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GI TR VN HO CA TC PHM VN HC

HONG PHONG TUN*

1. Bn v vai tr ca vn hc trong mi quan h vi vn ho (1), cc nhnghin cu u khng nh vn hc c vai tr quan trng trong vic phn nh, lachn, ph phn v sng to vn ho (2). Trong vic phn nh, vn hc khng chl mt tm gng phn nh ton b i sng vn ho. N phn nh mt cch cla chn. Chnh y, vn hc mi thc s c ngha i vi vn ho. Vn hccng c vai tr iu chnh, nh hng vn ho. Ni nh Ng Th Nhm, ngnchn iu xu, bo tn iu hay, mi l nhng c sc chnh ca th. Tuy nhin,nu nh c nhng nh hng ph hp th cng tn ti nhng nh hng khng

ph hp vi yu cu vn ho. Mt khc, khng phi s sng to no ca vn hccng lm giu cho vn ho v ph hp vi yu cu vn ho ca thi i. Ni cchkhc, khng phi s sng to vn hc no cng c gi tr vn ho v sng to vn

hc khng trng kht vi sng to vn ho. Bi v, vn hc biu hin vn ho,nhng khng phi l vn ho, d vn ho c kt tinh trong vn hc nhiu n no. V vy, gi tr vn ho cng khng th hon ton trng vi gi tr vn hcca tc phm. C nhng tc phm p ng c yu cu ca vn ho v sc sngca n, gi tr ca n ch yu kt tinh ngha vn ho m n mang li vi thii, cho con ngi. Vit Nam,Lc Vn Tin ca Nguyn nh Chiu trong vnhc trung i l tc phm nh vy. Vn ch, tiu ch no nh gi c gitr ca vn hc trong vic chn la, nh hng v sng to vn ho? Nht l ivi mt tc phm vn hc c th, nhn t gc no c th nh gi c gitr vn ho ca n? Nhng vn trn ch c th c gi m khi xc nh cim nhn cho phng din vn ho trong tc phm vn hc v t bc unhn nhn gi tr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc. Bi v, xt cho cng, mi quanh gia vn hc v vn ho bao gi cng th hin t tc phm v ch bc l quai sng ca chnh tc phm.

2. Ni n gi tr ca mt s vt, hin tng tc l xem xt mt li ch v tcdng ca n i vi con ngi v x hi. Gi tr khng phi l ci vn c do tnhin hay n thun do kt cu bn trong ca bn thn khch th s vt hintng m do khch th b thu ht vo phm vi tn ti x hi ca con ngi v trthnh ci mang nhng quan h x hi nht nh (3). on Vn Chc (1997) c l

l ngi cp kh h thng v chi tit v khi nim gi tr v gi tr x hi catc phm. ng vit: Gi tr l ci kh ao c trong i sng ca mt cng ngx hi, mt nhm hay mt c nhn, l yu t trung tm ca vn ho ni chung,cng nh ca tc phm vn ho ni ring. Gi l yu t trung tm bi lm nntc phm vn ho, ngi ta b thi thc mun giao ph cho tc phm mang vcv chuyn ch gi tr g vo i sng x hi, sau v t mi tnh n cc yu

* Hc vin cao hc, Trng TH Thc hnh, H S phm -Tp HCM

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t vt cht v cc yu t k thut (tc cc m tp thm m v k xo thm m)dng th hin ni dung (gi tr) mong mun (4). Nh vy, gi tr vn hokhng phi l ci bn ngoi tc phm, n th hin trong ni dung v phngthc to thnh ni dung ca tc phm. Tuy nhin, nh gi gi tr vn ho ca tc

phm cng cn da trn vic n p ng c nhng phng din g v vi mc no nhu cu vn ho ca con ngi trong mt hon cnh x hi c th. V vy,c s nh gi gi tr vn ho ca tc phm phi bt u bng nhng thuctnh ca chnh tc phm v i sng ca n.

Gi tr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc l gi tr ca phng din vn ho tnti trong bn thn tc phm c th hin thng qua mi quan h gia ngn tngh thut, hnh tng ngh thut vi nhng tiu chun thm m ca lnh vcvn hc ngh thut, tiu chun o c nhn vn truyn thng v nhng yu cuca vn ho thi i t ra cho tc phm. Phng din vn ho khng tn titrong ngn ng di gc l cht liu sng tc mc d ngn ng cng l hinthc vn ho. Di gc l cht liu sng to ngh thut, ngn ng ch dung

cha vn ho di dng tim nng. Do , trong tc phm vn hc, bn thnngn ng khng trc tip to nn gi tr vn ho. Thc t l vn c nhng tcphm vn hc dng ngn ng dn tc nhng khng c gi tr vn ho hoc phnvn ho. Chnh nh vn nh thc, kin to nn ngha vn ho bng ngn tngh thut trong tc phm. Nh vn t chc ngn ng, sng to nn th gii hnhtng ca tc phm vn hc ng thi bc l kh nng nhn thc v sng tovn ho. V vy, t gc vn ho, tc phm vn hc l s th hin mt cchngh thut vai tr ch th ca con ngi trong i sng vn ho.

Mt khc, gi tr vn ho cng c nhng c trng ring trong mi quan hvi gi tr vn hc ca tc phm. Bn v gi tr vn hc (Nguyn Vn Hnh dngkhi nim vn chng), Nguyn Vn Hnh (2002) vit: Gi tr vn chngch c to nn khi nh vn tm ra c nhng ni dung mi v hnh thc mi m rng, i mi chiu kch, kh nng ca vn chng, pht trin vnchng, to cho vn chng mt sc hp dn mi. Ga tr cng c nhiu cp .C gi tr thuc v ni dung, nh kh nng khm ph cuc sng v con ngi,

pht hin nhng ch mi, nhn vt mi. C gi tr thuc v hnh thc, chnghn v th loi, v kt cu, v ngn ng. on khc, ng nhn mnh: Trongvn chng, gi tr thc cht lgi tr mi, gi tr c o. M gi tr y l gitr vn chng, ch khng phi gi tr no khc (5). C th thy, nh gi gi tr

vn hc ca tc phm l t n trong mi quan h vi nhng tc phm khc, vilch s pht trin vn hc. Trong mi quan h , gi tr vn hc ca tc phm thhin qua s sng to, s c o trong quan nim, cch cm nhn th gii v

phng thc biu hin t tng, tnh cm ca nh vn. Trn mt bnh din khc,tm hiu gi tr vn ho ca tc phm l t gi tr vn hc ca tc phm trong hthng ca nn vn ho thng qua mi quan h vi bi cnh vn ho. Tc l vat n trong tng th sng to vn ho thm m ca dn tc, va t n trong yu

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cu vn ho ca thi i. Nh vy, gi tr vn ho bao gm gi tr vn hc ca tcphm. Ni cch khc, gi tr vn ho l tng th gi tr v ngha ca tc phmvn hc trn bnh din sng to v tip nhn trong mi quan h vi yu cu vnho thi i.

Tc phm vn hc l mt sng to tinh thn ca nh ngh s. N va nhnthc vn ho, va tng hp nhng biu hin vn ho thi i nh l nhng chtliu sng tc. Nh vy, tc phm vn hc va l ch th tip nhn va l ch thsng to vn ho. Nhn mnh tnh ch th tc l nhn mnh n tnh tch cc catc phm vn hc trong tip nhn v sng to vn ho. Mt khc, phng dinvn ho ca tc phm vn hc bc l trong mi quan h gia tc phm v bicnh vn ho thi i. V gi tr vn ho ca tc phm c c l do ngha, vaitr v tc ng ca tc phm i vi vn ho ca mt dn tc. Nh vy, qu trnhtip nhn gp phn bc l phng din vn ho v gi tr vn ho ca tc phm.Mt tc phm khng th c ngha vn ho khi n hon ton b qun lng. Trongmi quan h gia tc phm v thi i, gi tr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc th

hin qua vic n chn lc v bo lu nhng g ca vn ho truyn thng, mc nhn thc, gii quyt ca n i vi nhng yu cu t ra ca vn ho thi i,ng thi l s sng to trong cch cm nhn thm m v th gii v con ngi .Theo thi gian, gi tr vn ho ca tc phm cn c khng nh bng nhng

sng to vn ho v ngha vn ho ca n cho tng lai. Bi v i vi nhngtc phm c gi tr vn ho thc s, ngha vn ho ca n vn khng ngng snsinh trong i sng vn ho ngh thut tng lai. Lc ny tc phm tr thnh mtngun nng lng vn ho v tn. Trong vn hc Vit Nam, Truyn Kiu l mtngun nng lng vn ho nh vy. Tuy nhin, gi tr vn ho ca tc phmkhng phi l mt i lng bt bin. ngha ca n ph thuc khng nhng

bn thn n m cn ph thuc vo yu cu ca tng thi i. V vy, c nhnggi tr nht thi, c nhng gi tr trng tn ca tc phm ni chung v ca

phng din vn ho trong tc phm ni ring.Mt tc phm vn hc c gi tr vn ho thc s, kh nng thm nhp v ti

sinh ca n rt mnh m. ngha v gi tr vn ho ca n tc ng v thmnhp vo nhng lnh vc khc nh trit hc, chnh tr, o c. y l trnghp thng thy trong vn hc trung i, vi nhng tc phm vn s trit bt

phn. Mt khc, nh hng v s thm nhp ca n cng khng ch thu hp trongphm vi vn ho ca mt dn tc. T gc vn ho, n va l mt ng lc,

va l mt nhn t tch cc trong qu trnh giao lu vn ho gia dn tc ny vidn tc khc. ngha vn ho ca tc phm vn hc lc ny c th hin trongmi quan h giao lu. N va c vai tr thc tin l ph bin v khng nh v trvn ho dn tc, n va c ngha i vi nn vn ho tip nhn n.

2.1. Vn quyt nh khi nh gi gi tr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc, dl tc phm vn hc truyn thng hay tc phm vn hc ng i, l t tc

phm trong bi cnh vn ho thi i. Gustave Lanson (1965) tng lu khi

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nghin cu tc phm l phi t tc phm trong thi i sn sinh ra n. ng cnnhn mnh rng khi nghin cu tc phm phi nh n s nghin cu nhngngn ngun ca tc phm t trong nhng truyn thng sch v v truyn ming.M. Bakhtin (1970) cng c kin tng t khi ng cho rng phi t tc phmtrong mi quan h vi bi cnh vn ho khi n ra i. Cc nh nghin cu nh

Nguyn Duy Bc (1994), Phan Ngc (2000), Trn nh S (2001), Neil J.Smelser v Paul B. Baltes (2001) cng lu n iu ny (6). Thc cht, gi trvn ho ca tc phm khng ch c nh gi trong hon cnh m n ra i.Bi v, chnh nhng tc phm c ngha trong nhiu bi cnh vn ho khcnhau mi l nhng tc phm c gi tr vn ho thc s. N va l qu kh, val hin ti v tng lai ca nn vn ho. V vy, khi nghin cu gi tr ca nhngtc phm vn hc ln trong qu kh, cng cn phi t n trong nhiu bi cnhvn ho thy c tng i trn vn gi tr vn ho, sc sng vn ho, ngunnng lng vn ho ca n.

