Value Added Trade Costs In Goods and Services

Trade and Investment

Working Paper Series NO. 01| MAY 2015

Addressing

Non-Tariff Measures

in ASEAN

VALUE ADDED TRADE COSTS IN GOODS AND SERVICES

Yann Duval

Aman Saggu

Chorthip Utoktham

ESCAP is the regional development arm of the United Nations and serves as the main economic and social development centre for the United Nations in Asia and the Pacific. Its mandate is to foster cooperation between its 53 members and 9 associate members. ESCAP provides the strategic link between global and country-level programmes and issues. It supports Governments of the region in consolidating regional positions and advocates regional approaches to meeting the region’s unique and socio-economic challenges in a globalizing world. The ESCAP office is located in Bangkok, Thailand. Please visit our website at www.unescap.org for further information.

Disclaimer: TID Working Papers should not be reported as representing the views of the United Nations. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments for further debate. They are issued without formal editing. The designation employed and the presentation of the material in the Working Paper do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The United Nations bears no responsibility for the availability or functioning of URLs. opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. Any errors are the responsibility of the authors. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. Cover page photos used with permission and credits to: Ms. Bongkojmanee Kohsuwan, TID/ESCAP

http://www.unescap.org/

NO. 01| MAY 2015

VALUE ADDED TRADE COSTS IN GOODS

AND SERVICES

Yann Duval, Aman Saggu and Chorthip Utoktham

* Yann Duval is Chief of the Trade Facilitation Unit (TFU) at ESCAP, while Aman Saggu and Chorthip Utoktham are consultants,

TFU, ESCAP. The working paper was formatted and prepared for public release by Bongkojmanee Kohsuwan. Comments and

suggestions may be sent to: [email protected]. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not in any way

reflect those of the United Nations ESCAP Secretariat or member States. Without implicating them, the authors would like to

thank Javier Lopez-Gonzales, John Gilbert and Ben Shepherd for review and comments on an earlier version of the paper.

WORKING PAPER SERIES

Please cite this paper as: Yann Duval, Aman Saggu and Chorthip Utoktham

(2015),Value Added Trade Costs In Goods and Services, ESCAP Trade and

Investment Division, TID Working Paper No. 01/15, 28 May 2015. Bangkok.

Available at http://www.unescap.org/publications

http://www.unescap.org/publications

Abstract: This study introduces a new dataset of bilateral value added trade costs for the goods and services sectors, based on a measure derived from the micro-founded gravity model and using data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database. This is the first study to calculate value added trade costs for a set of developed and developing economies, both for the goods and services sectors. Overall, we find that, in the goods sector and in absolute term, international trade costs calculated using value added data are lower than those calculated using gross trade and output data. However, in relative term, bilateral trade costs remain broadly similar regardless of the trade data employed, with trade costs of Republic of Korea and Malaysia consistently outperforming all other developing countries – as well as most developed countries – included in the dataset. Value added trade costs are declining over time across most countries and regional groups and integration into global supply chains and production networks is found to be clearly associated with lower value added trade costs. The agricultural sector is characterised by substantially higher trade costs than in both manufacturing and services sectors. In turn, value added trade costs are found to be slightly higher in services than in manufacturing, although substantial cross-country heterogeneity is observed at the sub-sectoral level.

JEL Classification:F10; F13; F14; O24

Keywords: Trade Facilitation; Trade costs; Value added; Global Value Chains

Contents

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6

2. Data and Methodology ....................................................................................... 10

2.1 Calculating trade costs ................................................................................ 10

2.2 Value added data ........................................................................................ 11

2.3 Countries and regional groups .................................................................... 13

3. Results and Discussion ..................................................................................... 14

3.1 Bilateral trade costs (goods)........................................................................ 14

3.2 Evolution of trade costs (goods) .................................................................. 18

3.3 Intra-regional and inter-intra-regional trade costs (goods) .......................... 19

3.4 Trade costs and integration in to global value chains (goods) .................... 21

3.5 Trade costs in services ............................................................................... 23

4. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 28

References ............................................................................................................... 30

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... 32

DATA APPENDIX..................................................................................................... 39

List of Tables

Table 1: List of countries, sub-regions and other groupings ..................................... 13 Table 2: Intra-regional and inter-regional trade costs in the goods sector ................ 22 Table 3: Intra-regional and inter-regional value added trade costs in the services sector ....................................................................................................................... 26

List of Figures

Figure 1: Trade costs with China in the goods sector, 2009 ..................................... 15 Figure 2: Trade costs with China in the manufacturing sector, 2009 ........................ 16 Figure 3: Trade costs with China in the agricultural sector, 2009 ............................. 18 Figure 4: Evolution of trade costs with China in the goods sector ............................ 19 Figure 5: Trade costs and global value chains ......................................................... 23 Figure 6: Trade costs with China in the goods, services, transport and telecoms, and finance and insurance sectors, 2009 ........................................................................ 24 Figure A 1: Trade Costs with the United States in the goods sector, 2009 .............. 32 Figure A 2: Trade Costs with the United States in the manufacturing sector, 2009 . 33 Figure A 3: Trade Costs with the United States in the agricultural sector, 2009 ....... 34 Figure A 4: Evolution of Trade Costs with the United States in the goods sector ..... 35 Figure A 5: Evolution of Trade Costs with the China in the manufacturing sector .... 36 Figure A 6: Evolution of Trade Costs with China in the agricultural sector ............... 37 Figure A 7: Trade Costs with the United States in the services, transport and telecoms, and finance and insurance sectors, 2009 ................................................ 38

6

“The statistical bias created by attributing the full commercial value to the last

country of origin can pervert the political debate on the origin of the

imbalances and lead to misguided, and hence counter-productive, decisions.”

Pascal Lamy (2010) – Former Director-General of the World Trade Organization

(WTO)

1. Introduction

International trade has experienced an unprecedented rate of growth over the last

two decades, growing at a rate of 6.1% a year between 1994 and 2013. 1 2 This is

substantially higher than world GDP growth, which averaged just 2.8% over the same

period.3 Although international trade is growing, and tariff costs are at historical lows (WTO,

2015a), the empirical evidence suggests that trade costs remain high. In fact, a seminal

study by Anderson and Van Wincoop (2004) found that ad-valorem trade costs across

developed economies amounted to 170% – only 8% of which are related to tariffs. Precisely

measuring and quantifying trade costs related to non-tariff barriers remains a challenge, and

this in turn increases the difficulty in targeting policies to reduce such costs.

There have been many attempts to develop trade cost measures. Much effort has

focused on direct measurement of various trade cost components, such as international

transport costs (using actual shipping costs of a container to various destinations, or more

aggregate CIF/FOB trade data) or costs of moving good from the factory of the deck of a

ship at the nearest sea port (including for example: costs of preparing trade documentation,

customs clearance, goods transport and handling to the port). Other more recent studies

have used micro-founded measures of trade costs – based on the inverse gravity model –

inferring bilateral trade frictions from gross trade and output data (e.g., Novy, 2013; Arvis et

al., 2013).

1 This calculation is based on United Nations Comtrade data accessed through WITS (accessed May 2015). 2 Although the longer-run rate of growth has been unprecedented, Constantinescu et al (2015) find that there has been a slowdown in recent years. They argue that this is due to a structural change in the trade-GDP relationship caused by international vertical specialisation. 3 This calculation is based on the World Bank Development Indicators database (accessed May 2015).

7

However, calculation of trade costs in these studies has been heavily constrained by

the lack of data on national gross output. Indeed, the ESCAP-World Bank trade cost

database, which aims at providing a global standardised set of bilateral trade cost data

based on a micro-funded inverse gravity model formula, only features trade costs in goods

for the manufacturing and agricultural sector. With the exception of Miroudot et al. (2013),

computation of bilateral trade costs in services has also not been attempted given the severe

data limitations – on both the gross trade data and gross output side. Calculating

international trade costs on the basis of increasingly available trade in value-added data

combined with commonly available national sectoral GDP data would allow for bilateral trade

costs for both goods and services at a more disaggregated level, while also better reflecting

the impact of global supply chains.

In fact, companies are increasingly dividing their operations around the world. From

product design, component manufacture, to assembly and markets, this finer division of

operations and labour has led to the development of complex international production chains.

As the WTO (2015b) points out, products are increasingly being ‘Made in the World’ rather

than made in a specific country. Xing and Detert (2010) for example find that the iPhone 4

produced by Apple Inc. costs $188 to produce, however only $23 of components were

produced in the United States. The remaining components were produced by the Republic of

Korea ($80), Taiwan Province of China ($21), and other countries ($64).4 This suggests that

what increasingly matters for growth and development is not the volume or gross value of

goods being traded, but the value addition made as part of the trading process. Accordingly,

trade costs calculated based on value added data rather than gross data may provide a

more relevant indicator to develop trade and development strategies.

Accordingly, this paper presents a first analysis of bilateral trade costs in the goods

and services sectors using value added data from the Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD)-WTO TiVA database over the period 1995-2009,

4 Note that these numbers do not take into account the profits earned from distribution and retail. Kraemer et al (2011) find that Apple keeps 58% of the sales price of the iPhone 4.

8

across twenty developed and developing economies, most of which are members of the UN

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). In addition to being the

first to provide a dataset of bilateral trade costs on a value-added basis, the study extends

the analysis from merchandise trade costs to also include the services sector, including a

disaggregated breakdown of trade costs in sub-sectors of merchandise and services trade.

Finally, it analyses trade costs bilaterally between countries and regional groups over time to

observe longer-run cross-country intra-interregional trends. The dataset for this study is

available in the Data Appendix to this paper and the full value-added trade cost dataset for

all 56 countries featured in TiVA is available for public use on the ESCAP website.5

Our results can be summarised as follows. Firstly, we find that the difference

between value added trade costs in goods of developed and developing economies is, on

average, much smaller than it is when considering trade costs in gross terms – keeping in

mind, however, that the developing countries included in the analysis are, with the exception

of Cambodia, large or Asian middle-income developing countries. The lowest value added

trade costs are in fact typically observed in East Asia-3 countries. At the sectoral levels,

value added trade costs in the agricultural sector are found to be substantially higher than in

the manufacturing sector (see Section 3.1).

