VALUES AND INCLUSION CARLOS REIS. 1. UNDERSTANDING IFFERENCE 1.1. WHAT ARE VALUES?

VALUES AND INCLUSION

CARLOS REIS

1. UNDERSTANDING IFFERENCE

1.1. WHAT ARE VALUES?

our understanding of difference

1. the other, strange, menacing, avoiding, negative2. worthy of interest, enchanting, seductive, positive

our understanding of difference

two ways of recognizing difference 1. the assimilative/digestive waywe assimilate because we take out, from the stranger, his difference, so we make him “just like us”, but what about is difference?

we digest because we make his difference nule.

But we should recognize he is different and that there is good in that, because there is richness in difference.

(remember the meaning of throwing the dice!)

our understanding of difference

2. the real recognition of difference

how do we get there?2.1. once you don’t understand it

a) be carefullb) respect it

our understanding of difference

2.2. once you start to understand ita) value itb) develop your interest about it(remember you’re lookin into a way of facing/dealing with life itself)

2.3. once you get to understand ita) let it beb) support it if necessary

our understanding of difference

remember that in being what he is, the other, the whom you are not, being different he can be a contribution for your own life, a way through life, and life is such a

mistery

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main characteristics:

individuals differentiating conditions

but a group of minor variables also intervene.

religion

social class

gender

language

ethnicity

life styles

special needs:handicaps

gifts

minorvariables

our understanding of difference

integration vs. Inclusionfocus on adaptation to society

productionadapt individual

functioningfunctionaries

TECHNOCRATIC PARADIGM

our understanding of difference

integration vs. Inclusionfocus on adaption of society

human lifevalues

assertion

life sustainingperson

development

HUMANISTIC PARADIGM

are people made fore societies or societies for people?

balancing: integration vs. inclusion

inclusion

integration

2. VALUES: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW SHOULD WE HARMONIZE

NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL VALUES

1.1. WHAT ARE VALUES?

inclusion?

articulating valuesnational – identitiesuniversal – similarities

difference and equality

values?

values are infinite: no exhaustive table

we can create new values

what do we know about values?

kown we know

kown we don’t know

unknown

our valuesconscious

subconscious

those to behuman creativity

values: what are they?

• the result of a tension between

• a subject

• and

• an object

value is a structural quality that arises from the reaction of a subject before the properties of an object, a relationship that occurs in a given situation.

values: what are they?• Frondizi (1995):• features:

– polarity (positive-negative)Justice injustice

hierarchy (higher-lower values). lower values are more relative higher values require absoluteness

values

lovehappinessfreedomwe all know what it is… but…

can we achieve the fully development ofa superior value?

can we exhaust completely its meaning?

freedom

• explicit recognition, • not so much that we were born free

• but that we are born for freedom• freedom should be favored since birth, or we would risk that it never emerge

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

freedom

• We all know what it is… but…– we are not responsible for being born– We are under determinations and dependences:

• natural• social• conscious • unconscious

• we can transcend what determines us only in a limited way

• freedom has two meanings: • a negative sense: or external, relating to freedom

from coercion – it refers to all the civil and political freedoms as much as for the necessary material conditions,

• a positive sense: or internal, related to the autonomy of rational choices

freedom

• refers to (Laupies, 2005):– Independence: to act and to do what we propose ourselves

• has to deal with the reality that limits the action• the limits of our understanding of the possibilities• we must invent the possibilities

– autonomy or self-determination: free will, • interior resolution, • requires awareness of oneself as an agent

freedom

• Max Scheler (1960):– to act impulsively is just to act without reason, while

being free requires to act by motivated volition– true freedom lies in being determined by values.

• motivated volition opens a problematic:– 1) what freedom of decision we really have?– 2) what is the degree of freedom of our personal

baggage of purposes?– 3) what is the degree of freedom allowed by the

framework of choices in general?

freedom– we are only free of:• “wanting", • “choosing” or "have-to-choose“, • within the sphere of choices we have, that sets limits to our

“wanting“-”have-to-choose”.

national values

express socio-cultural difference: identities cultural paths to deal with life

there is good in difference richness in difference

universal values

express fundamental and inherently claims

substantive conditions to be human(s)

should we accept all differences, particularly those that conflict with those values that we consider fundamental?

outside the scope of certain core values nor are we humans nor let others be

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how to articulate values in the classroom

balancing national - differentialuniversal – unifying

integration – adaptation to societyinclusion – adaptation of society

THANK YOU

CARLOS REIS