Tuy nhin, vn khng n gin l ch t n trong bi cnh vn ho. iu

quan trng l gi tr vn ho ca tc phm bc l trong mi quan h vi phngdin no ca bi cnh vn ho? Trong cng trnh sNghin cu v lch s(AStudy of History, 1972), khi l gii s pht trin ca cc nn vn minh, ArnoldToynbee cho rng mt x hi pht trin tt nht khi phi ng ph li mt thchthc (response to challenge) (7). Ni cch khc, s vn ng v pht trin ca xhi ni chung v vn ho ni ring gn lin vi vic gii quyt yu cu t ra catng thi i c th. Chnh iu ny lm cho bi cnh vn ho khng bao gi tnti nh mt h thng tnh m lun lun tim tng kh nng ny sinh nhng hintng vn ho mi nhm p ng yu cu ca thi i. M. Bakhtin c ln cng lu n c im ny ca vn ho. ng vit: Cn c bit nhn mnh ltrong gii hn ca thi i, cc khu vc ring ca vn ho khng ch c tc ngln nhau m cn c u tranh. S thng nht ca nn vn ho trong mt thi il hin tng ht sc phc tp v khng phi l s ho iu n gin. ng hn,n ging nh mt cuc tranh lun cha chm dt trong thi i v s thngnht ca mt nn vn ho nht nh l s thng nht ng (8). Nh vy, s tcng ln nhau gia cc ngun mch vn ho, nh vn ho dn gian, vn ho ca thc h chnh thng, cng vi s tc ng ca nhng yu t vn ho ngoi sinhtrong mt nn vn ho vi nhng bin thin ca i sng lun thc y kh nnghnh thnh nn mt xu hng vn ho. Chnh xu hng ny ng thi tip tc thu

ht vo n nhng hin tng vn ho t nhiu ngn mch khc nhau nhm imi, ti cu trc nn vn ho cho ph hp vi yu cu vn ho ca thi i. cng chnh l s vn ng bin chng ca mt nn vn ho. V vy, gi tr vnho ca tc phm ch yu th hin qua vic n nhn thc v gii quyt c mc no yu cu vn ho ca thi i, v thm ch yu cu vn ho ca tng lai ,d nhng yu cu ny cn dng tim nng, cha t gic m ch xut hin tronglinh cm ca nh vn. Ngc li, chnh yu cu vn ho cng gp phn cng

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vi truyn thng vn ho quy nh nhng tiu ch la chn, tip bin v sng tovn ho ca tc phm vn hc. Truyn Kiu ca Nguyn Du s d c ngha vnho ln i vi thi i v n nhn thc c yu cu bnh dn ho, i sngho v tnh cm ho trong i sng vn ho ngh thut ca thi i. Yu cu nykhng ch th hin trong quan nim v thc tin sng tc vn hc ca nhng nh

Nho m cn th hin trong c nhng lnh vc khc nh iu khc, hi ho (9).Yu cu vn ho mt mt tc ng n xu hng vn ng v pht trin ca

vn ho, mt khc hng n vic gn gi bo tn nn vn ho truyn thng. Hayni cch khc, pht trin vn ho gn lin vi vic gn gi nhng yu t tch ccca truyn thng vn ho nh l hai mt ca bi cnh vn ho thi i. V vy,mt tc phm c gi tr vn ho thc s, phi chn lc, gn gi trong n c chiusu ca vn ho truyn thng. M. Bakhtin tng lu vn trn, ng vit:Mi tc phm u bt r rt su vo qu kh xa xi. Mt tc phm vn hc vi c chun b qua nhiu th k, lc n hnh thnh tc l lc ngi ta thuhoch c ci thnh qu ca mt s tm kim lu di v phc tp n lc chn

mui (10). Chnh iu ny s lm cho n tip bin v i mi, hng n vnho tng lai m khng ct t vi dng lch s vn ho ca dn tc. VitNam, nhng tc phm tiu biu ca Huy Cn, Xun Diu trong phong tro thMi l nhng tc phm nh vy. T cho thy, mun tm hiu gi tr vn hoca tc phm vn hc, cn phi t tc phm trn bnh din rng ln ca nn vnho dn tc. C th l cn t tc phm vn hc trong bnh din tn ti ca miquan h hai chiu. Chiu th nht l chiu lch i, c to ra bng cch thitlp mi quan h ca mt ch hoc ca h thng nhng sng to din ra trcy trong phm vi lnh vc vn hc ngh thut. Chiu th hai l chiu ng i,c to nn t vic t tc phm trong mi quan h vi ton th ni dung tinhthn cha ng trong mt nn vn ho thng qua nhng din mo hoc biu hinc th ca n din ra trong cng mt thi gian. y cng l iu Schorske (1979)gi khi ng ngh cch l gii mt hin tng lch s trong mi quan h vivn ho (11). Cch nhn ny gip nh gi c ngha ca tc phm vn hckhng nhng trong truyn thng ca th loi, ca lnh vc vn ho ngh thut,m cn trong mi lin h vi nhng yu cu v c trng ca vn ho thi i.

2.2. i sng ca tc phm, c s cho vic nh gi gi tr vn ho ca tcphm vn hc, th hin qua nhng hnh thc tip nhn tc phm khc nhau trongbi cnh vn ho. V iu ny, Gustave Lanson (1965) cng ngh cn xem xt

tc phm tng c nhng cnh ng v nh hng nh th no vi hon cnh xhi. Nhng t liu nh bnh lun trn bo ch, th t c nhn, nht k hay phch lc c hoc tranh lun lc c c th chng minh cho cch thc v nhngthu hoch khi c. C th thy rng ngay t thi xa xa, tc phm vn hc, tutheo mc nh hng v s ph hp ca n m c nhiu hnh thc tip nhnkhc nhau: ph bnh tc phm, vnh v tc phm, phin dch tc phm, hiunh v ch gii tc phm, nh hng ca tc phm i vi nhng sng tc

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khc v thm ch chuyn th tc phm sang nhng loi hnh ngh thut khc.Tuy nhin, vic nghin cu lch s tip nhn ca tc phm vn hc thng chgii hn trong nhng nhn nh, thm bnh c lin quan trc tip n tc phm.Hin nay, Vit Nam, vic xem xt lch s tip nhn tc phm trong nhng loihnh ngh thut khc mi ch bt u gn y (12) v cha thc s vn dng nnhng vn l lun lin quan n mi quan h bn cht gia cc loi hnh nghthut. im ny lm cho vic nh gi s tip nhn trong nhng tc phm thucloi hnh khc d mang tnh ch quan. Trn thc t, mt tc phm ngh thut cth c tip cn t nhiu gc khc nhau. Mt nh trit hc, x hi hc c thtm thy y nhng cch thc khi qut v l gii cuc sng. Mt nh ngh sc th tm thy y mt ngun cm hng sng tc. Thm ch mt nh khoa hck thut c th tm thy trong nhng tc phm vn hc gi tng mt cm hngsng to. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu l tip nhn ngh thut hon ton khc vivic s dng chi tit trong tc phm nh l nhng c liu khoa hc. Nh vy, tipnhn ngh thut l s c th ho ca nhng hng tip cn khc nhau v tc

phm. iu quan trng l khng phi tt c nhng hng tip cn u cbiu hin trc tip thnh tip nhn. N cn ngm su, chuyn bin, ho thn vonhng loi hnh ngh thut khc, vo i sng ca vn ho dn gian. Mt khc,cn lu rng khng phi s tip nhn no cng l c s cho vic nh gi gi trvn ho ca tc phm. Hin tng tip nhn truyn ngn Nguyn Huy Thip gny cho thy r iu ny. y cng chnh l im khc bit gia vic nghin culch s tip nhn mt tc phm vn hc vi vic nh gi gi tr vn ho ca tc

phm vn hc . Bi v khng phi bt c hin tng tip nhn no cng idin cho yu cu vn ho ca thi i. Nh vy, nhng hng tip cn khc nhau

phi c xem xt thng qua khng ch nhng biu hin trc tip,gin tip mcn s chuyn tip. Mt s nhn nhn tng i y v nhng hng tipcn mi gp phn minh chng gi tr vn ho ca tc phm.

Cch biu hin ga tr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc cng c nhng imring so vi nhng tc phm thuc loi hnh ngh thut khc. im khc th hinr nht nm trong c trng ca ngn ng, cht liu sng tc vn hc. Nu nhnhng cht liu sng tc khc nh g, , mu sc l nhng cht liu vt chtth ngn ng l sn phm ca vn ho. Ngn ng ca mi dn tc c mt cchchia ct v khi qut thc ti ring bit nn n phn nh su sc np ngh, np tduy, np vn ho ca dn tc . Cht liu sng tc ca nh vn khng ch l

ngn ng m cn l vn ho. V vy, tim nng dung cha v sng to vn hoca tc phm vn hc l rt ln. Mt khc, ngn ng mang tnh ph bin v ncn l mt phng tin giao tip. Chnh tnh ph bin gip cho kh nng tipnhn, thm nhp v ti sinh ca tc phm trong i sng vn ho ngh thut trnn d dng v nhanh chng. Ni cch khc, chnh ngn ng, nh l mt phngtin giao tip quan trng bc nht, gp phn rt ln trong vic to nn hiu qutc ng vn ho ca tc phm vn hc. Trng hp thm nhp ca Lc Vn

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Tin vo i sng vn ho dn gian Nam b, trng hp ti sinh ca th Nmtruyn tng H Xun Hng l mt bng chng khng nh vai tr ca ngn ngtrong vic hin thc ho gi tr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc.

3. Gi tr vn ho ca mt tc phm vn hc l mt i lng lun tim tngkh nng thm nhp, ti sinh v pht trin trong khng gian v theo thi gian. Vvy, vic tm hiu vn gi tr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc khng ch c ngha i vi vic gp phn khng nh, nh gi mt cch tng i khch quangi tr ca tc phm vn hc m cn gip nhn thc c thc tin vn ng v

bin i ca yu cu vn ho i vi vn hc tng giai on. iu ny cng sgp phn quan trng cho vic nhn thc gi tr ca tc phm vn hc ng i.Mt khc, vic xem xt gi tr vn ho ca nhng tc phm vn hc tiu biu sl c s chc chn cho vic tm hiu mi quan h gia vn ho v vn hc; vaitr, ngha ca vn hc i vi vn ho theo c im vn ho ca tng dn tc.Bi v, xt cho cng, vi mi dn tc khc nhau, vai tr ca vn hc trong vnho bao gi cng c nhng biu hin khc nhau.

GI TR VN HA CA TC PHM VN HC

Nhng nghin cu v vn hc cha c s phn bit gia gi tr vn ha vgi tr vn hc ca tc phm. Bi vit bc u nhn nhn gi tr vn ha ca tc

phm trong quan h vi gi tr vn hc ca n. Gi tr vn ho ca tc phm vnhc khng hon ton tng ng vi gi tr vn hc. Gi tr vn ho ca tc phml ngha ca n c xt trong chiu rng v chiu su ca din trnh vn hodn tc, v thm ch, trong s giao lu vn ho. Gi tr vn ha ca tc phm cth hin qua thc tin s tip nhn tc phm trong bi cnh vn ha thi i. Gitr vn ho ca tc phm vn hc c chuyn ti qua ngn ng ngh thut, hnhtng ngh thut. N th hin s nhn thc, sng to, d bo nhng vn v vnho ca tc phm.

Summary:CULTURE VALUE OF LITERARY WORKS

Hong Phong Tun

The literature researches so far havent distinguished the culture value and

literature value of the literary works. This study initially tries to take a look at theculture value in relation with the literature value of the literary works. Culturevalue and literature value of literary works arent absolutely indentical. Culturevalue of literary works is meanings considered in the width and depth of theevolution of the national, and even culture exchange. The culture value of theworks is expressed through the reality of works reception in the current culturecontexts. Culture value of literary works is conveyed through their artistic

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language and symbols. It expresses the awareness, creation, prediction of theworks cultural problems. Researching on the culture value of the literary workshelps shaping the culture needs which their age requires.

CH THCH:

1. Chng ti chn nh ngha ca Trn Ngc Thm v vn ho: Vn ho lmt h thng hu c cc gi tr vt cht v tinh thn do con ngi sng tov tch lu qua qu trnh hot ng thc tin trong s tng tc gia conngi vi mi trng t nhin v x hi ca mnh. Trn Ngc Thm(2001), Tm v bn sc vn ho Vit Nam, Nxb TP HCM, tr 25.

2. Xem thm, chng hn: Trn nh Hu (1995), n hin i t truynthng, Nxb Vn ho thng tin, HN; Th Minh Thu (1997), Mi quan h

gia vn ho v vn hc, Nxb Vn ho Thng tin, HN; Nhiu tc gi (1998),Nhng vn vn ho Vit Nam hin i, Nxb Gao dc; Trng Lu(1999), Vn hc trong hnh trnh vn ho, Vin Vn ho v Nxb Vn hothng tin; Trn nh S (2001), Vai tr sng to vn ho ca vn hc, Introng Vn hc v thi gian, Nxb Vn hc, HN.;

3. T in Trit hc (1986), Nxb Tin b v Nxb S tht, In ti Lin X, mct gi tr.

4. on Vn Chc (1997),X hi hc vn ho (Cultural sociology), Vin Vnho, Nxb Vn ho - Thng tin, HN, tr 147, 155.

5. Nguyn Vn Hnh (2002), Vn hc, vn ho, vn v suy ngh, NxbKHXH, tr 275.

6. Xem thm, chng hn: Gustave Lanson (1965), Essais de mthode, decritique et dhistoire littraire, Paris; M. Bakhtin (1970),Hy dng cm hnna trong vic s dng kh nng(chng ti dng u nguyn vn, VngTr Nhn dch l Mt s kha cnh phng php lun khi nghin cu vnhc qu kh), Tp ch Vn hc, s 4, 1980; Nguyn Duy Bc (1994), My

suy ngh v hng nghin cu vn hc ngh thut trong mi quan h vi vnho. Tp ch Vn ho ngh thut, s 7, 1994; Phan Ngc (2000), Mt cchtip cn vn ho, Nxb Thanh nin; Trn nh S (2001), thc vn ho

ca vn hc cch mng Vit Nam sau 1945, In trong Vn hc v thi gian,Nxb Vn hc, HN; Nei J. Smelser & Paul B. Baltes (2001), InternationalEncyclopedia of The Social & Sciences, Volume 5, Cambridge UniversityPress, UK.

7. Bn dch ra ting Vit: Nghin cu v lch s mt cch thc din gii(2002), do Nguyn Kin Giang (v nhng ngi khc) dch, Nxb Th gii,HN.