Secondly, we find that value added trade costs in goods are declining over time –

and that this decline is much steeper than that of gross trade costs. The fall in trade costs is

observed in both the manufacturing sector and agricultural sector; however the rate of

decline is faster in the former and slower in the latter (Section 3.2).

Thirdly, we find that intra-East Asia-3 value added trade costs are lowest across all

regional groups considered, and even lower than intra-EU-3 trade costs from 2005 onwards.

Furthermore, intra-ASEAN-4 value added trade costs are higher than those between

ASEAN-4 and both East Asia-3 and the USA. The highest inter and intra-regional value

added trade costs are found in developed Pacific economies (Australia and New Zealand), in

5 We make the data freely downloadable on ESCAP’s Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT)

website: http://artnet.unescap.org/databases.html#first. We kindly request citation of this paper upon use of the dataset in

research.

http://artnet.unescap.org/databases.html#first

9

contrast to earlier studies using gross data (see Duval and Utoktham, 2011). Overall, intra

and inter-regional value added trade costs have both mostly declined between 1995 and

2009 (Section 3.3).

Fourthly, we find that as participation in global value chains – measured in terms of

intermediate goods exports relative to total exports – increases, value added trade costs

decline, across most economies. This negative association suggests that a country that

manages to reduce its value added trade costs will trade more in value added intermediate

goods (Section 3.3).

Finally, we find that on average, across both developed and developing economies,

value added trade costs are higher in the services sector compared to the goods sector.

High trade costs in services tend to be associated with high trade costs in goods, and vice

versa. In contrast to sub-sector industries for goods trade (e.g., agriculture vs.

manufacturing), differences in value added trade costs across services sub-sectors (e.g.,

transport and telecoms vs. finance and insurance) also tend to be more limited. In line with

the goods sector, lower trade costs in the services sector are observed in East Asia-3

economies. Both intra-regional and inter-regional trade costs are similar to those in the good

sector and appear to be declining over time across most regional groupings (Section 3.5).

10

2. Data and Methodology

This section outlines the main sources and technique used to construct the trade cost

database, using value added data. After calculating the trade cost database between

countries and regional groups, our dataset covers 20 developed and developing countries

for the years: 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009. In the goods sector, we cover total trade,

agriculture and manufacturing. In the services sector we cover total trade, transport and

telecoms, and finance and insurance.

2.1 Calculating trade costs

In line with Novy (2013), we calculate the geometric average bilateral trade cost

(𝜑𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑡) between country 𝑖 and country 𝑗 in sector 𝑘 at time 𝑡, as the product of country 𝑖’s

intra-national trade (𝑥𝑖𝑖) and country 𝑗’s intra-national trade (𝑥𝑗𝑗) divided by the product of

country 𝑖 ’s trade flows to country 𝑗 , (𝑥𝑖𝑗), and country 𝑗 ’s trade flows to country 𝑖 , (𝑥𝑗𝑖),

scaled by a sector specific elasticity of substitution between sectors. 6 Following this

approach, the ad-valorem trade cost measure can be interpreted as follows: trade costs are

inferred as higher when countries trade more domestically than they do internationally, and

lower when they trade more internationally than they do domestically. This is because if

trade costs vis-à-vis another country falls, then some of the production which was consumed

domestically will be shipped overseas.

𝜑𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑡 = (𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑡𝑥𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑡

𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑡𝑥𝑗𝑖𝑘𝑡)

1

2(𝜎𝑘−1) − 1 (1)

6 Anderson and Van Wincoop (2004) assume that each country is specialised in one good. The elasticity of substitution can

therefore be considered to be the elasticity of substitution between foreign and domestic goods, as the setting is aimed to

measure average trade friction. Novy (2009) studies trade costs at a disaggregated sectoral level. (𝜎𝑘)becomes the elasticity of

substitution between varieties within sector 𝑘. For comparative purposes, the elasticity of substitution is set to 8, in line with

Arvis, et al (2013), Miroudot, et al (2013) and Novy (2013).

11

This approach to measuring bilateral trade costs has several advantages over

alternative methods. Firstly, it is comprehensive in that it encompasses all costs involved

with trading internationally with another partner (i.e. beyond the national border), relative to

those involved with trading intra-nationally (i.e. domestically). This is because the ‘top-down’

model captures both observed and unobserved trade costs. It has the added advantage of

not requiring an explicit list of trade cost factors for use in econometric estimation – typically

required by ‘bottom-up’ models – which means the measure does not suffer from omitted

variable bias. In addition, the trade cost measure is fully grounded in theory – based on a

rearrangement of the Anderson and Van Wincoop (2004) gravity model of trade.7

More importantly, this approach to measuring trade costs can be applied to the

goods sector and the services sector. In the goods sector, some trade costs – such as tariffs

and transport costs – can be readily measured however other trade costs are more difficult

to quantify – such as exchange rate costs, language barriers, information costs and security

costs. This problem is even more apparent in the services sector, where factors such as

regulatory barriers, heterogeneous business and investment conditions, access to financing,

and behind the border measures are also difficult to measure and quantify. The Novy (2013)

measure has the advantage of calculating a ‘top-down’ trade cost measure which overcomes

these obstacles.

2.2 Value added data

To account for the role of GVCs in the production chain, all trade flows (i.e. exports)

and intra-national trade data in this study are in a value added basis. The data source for

both intra-national and international trade is the OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added (TiVA)

database. This data deconstructs trade data into the value added of each country in the

7 The theoretical foundations of the Novy (2012) approach implemented in this paper are primarily based upon the goods sector of trade, but Miroudot and Sauvage (2013) show that this approach can be extended to both the goods and services sectors. The work by Noguera (2013), who decomposes trade flows in to intermediate and final goods to derive a theoretical micro-founded graved model for value added trade, also suggests that that the Novy approach remains theoretically consistent in the value-added trade context, although more work to confirm this would be useful.

12

production of goods and services. It is constructed using input-output tables, thereby

providing information on intermediate imports embodied in exports.8

The specific data series used for the calculation of trade costs is “Value-added in

gross exports by source country and source industry” (EXGR_VA_BSCI: Value added

embodied in gross exports by source country and source industry).9Value-added export of a

country i to a country j in a particular industry (sector) is calculated by summing up all the

value-added export of that source industry (sector) from source country i across all the

destination industries(sectors) in the destination country j.10

There are several advantages to using value added data instead of gross shipment

and output data in this study. Firstly, it offers an alternative approach to measuring trade

costs and is therefore a robustness check for existing studies. Secondly, data is available for

both the goods sector and services sector. Thirdly, the data is gradated, and available for

manufacturing and agricultural sectors in goods trade, and for the transport and telecoms,

and finance and insurance in services trade. This allows us to analyse sub-sectoral trade

costs. Fourthly, as Arvis et al. (2013) point out, the most challenging part of calculating trade

costs is obtaining gross output data, however this is not an issue with value added data as

we can use domestic value-added component for each country to be a representation of

intra-national trade. Nevertheless, use of value added data to calculate trade costs has its

own limitations, including the fact that the TiVA database so far features value added trade

data for only 5 years (1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009) and covers only 22 developing

countries. In contrast, the data featured in the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and

calculated using gross shipment and output data covers over 150 countries over 17 years.

8 The foreign component of value added trade includes both direct and indirect exports, the domestic and re-imported value added (when goods travel back and forth), and this may influence the interpretation of the value added trade costs as calculated in this study. 9 The following is the link to the dataset: https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=47807. 10 In the TiVA dataset, values are labelled by source industry and (destination) industry as well as source and destination countries. For example, value-added export of agriculture sector (source sector: agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing) from source country Thailand, to food product sector (food product, beverages, and tobacco) in Germany is USD 10 million. To calculate trade costs between Thailand and Germany in agricultural sector, we use the sum of all value added export Thailand in the agricultural sector (source sector) to all the destinations sector (including the food product sector) in Germany.

https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=47807

13

2.3 Countries and regional groups

The 20 countries covered in this analysis include United Nations ESCAP member

nations (United Nations, 2015) for which data is available and BRICS (Brazil, Russian

Federation, India, China, South Africa) nations.11 The entrepôt nations of Hong Kong, China

and Singapore are excluded from the analysis because re-exports account for a high

proportion of their total exports. The regional and sub-regional breakdowns of these

countries are presented in Table 1. The dataset for this study is available in the Data

Appendix and the full dataset for all 56 countries is available for public use in on the

ARTNeT Website.12

Table 1: List of countries, sub-regions and other groupings

List of countries, sub-regions and other groupings

UNESCAP Asia-Pacific BRICS Developed Economies

Developing Economies

ASEAN-4 Developed Pacific

East Asia-3 EU3

Australia x x x x

Brazil x x

Brunei Darussalam

x x x

Cambodia x x x

China x x x x x

France x x x

Germany x x

India x x x x

Indonesia x x x x

Japan x x x x

Malaysia x x x x

New Zealand

x x x x

Philippines x x x x

Republic of Korea

x x x x

Russian Federation

x x x x

South Africa

x x

Thailand x x x x

United Kingdom

x x x

United States

x x

Viet Nam x x x

Notes: Table 1 lists 22 United Nations ESCAP member states and BRICS nations by region and sub-groups.

11 We exclude entrepôt nations of Hong Kong, China and Singapore from the analysis. 12 We make the data freely downloadable on the ARTNeT Website: http://artnet.unescap.org/databases.html#first and in doing

so we hope that this will be a useful and valuable resource to the research community. We kindly request citation of this paper

upon use of the dataset in research.


14

3. Results and Discussion

This section compares bilateral trade costs, both between countries and regional

groups and over time. The value added trade costs are calculated using the technique of

Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database. These trade costs are

compared to those from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database, which uses gross

shipment and gross output data instead of value added data. We begin by comparing trade

costs cross-sectionally – in 2009 – bilaterally between countries in the goods sector (section

3.1) before investigating how these trade costs have evolved over time (section 3.2) and

across regional groups (section 3.3). We subsequently analyse the relationship between

increasing involvement in global value chains and value added trade costs (section 3.4) and

finally extend the analysis to the services sector (section 3.5).

