure (existential closure ()) A dogA dog is coming. is coming. ItIt wants to come in. wants to come in.
Voor EC: (dog(xVoor EC: (dog(x11)&is-coming(x)&is-coming(x11)&(x)&(x11)wants-to-come-in))wants-to-come-in)Met EC: Met EC: 11 (dog(x (dog(x11)&is-coming(x)&is-coming(x11)&(x)&(x11)wants-to-come-in))wants-to-come-in)
FCIs zijn indefinites (I)FCIs zijn indefinites (I)
Ze zijn niet Universele kwantoren: geen Ze zijn niet Universele kwantoren: geen universele machtuniversele macht
FCIs zijn indefinites (I)FCIs zijn indefinites (I)Donkey anaphora: universals zijn statisch maar existentials nietDonkey anaphora: universals zijn statisch maar existentials niet
I fitites pu aghorasan kathe vivlio na mu to dhiksunI fitites pu aghorasan kathe vivlio na mu to dhiksun *The students that bought *The students that bought everyevery book show book show itit to me to me
immediatelyimmediately
I fitites pu aghorasan I fitites pu aghorasan opjodhipoteopjodhipote vivlio na mu to dhiksun vivlio na mu to dhiksun The students that bought The students that bought anyany book show book show itit to me immediately to me immediately
I fitites pu aghorasan I fitites pu aghorasan enaena vivlio na mu vivlio na mu toto dhiksun dhiksun The students that bought The students that bought aa book show book show itit to me immediately to me immediately
FCIs zijn indefinites (I)FCIs zijn indefinites (I)
Universal quantifiers have inverse scope over the Universal quantifiers have inverse scope over the licensing operatorlicensing operator
SomeSome student will pick up student will pick up everyevery speaker from the speaker from the airportairport
Existentiele en universele interpretatie als Existentiele en universele interpretatie als indefinitesindefinites
If a noise bothers you, please tell us.If a noise bothers you, please tell us.
If any noise bothers you, please tell us.If any noise bothers you, please tell us.
FCIs=FCIs=intensional intensional indefinites (II)indefinites (II)
Verschill tussen intensionality en extensionalityVerschill tussen intensionality en extensionality
Montague (1969)Montague (1969)John is seeking John is seeking the presidentthe presidentJohn is seeking John is seeking Mary’s fatherMary’s fatherMary’s father is a presidentMary’s father is a president
Mary’s father en the president=dezelfde extension Mary’s father en the president=dezelfde extension maar niet dezelfde intension!maar niet dezelfde intension!
Intensions Intensions are functions from possible worlds to are functions from possible worlds to corresponding extensionscorresponding extensions
FCIs=FCIs=intensional intensional indefinites (II)indefinites (II)
A world wA world w11 is an i-alternative wrt a iff is an i-alternative wrt a iff there exists some wthere exists some w22 such that [[a]] such that [[a]] ww11 ≠ [[a]] w ≠ [[a]] w22