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8. M. Bakhtin (1970), Tld.9. V Phng (TK XVIII) cao li vn chng mc mc, qu ma, tnh

trung hu. ng vit: Li c khoa ng ch, thi lm mt bi th ng ngn, lyvn T. Mt bi thi c cu: Thi hn phng kht tr, thn hnh th tam th(Mng gp thi thnh tr, Thn may ly v ba); hai cu th y, ngi i bygi truyn nhau lm tr ci. Tuy vy, xt ra hai cu th y tuy mc mcqu ma, nhng li trung hu,c th thy phong tc thun phc lc , ncn hn loi vn xu thi, ho nhong, khinh bc; mi l vn thi lon .Theo ng: Hin nay, nhiu ngi ch n vn chng ang c sc tmcch tr b loi vn ph hoa, trng rng vn hi nn vn chng trongsng, chn thc. Vy nhng bi vn mc mc nh trn, c l nn khen,khng nn ch l qu ma mi phi (Vit m thi tp tn tuyn, theo Ttrong di sn, Nxb Tc phm mi, HN, 1981, tr 24); V nhng xu hng nitrn th hin trong iu khc v hi ho, c th xem thm, chng hn:

Nguyn c Nng (1976), Ci p ca tranh dn gian Vit Nam, in trong:

Tnh dn tc ca ngh thut to hnh, Nh xut bn Vn ho, HN; Thi BVn (1976),iu khc nh lng, Tp ch nghin cu ngh thut, s 4 (13),nm 1976 ; Trn Lm Hng Kin (1986), Vi nt v hnh tng ngi phn qua kho tng m thut c, Tp ch Vn ho ngh thut, S thng 12/1986.

10. M. Bakhtin (1970), Tld.11. Schorske (1979), Fin-de-sicle Vienna. Politics and Culture. Random

House, New York.12. Trn nh Khim, Lun vn Thc s khoa hc Ng vn: Tip nhn Truyn

Kiu di gc nhn nhc ho. Trng i hc S Phm Tp HCM, 07/2003.

Gii m vn ha trong tc phm vn hc

PGS.TS Trn L BoKhoa Vn HSPHN

S pht trin v thm nhp ca vn ha hc vo nhiu ngnhkhoa hc x hi v nhn vn ngy cng su sc, lm cho mingi cng thc nhn vai tr v s gn kt ca vn ha vi vnhc vn c t bn cht n nay cng su sc v khng th chiatch.Vn hc l s t thc vn ha. Vn hc chng nhng l mt bphn ca vn ha, chu s chi phi nh hng trc tip ca vnha m cn l mt trong nhng phng tin tn ti v bo lu vnha. Vn hc chu nh hng trc tip t mi trng vn ha thii v truyn thng vn ha c o ca mt dn tc, ng thi

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th hin c ni hm tm l vn ha c o ca mt thi i vmt cng ng dn tc. Cng vi h thng gi tr vn ha lnhng m thc vn ha ring ca mt cng ng dn tc, vn hc t gic tip nhn v th hin nhng gi tr v m thc m ccng ng tn trng v tun th.

Mt khc, nh vn ch th sng tc phi l con ca mt cngng, thuc v mt cng ng nht nh, mun hay khng anh tacng tip nhn nhng thnh t vn ha ca cng ng mnh,nhng li t duy, nhng m thc ng x trong cha ng nihm vn ha tm l ring ca thi i cng nh nhng ngng tgi tr vn ha truyn thng ca cng ng. V vy nh vn dsng to ti u, vit ra hay ni ra vn g th cng vn th hintm thi vn ha v nhng kt cu tm l vn ha c o cadn tc mnh.

Thm na, khi c v tm hiu vn hc nc ngoi, trn thc tkhng ch l qu trnh vn dng nhng hiu bit v ngn ng ncngoi - vn khng d dng i vi nhiu ngi, m quan trng hnl phi hiu c bi cnh vn ha ca dn tc khc, hiu cnhng ng ngha vn ha dn tc tim n trong v ngn ng cah, hiu c nhng m thc t duy, tm thi vn ha, nhng mvn ha ca cng ng khc, thm ch v cng khc l vi nginghin cu. Ni khc i l mun hiu vn hc nc ngoi khngch n gin l bit ting nc ngoi m cn cn bit c nn vnha ca cng ng y, mi mong hiu c thu o vn hc cah.Chnh v vy m vic tm hiu v gii m vn ha trong tc phmvn hc khng ch cn thit cho vic nghin cu vn hc trongnc m cng s v cng cn thit i vi vic nghin cu vnhc nc ngoi. Phng php ny s tm c nhng c s khoahc lin ngnh cn thit v hp l. Cch thc gii m ny l tvn hc vo bi cnh rng ln ca vn ha - x hi, hoc trongnh hng qua li ca vn hc i vi nhng hin tng vn hax hi khc, t lm ni bt nhng sc thi vn ha phong ph

c th hin trong tc phm vn hc; hoc gii m khm phnhng ph hiu, biu tng hm n mun vn lp ngha trm tchca vn ha trong vn bn vn hc c th, qua nhng lp b mtca ngn ng tc phm, trn c s so snh hin thc v lch s, isu khm ph ni hm tm l vn ha v ht nhn vn ha timn trong nhiu lp trm tch ca tc phm, i chiu tng th trnnhiu bnh din, nhiu gc nh gi ht ci hay ci p ca

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tc phm vn hc v ngha quan trng ca vn hc i vi cucsng ca nhn loi.C iu rng, s xem xt mi quan h ca vn ha i vi vn hclu nay vn c th vn b coi l mt loi phng php c tnh thaotc n gin, c th ca ph bnh vn hc theo ch ngha cu trc

hay ph bnh th loi vn hc hoc l mt ci g tng t nhvy. Ngi ta coi n nh mt gc quan st v gii thch dn dca ph bnh vn hc. Tuy nhin nu xt t gc ny, ngi tacng c th thu lm c s lin thng gia chnh th vn ha vsng to thm m trong tc phm vn hc c th, ng thi tc nhng nhn thc mi v nhng bnh gi mi i vi ni hmnhiu lp vn ha trong tc phm vn hc. V vy mi dn ti squan tm v coi trng nhng nghin cu v gii thch mi quan hgn b gia vn hc v vn ha trong thi i ngy nay.

1. Xt t gc ph hiu vn bn tp trung ch yu nhng biutng vn ha, t m rng phn tch l gii nhng ni hm vnha ca chng nh mi ngi thng gi l gii m vn ha y l cng vic u tin v cng quan trng trong qu trnh tmhiu phn tch vn ha trong tc phm vn hc c th. Trong tnglp ny, cc nh ph bnh thng c bit coi trng h thng hnhthc c th quan st nhn bit trn vn bn, c bit l phn tchl gii vn ha ca cc h thng hnh thc ngn ng vn bn.Vn ha khng phi l mt hnh thi quan nim tru tng khng

bng hnh, khng cn c, nh nhn loi hc M Kelefod. Gelkancho rng: (vn ha) do lch s truyn di, th hin nhng mthc ngha trong nhng ph hiu tng trng, mi ngi mnh thng ny giao lu, duy tr nhng tri thc c quan h trongcuc sng v c thi giao i thch hp trong cuc sng. ivi tc phm vn hc, ni hm vn ha mt mt bao hm trongnhng nhn t ca ni dung, mt khc th hin mt loi tim nv thc vn ha trong hnh thc ngn ng vn bn. V vy phntch vn ha mt hnh thc ngn ng vn bn khng ch lm chovic kho st vn ha trong tc phm vn hc c c mt tin khoa hc ca mt loi ph bnh vn hc m quan trng hn cnxem kt cu ngn ng ca nhn loi l ton b c s v thc cavn ha nhn loi. Hnh thc ngn ng tr thnh ni chuyn titrnh hin v ngng t nhng lp vn ha n tng trong ni dungvn bn, bn thn tng din ny cng bao hm nhng thngtin vn ha quan trng, khin cho n tr thnh mt trong nhiu

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lp vn ha tt yu cn c gii thch trong tc phm vn hc.Nghin cu vn ha ngn ng hc hin i cng cho rng nhnthc trn l c cn c khoa hc. Vn ha ngn ng hc hin icho rng bn thn ngn ng l mt loi phi bn nng tip nhnchc nng ca vn ha. Do tnh x hi v tnh nhn vn ca ngn

ng, do b l thuc vo nhng iu kin sinh tn v nhng nhn thn ch trong th gii quan ca mt cng ng dn tc nht nhc phn nh trong ngn ng v hnh vi ca cng ng dn tc,cho nn ngn ng khng ch c coi l cng c giao lu ca nhnloi m ngi ta cn coi n l hnh thc cm nhn v l gii thgii. C mt s nh vn ha ngn ng hc thm ch cho rng:ngn ng l th gii ca chng ta. Xt t ngha ny cho thyngn ng chuyn ti c im vn ha, trong n c c c imca truyn thng vn ha v c nhng yu t thn b su kn trong

hin thc vn ha v hin tng vn ha, khin n tr thnh mtyu t quan trng nh chic chic cha kha m cnh ca isu vo bn cht tinh thn v tm linh ng thi lm sng t ktcu cc tng lp ca hnh thi vn ha c o ca mt cngng.

Trong qu trnh thao tc phn tch c th, cc nh ph bnh davo nhng m hnh biu t ngn ng c th trong tc phm vnhc nh: h thng t ng, hnh thc c php, kt cu chng mc,h thng hnh tng v cc quan h an cho khc nhau ca vn

bn, phn tch l gii nhng nhn t tm l v nhn t thmm c hnh thc ngn ng chuyn ti; tip n l i su khaithc nhng ni hm vn ha ngng t trong . gc nyc th m ra nhng kin thc v cng phong ph v t tng trithc, tn gio, o c, phong tc tp qun ca mt cng ngnht nh.D theo quan im trn, nh nghin cu L Hng Chn trong bi:Khng gian nhn loi hc ca th gii thn thoi gii thchnhng lp ng ngha trong tiu thuyt ca Mc Ngn cho rngvic phn tch ni hm vn ha ngn ng trong Cao lng cng c th em li nhng nhn thc mi. Sau khi kho st c thnhng phng thc ngn ng c Mc Ngn hay vn dng trongtiu thuyt, nh ph bnh pht hin thy nh vn thng mnnhng kinh nghim, nhng tri nghim c tnh truyn k cangi cao tui gn gi nh ng ni b ni k v nhng cuchuyn cuc i con ngi trong x hi nng thn trc kia, ngnng tuy ht sc phong ph v phc tp, nhng c th chia ra lm

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hai h thng c lp song vn c quan h gn b vi nhau, mtbn l h thng tn gi nhng ngi thn ng knh ng, b,cha, m, mt bn l nhng t thn thuc ca h thng ngnng hin i nh Ngu t kh, ch t khoa, Tm thi, ng H thng tn gi trn lin quan n bi cnh vn ha qu

kh ca qu hng, mang li mu sc ca bc tranh hng thntrc y; h thng sau c quan h vi bi cnh vn ha thhin i, thc hin chc nng t s v cu chuyn; nh ph bnhli a ra phn tch hai cu trong tiu thuyt Mc Ngn: B ni lngi i u trong gii phng c tnh v Hng cao lng l bctranh qu hng Cao Mt. Hai kiu cu ny biu hin rt inhnh quan h ch v, quan h cc so ng cp c bn cahnh thc trn thut, ng thi phn nh ht sc tp trung nhngc trng ng ngha c ny sinh trong qua h ng php nhvy. l thc t ng hin i i vi vic trn thut cng nht v v bnh gi cuc sng dn gian thi qu vng.i su thm mt bc na phn tch, cc nh ph bnh cnpht hin, trong tiu thuyt Mc Ngn hai h thng so ng vaan xen gn kt li va chia tch, ph hp vi phng thc kchuyn c o ca Mc Ngn (lun c s chuyn i trong othut v hi c cng pha tp ngh lun), lm cho tiu thuyt trny tnh tit truyn k t ti hiu qu thm m sc mu thnthai trong thc t ng ca con ngi hin i, hnh thnh mtkhng gian nhn loi hc ca th gii thn thoi. Trong khnggian ny, trng thi sinh tn v phng thc sn xut kinh t xhi nng thn, cng v s v thc tp th trong hi c chng tcnh tn ngng v thc sinh t, tt c lun an quyn vo nhauht sc mt thit, n khi con ngi hin i nghin cu nghatrit hc ca s sinh tn, cu thnh nhiu lp ng ngha khngging nhau, iu ny bao hm ni dung vn ha hc nhn loiht sc phong ph. Xt t gc nh ph bnh, di ngi bt McNgn, lp khng gian t s qu hng ng Bc Cao Mt, cngmang tnh cht song trng va thc t va h t, n c mt tn

gi thc v a l nhn vn tiu biu cho vn ha qu hng ngBc Cao Mt, ng thi cng l h cu ca tc gi, nhng suyngm vn ha bao hm mt khng gian trit hc ca cuc sngdn gian xa xa.