3.1 Bilateral trade costs (goods)

To calculate and compare bilateral trade costs between countries, we select China

as the in-region reference country because it is the both the region’s and the world’s largest

exporting economy (Monaghan, 2014).13 We also present calculations in the Appendix using

the United States as another reference county, both as a robustness check of our findings

and to provide an out-of-region benchmark with which to compare trade costs.14

In Figure 1, we present trade costs in the goods sectors, separated by developed

and developing economy groups – as defined by the United Nations – and ranked from

highest to lowest in each group using value added trade costs. An important stylised fact

which emerges is that the difference between value added trade costs in goods of developed

and developing economies is, on average, much smaller than it is when considering trade

costs in gross terms. It is however important to note that with the exception of Cambodia,

13 Another option would have been to present average of bilateral trade costs of a reference group of countries, as done in Arvis et al. (2013). All bilateral trade cost aggregation methods have their own limitations, however. We therefore use only one reference country at a time in this first analysis of value added trade cost. 14 The full dataset in the Data Appendix presents bilateral trade costs between each country, using each other country as the

benchmark.

15

developing economies included in this investigation are large or middle-income developing

economies.

China’s lowest trade cost partners – measured using either gross shipment or value

added – include Japan and the United States across developed economies, and the

Republic of Korea and Malaysia across developing economies. The highest trade costs are

typically observed in BRICS countries whilst the lowest trade costs are typically observed in

East Asia-3 countries – both excluding China. This is a finding consistent with Duval and

Utoktham (2011) who find that China, Japan and the Republic of Korea (East Asia-3) have

the lowest intra-trade group costs of any free trade areas in Asia, even though they do not

have formal trade agreements with one another. Similar observations are made when using

the United States as a reference country (Appendix A1).

Figure 1: Trade costs with China in the goods sector, 2009

Notes: Figure 1 shows trade costs between each country and China measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data (blue bar) and value added data (red bar). The former trade costs (blue bar) are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs (red bar) are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database. The countries are separated by developed and developing economies, as defined by the United Nations, and ranked from highest to lowest in terms of value added trade costs. (G) denotes gross shipment data and (VA) denotes value added data.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

New

Zea

lan

d

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Fra

nce

Au

stra

lia

Ger

man

y

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Jap

an

Cam

bo

dia

So

uth

Afr

ica

Bra

zil

Russ

ian

Fed

erat

ion

Vie

t N

am

Ind

ones

ia

Ind

ia

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Th

aila

nd

Mal

aysi

a

Rep

ub

lic

of

Ko

rea

China (G)

China (VA)

Average (G)

Average (VA)

16

We continue the investigation by disaggregating goods data into constituent

components of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors, to explore sub-sectoral variations

in trade costs. In Figure 2, we find that trade costs in the manufacturing sector are strikingly

similar to those observed for total goods trade as a whole in Figure 1. Trade costs across all

countries are similar regardless of trade data employed (e.g. value added vs. gross). Japan

and the United States have the lowest trade costs across developed economies. Republic of

Korea and Malaysia have the lowest trade costs across developing economies. BRICS

countries tend to have higher trade costs, while East Asia-3 economies tend to have lower

trade costs. These findings are consistent with using the United States as a reference

country (Appendix A2).

Figure 2: Trade costs with China in the manufacturing sector, 2009


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

New

Zea

lan

d

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Fran

ce

Au

stra

lia

Ger

man

y

Un

ite

d S

tate

s

Jap

an

Cam

bo

dia

Sou

th A

fric

a

Bra

zil

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tio

n

Vie

t N

am

Ind

on

esi

a

Ind

ia

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Thai

lan

d

Mal

aysi

a

Re

pu

blic

of

Ko

rea

China (G)

China (VA)

Average (G)

Average (VA)

17

In Figure 3, we find that value added trade costs in the agricultural sector are

substantially higher than the manufacturing sector.15 Across both developed and developing

economies, the average value added trade cost is higher in agriculture compared to

manufacturing. This pattern is also present when using gross shipment trade costs. It is also

robust towards using the United States as a reference country.16 Interestingly, Japan has

relatively lower value added trade costs, which suggests they have a large international

trade in high value added agricultural products relative to intra-national trade of those

products. This may be because Japan has a large trade in high value added foodstuffs and

animal products such as non-frozen filleted fish, flavoured waters, rolled tobacco and

prepared meats.17 In the case of Cambodia, substantially lower value added trade is more

difficult to explain. It may be due to substantial exports of high value foodstuffs and animal

products as well as high imports of high value vegetable products, or substantial imports of

high value added goods. In line with the manufacturing sector, we find that value added

agricultural trade costs are lowest in East Asia-3 economies. These findings are consistent

with using the United States as a reference country (Appendix A3). Across all economies,

value added trade costs are relatively lower than those calculated in gross terms, which

suggests that each country has a substantial amount of value added international trade.

Higher trade costs in the agricultural sector are driven by a range of factors including

the perishability of agricultural goods across larger distances and protectionist tariffs

imposed by different countries. In addition, the common agricultural policy – a system of

agricultural subsidies in the European Union – has created significant long-term distortions in

the global agricultural market. Indeed, Arvis et al (2013) point out – in a study measuring

15 The finding of markedly higher trade costs in the agricultural sector, compared to the manufacturing sector is consistent with

a previous study by Arvis, et al (2013).

16 Trade costs are markedly higher in the agricultural sector compared to the manufacturing sector when using the United

States as a reference country (Figure A3).

17 Although we do not have product level data on value added trade, we can gauge some insight from raw trade data. Using

data from the Observatory of Economic Complexity from MIT: flavoured water was the largest export in the foodstuff category,

non-frozen fish fillet was the largest export in the animal products category, prepared meat and rolled tobacco were the largest

imports in the foodstuff category, and pig meat and non-frozen fish fillet were the largest imports in the animal products

category.

18

trade costs using gross trade and output –that higher trade costs in agricultural trade are

largely attributable to these protectionist and distortionary policies.

Figure 3: Trade costs with China in the agricultural sector, 2009


3.2 Evolution of trade costs (goods)

Thus so far, we have analysed bilateral trade costs with China – and the United

States in the Appendix – cross-sectionally for a single year – 2009. In this section, we

explore bilateral trade costs over time, specifically over the years for which data is available:

1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009. In Figure 4, an important stylised fact is immediately

apparent: trade costs in the goods market as a whole are declining over time – however the

decline is markedly more pronounced using value added trade costs instead of gross

shipment trade costs. This fall in trade costs is also observed across the manufacturing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

New

Zea

lan

d

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Au

stra

lia

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Jap

an

So

uth

Afr

ica

Cam

bo

dia

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Bra

zil

Russ

ian

Fed

erat

ion

Vie

t N

am

Ind

ones

ia

Ind

ia

Th

aila

nd

Mal

aysi

a

Rep

ub

lic

of

Ko

rea

China (G)

China (VA)

Average (G)

Average (VA)

19

sector (Appendix A5) and agricultural sector (Appendix A6); however it is shown to be faster

in the former and slower in the latter. A previous study (see Arvis et al, 2013) found that

trade costs in the manufacturing sector were declining over time, however had stagnated in

the agricultural sector. We yield similar conclusions using gross shipment trade costs

however when using value added trade costs, we find that trade costs overall are indeed

declining over time, though at a slower rate than the manufacturing sector.18

Figure 4: Evolution of trade costs with China in the goods sector

Notes: Figure 4 shows trade costs between each country and China measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data and value added data. The former trade costs are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database over the years: 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009.

3.3 Intra-regional and inter-intra-regional trade costs (goods)

Having identified significant cross-country heterogeneity in calculations of trade costs,

we continue the investigation by comparing trade costs both within and between regional

groups and countries. Our benchmark groups include: ASEAN-4 (Indonesia, Malaysia,

18 The faster decline in manufacturing trade costs may be explained by the fact that GVC activity is more intense in this sector.

20

Philippines, and Thailand), Developed Pacific (Australia and New Zealand), East Asia-3

(China, Japan, and Republic of Korea), EU-3 (France, Germany and United Kingdom), India

and the United States. In Table 2 we present intra-regional and inter-regional trade costs

calculated using both gross shipment data and value added data.

Intra-regional East Asia-3 value added trade costs are the lowest across all regional

groups, and even lower than intra-regional EU-3 trade costs from 2005 onwards.19 This

suggests that East Asia-3 economies have substantially higher levels of value added intra-

regional trade than inter-regional trade. Interestingly, intra-regional ASEAN-4 value added

trade costs are actually higher than inter-regional ASEAN-4 to East Asia-3 and ASEAN-4 to

USA value added trade costs. This implies that ASEAN-4 economies trade more inter-

regionally with East Asia-3 and the USA than they do with each other. The highest inter-

regional value added trade costs for all regions are found to be with Developed Pacific

economies – largely attributable to the distance from other countries – in contrast to previous

studies (see Duval and Utoktham, 2011).20 High value added trade costs are also observed

with all regional groups with India. Nevertheless, value added trade costs have declined from

1995 to 2009 between many intra-regional and inter-regional groups.

There are important differences using gross shipment trade costs. Intra-regional EU-

3 trade costs are lowest across all regional groups. Intra-regional ASEAN-4 trade costs are

broadly similar to inter-regional ASEAN-4 to East Asia-3 trade costs. The highest inter-

regional trade costs across all regions are also typically observed with India – not with

Developed Pacific countries as seen with value added trade costs. This suggests that India

is performing better in terms of value trade costs but comparatively worse in terms of gross

trade costs. In contrast, Developed Pacific economies are performing better in gross trade

cost terms, however worse in value added trade costs. This may be partly due to the fact

that Australia trade is dominated by exports of metals and minerals, which are characterized

by high domestic value added but lower indirect export value added.

19 This finding is consistent with Arvis et al (2013) and APTIR (2013) which find that East Asian economies are typically

characterized by lower trade costs than other countries and regional groups. 20 Battersby and Ewing (2005) find that Australia and New Zealand are the most remote developed economies in the world.