T nhng phn tch trn, chng ta c th thy s d c nhng nhnthc, nhng ph bnh trc y cha thng nht c th do nhngnh ph bnh cha c thc gn kt gc nhn vn ha trong ph

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bnh vn hc vi vn bn tc phm. Ni hm tc phm vn hclun n cha vn ha trong vn bn bao qut ni dung nhiu lpgia hin thc v lch s, gia vt l v tm l cng khng chn gin l tc gi dng cng c ngn ng truyn t mt vn no , m quan trng l trong bn thn h thng ngn ng

c o kia n cha nhng ni dung, nhng li ngh, nhngd bo th hin nhng kht vng, l tng thm m cao p catc gi. Chng ta c th cha hon ton tip thu nhng kt lunc th ca cc nh ph bnh, nhng cc nh ph bnh u rt coitrng tnh thm m ca vn bn, thng qua vic phn tch tinh th thng ngn ng vn bn, t c nhng phng thc giithch, tip cn ni hm vn ha ca tng lp tng lp su dntrong vn bn tc phm, v chc chn chng ta s khm phnhiu iu mi l.

2. Cc nh nhn hc vn ha cng da vo nhiu ngun t liu rasc chng minh vn ha dn tc c tc dng hnh thnh cu trctm l dn tc. Mt mt h cho rng v ci ngun mi nn vnha u c tnh ngi v mang tnh nhn loi. T xa xa, khi hnhthnh x hi loi ngi cho ti nay, vn ha cc dn tc ra ii ging nhau u l do con ngi sng to ra nhng gi trvn ha trong qu trnh tip xc, ng x vi t nhin v x hi,lm cho trong tng su tm l vn ha nhn loi vn c stng ng, nhng tnh chung ca con ngi. Mt khc cc cngng dn tc khc nhau, v phi ng x vi mi trng sng, honcnh a l khc nhau, c lch s pht trin x hi cng khngging nhau, v vy m h sng to ra nhng nn vn ha khcnhau vi bn sc dn tc c o cho ring cng ng mnh.

Trong hot ng sng to vn ha c th, con ngi hnh thnhnhng quan nim t tng, phong cch o c, tp tc tn gio,hng th thm m tt c l sn phm ca lch s cng ng.Chng c th bin i v pht trin ty theo thi i. Tuy nhintrong qu trnh di lu, nhiu thnh qu vn ha dn dn csng lc, ngng t, thm thu vo tm l vn ha dn tc, tr

thnh mt loi v thc tp th, cu thnh mt loi c s tm lsiu c th. T tr thnh truyn thng vn ha dn tc, bphn ct li c ci ngun ni ti trong thm tng kt cu ca vnha dn tc. V vy gi gn bo lu v k tha truyn thng vnha dn tc c ngha quan trng v sc mnh to ln chi phi,nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n hnh vi ca con ngi vcng ng trong cc thi i khc nhau, ng thi cng th hin

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trong mun vn nhng hnh vi ng x vn ha khc nhau ca mingi trong cng ng. c phn nh trong sng to vn hc, lnhng tng vn hc nhng mtip v nguyn mu khng gingnhau; nhng tng vn hc nhng mtip v nguyn mu cavn hc trong cc thi i khc nhau, tr thnh vt di truyn k

tha v tip ni to thnh truyn thng vn hc; chng em liv s nhng hnh thc v kinh nghim in hnh ca t tin chngta, chng l v s nhng sn vt ngng t tm l kinh nghimng loi. Trong mi tng u ngng t mt s nhn t tml nhn loi v vn mnh nhn loi, xuyn thm trong lch s ttin chng ta l nhng phng thc tng ng c lp i lp linh nhng tia hi quang tn d ca hoan lc v bi thng. Thngqua vic phn tch ngha vn ha tng trng ca mt s biutng, mtip v nguyn hnh vn hc, c th a ngi c i suhn vo nhng lp ngha phong ph ca tc phm vn hc. Biutng c cc nh nghin cu vn ha v vn hc rt coi trng vn l n v c bn ca vn ha, l ht nhn di truyn x hiv quan trng l n c sinh ra nh nng lc biu tng haca con ngi. Con ngi t duy bng biu tng, giao tip bngbiu tng, th hin tm t tnh cm su kn nht cng nh thnghoa nhng kht vng u bng biu tng. Chnh v vy mi cnh nhn hc vn ha cho rng: vn ha l dng thc biu tngi t ngi ny sang ngi khc.Chng hn chng ta th kho st biu tng Si trong tc phm

Ttem Si tng gy nhiu tranh ci ca nh vn KhngNhung. Nhng tranh lun ca nhng nh ph bnh khng phikhng c l. C iu rng, mi ngi ng trn quan im ringv c cch tip cn ring nn tranh ci cng khng c g l l.Di gc gii m biu tng vn ha, ngi c c th thyc nhiu gi tr khc lung linh, kh d c sc thuyt phc. Biutng si l si ch xuyn sut tc phm. Si trong mi quanh vi t nhin, trc ht n l hin thn ca t nhin ca scmnh t nhin. Si tham gia vo cuc sng t nhin vi quy lut

cnh tranh tht khc nghit mnh c yu thua. Si cn l mttrong nhng ch th ca t nhin gi gn bo v s cn bng cat nhin bo v mi trng sng nh n vn c. Ngc li, conngi c cuc sng d tha tn ph hy hoi t nhin, hyhoi mi trng sng ca chnh mnh v ca c mun loi trong tnhin khng h thng tic. Mt khc trong quan h vi conngi, t xa xa si tr thnh ttem, thnh nim ngng m sng

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bi ca nhiu tc ngi trn tho nguyn trong c ngi MngC. Trong v thc tp th cc cng ng dn tc y u coimnh l truyn nhn, l con chu ca si. iu ny c th hintrong nhiu huyn thoi v ci ngun cc dn tc trn thonguyn. Song si cng phi u tranh sinh tn vi con ngi v x

hi loi ngi, n trc tip tr thnh k th ca con ngi trongvc tranh ginh s sng. V si cng c thn thnh ha, nhnha, tr thnh ngi a linh hn ngi cht ln tri, thnh ngibn ca con ngi vi chc nng bo v ng c - ngi nh chungca mun loi trong c con ngi, em li tng phm thinnhin cho con ngi. Si cng l ngi thy hc ng knh ca conngi khi n tng trng cho tr tu v sc mnh qun s, cho tnhyu t do v tinh thn ng loi. T biu tng si, tc gi hnhtng ha hai loi hnh vn ha gc m cc nh nghin cu vnha lu nay vn gi l vn ha si tnh (vn ha gc du mc) vvn ha cu tnh (vn ha gc nng nghip), ch u hn l lm b mt ngi Trung Quc nh c kin ph bnh nh vy,m nu c lm b mt ngi Trung Quc th L Tn lm t luri. y l cha ni ti thng qua biu tng ttem si, KhngNhng gi gm tnh cm yu mn n chy bng thin nhinhng v m hoang d ni tho nguyn Mng C v li cnh tnhy hnh tng sinh ng hy bo v mi trng sng, bo vngi nh chung ca mun loi trn hnh tinh chng ta nh lu nayLin Hip Quc vn ra sc ku gi v c nhng hot ng tch cc

bo v mi trng pht trin bn vng. Nh vy t gc giim biu tng vn ha trong tc phm vn hc, cc nh nghincu c th i su vo v vn lp ngha trm tch trong kt cu tml vn ha, tm thi vn ha v nhiu m hnh ng x khc cngnh nhng quan nim trit hc, tn ngng tn gio, o c,phong tc tp qun v cng phong ph, phc tp v c o cangi Mng C xa xa cho ti hin nay ng thi lm h l n.Vy nn phn tch nguyn hnh ca tng vn hc, tc l phntch thng qua nhng hnh thi biu tng ca vn hc nhng

tng in hnh c lp li vi tn s cao, pht hin v lm sngt ni dung ca v thc tp th le sng trong k c chngtc xa xa, tim tng ng sau nhng biu tng. Trn thc t,nh ph bnh thng bt u i vo tm tng thm m c th,trong qu trnh phn tch v l gii ngha vn ha tng trngca tng thm m, s t c mt s tru tng no , t i su vo ci ngun, t ti nhng l gii v nm vng c

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ci ngun vn ha ca tng thm m.Trong thao tc c th, nh ph bnh c th khng cu n phiphn tch tnh tit tc phm, m c gng m rng kho st cchiu dc v chiu ngang, nm bt nhng kt cu cng sinh,nhng biu tng hc mtip, tc nhng hnh thc nguyn hnh ca

tng vn hc, y l cng vic u tin, cn thit nghin cuc s khi tin hnh phn tch nhng nguyn hnh vn ha. Mi dntc trong qu trnh sng to v pht trin vn ha ca mnh, hnh thnh mt s ni dung v thc tp th c ni hm lch sphong ph, thm thu vo cc lp ca sng to vn hc trong ccthi i khc nhau, d thi gian c qua i, triu i c thay i thnhng biu hin ny ca v thc tp th vn tn ti dai dng vngoan cng. Nu nh chng ta c th pht hin nhng b phnnh ca mt tc phm c th, t m rng tm nhn, kho st

c chiu rng v chiu su, thng thng c th pht hin vnm bt c nhng nhn t no c tnh cng ng trong cingun lch s vn ha su kn.Chng hn t gc nhn nh, vo nhng nm tm mi ca thk trc, Trung Quc nhng ci c gi l mu mc cn angtranh lun si ni nh vn hc phn t, vn hc ci cch, vnhc vt thng ngi ta c th thy mt s tc phm vn hctng nh khc nhau rt xa nhng chng li c nhng ci chungnht ca tm l vn ha dn tc. Chng hn nh nhng tc phm

Linh hn v th xc, Lc ha th, Ghi chp vic xng trngKiu nhm chc, Vn hoa ng 5 tc phm no cng khcha nhn vt c o v t chc tnh tit cht ch, u c phngthc truyn t tnh cm v k thc t tng ring; phm vi tica tng tc phm cng khc nhau; nhng nu b qua mt snhng sai bit, chng ta c th pht hin thy r tnh cng ng,ci chung ca nhng tc phm ny. Phn ln nhng tiu thuytny u da vo cu chuyn tnh yu sc lay ng lng ngi,thm na trong nhng cu chuyn tnh yu y, u mn phngthc dn dt ca ct truyn anh hng hoc ti t gp nn, may

mn nhn c s cu gip ht lng ca mt c gi si tnh hayca mt c gi nhit tnh n hu ph t, nh Chng Vnh Ln viM Anh Hoa di ngi bt ca Trng Hin Lng, Kiu QuangPhc v ng Trinh theo ngi bt ca Tng T Long, Lu Chiuv L Sa trong tc phm ca L Quc Vn nu khi qut ha vtru tng ha th vn ny chnh l m thc tnh yu gia tit v thc n (cng c th coi l nguyn mu vn ha) d thy

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nhiu ni trong vn hc dn gian, trong h khc v trong tiuthuyt truyn thng; sau khi loi b nhng ni dung lun l c thca truyn thng, th r rng y chnh l m thc tnh yu ltng, cng tm l ngh thut thm m ngng t trong truynthng lch s vn ha ca dn tc Trung Hoa, c th hin ht

sc sinh ng v c o nh hnh thc biu hin ng i.Phn tch nguyn hnh vn ha ca tng vn hc ng nhinkhng th ch dng li vic kho st v miu thut, quan trngl trong khi tm hiu phn tch ci ngun nguyn hnh, cn nmvng ci ngun vn ha su kn tim n ng sau nguyn hnh. l nhng gi tr vn ha thm m trong nhng hnh thc nguynhnh ny. Nh trn ni, nu i su hn mt bc, chng takhng kh pht hin, vn tnh yu l chuyn mun thu trongtin trnh lch s nhn loi, trong cuc sng con ngi u mong

mun c tnh yu l tng v hnh phc c nhn trong s phttrin di lu ca x hi. Trn thc t, l s thng nht gia tnhcm v nhn thc ca con ngi i vi lch s v hin thc, nlun lun l trng thi tm l cu mong, hy vng v cm th ivi tnh yu l tng.Mt khc cho thy nhng biu hin tm l ging nhau trong ccthi i khc nhau ca m thc kt cu cu chuyn truyn thngcng t lm nn c thc n cu gip, ng thi cng lmsng t tnh bo th y th v ca thm m dn tc, n l mt

loi v thc tp th, c ngng t v tip ni trong truynthng vn ha di lu, cho d cc tc gia c tinh thn sng toc o nh th no, th cng cha d g thot khi s nh hngsu sc ca nhng m thc vn ha truyn thng mt cch trit.Phng thc gii thch v phn tch vn ha ca tng nguynhnh, c gi m trc tip t phong tro ph bnh nguyn hnhthn thoi ni ln t nhng thp nin 50 n thp nin 60 th ktrc. Nh ph bnh hon ton c th chn la nhng nguyn hnhhn hp khc nhau trong thn thoi c i, ri em gc nhn misoi chiu vo m thc ny. Nh ph bnh cng c th t nhng tcphm ng i pht hin ra nhng tng nguyn hnh, tm milin h gia chng vi lch s vn ha x hi, lm thng hoanhng phn tch nguyn hnh, khin nhng gii thch vn ha csc t ph mnh m ca l tnh. Chng hn xut pht t mt gc khc, chng ta khng xem AQ l bn tnh mt giai cp no hoc bn cht mt tnh cch x hi nh lu nay vn cho rng l

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quc dn tnh, m l mt ni hm vn ha phong ph c th thhin mt nguyn hnh bn cht vn ha tinh thn mt loi ngino ; t vn ha, tm l ng thi cng l s i chiu cachnh th thm m, ng nm chc nhng lp ngha hm n trongtng su ca tng.

3. Phn tch tm l vn ha ca tc phm vn hc, tc l kho stv lm sng t tm thi vn ha v kt cu tm l vn ha dntc c o c th hin trong tc phm vn hc c th, trn cs i chiu song trng gia hin thc v lch s, gia vn ha vthm m cn t c nhng phn on v gi tr vn ha thmm trong tc phm vn hc. Con ngi l sn phm ca vn ha,tip nhn v tch ly nhng truyn thng vn ha c ni hm lchs v cng phong ph, v vy nh vn cng vi vic khc ha conngi hin thc, cn khc ha kt cu tm l vn ha truyn

thng dn tc c o v tm thi dn tc ng i. Nh vn dbiu hin cuc sng ca con ngi nh th no, cng vn l miut nhng tng lp, nhng hin tng, nhng bnh din khc nhauca nhn tnh th thi, phong vt dn tc, phn nh nhng tnhcm ca tm thi dn tc, th hin th v thm m v gi tr vnha c o ca dn tc. V vy nh ph bnh c th i su l gii nm bt c nhng hnh thi biu hin c o ca vn hadn tc v ni hm vn ha tm l dn tc, k c nhng vn nh nht ca bn cht vn ha trong vn hc t c th iuchnh v xy dng nhn thc v tm l dn tc v vn ha dntc.Phng thc phn tch v khm ph tm l vn ha i hi kthp ph bnh vn ha vn hc vi phng php tm l hc hini. S kt hp ny va l tt yu va l kh nng. Bi l vn hcl sn vt ca hot ng vn ha nhn loi, v vy n cng l mthin tng vn ha; ng thi n cng l mt hnh thc hot ngtinh thn ca con ngi, cho nn n cn l mt hin tng tm l.V i th m ni th nghin cu vn ha v nghin cu tm l cchung mt im xut pht, l phi l gi v nm vng s tn ti t

thn ca nhn loi. Con ngi l g? Con ngi lm th no m chla chn nhng phng thc hnh vi ny m khng la chnnhng phng thc hnh vi khc. Trc nhng vn c v hcba ny, ngi ta ch c cch thu tp, so snh v gii p cc kiucc loi phng thc la chn ca cc cng ng khc nhau mic th l gii r rng c. iu ny cn nhng kho st chungi vi nhng vn tng ng v d bit ca tm l cc cng

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ng ngi, cho nn vn ha hc v tm l hc gp g v kthp vi nhau tm im ny. l s lin kt lin ngnh, ming hu ch ra c lgic ca s pht trin.Cc dn tc khc nhau c lch s pht trin vn ha khc nhau, hcng lc sng to ra nn vn ha c o, sng to kt cu tm l

vn ha ring ca cng ng, song vn ha dn tc cng khngvt c ra ngoi nhng bin i khng ngng ca nhng iukin lch s vn ha x hi c th. Kt cu tm l vn ha cng sv vy m khng ngng iu chnh v chuyn i sng to, do ktha gi tr vn ha truyn thng cng vi vic tip nhn nhnggi tr vn ha ngoi lai trong iu kin lch s vn ha x hi mi.V vy trong kt cu tm l vn ha va ngng t truyn thngvn ha phong ph va c ni dung thi i ti sng. Phn tchtm l vn ha tc phm vn hc, cn phn tch xu hng thm

m ca tc gi trn c s nhng tnh cch, tng v ngn ngvn bn vn hc, t khm ph nhng nhn t ngng t truynthng bao gm c tch cc v tiu cc trong kt cu tm l vnha dn tc, khm ph nhng hnh thi biu hin gi tr thm mv vn ha trong hin thc kt cu tm l vn ha cng ng.iu ny lm cho ph bnh vn hc khng ch c thm sc sngm cn c nhiu ngha thc tin x hi. Nh vy chng ta c ththu c nhng nhn thc mi do thm nhp su hn vo tnhthm m ca hnh tng vn hc, cng c th nm bt cnhng trng thi vi t su kn ca ni hm tm thi dn tc.C th trong qu trnh gii thch, nh ph bnh c th i chiu bicnh vn ha vi tm l vn ha xem xt s thng nht cachng, c th thm nhp vo nhng hnh thc biu t tnh cmc c tnh ha v nhng tng c o trong tc phm, lmsng t kt cu tm l vn ha c ngha ph bin, bi l lchtrnh gian nan ca vn hc th gii u hng v nhn tnh nhntnh v nhn dc. Cng c th t gc nhn rng ln ca vn haquan st s trnh hin c o cc lp tm l vn ha trong tcphm vn hc, t c s lin thng gia thm m ngh

thut c th i chiu vi lch s vn ha chnh th. Trong qutrnh phn tch tm l vn ha trong tc phm vn hc c th, cnquan tm ti xu th, nh hng tng lai. Xt ti cng, tm l vnha nhn loi cng do t thn con ngi t trong thc tin lch svn ha x hi m sng to ra. N th hin tnh phong ph ni tiv tnh nh hng tng lai c ngng t trong lch s tinh thnca nhn loi, ng thi th hin kht vng vn ln khng ngng

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trong cuc sng ca con ngi. T nhng lp lch s lin tc c ththy, kt cu tm l vn ha dn tc l s bo lu k tha nhngdi sn vn ha dn tc, v vy vic gi gn nhng gi tr vn hatruyn thng c nghi v cng quan trng. C iu nhng hkhc v tiu thuyt truyn thng Trung Quc i loi nh nhng

tc phm N tng h Dng, Truyn Nhc Phi v sao tinay vn c sc hp dn lay ng lng ngi, em li nhng hngth thng thc trong cng chng hm nay, thm ch cn kchng c ngi c hin i. Nguyn nhn th c nhiu, trn thc tkhng ai ph nhn c l trong nhng tc phm ny u cnhng nhn t tm l ph bin, rt Trung Hoa l Quc giahng vong, tht phu hu trch (Quc gia mt cn, k hn cn ctrch nhim) c bo lu trong tm thc dn tc Trung Hoa txa ti nay. Mt khc cng cn thy trong nhng tc phm nyan dt nhiu ni dung lun l l gio phong kin, lm cho hngth ca con ngi hin nay b hn ch, thm ch kh tip nhn,song ngi ta vn tm thy nhng thi i v c nhn siuvit, mang m yu t tm l vn ha c ngha ph qut, trthnh b phn quan trng trong kt cu tm l vn ha dn tc, lht nhn c s tm l ca di sn vn ha truyn thng m conngi hm nay c th v cn thit phi tip thu.Xt v mt d bo tng lai, s pht trin v tin b ca mt dntc ty thuc vo s pht trin v bin i ca thi i x hi, qutrnh sng to vn ha mi cng l qu trnh tip nhn nhng gitr vn ha ca cng ng khc, iu chnh v chuyn i kt cutm l vn ha dn tc. V vy, khi xem xt nhng lp vn hany, nh ph bnh cn nng cao nhng kin thc v vn ha, mic th nm c nhng gi tr vn ha, truyn thng vn ha, ktcu tm l vn ha dn tc, bi l trong qu trnh hin i ha xhi, chng c tc dng v cng quan trng trong vic t pht huybin i tm thi vn ha v thc tnh thc t ng dn tc, iuny ng nhin cng lm cho ph bnh vn hc c thm htnhn l tnh su sc v su ca trit hc.

T liu tham kho chnh

1. Trn L Bo. Nghin cu ging dy vn hc Trung Quc t m

vn ho Tr 387-396 trong Mt s vn v l lun v lch s

vn hc. Nxb HQGHN. H. 2002.

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2. (M) Tn Long C. Kt cu thm tng vn ha Trung Quc.

Qu Lm. Qung Ty S phm i hc Xbx 2004

3. ng n Chnh. Vn ha nhn loi hc. Thng Hi. Thng

Hi nhn dn Xbx.19894. Jenan Chevalie & Alain Gheerbrant. T in biu tng vn

ha th gii. Nxb Nng Trng vit vn Nguyn Du 2002

5. (Php) Erich Fromm. Ngn ng b lng qun (L Tnh dch)

Nxb VHTT.HN 2002

6. Lm ng K. su miu t v quan nim vn ha ca

Gelkan. Khoa hc x hi TQ 1999 tr 56-57

7. (Php) Roland. Baltes. (L u Chng dch) Nguyn l ph hiu

hc. Sinh hot. c sch. Tri thc mi. Tam lin th im 1988

8. Clio Whit Taker. Vn ha phng ng Nhng huyn thoi.

Nxb M thut 2002

http://www.vietvan.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=978:giai-ma-van-hoa-trong-tac-pham-van-hoc-&catid=21:ban-tron-van-hoc&Itemid=205

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"Rng x nu" di gc nhn vn ha

ng Vn V

tr thnh thi quen, ngi gio vin dy vn lun ng di

gc nhn x hi hc tm hiu tc phm nn b qua mt khacnh v cng quan trng: gc nhn vn ho. Mt tc phm vnhc bao gi cng l mt thc th vn ho. Tc phm khng ch lt tng, n cn l vn ho. Bi vy ch c th hiu ng v y tc phm khi bit t vo ci ni vn ho, ni n sinh thnh.

T bao nhiu nm nay, khi dy tc phm Rng x nu ca NguynTrung Thnh, ngi ta ch mc n vo ci o may sn: "cm hngs thi, cch mng" v xem tc phm nh l mt biu trng tinh

thn bt khut ca cc dn tc Ty Nguyn ni ring, ca dn tcVit Nam ni chung. iu ny l ng v cn thit. Th nhng,nu ch th thi th chng khc g em "cht to kho mn" (nh linh vn ni v thc trng dy Rng x nu hin nay) tc phmvn cha ng rt nhiu nhng gi tr vn ho c o v k lca ngi Ty Nguyn. Khng ch l vn ho, Rng x nu cnthm m thm tnh thu chung vn l c trng lm nn tnhcch cng nh sc mnh ca con ngi Ty Nguyn.

Rng x nu l mt truyn ngn hon ho hnh thc ngh thutvi mt kt cu ht sc cht ch. l s an xen gia khnggian hin thc v khng gian hi c c bao bc trong mt cnhrng x nu. Trong ci khng gian an ci y ni ln hai nhn vt:c Mt v Tn. T hai nhn vt chnh y ni ln hai biu tng:truyn thng v hin i. T hai biu tng y ni ln hai ch :chin tranh cch mng v vn ho truyn thng lm nn tnhngi cao p v s c kt cng ng. Ch chin tranh cchmng xin khng cp trong bi vit ny, bi n c khai

thc mt cch trit n c cm gic nh l s khai thcrng Ty Nguyn hin nay: trn tri v tn nhn.

Rng x nu, bn cnh ngn la x nu hng hc nng cn cngn gi mt du t con sui v mng nc u lng, t khngkh nh rng. Rt tic rng "ngn gi mt" y lu nay khng ctm hiu mt cch thu o nn lm gim i rt nhiu v p

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ca truyn ngn c cho l thnh cng nht ca nh vn NguynNgc sau "t nc ng ln". Ngn gi mt y chnh l ci tnhngi su nng ca cng ng X-man. S kin Tn tr v sau banm i lc lng lm cho khng kh thm trm ca lng bng

nhin ro rc hn ln: " mi ca nh l ra bn, nm ci u ngngc. Nhng cp mt trn xoe, ri nhng ting r ln v nhngting reo...c lng vy cht quanh Tn". Hn u ht, khnggian lng Ty Nguyn l mt khng gian lun y p tnh ngi.Tnh cng ng v l cng bng lm nn c im cangi Ty Nguyn. i vi h, chuyn ca mt gia nh cng lchuyn ca lng, mt nh c khch l c lng n chia vui, khngcn phi mi mc. Tht hnh phc bit bao! m Tn tr v, clng t hp nh c Mt khng phi ch nghe nhng li gio

hun ca truyn thng m quan trng hn l th hin nim ntnh i vi mt thnh vin ca cng ng. l tnh cm thingling m ngi Ty Nguyn hng tn th nh l s tn th Gingtt ca h. Vn l ngi rt am hiu i sng Ty Nguyn, tc gi dnh rt nhiu chi tit ni v tnh cm ny m trong khunkh bi vit, khng th dn ht ra c.

Nguyn Trung Thnh cng dnh mt mnh t rt ln phnu tc phm n bc chn Tn tr v. Nu chng ta mt cht s thy r iu ny: b Heng n Tn ch "con ncln", ri n ch "con sui nh dn nc t trong lng ra" bHeng bo Tn "ra chn i". Ti sao phi ra chn? X-man,ranh gii gia lng v rng l mt dng nc. Bn kia l rng,bn ny l lng. Rng l t nhin, lng l vn ho (theo nhngha nhng g khng phi t nhin l vn ho). Ch l dng ncthi nn ranh gii y l ht sc mong manh, rng c th chim lilng bt c lc no. Ngi Ty Nguyn quan nim rng l ni ngtr ca thn linh v c ma qu (rng pha ty) cho nn bc chnra khi lng vo rng l con ngi d tr thnh "ci t nhin", trthnh "ngi rng" y m hoc. Bi vy khi Tn bc chn volng l phi "ra chn", tc phi gt ra "bi bm" ca "ngirng" tr v tinh khit ca "ngi lng"- mt thc th cvn ho lng thanh lc.