21

3.4 Trade costs and integration in to global value chains (goods)

Value added trade costs in principle better reflect the impact of global supply chains,

and our dataset provides us with a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between

value added trade costs and integration in to global value chains. Figure 5 shows value

added trade costs between each country and China in 2000 and 2009, plotted against

intermediate goods exports to China as a share of total exports of each country – a proxy for

integration in global value chains. We find that across most economies, as participation in

global value chains increases, value added trade costs decline. For example, as the

Republic of Korea’s intermediate goods exports to China increased from 5.7% of total

exports in 2000 to 7.5% in 2009, value added trade costs declined. This is a pattern reflected

in almost every economy in the chart. It implies that lower value added trade costs is clearly

associated with greater participation in global value chains – in terms of greater exports of

intermediate goods.

22

Table 2: Intra-regional and inter-regional trade costs in the goods sector

Gross Shipment Value added

ASEAN-4 East Asia-3

IND AUS-NZL

EU-3 USA ASEAN-4 East Asia-3

IND AUS-NZL

EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 89 94 134 115 108 86 125 109 163 150 130 101 2000 80 89 137 110 112 80 99 94 150 139 118 94 2005 74 83 127 111 116 87 98 83 129 142 125 94 2008 84 87 121 110 124 93 97 81 118 132 131 94 2009 85 86 122 113 121 96 97 82 117 139 132 96

East Asia-3 1995 94 82 155 115 114 79 109 87 156 131 124 90 2000 89 75 151 110 106 76 94 72 139 119 107 79 2005 83 64 128 106 98 73 83 58 105 113 99 75 2008 87 64 117 105 98 73 81 57 98 110 99 72 2009 86 62 116 101 96 73 82 59 100 111 102 74

IND 1995 134 155 169 127 122 163 156 179 151 141 2000 137 151 165 127 119 150 139 174 134 131 2005 127 128 154 116 110 129 105 154 115 109 2008 121 117 146 109 99 118 98 134 110 96 2009 122 116 140 110 105 117 100 135 113 100

AUS-NZL 1995 115 115 169 58 128 111 150 131 179 84 138 121 2000 110 110 165 54 125 102 139 119 174 84 138 118 2005 111 106 154 55 120 103 142 113 154 82 138 121 2008 110 105 146 56 120 104 132 110 134 79 141 122 2009 113 101 140 54 117 105 139 111 135 85 150 127

EU-3 1995 108 114 127 128 53 84 130 124 151 138 69 87 2000 112 106 127 125 47 74 118 107 134 138 66 83 2005 116 98 116 120 45 74 125 99 115 138 65 84 2008 124 98 109 120 47 73 131 99 110 141 69 83 2009 121 96 110 117 45 75 132 102 113 150 70 85

USA 1995 86 79 122 111 84 101 90 141 121 87 2000 80 76 119 102 74 94 79 131 118 83 2005 87 73 110 103 74 94 75 109 121 84 2008 93 73 99 104 73 94 72 96 122 83 2009 96 73 105 105 75 96 74 100 127 85

Notes: Figure 5 shows trade costs between each regional group/country and China measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data and value added data. The former trade costs are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database over the years: 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009.

- 23 -

Figure 5: Trade costs and global value chains

Notes: Figure 5 shows a scatter plot of trade costs between each country and China measured using value added data and the percentage of intermediate goods exports to China as a percentage of total exports of each country. The trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database over the years: 2000 and 2009. The classification of intermediate goods is based on Systems of National Accounts (SNS) by the United Nations Statistics Division (2011) and data is obtained from United Nations Comtrade data accessed through WITS (accessed May 2015).

3.5 Trade costs in services

The analysis so far has focused on merchandise trade; however the services sector

is also an important component of the global economy. In fact, UNCTAD (2014a, b) reports

that global services exports account for around 20% of total goods and services trade,

increasing by 5.5% in 2013 alone. This share is found to be even greater across developing

economies, with the services sector accounting for around 51.4% of GDP in 2010. We

continue the analysis by calculating trade costs in the services sector of trade. It is important

to quantify trade costs in the services sector to assist policy makers in making evidence-

based decisions about why trade costs vary across countries and sectors. This is necessary

AUS

BRA

KHM

FRA

DEU

IND

JPN

KOR

MYS

NZL

RUS

ZAF

THA

GBR

USA

VNM

AUS

BRA

KHM

FRA

DEU

IND

JPN KOR

MYS

NZL

RUS

ZAF

THA

GBR

USA

VNM

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ad

-Val

ore

m V

alu

e A

dd

ed

Tra

de

Co

sts

wit

h C

hin

a

Percentage of Intermediate Goods Exports to China in Total Exports

- 24 -

to understand the nature and tractability of trade costs, particularly if the international

division of labour continues over time, and global value chains become increasingly

important in terms of trade.

The calculation of trade costs in the services sector has been heavily constrained by

the lack of data on national gross output, but also by limitations in quality and availability of

services trade data. 21 We build upon existing studies by calculating trade costs using

bilateral services trade data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database and commonly available

national sectoral GDP data.

Figure 6: Trade costs with China in the goods, services, transport and telecoms, and finance and insurance sectors, 2009

Notes: Figure 6 shows trade costs between each country and China measured using gross and value added data. The trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database. The countries are separated by developed and developing economies, as defined by the United Nations, and ranked from highest to lowest in terms of value added trade costs. (VA) denotes value added data.

In Figure 6 we present value added trade costs in the goods and services sectors.

We also show value added trade costs for sub-industry sectors within the services industry:

21 Miroudot et al. (2013) use pure cross-border services trade data - which involve movement of the consumer through GATS Modes 1 and 2 – in their first evaluation of services trade costs.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

New

Zea

lan

d

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Fran

ce

Au

stra

lia

Ger

man

y

Un

ite

d S

tate

s

Jap

an

Bru

nei

Dar

uss

alam

Cam

bo

dia

Sou

th A

fric

a

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tio

n

Bra

zil

Ind

on

esi

a

Vie

t N

am

Ind

ia

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Thai

lan

d

Mal

aysi

a

Re

pu

blic

of

Ko

rea

Goods (VA)

Services (VA)

Transport and Telecoms (VA)

Finance and Insurance (VA)

- 25 -

transport and telecoms, and finance and insurance. An important stylised fact which

emerges is that on average, across both developed and developing economies, value added

trade costs tend to be higher in the services sector compared to the goods sector.22 In

contrast to sub-sector industries for goods trade (e.g., agriculture vs. manufacturing),

differences in value added trade costs across services sub-sectors (e.g., transport and

telecoms vs. finance and insurance) also tend to be more limited.

Despite the similarities across sub-sectors, notable observations can be made. We

find that value added trade costs in transport and telecoms are higher than services as a

whole across most economies – particularly in the United Kingdom and Brazil. There is

greater heterogeneity in results for finance and insurance, however trade costs in this sector

are found to be substantially higher than services as a whole in EU-3 (France, Germany and

United Kingdom) economies and Cambodia. This is indeed surprising given that trade in

finance and insurance is substantial across the EU-3 economies. In the case of Cambodia,

higher trade costs in finance and insurance may be partly attributable to the size of this

industry in the economy. In line with the goods sector, we find overall that lower trade costs

in the services sector are observed in East Asia-3 economies while higher trade costs are

typically observed across BRICS economies. These findings are consistent with using the

United States as a reference country (Appendix A7).

22 The only other study to calculate trade costs in the services sector is by Miroudot et al (2010). Their study finds that trade

costs in the services sector are 2-3 times that observed in the goods sector. The sharp difference with our results may be

attributable to the data employed in each study. Our calculations present more muted differences in trade cost calculations for

the services sector compared to the goods sector.

- 26 -

Table 3: Intra-regional and inter-regional value added trade costs in the services sector

ASEAN-4 East Asia-3 IND AUS-NZL EU-3 USA ASEAN-4 1995 115 107 159 146 119 105 2000 98 93 137 142 114 96 2005 95 85 117 143 118 101 2008 98 82 114 130 124 105 2009 102 86 117 139 128 108 East Asia-3 1995 107 86 144 131 120 92 2000 93 72 129 123 109 85 2005 85 61 103 116 99 80 2008 82 60 98 110 98 78 2009 86 62 102 113 101 80 IND 1995 159 144 174 140 121 2000 137 129 161 121 113 2005 117 103 139 104 100 2008 114 98 132 106 94 2009 117 102 132 109 99 AUS-NZL 1995 146 131 174 96 131 116 2000 142 123 161 91 132 113 2005 143 116 139 93 133 118 2008 130 110 132 81 131 119 2009 139 113 132 87 139 127 EU-3 1995 119 120 140 131 69 89 2000 114 109 121 132 67 82 2005 118 99 104 133 69 84 2008 124 98 106 131 72 84 2009 128 101 109 139 74 86 USA 1995 105 92 121 116 89 2000 96 85 113 113 82 2005 101 80 100 118 84 2008 105 78 94 119 84 2009 108 80 99 127 86

Notes: Figure 3 shows trade costs between each regional group/country and China measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data and value added data. The former trade costs are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database over the years: 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009.

Table 3 presents intra-regional and inter-regional value added trade costs between

countries and regions in the services sector. It shows that intra-regional East Asia-3 to East

Asia-3 value added trade costs in the services sector are the lowest across all regional

groups and countries, and even lower than EU-3 to EU-3 trade costs from 2005 onwards. In

addition, intra-regional ASEAN-4 to ASEAN-4 value added trade costs are found to be

higher than inter-regional ASEAN-4 to East Asia-3 and ASEAN-4 to USA trade costs.

Developed Pacific economies also typically have the highest inter-regional value added

- 27 -

trade costs across all regional groups. The most striking feature of this intra-inter-regional

trade cost matrix is the similarity with the goods sector. The overarching conclusions yielded

for the goods sector in Table 2 remain the same in the services sector.

- 28 -

4. Conclusions

A dataset of bilateral value added trade cost was developed using data from the

OECD-WTO TiVA database, covering 34 OECD countries and 22 developing countries over

five years between 1995 and 2009. A subset of this bilateral trade cost data, covering 15

developing Asian countries and 5 out-of the region reference countries, was analysed in

some details in this paper.23

This first analysis of value-added trade cost resulted in findings that were generally

very consistent with those obtained from analysis of international trade costs calculated on

the basis of gross shipment and output data, as in the ESCAP-World Bank Trade Cost

Database. While year and country coverage remains too limited, in particular to conduct

relevant analysis for less and least developed countries, the value-added trade costs dataset

enabled analysis of trade costs for both goods and services at a more disaggregated level,

while also better accounting for the importance of value addition and global supply chains.

Looking forward, while indeed recent work by Noguera (2013) and Miroudot and

Shepherd (forthcoming) suggest that the inverse gravity model trade cost formula used in

this paper is applicable in the value added trade context, it would be useful to further

strengthen the theoretical micro-foundation of the measure in that particular context. In

addition, more work will be needed in interpreting and presenting the value-added trade cost

data, as it may indeed be better understood and interpreted as a trade or global value chain

(GVC) connectivity indicator rather than as trade cost in the traditional sense.24

From a regional perspective, it will be important to extend the dataset and analysis to

cover South and Central Asian countries, in particular since previous studies using data in

gross term found these two regions to be characterised by high trade costs. In the meantime,

on the basis of existing data, more detailed analysis will be needed, including the

23 The dataset for this study is available in the Data Appendix and the full dataset for all 56 countries is available for public

useat http://artnet.unescap.org/databases.html#first .

24 This comment is in fact applicable to all trade costs calculated using the Novy formula, given that they capture overall trade frictions between partner countries. However, it is even more relevant in the context of value added trade costs, as several cost components (e.g., transport) apply to the overall value and volume of goods rather than to its value-added.


- 29 -

development and estimation of an econometric model of value added trade costs will be

important to identify specific sources and factors of costs and their relative importance.

- 30 -

References

Anderson, J. E., and Van Wincoop, E. (2004).Trade Costs. Journal of Economic Literature,

42, 691-751.

Arvis, J. F., Duval, Y., Shepherd, B., and Utoktham, C. (2013). Trade Costs in the

Developing World: 1995-2010. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6309.

Constantinescu, C., Mattoo, A., and Ruta, M. (2015). The global trade slowdown: cyclical or

structural? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7158.

Duval, Y., and Utoktham, C. (2010). Intraregional trade costs in Asia: a primer. Asia-Pacific

Development, 17(1), 1-23.

Kraemer, K., Linden, G., and Dedrick, J. (2011). Capturing value in Global Networks: Apple’s

iPad and iPhone.University of California, Irvine, University of California, Berkeley, y

Syracuse University, NY.

Lamy, P. (2015).Lamy Says More and More Products are “Made in the World”. The World

Trade Organization Website. Available at:

https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl174_e.htm

Miroudot, S., Sauvage, J., and Shepherd, B. (2013).Measuring the Cost of International

Trade in Services. World Trade Review, 12(04), 719-735.

Miroudot, S., and Shepherd, B. (2015). Trade Costs and Global Value Chains in Services.

Research Handbook on Trade in Services. Edward Elgar, Forthcoming.

https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl174_e.htm

- 31 -

Monaghan, A. (2014). China Surpasses US as World's Largest Trading Nation. The

Guardian Website. Available at:

http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/10/china-surpasses-us-world-largest-

trading-nation

Noguera, G. (2012). Trade Costs and Gravity for Gross and Value Added Trade.

Unpublished Manuscript, University of Warwick.

Novy, D. (2013). Gravity Redux: Measuring International Trade Costs with Panel Data.

Economic Inquiry, 51(1), 101-121.

United Nations. (2015). ESCAP Member States and Associate Members. The United

Nations ESCAP Website. Available at: http://www.unescap.org/about/member-states

United Nations Statistics Division. (2011).Revision of the Classification by Broad Economic

Categories (BEC).Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available at:

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/class/intercop/expertgroup/2011/AC234-25.PDF

World Trade Organization. (2015a). Made in the World. The World Trade Organization

Website. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/miwi_e.htm

World Trade Organization.(2015n). Overview of Trade Facilitation Work in the WTO.The

World Trade Organization Website. Available at:

https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tradfa_e/tradfa_overview_e.htm

Xing, Y., and Detert, N. C. (2010). How the iPhone Widens the United States Trade Deficit

with the People's Republic of China. ADBI Working Paper No. 257.

http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/10/china-surpasses-us-world-largest-trading-nation

http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/10/china-surpasses-us-world-largest-trading-nation

http://www.unescap.org/about/member-states

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/class/intercop/expertgroup/2011/AC234-25.PDF

https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/miwi_e.htm

https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tradfa_e/tradfa_overview_e.htm

- 32 -

APPENDIX

Figure A 1: Trade Costs with the United States in the goods sector, 2009

Notes: Figure A1 shows trade costs between each country and the United States measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data (blue bar) and value added data (red bar). The former trade costs (blue bar) are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs (red bar) are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database. The countries are separated by developed and developing economies, as defined by the United Nations, and ranked from highest to lowest in terms of value added trade costs. (G) denotes gross shipment data and (VA) denotes value added data.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

New

Zea

lan

d

Au

stra

lia

Fra

nce

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Ger

man

y

Jap

an

Cam

bo

dia

So

uth

Afr

ica

Vie

t N

am

Ind

ones

ia

Russ

ian

Fed

erat

ion

Bra

zil

Ind

ia

Th

aila

nd

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Rep

ub

lic

of

Ko

rea

Mal

aysi

a

Chin

a

United States (G)

United States (VA)

Average (G)

Average (VA)

- 33 -

Figure A 2: Trade Costs with the United States in the manufacturing sector, 2009


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200N

ew Z

eala

nd

Au

stra

lia

Fran

ce

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Ger

man

y

Jap

an

Cam

bo

dia

Sou

th A

fric

a

Vie

t N

am

Ind

on

esi

a

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tio

n

Bra

zil

Ind

ia

Thai

lan

d

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Re

pu

blic

of

Ko

rea

Mal

aysi

a

Ch

ina

United States (G)

United States (VA)

Average (G)

Average (VA)

- 34 -

Figure A 3: Trade Costs with the United States in the agricultural sector, 2009


020406080

100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400

Au

stra

lia

New

Zea

lan

d

Fran

ce

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Ger

man

y

Jap

an

Sou

th A

fric

a

Cam

bo

dia

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tio

n

Bra

zil

Ind

ia

Vie

t N

am

Mal

aysi

a

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Re

pu

blic

of

Ko

rea

Thai

lan

d

Ind

on

esi

a

Ch

ina

United States (G)

United States (VA)

Average (G)

Average (VA)

- 35 -

Figure A 4: Evolution of Trade Costs with the United States in the goods sector

Notes: Figure A4 shows trade costs between each country and the United States measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data and value added data. The former trade costs are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database over the years: 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009.

- 36 -

Figure A 5: Evolution of Trade Costs with the China in the manufacturing sector

Notes: Figure A4 shows trade costs between each country and China measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data and value added data. The former trade costs are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database over the years: 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009.

- 37 -

Figure A 6: Evolution of Trade Costs with China in the agricultural sector

Notes: Figure A6 shows trade costs between each country and China measured using gross output and gross shipment and gross output data and value added data. The former trade costs are from the ESCAP World Bank Trade Cost database and the latter trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database over the years: 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2009.

- 38 -

Figure A 7: Trade Costs with the United States in the services, transport and telecoms, and finance and insurance sectors, 2009

Notes: Figure A7 shows trade costs between each country and China measured using gross and value added data. The trade costs are calculated using the approach of Novy (2013) with data from the OECD-WTO TiVA database. The countries are separated by developed and developing economies, as defined by the United Nations, and ranked from highest to lowest in terms of value added trade costs. (VA) denotes value added data.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220N

ew Z

eala

nd

Au

stra

lia

Fran

ce

Jap

an

Un

ite

d K

ingd

om

Ger

man

y

Cam

bo

dia

Sou

th A

fric

a

Bru

nei

Dar

uss

alam

Vie

t N

am

Ind

on

esi

a

Ru

ssia

n F

ed

era

tio

n

Bra

zil

Thai

lan

d

Ph

ilip

pin

es

Ind

ia

Mal

aysi

a

Re

pu

blic

of

Ko

rea

Ch

ina

Goods (VA)

Services (VA)

Transport and Telecoms (VA)

Finance and Insurance (VA)

39

DATA APPENDIX

The data appendix contains bilateral, intra-national, and inter-regional Trade Costs, computed using gross

shipment data as well as value added trade data. Trade costs in gross terms are taken directly from the

ESCAP-World Bank Trade Costs database, while value added trade costs are calculated using data from

the OECD-WTO Value added (TiVA) database, as described in the ESCAP TID Staff Working Paper by

Duval et al. (2015) available at: http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Working_Paper_0115.pdf

The data appendix is available for download at:

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Appendix_Working_Paper_0115.pdf

Kindly note that we also make available a larger dataset of value-added trade costs for all 56 countries

available in TiVAon the ARTNeT Website. We make this data free for public and private use. However, we

kindly request that you cite the related ESCAP TID Staff Working Paper upon use.

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Working_Paper_0115.pdf


40

Staff Working Paper Series is available at http://www.unescap.org/publications

United Nations

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Trade and Investment Division

United Nations Building RajadamnernNok Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand Tel: +66 (0)2-288-2251 Fax: +66(0)2-288-1027

Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.unescap.org/tid/

http://www.unescap.org/publications

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.unescap.org/tid/

1

DATA APPENDIX

The data appendix contains bilateral, intra-national, and inter-regional Trade Costs, computed using gross shipment data as well as value added trade data.

Trade costs in gross terms are taken directly from the ESCAP-World Bank Trade Costs database, while value added trade costs are calculated using data

from the OECD-WTO Value added (TiVA) database, as described in the ESCAP TID Staff Working Paper by Duval et al. (2015) available at:


The data appendix is available for download at: http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Appendix_Working_Paper_0115.pdf

Kindly note that we also make available a larger dataset of value-added trade costs for all 56 countries available in TiVAon the ARTNeT Website.1We make

this data free for public and private use. However,we kindly request that you cite the related ESCAP TID Staff Working Paper upon use.