Vn ho lng Ty Nguyn c nh vn th hin rt c sc quahnh nh mng nc u lng. Khi n sui nc nh u lng,

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Tn "b m, ci my khuy o trn ngc, ri khom lng xung,nga hai bn tay v nc ln mt, ln u. Nc mt lnh n tngi. Mu trong u anh phn ng, gin git hai bn m".Hnh ng ca Tn rt nh nhng, cn thn v c ci g thnh

knh. Thnh knh bi bn nc l khng gian thing ling bc nhttrong lng (cng vi khng gian nh rng). Hng nm c n ma"n nm ung thng" dn lng u t chc l cng bn nc rttrang trng t n thn nc. Bn nc khng ch em lingun nc sinh hot cho lng, n cn l ni gp g tm tnh cadn lng sau mi bui i ry v (im ny ging vi bn nc calng Bc b). Bi vy bn nc l ni nh, l nim thng da ditca nhng ngi i xa lng. Ta hiu v sao sau khi v nc lnu, Tn "khng lau kh u tc", Tn cho tnh lng mn man

da tht anh.Bn nc cng l thc o cho tnh cm thu chung vi lng. GpTn, c Mt hi: "My c nh ci mng nc ch nokhng?...Nh , c! Tng qun ri th tau ui ra rng, khngcho lng na u". Ty Nguyn, hnh pht khng khip nhtl b tch ra khi cng ng, tc b ui ra rng. Khi y con ngich bit tr v vi bn nguyn rng, tc phi chn ci cht. NuTn m qun ci mng nc ca lng (m qun bn nc calng cng tc l khng thu chung vi lng) th s nhn hnh phtnng nht, cng c ngha l con ngi y ng khinh b nht.

Tuy vy, vn c mt kha cnh th v khc, l vic c Mt"thn hnh dn anh ra ti mng nc u lng". iu ny chothy c vai tr to ln ca ngi gi lng Ty Nguyn trongvic t chc i sng tinh thn v gi gn vn ho lng. Nu bHeng nhc anh "ra chn" th c Mt li a anh ra mng nc,tc dt anh tr v vi ci ngun lng, vi cng ng nui anhkhn ln c th xc ln tm hn. Hnh ng ca c Mt cho

chng ta thy c lng nhn i v s hin minh ca mt tcngi nh b sng heo ht trn sn ni Ngok Linh.

D Tn ra sch con sui nh ri nhng khi c c Mt dnra mng nc u lng, anh vn ra li "Anh ci o ra cho vinc lnh ngt ca lng mnh gii ln u, ln lng, ln ngc nhnhng ngy xa...". Khc vi cu ch cun cun kh th trong

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trn quyt chin vi bn thng Dc, ging vn y nh nhngv su lng nh chnh tnh cm ca cng ng lng. ch mngnc, Tn c m mnh trong mnh hn lng thn thngnht, khng phi ch mt ln m hai ln mi tho ni nh mong.

C mt chi tit rt ng ch m chc chn Nguyn Trung Thnhgi gm rt nhiu tng ca mnh, l ting chy gi go cadn lng. Ci m thanh m Tn "nh nht lng, ni nh day dtlng anh sut ba nm". Cng nh ting mi cho ui c nhnglng nh c ven sng min xui, ting chy gi go ca lngmin ni tr thnh m thanh ca k c m nhng lc i xa,ngi ta nh n nao lng. Tn cng vy, ci m thanh c tonn bi bn tay ca m, ca Mai, ca Dt, ca nhng ngi phn Str i vo tm thc ca anh. cng l mt mnh hnlng m anh lun theo bn mnh nhc nh anh, thi thcanh, a anh tr v ngun ci. Cho nn khi Tn nghe li mthanh y th "ngc anh p lin hi, chn c vp mi my ci rcy ch ng quo vo lng". Anh xc ng tht s, yuthng tht s. iu ny cho thy i sng tm hn phong phca Tn, bn cnh phm cht anh hng ca anh. C th ni scsng ca vn ho lng to nn sc mnh ca nhng con nginh c Mt, Tn, Mai, Dt... l sc sng Ty Nguyn.

Di gc nhn vn ho, ta thy Rng x nu c ni dung rt quantrng: vn ho lng v nhng tnh cm thm trm, cao p. V l c s ca ni dung th hai: tinh thn bt khut ca ngiTy Nguyn. Tinh thn y ln mnh c l nh n bm r sucht vo "t lng".

Vn bit rng trong thi lng t i, ngi thy kh m chuyn tic ht ci hay ci p ca mt tc phm. Tuy nhin hon tonchng ta c th gi cho hc sinh nhng gi tr khc ngoi ci gi

tr qu quen thuc n ni tr nn nhm chn. Rng x nu,chnh nhng mng mu vn ho s kch thch "th gic" ca ccem, em n nhng iu mi l v rt c th s lm cho gi dyhp dn hn.

ng Vn V - Pleiku

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Lng ngh ng H di gc nhn vn ho

Tranh ng H khng ch ni ting trongnc m cn c th gii bit n. Ngi

Vit Nam no cha thy c thy vthng thc tranh ng H l mt thit thi

ln.

Lng tranh ng H nm bn kia sng ung thuc Bc Ninh. N ivo th v li bao n tng cho c gi:

Tranh ng H g ln nt ti trong

Mu dn tc sng bng trn giy ip

(Hong Cm)

n vi tranh ng H, chc chn cc bn s c c cm nhn v tho nh nh th Hong Cm c in trn giy d, qut mu ip (con iply t bin gi ra), mu sc hu nh c t thin nhin, t , cy c..v

c cc ngh nhn pha ch sng to tr nn nhng mu ti thm.Bc tranh km gii thiu trn l mt trong s nhiu bc tranh ng H c

sc. Tranh miu t mt ch b thi so ngi trn lng tru.Trn u ch lmt l sen to rng. Di mt t l c. Nhn tranh ta thy b cc hi ho,thun mt - b cc ca tranh ng H khng th ch vo u c - vacht ch li va phng khong . Hnh v v mu sc c n gin vi en,xanh, hng, , nu, trng c tnh cch iu cao v n gin c cc

hnh nh tru, ngi, so, l sen, c . ng nt to, chc kho nhngkhng b kh cng.Trong tranh, cc khong trng khng u nhau nn

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to ra tnh nhp iu cao. Ch trong bc tranh va minh ho cho ch va khin cho b cc tranh thm hp l, sinh ng.

Bc tranh ny ni bt hnh nh ch b thi so v tru. Ngi Vit Namsng bng nng nghip, xut pht t gc nng nghip v vy c s tn

trng v c mong cuc sng ho hp, vui v vi thin nhin. Cu b ngitrn lng tru, xung quanh u l c cy, t tri rng ln. S tn trngtrong vn ho Vit xut pht t s ph thuc nhiu ca ngi nng dnvo thin nhin, mong ho hp vi thin nhin thin thi a li nhn

ho lm nng cho thun.

Con tru l con vt m nh nng khng th thiu Con tru l u cnghipgip h cy ba, ko vc.Tru trong bc tranh ny trng tht ngyu v ng nghnh. i tai vnh ln nghe ngng, chn tung tng nh nhy

theo ting so, mt vui vui nhn cuc i, ui vy vy ng nghnh. Dngnh tru cng ang thng thc m nhc v cm thy vui sng. iu c th ni tru khng ch gip cho nh nng lm vic m n cn l mt

ngi bn tinh thn ca h.Tru kho vi gam mu nng v ng vinchn to s chc, vng. Ch b trn lng tru trng tht khi ng, kho

p. Khi ng biu hin qua ng quan trn khun mt tht hi ho, cn i.Kho p qua nc da hng ho v th ngi vng chi- khoanh hai chnvo nhau. Ch tht l mt c b ti nng: va bit chn tru li va thi

c so.

Ngi trn lng tru v thi so, mt lc hai vic qu l c kh nng thchnghi cao. Khng nhng th ch cn l mt a tr ngoan, bit chn tru

gip b m. y l hnh nh ta thng thy trong cuc sng nng thn VitNam. Kh hu phng ng nng nng lm, ma m nhiu. V vy cu bca chng ta phi ci trn, mc qun cc ci tru, thi so.Trn u,

mt l sen c cu ngt kp gia hai chn. L sen vn ln tri xanh chenng cho cu. i lc ta thy n cng nh mun ng nghing, un o theo

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iu so. So m cu b thi cng c lm rt duyn dng, chc chn, lso ch khng th l mt cnh ci kh c bi u so gn mt tm dy

rt iu.

Nu cn thy cu b y khng ngi hn trn tru m l ngi trn mtthm hoa t trn lng tru v c trang tr bng nhng bng hoa gam

trm rt sc nt. Ngoi ra, di chn cu, trn tm thm cn c nhng bpsen, l sen, hoa sen, cng sen vi cch sp xp khc nhau trng tht vui

mt. Cch sp xp rt hay v biu cm. C di chn tru c ba bi nhngmi bi mt v khng bi no ging bi no, li chuyn ng ca c ht

sc sinh ng. Nn vng kem lm ni bt nhng hnh tng chnh trongtranh.

Trit l m dng c biu hin r l: thp - cao; t - tri; c - sen; ti

sng; mu en - mu . Mu nu thng l mu ca nim vui nhnhng, s tt lnh, cn mu xanh l mu ca s sng. Mu en trong tranhkhng h lm thng bc tranh m tri li n mang n cho tranh s khokhon, khin cho mu c chn. M hnh ngha phn thc cng c trongbc tranh ny. Du hiu in hnh ca n l s nhiu: c cy th hin c

ma, tri t thun ho th cy ci mi sinh si. Xem tranh ta c th thyc s hi ho gia con ngi vi mi trng t nhin do li t duy mdng t trong mu tht ca ngi Vit Nam. c bt hn l dn tc tasng bng tng lai vi tinh thn lc quan.Ch a tr chn tru yui, yu cuc sng thin nhin n vy. chnh l kht vng ngn i

ca ngi dn Vit Nam ni chung v lng tranh ng H ni ring gi vobc tranh ny.

Bc tranh c tnh biu cm cao, n mang n cho ngi xem tnh t duyv s thch th. Nt vnh ho trong tranh cn c pht huy v bo tn

tranh ng H sng mi v sau.Mt s Tnh t ch kch thc trong m t ngi Anh- VitFriday, 17 October 2008 11:14Rating: / 0

Poor Best Rate

Mt s Tnh t ch kch thc trong m t ngi Anh- Vit

V Thanh Phong

1. t vn

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S vt trong th gii vt cht tim n trong n rt nhiu thuctnh. Mt trong nhng thuc tnh d thy nht l thuc tnh kchthc- tn ti trong khng gian v thi gian. Ngi ta tm thy ntngha khng gian c trong hu ht cc n v t loi. Ring thuctnh kch thc c n cha ch yu trong mt s tnh t m nghi c bn ca chng c tc dng lin kt nhm t l dikch thc. l nhng tnh t ting Anh: long- short, tall- short,high- low, deep- shallow, wide- broad- narrow, thick- thin v cctnh t ting Vit tng ng l: di- ngn, cao- thp, su- nng,rng- hp, dy- mng. y l nhng n v tnh t ch kch thcc bn bc l nhiu thuc tnh quan trng ca khng gian ngnng: theo phng thng ng (vertical dimension), phng nmngang (horizonal dimension) v ba chiu l: chiu di (length),chiu rng (width) v chiu cao (height).

Tuy nhin cch nhn thc ca con ng v th gii li khnghon ton ging nhau m c phn tng ng v c phn d bit.Chnh iu ny gy ra khng t kh khn cho nhng ngiang trong qu trnh tip cn mt ngn ng mi. Hin nay nhuc dy v hc ting Anh rt ln, i hi phi nghin cu su cctrng t vng trong c tiu trng t ch kch thc, mttrng t vng c ni hm ng ngha tru tng, khng d dngnm bt. Chng hn, khi chuyn dch pht ngn sau sang tingAnh "Bn c bit to nh kia cao bao nhiu khng?" ngi Vit

hc ting Anh c th s lng tng trong vic la chn t tngng l tall hay high. Trong khi cu ny s c ngi Anh biut l" How high is that building?"- tall khng th thay th chohigh. Trong phm vi bi vit ny, chng ti ch i xem xt nhmtnh t nu trn trong vic m t ngi- khi chng t hp vi ccdanh t ch ngi v b phn c th ngi vi chc nng nhng v khi chng kt hp vi cc i t nhn xng vi chc nngv ng. 2. Ng ngha v cch s dng nhm tnh t ch kch thctrong m t ngi.c trng ng nghi ca nhm tnh t ch kch thc t gc ng ngha ng dng l bao hm hai nt ngha chnh: di(extent) v v tr (position). Cu trc ng ngha c bn ca hainhm tnh t ch kch thc trong ting Anh v ting Vit l tngi ging nhau. Phn khc bit nm du hiu kt hp. ychnh l phm vi so snh i chiu.

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Khi biu t chiu cao ca ngi, ngi Anh v ngi Vit cnhiu im tng ng. Con ngi thng c phn chia thnhhai giai on l: tr th (young babies) v ngi ln (adults).Tkhi mi cho i cho ti lc t bc i vng vng, t t chnh tcca con ngi trong giai on ny khng phi l ng thng (notupright) nn ngi Anh thng dng cc t long- short, cn ngiVit s dng cp t di- ngn ch di ca a b t chn tiu theo phng nm ngang, i lp vi phng thng ng,v d:

This baby is 18 inches long.(Chu b ny di 18 ins)

Ngi Vit cng c cch ni tng t:Chu ti mi c gn hai thng m di 65 phn

Long- short ngoi vic c s dng miu t chiu cao cangi khi cn nh, chng cn kt hp vi hu ht cc t ch b

phn c th ngi t th trng vi phng thng ng. Chnghn nh: long (face ,eye, nose, tongue, tooth, neck, back, arm,hand, leg, foot, finger, fingermail, toe, toenail, hair, hips ). Di- ngn ting Vit cng c nhng kt hp tng t: (mt, mt, mi,li, rng, c, lng, tay, cng chn, bn chn, ngn tay, mngtay, ngn chn, mng chn, tc, rut ) diKhi miu t ngi no cao, gy, c i chn di th ngi Anhthng ly c im ca i chn di "long legs" ch bit hiu

cho ngi .Ann was tall and thin. Everybody called her"long Annie"which shedidn't like. (Ann cao v gy. Mi ngi gi bn y l"Ann ku".Bn y chng thch iu .)

Trong ng cnh ngi Vit thng gn cho ngi c hnhdng nh vy l cao ku, ku hoc su. Khi nhn mnh chiu caoqu mc bnh thng, gy mt cm gic cn i, ngi Vitthng thm cc ph t nghu, lu u, ngng Ngi Vit cng s dng t di miu t kch thc b phn chn, lng mc dchng c t th thng ng, chng hn:

Mun nghn ch ly hc tr,

Di lng tn vi n no li nm.

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Long- short khng c s dng miu t chiu cao ca ngiln (adulds) vi t th c hu thng ng "upright" nhng nhmt ny miu t bng ngi (shadow).Early in the morning or late in the afternoon, we can see that our

shadows are very long. (Lc sng sm hay chiu mun, chng tanhn thy bng mnh rt di).

i vi ngi Vit cng c cch biu t tng t. Tuy nhin,trong nhng ng cnh trang trng, hoc khi bng ngi c intrn tng theo phng thng ng th bng thng c miu tl "bng cao", chng hn: Bng Bc cao lng lng

m hn ngn la hng.

Con ngi khi cn trong nhng nm thng u i c miu tv chiu cao l di (hoc ngn). Khi trng thnh t th chnh tcthng xuyn l thng ng (upright), ngi Anh v ngi Vitu miu t di thng ng t chn ti u l tall, cao (hocshort, thp). S biu t ny khng thay i theo t th cangi, cho d ngi ang ng, i li, ngi hay nm ngi tavn c miu t l cao hay thp. Mt c gi ang nm trn b i bin cng khng miu t l She is five feet long (C y di nm b)mc d c gi khng v tr thng ng. iu ny khng ging

nh cy ci v nhng vt khc nh thang, cc, gy v.v. khi chng v tr khng thng ng (not upright) s c miu t llong (di). i vi ting Vit tnh hnh cng nh vy.

Trong ting Anh tall- short thay th high-low khi biu t chiucao ca ngi ln tc di t chn ti u theo phng thngng.

He is tall and handsome. (Anh y cao v p trai). Cao hay thp l thang nh gi qua mt chun tim n.Chun (norm) tim n ph thuc vo thc th c biu t bngdanh t (hoc i t tng ng) m tnh t kt hp. Thc th lic gii tnh v chng loi khc nhau. Chng hn, chun ca phn, nam gii, ngi v thnh nin, ngi chu u, ngi chu A lkhc nhau. Chun cao ca ngi Vit trong thi im hinnay(theo bo sinh vin s Tt 2004) l nam 1m63 v n 1m53.Ni Ch y cao v xinh p tc chiu cao ca ch y phi trn

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1m53. Tuy nhin, chun cao ca mi dn tc khng hon tonnh nhau. Chun cao khng nhng ph thuc vo danh t biuvt m tnh t kt hp, m cn ph thuc vo vic thc th trong mt khung cnh thc ti no, trong mt khng gian v thigian nht nh no. Chun cao ca cc dn tc cng thay iso vi trc y do hon cnh v iu kin sng c ci thinhn so vi trc.

S cm nhn v chiu cao i khi cng b nh hng bi t l ccchiu trong ni b mt vt th hoc b nh hng bi cc tham ttham gia trong mt khung cnh c th no . Chng hn, vncng mt con ngi khi thn hnh mp ln ng k th trngkhng c cm gic cao nh trc hay khi hai ngi cng cao1m70 ng gn nhau, mt ngi gy v mt ngi mp, th ngic thn hnh gy cho ta cm gic cao, cn ngi kia cho ta cm

gic to. Ngoi ra trang phc cng gy cm nhn khc nhau v cao- thp, thng th khi mc o qun b st hoc o hi ngn,qun hi di th trng c v cao hn so vi bnh thng v ngcli.

These clothes are for you. It'll get taller when you wearthem.

(M tng con b qun o ny. Khi mc chng vo con trng

s cao hn y) Mt iu cn phi ni thm rng, vic xc nh chiu cao cavt th cng mang tnh ch quan ca ngi quan st. Chng hntrc mt ci bn hoc mt chic gh, ngi c chiu cao ln thcho rng ci bn ny khng cao, nhng ngi thp th li cho lcao v ngi ni ly chiu cao ca ca mnh lm cn c khinh gi.Ngi Anh tri nhn khng gian c phn khc vi ngi Vit. V nim cao, ngi Anh c hai hnh dung: tall-short cho di t yhoc t chn ti nh, cn high- low cho khong cch t imnht nh cch im gc quy chiu mt khong cch no . Khimun biu t s o thng ng ca ngi, ngi Anh thng ts o ng trc tnh t, ngi Vit li s o pha sau tnh t.So snh: "She is 5 feet tall." v " C y cao 1m70."

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Mun bit v ngi khc cao bao nhiu, ngi Anh dng t tallcn ngi Vit dng cao hi How tall is she (he)? Ch (anh) ycao bao nhiu? Cu hi ny c mc ch bit kch thc chiucao ch cha hn ngi cao. Nhng ngi ta li khng s dng t short (thp) hi. Khng ai hi Ch (anh) thp baonhiu? How short is she (he)? bi v khi hi nh vy ngi hi tin gi nh ngi b hi l thp ri. Khi mun nhn mnh bngang ca ngi, ngi Anh thng thm cc tnh t ch kch c(size) nh big, lage, broad, small, thin Mr Kent is small and thin, and his wife is big and tall (ng Kentnh nhn v gy yu cn v ng th cao to), ngi Vit th lithng thm cc t to, nh, gy Nh trn xt, tall- shortc ng ngha l" di thng ng hng ln trn". High-lowc ngi Anh s dng din t v tr ca ngi, cn trongting Vit ch mt cp t cao- thp nhng hm n c hai thng tin

di (extent) v v tr (position)- v trong mt s trng hp gy ra s m h v ngha. Chng hn, trong rp xic con ni vim:" C din vin vin xic i trn dy cao, m nh!" Trong trnghp ny ngi m c th s lng l khng bit ngi con munni c din vin cao (ngha di) hay i trn dy cao (ngha vtr).High-low, tall- short c s cnh tranh ginh v tr ch o vi ccc trng ngha khc nhau. Tall- short thin v ngha di(extent), high- low th thin v ngha v tr (position). High- low

cho ta thng tin ca vt th mt cao no so vi mt thoc mt bin, bn cnh cc b phn bt kh ly gn vi vtth cng c high- low biu t theo ngha v tr. Tuy nhin,mt s b phn trn c th ngi cng c biu t theo ngha di. C iu ngha di t c ch trng hn l v p(beauty). C th k ra y mt s kt hp ca high vi b phn cth ngi: high forehead (trn cao), high cheekbones (g mcao), high nose (mi cao), high neck (c cao), high bosom (ngccao), high stomach (bng ph), high hands (bn tay mp mp),high hipps (mng to), high feet (chn mp mp)

i vi cc b phn c th ngi, ngi Vit c xu hng thinv miu t v p hn l ch n kch thc- c bit khi ni vcc b phn biu l sc p ca phi p nh c, chn nh: c cao, chn cao (ch khng phi l c di, chn di..) Cm t c cao, chn cao c gi tr miu t nng tnh ngh thut thm mca b phn c th ln hn l cm t c di, chn di vn ch

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dng v khng cn i, lm mt v p. Tnh t cao mang scthi biu cm, nng v p ln trn mc bnh thng. Mt iu cn ni thm rng i vi nhng b phn c thngi trong ting Anh thng "nh" ra c ngi Anh biu t lhigh (hoc low). Ngoi t high, nhng t khc c dng thayth nh prominent, jutting, chng hn, trong s din t g mcao (high, prominent, jutting cheekbones). i vi ngi Vit thphn ln cc b phn c th nh ra c miu t l cao (hocthp). Bn cnh mt s b phn li c cch miu t khc nhlng g, trn d, bng ph, vai u tht bp, tay chn mp mp vi ch kch thc khng cn i. Trong ting Vit, s o v tr cacc t cao- thp khi kt hp vi danh t ch b phn c th ngic th lm thay i mt phn ngha nh tay cao (ch v tr) vcao tay (ch trnh ).Deep- shallow, khi c dng vi nt ngha v di thng kt

hp vi cc danh t ch vt th rng, lm, ming h, c tc dngcha ng, cc b phn hm xung thuc c th ngi trong bao gm c nhng bin c trn c th ngi: deep eyes (mtsu), deep dimple (nm ng tin su), deep chest (ngc n haibn c), deep wound (vt thng su), deep scar (so su), deepmark (vt roi ln su). Nhm t tip theo trong nhm tnh t ch kch thc cnhc n l wide- broad- narrow vi ngha biu t khong ccht cnh ny n cnh kia, mp ny n mp kia, thng vung

gc vi chiu di trong mt vt. Nhm t ny c th kt hp vimt s lng ln danh t biu th cc kiu loi thc th. Ringwide c kh nng s dng ni v nhiu loi thc th hn broad.Broad thng kt hp vi nhng t ch vt th c b mt lin(solid). Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp v c nt khu bitring trong cu trc ng ngha nn wide- broad khng th c sdng thay th cho nhau. Ta c wide mouth (ming rng), wideears (tai to), wide face (mt to), wide jaws (hm rng), wide head(u to) nhng li c broad chest (ngc vm v), broad shoulder(vai rng), broad face (mt to), broad back (lng rng).Vi wideear, wide eye thng c s dng vi sc thi biu l tnh cm,s ngc nhin trc mt s vic no .

Thick- thin vi nt ngha v di, c s dng miu tkhong cch gia hai b mt, hai cnh i lp nhau hoc s lngln cc n v phn b k st nhau (mt b tr). Vi cc danht ch b phn c th ngi thick- thin c cc kt hp sau: thickbody (mnh to), thick skin (da dy), thick eye brows (lng my

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rm), thick eyelashes (lng mi dy), thick hair (tc dy), thickhand (bn tay to), thick legs (chn to), thick finger (ngn tay to) Ngi Anh hnh dung mt vt th dy hay mng c phn khcvi ngi Vit. Ngi Vit thng nhn thc nhng vt th c mtct cnh, thng l hnh vung hoc hnh bnh hnh. Phn ctgia hai b mt thng c miu t l dy hay mng. i vingi th phn thn gia (body) cng c biu t l mnh dy.Ngi Anh li c thm mt hnh dung na l i v c vt hnhtrn cng c biu t l dy. Trng hp ny ngi Vit ni lto. Khi chuyn sang ting Vit thick- thin thng c hiu l dy-mng, to- nh. Thick trong cc kt hp thick arm, thick handkhng c chuyn dch l dy m l to hoc y n. 3. Kt lun

Ngi Anh v ngi Vit c s nhn thc kh ging nhau vkch thc ca con ngi. T cao (hoc thp) ting Vit ni hmc ngha di v v tr, ng thi cn phi sinh ra nhng ngha

bng khc trong khi ting Anh c hai cp t tng ng l tall-short c ngha v di v high- low c ngha v v tr. Vi rng-hp cng vy. Trng hp t rng ca ting Vit tng ng cct wide v broad cng cho ta thy s khc bit v nhn thckhng gian trong hai ngn ng. Nh vy, chng ta xem xtcc tnh t ch kch thc khi c s dng ni v con ngini chung v b phn c th ngi ni ring. V mt cu trc ngngha, nhm tnh t ch kch thc trong ting Anh v ting Vitv c bn l ging nhau. Tuy nhin, gia chng cng c s khc

bit v ngha. Vic nm vng nhng nt khu bit ng ngha vcch s dng ca nhm tnh t ch kch thc thng qua s kthp vi cc danh t (hoc i t nhn xng khi tnh t lm v ngtrong cu) nh c cp trong bi vit ny s gip ngi hc ting Anh cng nh ngi hc ting Vit c c s hiu bitsu sc hn v nhm t ny.Hu, thng 10 nm 2005