Table DA1: Bilateral Trade Costs in the goods sector, gross shipment data

Gross shipment:

goods year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF

Indonesia (IDN) 1995 86 117

148 131 92 105

114 154 141 120 128 110 173 173

2000 70 122 98 213 203 135 135 114 89 96 187 103 137 147 123 129 111 175 160

2005 66 114 87 264 219 127 124 104 90 105 182 111 144 158 126 142 116 166 157

2008 74 125 91

205 111 113 107 94 103 187 112 136 159 131 153 115 158 156

2009 70 130 97

199 115 116 111 102 99 192 111 140 146 133 154 120 156 154

Malaysia (MYS) 1995 86 64 108 92 58 74 77 102 92 82 74 59 134 121

2000 70

57 51 107 129 87 97 84 55 68 106 72 92 103 81 75 56 144 119

2005 66

57 42 94 137 74 91 62 60 71 136 72 97 92 76 83 58 132 113

2008 74

78 53

160 75 91 72 70 82 149 80 96 110 86 100 74 143 118

2009 70 77 49 139 70 86 64 67 71 145 73 98 95 79 95 72 133 115

Philippines (PHL) 1995

2000 122 57 80 317 258 110 181 123 74 85 173 111 149 134 111 111 73 199 193

2005 114 57 80 300 235 91 170 90 75 93 191 121 141 153 110 133 86 188 196

2008 125 78 86

271 93 166 96 82 90 217 127 141 149 115 150 92 199 192



2

Gross shipment:


2009 130 77 89

220 95 171 107 85 86 202 133 152 147 114 155 97 198 189

Thailand (THA) 1995 117 64

147 113 73 109

103 142 117 105 109 89 165 148

2000 98 51 80 222 111 92 135 105 71 100 139 94 124 124 108 102 82 165 129

2005 87 42 80 217 116 80 122 84 64 98 148 83 121 112 107 104 86 138 126

2008 91 53 86

123 75 112 85 66 96 136 78 113 123 108 110 91 131 119

2009 97 49 89

115 77 115 86 69 89 162 75 120 115 109 107 93 136 126

Brunei (BRN) 1995

2000 213 107 317 222

417 422 194 179

327 339 383 316 206 171

2005 264 94 300 217

603 324 348 290 270 394

226 245 289 228 172 189

2008

2009

Cambodia (KHM) 1995

2000 203 129 258 111

107 342 169 224 235

290 272 170 197 187 169 537

2005 219 137 235 116 603 87 332 174 200 222 289 207 345 169 175 193 141 401 377

2008 205 160 271 123

87 247 194 195 196 260 210 295 187 189 205 134 305 278

2009 199 139 220 115

82 248 188 190 173 248 190

173 191 189 135 318 290

Vietnam (VNM) 1995

2000 135 87 110 92

107

178 109 100 101

129 151 131 127 131 155 269 226

2005 127 74 91 80 324 87

153 93 87 95 126 114 148 127 114 129 106 215 151

2008 111 75 93 75

87

130 87 79 82 129 102 140 127 106 124 94 168 171

2009 115 70 95 77 82 126 85 80 73 124 104 137 116 104 123 91 162 147

India (IND) 1995 148 108 147

180 140 147

151 187 145 119 116 122 204 155

2000 135 97 181 135 417 342 178 162 143 147 106 148 183 143 126 113 119 195 150

2005 124 91 170 122 348 332 153 119 141 124 138 122 186 129 112 108 110 149 122

2008 113 91 166 112

247 130 115 130 107 136 116 177 120 102 104 99 152 115

2009 116 86 171 115

248 126 113 135 100 136 110 169 118 103 110 105 142 131

China (CHN) 1995 131 92 113 180 83 88 121 148 131 107 131 94 154 160

2000 114 84 123 105 422 169 109 162

77 78 78 110 140 121 98 116 90 157 157

2005 104 62 90 84 290 174 93 119

62 61 89 96 125 103 75 97 71 119 129

2008 107 72 96 85

194 87 115

65 59 93 98 121 99 74 96 70 108 117

2009 111 64 107 86 188 85 113 67 56 100 95 117 96 74 97 72 108 118

Japan (JPN) 1995 92 58 73 140 83 75 91 107 120 96 101 68 139 128

2000 89 55 74 71 194 224 100 143 77

71 112 90 108 112 90 97 66 137 127

2005 90 60 75 64 270 200 87 141 62

69 124 86 104 110 89 95 70 137 103

2008 94 70 82 66

195 79 130 65

68 104 87 106 111 90 101 70 130 94

2009 102 67 85 69 190 80 135 67 64 129 90 113 110 94 104 76 136 112

Korea, Rep.

(KOR) 1995 105 74 109

147 88 75

97 126 128 97 113 75 137 135

2000 96 68 85 100 179 235 101 147 78 71 100 94 119 117 99 101 71 140 133

2005 105 71 93 98 394 222 95 124 61 69 116 100 122 117 89 105 77 131 128

3

Gross shipment:


2008 103 82 90 96

196 82 107 59 68 108 99 119 115 91 108 78 120 124

2009 99 71 86 89

173 73 100 56 64 105 86 107 103 83 104 72 110 128

Russian

Federation (RUS) 1995

2000 187 106 173 139

106 78 112 100

209 184 100 69 79 99 116 209

2005 182 136 191 148

289 126 138 89 124 116

228 226 107 82 94 127 128 239

2008 187 149 217 136

260 129 136 93 104 108

205 257 101 79 89 115 124 248

2009 192 145 202 162 248 124 136 100 129 105 220 248 93 87 100 124 135 231

Australia (AUS) 1995 114 77 103

151 121 91 97

58 141 122 103 105 187 132

2000 103 72 111 94 327 290 129 148 110 90 94 209 54 141 120 96 96 171 127

2005 111 72 121 83 226 207 114 122 96 86 100 228 55 136 116 93 97 187 112

2008 112 80 127 78

210 102 116 98 87 99 205 56 133 118 87 95 172 108

2009 111 73 133 75

190 104 110 95 90 86 220 54 124 115 82 96 192 123

New Zealand

(NZL) 1995 154 102 142 187 148 107 126 58 157 139 106 117 207 177

2000 137 92 149 124 339 272 151 183 140 108 119 184 54

150 131 111 108 211 174

2005 144 97 141 121 245 345 148 186 125 104 122 226 55

139 127 110 110 236 162

2008 136 96 141 113

295 140 177 121 106 119 257 56

143 127 114 113 222 153

2009 140 98 152 120 137 169 117 113 107 248 54 141 129 113 114 235 166

France (FRA) 1995 141 92 117

145 131 120 128

141 157 48 57 94 142 139

2000 147 103 134 124 383 170 131 143 121 112 117 100 141 150 43 50 82 117 126

2005 158 92 153 112 289 169 127 129 103 110 117 107 136 139 40 49 84 121 117

2008 159 110 149 123

187 127 120 99 111 115 101 133 143 39 54 84 117 115

2009 146 95 147 115

173 116 118 96 110 103 93 124 141 36 51 84 116 119

Germany (DEU) 1995 120 82 105 119 107 96 97 122 139 48 54 83 118 105

2000 123 81 111 108 316 197 127 126 98 90 99 69 120 131 43

48 72 108 94

2005 126 76 110 107 228 175 114 112 75 89 89 82 116 127 40

45 70 101 85

2008 131 86 115 108

189 106 102 74 90 91 79 118 127 39

47 67 99 79

2009 133 79 114 109 191 104 103 74 94 83 87 115 129 36 48 71 101 87

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 128 74 109

116 131 101 113

103 106 57 54 76 136 98

2000 129 75 111 102 206 187 131 113 116 97 101 79 96 111 50 48 67 127 96

2005 142 83 133 104 172 193 129 108 97 95 105 94 93 110 49 45 69 122 89

2008 153 100 150 110

205 124 104 96 101 108 89 87 114 54 47 69 121 87

2009 154 95 155 107

189 123 110 97 104 104 100 82 113 51 48 68 119 95

United States

(USA) 1995 110 59 89 122 94 68 75 105 117 94 83 76 100 126

2000 111 56 73 82 171 169 155 119 90 66 71 99 96 108 82 72 67

90 119

2005 116 58 86 86 189 141 106 110 71 70 77 127 97 110 84 70 69

91 112

2008 115 74 92 91

134 94 99 70 70 78 115 95 113 84 67 69

90 99

4

Gross shipment:


2009 120 72 97 93 135 91 105 72 76 72 124 96 114 84 71 68 100 112

Brazil (BRA) 1995 173 134 165

204 154 139 137

187 207 142 118 136 100 162

2000 175 144 199 165

269 195 157 137 140 116 171 211 117 108 127 90 158

2005 166 132 188 138

401 215 149 119 137 131 128 187 236 121 101 122 91 139

2008 158 143 199 131

305 168 152 108 130 120 124 172 222 117 99 121 90 134

2009 156 133 198 136

318 162 142 108 136 110 135 192 235 116 101 119 100 147

South Africa

(ZAF) 1995 173 121 148 155 160 128 135 132 177 139 105 98 126 162

2000 160 119 193 129

537 226 150 157 127 133 209 127 174 126 94 96 119 158

2005 157 113 196 126

377 151 122 129 103 128 239 112 162 117 85 89 112 139

2008 156 118 192 119

278 171 115 117 94 124 248 108 153 115 79 87 99 134

2009 154 115 189 126 290 147 131 118 112 128 231 123 166 119 87 95 112 147

Table DA2: Bilateral Trade Costs in the manufacturing sector, gross shipment data