George LakoffandMark Johnson

Metaphors We Live By256 pages, 5-1/2 x 8-1/2 1980, 2003

Paper $16.00ISBN: 9780226468013 Published April 2003

Table of Contents

PrefaceAcknowledgments1. Concepts We Live Bye2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts

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3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding4. Orientational Metaphors5. Metaphor and Cultural Coherence6. Ontological Metaphors7. Personification8. Metonymy9. Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence10. Some Further Examples11. The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring12. How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?13. The Grounding of Structural Metaphors14. Causation: Partly Emergent and Partly Metaphorical15. The Coherent Structuring of Experience16. Metaphorical Coherence17. Complex Coherences across Metaphors18. Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual Structure19. Definition and Understanding20. How Metaphor Can Give Meaning to Form21. New Meaning22. The Creation of Similarity23. Metaphor, Truth, and Action24. Truth25. The Myths of Objectivism and Subjectivism26. The Myth of Objectivism in Western Philosophy and Linguistics27. How Metaphor Reveals the Limitations of the Myth of Objectivism28. Some Inadequacies of the Myth of Subjectivism29. The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning to the Old Myths30. UnderstandingAfterwordGeorge LakoffWomen, Fire, and Dangerous Things632 pages, 32 line drawings 6-1/2 x 9-1/2 1987

Paper $26.00ISBN: 9780226468044 Published April 1990

Synopsis

Table of Contents

AcknowledgmentsPrefaceBook I: The Mind beyond the MachinePart I: Categories and Cognitive Models1. The Importance of Categorization2. From Wittgenstein to Rosch3. Prototype Effects in Language4. Idealized Cognitive Models5. Metonymic Models6. Radical Categories7. Features, Stereotypes, and Defaults8. More about Cognitive Models

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9. Defenders of the Classical View10. ReviewPart II: Philosophical Implications11. The Objectivist Paradigm12. What's Wrong with Objectivist Metaphysics13. What's Wrong with Objectivist Cognition14. The Formalist Enterprise15. Putnam's Theorem16. A New Realism17. Cognitive Semantics18. Whorf and Relativism19. The Mind-As-Machine Paradigm20. Mathematics as a Cognitive Activity21. OverviewBook II: Case StudiesIntroduction1. Anger2. Over3. There-ConstructionsAfterwordReferencesName IndexSubject Index

METAPHOR: THEORIES

Ove rv i e w

Metaphors are not simply literary devices, but something active in

understanding, perhaps even the very basis of language.

Read this section for arguments that metaphors organize our experience,

uniquely express that experience, and create convincing realities. Poetry,

which uses them instinctively, is following a scientific truth.

I n t roduc t i on

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Metaphor commonly means saying one thing while intending another,

making implicit comparisons between things linked by a common feature,

perhaps even violating semantic rules. {1}Scientists, logicians and lawyers

prefer to stress the literal meaning of words, regarding metaphor as

picturesque ornament.

But there is the obvious fact that language is built of dead metaphors. As a

traditional critic put it: "Every expression that we employ, apart from those

that are connected with the most rudimentary objects and actions, is a

metaphor, though the original meaning is dulled by constant use." Consider

the words of that very sentence: an expression is something squeezed

out; to employ something is to wind it in (implicare ); to connect is to

tie together (conectere); rudimentary comes from the root to root or

sprout; an object is something thrown in the way; anactionsomething

driven or conducted; original means rising up like a spring or heavenly

body; constant is standing firm. Metaphor itself is a metaphor, meaning

the carrying across of a term or expression from its normal usage to

another." {2}

Metaphors are therefore active in understanding. We use metaphors to

group areas of experience (life is a journey), to orientate ourselves (my

consciousness was raised), to convey expression through the senses (his

eyes were glued to the screen), to describe learning (it had a germ of truth

in it), etc. Even ideas are commonly pictured as objects (the idea had been

around for a while), as containers (I didn't get anything out of that) or as

things to be transferred (he got the idea across). {3}

Me tapho r s i n S c i e nce

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How does science and scientific prose deal with this most obvious of facts?

By stratagem and evasion. The scientific style aims at clarity, objectivity and

impersonality attempting to persuade us that the reality depicted is

independent of experimenter and reporting. The key evidence is that laid out

in the scientific paper, which, though purporting to be a plain account of

what was done and observed, is in fact {4} a carefully tailored document

making a bid for personal recognition. The abstract allows the significance of

the work to be modestly hinted at. The passive voice makes appear

inevitable and impersonal what was often achieved only after great effort

and skill by the experimenter. Stylistic devices like metaphor, irony, analogy

and hyperbole that might call attention to the staged nature of the reportingare muted or banned. Where descriptive, the language employs figures

drawn from physics: inert and mechanical. Sentence structure is simple, not

to say barbaric: commonplace verbs linking heavy noun clusters. References

pay homage to previous workers in the field, and imply familiarity with

procedures and therefore professional competence.

L i ngu i s t i c Ph i l o s ophy

Can metaphors be paraphrased in literal terms? Many philosophical schools

supposed they could, perhaps even needed to do so, particularly those of the

Logical Positivist approach who stressed the rational, objective aspects of

language. But influential papers by Max Black showed that readers come to

metaphors armed with commonplace understandings of the word employed,

understandings which enter into how we read the passage. In When sorrowscome, they come not in single spies, but in battalions both spies and

battalions have different connotations that interact and shape our

understanding in ways that escape a literal paraphrase. {5}

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Not everyone agrees. As would be expected from a theorist who needs a

logically transparent language, Davidson denies that metaphors have a

meaning over and above their literal meaning. They may point to some

resemblance between apparently dissimilar things, but they don't assert that

resemblance and do not constitute meaning. {6}

L ako f f a nd J ohnson

Metaphors are much more powerful instruments in the eyes of Lakoff and

Johnson. {7} Metaphors have entailments that organize our experience,

uniquely express that experience, and create necessary realities. Lakoff and

Johnson attacked the two commonly accepted theories of metaphor. The

abstraction theory that there exists one neutral and abstract concept that

underlies both the literal and metaphoric use of word failed on six counts.

The abstraction doesn't apply throughout, in height, emotion, future, etc. We

can say A is B, but the reverse, B is A, is not equivalent. The theory doesn't

account for the structuring of different aspects of a concept, nor with the

fact that when we say A is B, the B is always the more concrete and clearly

defined. The systematic way in which metaphors apply is not explained, nor

how metaphors are made to fit the occasion. Equally, on several counts, the

homonymy theory that the same word may be used for different concepts

also fails. In its strong form the theory cannot account for relationships in

systems of metaphors, nor for extensions of such metaphors. In its weak

form the theory doesn't account for categories of metaphor. In addition to

the above-mentioned difficulty that B is always more concrete and clearly-

defined than A, it is to be doubted that statements like "I'm on a high" really

involved similarities at all.

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Previous theories derive, Lakoff and Johnson believe, from a naive realism

that there is an objective world, independent of ourselves, to which words

apply with fixed meanings. But the answer is not to swing to the opposite

and embrace a wholly subjectivists view that the personal, interior world is

the only reality. Metaphors, for Lakoff and Johnson, are primarily matters of

thought and action, only derivatively of language. Metaphors are culturally-

based, and define what those with certain assumptions and presuppositions

find real. The "isolated similarities" are indeed those created by metaphor,

which simply create a partial understanding of one kind of experience in

terms of another kind of experience. They are grounded in correlations

within our experience.

Ev i d e nce o f P s ycho l ogy

If metaphor permeates all discourse, it necessarily played a large part in the

history of psychology, particularly in generating fruitful ideas. But metaphor

does not simply express, it conditions thought. Psychologists at the turn of

the century (and Freudians even today) tended to picture psychic energy as

steam in a pressure-boiler. Mind is subsidiary, something brought to life by

the energy of the instincts. {8}Deviant behaviour has also been seen as

spirit-possession, a pathology, dementia, hallucination, inappropriate

response, mental imbalance, spiritual and intrapersonal poverty views

which have not only coloured society's views of the "afflicted" but also

guided treatment. {9}

The process continues. Neurological discourse employs metaphors from

telecommunications, computer science and control systems. Analysis of

emotions revolves round metaphors of inner feelings, driving forces, animal

instincts, etc. Motivation looks to metaphors of vigilance and defence.

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Perception oscillates between mirrors of reflection and moulders of

experience. Social analysis uses the concepts of laboratory work, mechanical

regulation, meaningful relationships and systems theory. What is the

"correct" view? There isn't one. Yet metaphor is not an empty play of words,

or even free play of ideas. Metaphors need to be in harmony with the social

and historical setting, with the beliefs and personal constructs of the society

or micro-society of the time. {10}

Soc i o l ogy and An th ropo l ogy

Sociologist and anthopologists are much interested in metaphor because

of the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis, the supposedly primitive thinking of sometribes, and the clash of cultural contexts implicit in translation. Equally

important is the light thrown by the study of native people on our own

western cultures and unexamined assumptions. Sociologists remember what

Vico said long ago: "man, not understanding, makes his world." Much of

man's reasoning is vacuous, simply transferring meaning from intimate,

domestic surroundings to the unknown. {11} In less picturesque terms,

metaphor is a mapping from source (familiar, everyday) to target domain

(abstract, conceptual, internal, etc.) But, contrary to Lakoff and Johnson's

view that metaphor represents something fundamental to brain functioning,

many sociologists regard the target domain as culturally determined. In

describing their marriages, speakers choose models (target domains) that

provide a helpful match ("we made a good team, I'd be lost without her").

{12}

How do sentences in different languages have the same meaning?

Rationalists assume that there is a universal base of shared semantic

primitives (just as Chomsky's grammar once supposed there were syntactic

universals) but fail to explain how this base came about. Empiricists argue

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for some body of shared experience that arises from contact with the real

natural world, but can't explain why language takes the form it does.

Linguists like Jakendorf suppose that language grows out of perceptual

structures meaning is part of the meaningfulness of experience but

then need to forge detailed links between the two. {13} Jardine believes that

all objects are intentional objects i.e. that our human senses and

intelligence are conditional, and restrained by our biologic make-up. Words

become components of experience. {14} Alverson {15} considers the

preposition "over" from Lakoff's perspective {16} and accepts that schemas

are not reducible to propositions, are the core-meanings of words, enter into

syntax, are ideal in origin and partly predictive, enter into networks withother schemas, and enter into metaphorical and conventional extensions.

But they are not brain-based as such or primitive. Languages contain

codings of universal schemas, but their partitioning into words varies with

cultural context. Schemas remained as symbols for categories of sense as

intention-and-significance-bestowing devices, not abstract configurations.

L i t e ra ry Use

For writers and critics, metaphor is simply a trope: a literary device deriving

from the schools of classical rhetoric and intending to put an argument

clearly and persuasively. Boundaries are not sharp, but devices are

commonly grouped as schemes and tropes. Schemes, which include

alliteration, chiasmus, etc., have more to do with expression. Tropes, which

include metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, are more powerful and dealwith content. {17} Metonymy entails using a name to stand for the larger

whole: "Whitehallintended otherwise." where Whitehallstands for the British

civil service. Metonymy does not open new paths like metaphor, but

shortens distance to intuition of things already known. {18} Metaphor

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therefor involves a transfer of sense, and metonymy a transfer of reference.

{19}

There are larger considerations. Kenneth Burke thought tropes were ready-

made for rhetoricians because they describe the specific patterns of human

behaviour that surface in art and social life. {20} Hayden White sketched a

theory of history which bridged the claims of art and science by defining the

deep structures of historical thought in terms of metaphor, metonymy,

synecdoche and irony. {21} For Derrida, the inevitable clash of metaphors in

all writing shows only too well that language may subvert or exceed an

author's intended meaning. Like Derrida, Paul de Man saw language as an

endless chain of words, which cannot be closed off to a definitive meaning or

reference. The literal and figurative meaning of a text is not easily

separated, and the realities posited by language are largely those accepted

by the dominant ideology as truthful representations of the world. {22}

Rhe t o r i c o f S c i e nce

Alan Gross goes a good deal further than most literary critics in his Rhetoricof Science. {23} Truth in science, he argues, is a consensus of utterances

rather than a fit with evidence. Whatever scientists may assert and they

very much resent any reduction of science to a form of persuasion

philosophers have long known that the claim of science to truth and

objectivity rests on shaky foundations. Knowledge does not exist

independently of conceptual schemes, or even perhaps of linguistic

formulation. Indeed, has not the contemporary logician, W.V.O. Quine,

shown that science is under-determined by experience: the edges may

square with experience but the interior cannot be more than a coherence

view of truth? Perhaps it comes down to practicalities. The sheer bulk of

"scientific findings", its dependence on certain procedures and assumptions,

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