Gross shipment:

manufacturing year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF

Indonesia (IDN) 1995 68 110 137 123 87 99 112 144 134 116 121 111 168 172

2000

59 110 91 204 167 120 127 107 84 91 102 126 140 119 123 110 172 155

2005

55 107 81 256 181 115 117 99 87 101 176 109 138 153 122 137 118 171 154

2008

67 117 84 168 97 107 103 92 100 182 112 129 156 128 149 119 162 153

2009 61 121 90 141 102 109 106 98 94 191 113 131 141 129 150 122 159 151

Malaysia (MYS) 1995 68

50

88 74 46 62 63 83 76 67 60 47 116 111

2000 59 45 43 101 102 70 85 74 47 60 64 79 92 72 66 48 133 109

2005 55 45 33 83 107 58 79 51 50 61 120 61 84 80 66 72 49 119 102

2008 67 69 47 131 61 85 65 64 76 139 74 88 102 80 93 68 137 113

2009 61 66 41 92 55 76 55 59 62 131 66 86 85 71 86 64 126 106

Philippines

(PHL) 1995

2000 110 45

71 305 210 93 165 114 68 78 105 139 125 103 103 67 195 183

2005 107 45

74 290 193 78 160 83 71 89 186 115 138 147 105 128 82 196 192

2008 117 69

79 225 78 157 89 78 86 218 121 141 143 109 147 88 204 189

2009 121 66 81 160 81 161 100 81 81 198 127 152 142 109 150 93 199 187

Thailand (THA) 1995 110 50 139 108 71 109 100 134 114 102 105 87 164 142

2000 91 43 71

219 87 82 126 101 68 97 92 115 120 104 99 80 164 125

2005 81 33 74

212 94 69 114 80 61 96 141 79 115 107 103 100 84 140 122

2008 84 47 79

102 63 106 81 63 94 130 74 107 118 104 106 88 137 114

2009 90 41 81 76 65 109 83 66 86 155 72 112 111 106 103 91 140 121

Brunei (BRN) 1995

2000 204 101 305 219

408 411 191 176 339 236 378 313 204 169

5

Gross shipment:


2005 256 83 290 212 528 301 343 283 267 390 233 242 284 226 170 187

2008

2009

Cambodia

(KHM) 1995

2000 167 102 210 87

79 286 137 190 201 247 239 140 165 156 142

486

2005 181 107 193 94 528

72 281 142 168 191 244 173 298 139 145 161 116 490 326

2008 168 131 225 102

67 206 161 164 164 219 178 261 155 158 174 109 275 238

2009 141 92 160 76 51 181 138 138 126 182 140 124 139 141 93 276 220

Vietnam (VNM) 1995

2000 120 70 93 82 79 167 104 90 91 121 134 118 116 120 148 253 213

2005 115 58 78 69 301 72 151 89 78 87 116 106 136 115 105 118 97 204 140

2008 97 61 78 63 67 116 82 69 72 117 92 126 113 97 112 85 156 159

2009 102 55 81 65 51 115 79 70 63 113 97 122 104 94 111 82 150 134

India (IND) 1995 137 88 139 166 132 137 148 174 136 112 109 116 192 147

2000 127 85 165 126 408 286 167

152 136 139 151 173 135 120 107 113 185 143

2005 117 79 160 114 343 281 151

112 136 118 132 116 183 122 107 102 105 141 116

2008 107 85 157 106 206 116

111 125 103 131 111 176 113 98 100 95 145 109

2009 109 76 161 109 181 115 107 130 95 131 105 166 112 99 105 101 135 126

China (CHN) 1995 123 74

108

166 79 82 122 142 126 102 125 91 147 155

2000 107 74 114 101 411 137 104 152 74 75 115 132 116 94 111 87 162 152

2005 99 51 83 80 283 142 89 112 59 58 86 98 122 98 72 93 69 123 124

2008 103 65 89 81 161 82 111 62 57 92 99 117 94 71 93 69 117 113

2009 106 55 100 83 138 79 107 65 53 97 95 114 92 72 94 72 117 114

Japan (JPN) 1995 87 46

71

132 79 74 90 105 117 94 99 68 138 127

2000 84 47 68 68 191 190 90 136 74 69 89 104 109 89 96 66 137 126

2005 87 50 71 61 267 168 78 136 59 68 122 85 104 107 87 93 70 136 102

2008 92 64 78 63 164 69 125 62 68 101 86 104 108 89 100 71 129 92

2009 98 59 81 66 138 70 130 65 63 126 90 111 108 93 103 77 137 110

Korea, Rep.

(KOR) 1995 99 62 109 137 82 74 95 127 124 95 110 75 134 132

2000 91 60 78 97 176 201 91 139 75 69

92 117 113 97 99 70 138 131

2005 101 61 89 96 390 191 87 118 58 68

113 98 124 114 87 103 77 130 126

2008 100 76 86 94 164 72 103 57 68

106 97 120 113 89 107 78 121 121

2009 94 62 81 86 126 63 95 53 63 101 85 107 100 81 102 71 111 125

Russian

Federation

(RUS)

1995

2000

2005 176 120 186 141 244 116 132 86 122 113 220 217 102 79 91 124 123 247

6

Gross shipment:


2008 182 139 218 130 219 117 131 92 101 106 201 248 97 76 87 113 120 256

2009 191 131 198 155 182 113 131 97 126 101 214 237 90 84 97 121 130 256

Australia (AUS) 1995 112 63 100 148 122 90 95 54 148 126 101 104 184 129

2000 102 64 105 92 339 247 121 151 115 89 92

49 143 120 94 94 168 125

2005 109 61 115 79 233 173 106 116 98 85 98 220

53 133 114 91 95 184 109

2008 112 74 121 74 178 92 111 99 86 97 201

53 130 117 85 92 168 105

2009 113 66 127 72 140 97 105 95 90 85 214 50 124 114 81 94 190 120

New Zealand

(NZL) 1995 144 83

134

174 142 105 127 54 150 136 102 113 200 171

2000 126 79 139 115 236 239 134 173 132 104 117 49 141 125 106 103 201 167

2005 138 84 138 115 242 298 136 183 122 104 124 217 53 134 124 108 107 230 159

2008 129 88 141 107 261 126 176 117 104 120 248 53 137 123 111 110 216 149

2009 131 86 152 112

122 166 114 111 107 237 50 135 124 109 110 230 160

France (FRA) 1995 134 76 114 136 126 117 124 148 150 46 55 92 141 138

2000 140 92 125 120 378 140 118 135 116 109 113 143 141

41 49 80 114 124

2005 153 80 147 107 284 139 115 122 98 107 114 102 133 134

38 48 82 118 115

2008 156 102 143 118 155 113 113 94 108 113 97 130 137

38 52 81 115 111

2009 141 85 142 111 124 104 112 92 108 100 90 124 135 35 50 83 114 117

Germany (DEU) 1995 116 67

102

112 102 94 95 126 136 46 53 82 118 104

2000 119 72 103 104 313 165 116 120 94 89 97 120 125 41 47 71 110 93

2005 122 66 105 103 226 145 105 107 72 87 87 79 114 124 38 44 69 102 83

2008 128 80 109 104 158 97 98 71 89 89 76 117 123 38 46 66 100 77

2009 129 71 109 106 139 94 99 72 93 81 84 114 124 35 47 70 103 86

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 121 60 105 109 125 99 110 101 102 55 53 74 135 97

2000 123 66 103 99 204 156 120 107 111 96 99 94 106 49 47

66 125 96

2005 137 72 128 100 170 161 118 102 93 93 103 91 91 108 48 44

68 121 88

2008 149 93 147 106 174 112 100 93 100 107 87 85 111 52 46

67 121 87

2009 150 86 150 103 141 111 105 94 103 102 97 81 109 50 47 67 120 96

United States

(USA) 1995 111 47

87

116 91 68 75 104 113 92 82 74 99 124

2000 110 48 67 80 169 142 148 113 87 66 70 94 103 80 71 66 88 117

2005 118 49 82 84 187 116 97 105 69 70 77 124 95 107 82 69 68 89 111

2008 119 68 88 88 109 85 95 69 71 78 113 92 110 81 66 67 88 97

2009 122 64 93 91 93 82 101 72 77 71 121 94 110 83 70 67 99 110

Brazil (BRA) 1995 168 116 164 192 147 138 134 184 200 141 118 135 99 159

2000 172 133 195 164

253 185 162 137 138 168 201 114 110 125 88

155

2005 171 119 196 140 490 204 141 123 136 130 123 184 230 118 102 121 89

136

2008 162 137 204 137 275 156 145 117 129 121 120 168 216 115 100 121 88

130

2009 159 126 199 140 276 150 135 117 137 111 130 190 230 114 103 120 99 144

7

Gross shipment:


South Africa

(ZAF) 1995 172 111

142

147 155 127 132 129 171 138 104 97 124 159

2000 155 109 183 125 486 213 143 152 126 131 125 167 124 93 96 117 155

2005 154 102 192 122 326 140 116 124 102 126 247 109 159 115 83 88 111 136

2008 153 113 189 114 238 159 109 113 92 121 256 105 149 111 77 87 97 130

2009 151 106 187 121 220 134 126 114 110 125 256 120 160 117 86 96 110 144

Table DA3: Bilateral Trade Costs in the agricultural sector, gross shipment data Gross shipment:

agriculture year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF

Indonesia (IDN) 1995 172 177 205 166 210 208 123 231 215 160 246 99 203 180

2000

133 224 180 316 240 178 168 211 202 406 123 239 230 192 228 108 190 217

2005

126 195 186 440 1065 177 168 147 206 211 215 132 228 239 201 215 102 150 168

2008

133 210 179 456 517 173 155 142 186 189 238 126 227 211 198 265 96 145 195

2009 131 216 176 462 502 158 162 141 194 203 197 124 258 226 170 209 107 144 175


114

163 152 173 140 119 186 206 206 178 113 204 124

2000 133 214 112 195 211 162 147 121 194 169 386 137 185 194 194 209 140 188 163

2005 126 195 102 214 269 139 132 112 202 175 225 165 204 198 168 199 141 194 152

2008 133 223 109 194 315 145 120 125 204 172 279 156 188 204 166 214 145 162 143

2009 131 222 110 192 289 139 122 123 201 170 340 152 216 219 160 193 146 156 148

Philippines

(PHL) 1995

2000 224 214

226 373

251 368 169 190 238 552 150 192 247 255 225 130 236 287

2005 195 195

203 414

198 267 167 196 195 369 171 205 255 238 227 136 201 219

2008 210 223

196 427

217 256 194 189 216 259 171 219 252 237 207 131 195 211

2009 216 222 215 431 201 274 192 167 205 222 175 220 239 219 222 139 212 198

Thailand (THA) 1995 177 114 200 169 142 177 156 224 172 167 189 105 187 293

2000 180 112 226

254 263 138 221 140 160 186 422 141 229 195 196 181 113 172 234

2005 186 102 203

363 192 151 196 128 143 176 423 150 218 207 191 181 115 127 188

2008 179 109 196

380 181 137 170 125 145 147 344 146 181 200 167 192 114 116 212

2009 176 110 215 375 180 141 176 117 157 156 265 149 203 203 169 187 119 131 202

Brunei (BRN) 1995

2000

195 373 254

531

2005 440 214 414 363

814

260 375 634 371 449

2008 456 194 427 380

257

343

2009 462 192 431 375

268

347

Cambodia

(KHM) 1995

2000 316 211

263

179

323

941

473

8

2005 1065 269

192

149 503 338 729 377 365 669 716 574 364

422

2008 517 315

181

141 404 385 704 477 446 682 368 660 351

380

2009 502 289 180 136 500 341 696 347 429 656 378 558 398 366

Vietnam (VNM) 1995

2000 240 162 251 138 179 304 136 202 196 246 143 236 235 182 260 160 321 262

2005 177 139 198 151 149 180 120 190 170 217 134 216 205 170 211 134 242 184

2008 173 145 217 137 141 169 117 159 174 239 124 212 208 131 236 115 198 192

2009 158 139 201 141 136 153 110 165 174 196 114 201 188 133 261 113 202 192

India (IND) 1995 205 163 200 278 256 355 160 273 288 232 213 162 379 219

2000 178 147 368 221

304

244 260 302 399 155 227 244 233 223 154 325 231

2005 168 132 267 196 503 180

215 262 270 253 169 214 238 212 207 150 312 216

2008 155 120 256 170 404 169

189 243 239 192 155 203 218 196 196 143 252 187

2009 162 122 274 176 500 153 180 259 249 212 150 206 223 186 191 146 253 195

China (CHN) 1995 166 152

169

278 178 185 155 204 183 183 194 140 249 202

2000 168 121 169 140 323 136 244 181 151 146 151 216 202 176 212 149 206 227

2005 147 112 167 128 338 120 215 168 143 126 146 194 204 186 224 126 150 209

2008 142 125 194 125 385 117 189 173 160 128 151 191 218 184 229 119 137 188

2009 141 123 192 117 341 110 180 174 161 132 144 182 193 173 215 115 137 179

Japan (JPN) 1995 210 173

142

256 178 136 139 166 274 231 233 125 208 242

2000 211 194 190 160 531

202 260 181 120 236 141 167 270 228 226 126 210 220

2005 206 202 196 143 814 729 190 262 168 122 222 184 162 271 219 226 127 208 223

2008 186 204 189 145 704 159 243 173 118 229 180 172 245 215 209 115 205 235

2009 194 201 167 157 696 165 259 174 115 273 175 172 242 203 216 122 204 241

Korea, Rep.

(KOR) 1995 208 140 177 355 185 136 206 226 349 223 320 133 285 337

2000 202 169 238 186

196 302 151 120

236 193 188 280 245 288 138 271 320

2005 211 175 195 176 377 170 270 143 122

221 208 165 289 250 307 132 243 383

2008 189 172 216 147 477 174 239 160 118

221 202 181 282 238 303 117 221 368

2009 203 170 205 156 347 174 249 161 115 222 167 186 279 207 276 118 221 360

Russian

Federation

(RUS) 1995

2000 406 386 552 422

246 399 146 236 236 654 228 144 224 213 314 368

2005 215 225 369 423

217 253 126 222 221 540 599 250 161 224 219 321 576

2008 238 279 259 344

239 192 128 229 221 509 614 219 156 226 224 255 482

2009 197 340 222 265

196 212 132 273 222 568 570 238 154 239 231 234 178

Australia (AUS) 1995 123 119 156 160 155 139 206 103 187 169 152 138 292 227

2000 123 137 150 141

143 155 151 141 193 654

101 181 179 162 146 235 179

2005 132 165 171 150 260 365 134 169 146 184 208 540

97 223 201 165 154 228 202

2008 126 156 171 146 257 446 124 155 151 180 202 509

94 223 187 163 153 227 187

2009 124 152 175 149 268 429 114 150 144 175 167 568 91 174 159 151 147 236 181

New Zealand 1995 231 186

224

273 204 166 226 103 270 219 158 151 258 231

9

(NZL)

2000 239 185 192 229

236 227 216 167 188 101 309 214 163 157 304 227

2005 228 204 205 218 375

216 214 194 162 165 599 97 247 208 153 152 402 208

2008 227 188 219 181

212 203 191 172 181 614 94 248 212 155 153 295 208

2009 258 216 220 203

201 206 182 172 186 570 91 230 197 147 146 295 222

France (FRA) 1995 215 206 172 288 183 274 349 187 270 89 90 163 175 173

2000 230 194 247 195 941 235 244 202 270 280 228 181 309

85 90 159 179 161

2005 239 198 255 207 634 669 205 238 204 271 289 250 223 247

82 89 158 185 189

2008 211 204 252 200 682 208 218 218 245 282 219 223 248

79 83 163 189 205

2009 226 219 239 203 656 188 223 193 242 279 238 174 230 63 72 156 166 187

Germany (DEU) 1995 160 206

167

232 183 231 223 169 219 89 125 137 146 140

2000 192 194 255 196

182 233 176 228 245 144 179 214 85 118 132 145 181

2005 201 168 238 191 716 170 212 186 219 250 161 201 208 82 114 126 141 137

2008 198 166 237 167 368 131 196 184 215 238 156 187 212 79 99 120 138 134

2009 170 160 219 169 378 133 186 173 203 207 154 159 197 63 89 114 125 108

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 246 178 189 213 194 233 320 152 158 90 125 135 207 155

2000 228 209 225 181

260 223 212 226 288 224 162 163 90 118

124 179 138

2005 215 199 227 181 371 574 211 207 224 226 307 224 165 153 89 114

129 175 131

2008 265 214 207 192 343 660 236 196 229 209 303 226 163 155 83 99

119 150 124

2009 209 193 222 187 347 558 261 191 215 216 276 239 151 147 72 89 115 145 122

United States

(USA) 1995 99 113

105

162 140 125 133 138 151 163 137 135 121 150

2000 108 140 130 113 473 160 154 149 126 138 213 146 157 159 132 124 135 156

2005 102 141 136 115 449 364 134 150 126 127 132 219 154 152 158 126 129 145 156

2008 96 145 131 114 351 115 143 119 115 117 224 153 153 163 120 119 123 148

2009 107 146 139 119 398 113 146 115 122 118 231 147 146 156 114 115 136 172

Brazil (BRA) 1995 203 204 187 379 249 208 285 292 258 175 146 207 121 282

2000 190 188 236 172

321 325 206 210 271 314 235 304 179 145 179 135

237

2005 150 194 201 127

242 312 150 208 243 321 228 402 185 141 175 145

211

2008 145 162 195 116

198 252 137 205 221 255 227 295 189 138 150 123

241

2009 144 156 212 131 202 253 137 204 221 234 236 295 166 125 145 136 216

South Africa

(ZAF) 1995 180 124

293

219 202 242 337 227 231 173 140 155 150 282

2000 217 163 287 234

262 231 227 220 320 368 179 227 161 181 138 156 237

2005 168 152 219 188 422 184 216 209 223 383 576 202 208 189 137 131 156 211

2008 195 143 211 212 380 192 187 188 235 368 482 187 208 205 134 124 148 241

2009 175 148 198 202 366 192 195 179 241 360 178 181 222 187 108 122 172 216

Table DA4: Bilateral Trade Costs in the goods sector, value added data Value added: goods year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF

10

Value added: goods year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF

Indonesia (IDN) 1995 113 153 141 217 210 166 152 128 103 98 161 115 168 143 130 132 117 171 190

2000

99 140 107 194 215 135 132 111 93 93 173 98 167 139 123 136 114 168 167

2005

100 141 103 139 244 150 120 95 94 97 170 107 180 148 130 144 114 152 196

2008

97 139 101 135 242 137 106 93 89 93 162 104 152 149 131 156 111 146 190

2009 100 136 105 153 224 141 107 92 95 97 178 112 166 150 133 160 115 148 183

Malaysia (MYS) 1995 113 108 96 167 146 154 134 117 83 93 162 105 155 117 104 96 80 161 146

2000 99 73 75 153 163 134 125 97 75 82 149 99 148 102 98 92 72 149 140

2005 100 73 75 154 184 119 118 62 81 72 146 104 146 113 92 105 71 132 141

2008 97 77 73 140 194 109 105 62 81 74 140 107 131 117 97 111 73 139 140

2009 100 82 70 137 181 114 109 61 83 74 145 112 143 115 98 115 75 141 142

Philippines (PHL) 1995 153 108 140 268 300 165 206 140 93 118 158 141 195 159 139 127 104 182 215

2000 140 73 97 248 277 182 196 120 83 84 173 132 184 123 116 107 89 186 198

2005 141 73 97 247 258 137 159 74 86 83 167 144 195 136 112 126 91 164 202

2008 139 77 93 221 280 135 153 70 89 81 169 140 189 148 129 145 94 159 198

2009 136 82 89 238 260 130 143 72 93 77 175 144 196 144 127 153 96 171 203

Thailand (THA) 1995 141 96 140 170 107 180 161 126 89 119 148 134 188 154 129 126 102 180 195

2000 107 75 97

160 169 120 149 101 85 98 157 118 165 134 123 123 100 170 165

2005 103 75 97

185 157 109 119 78 79 91 146 105 152 140 121 130 100 137 176

2008 101 73 93

184 138 106 109 73 78 89 144 90 141 136 123 133 97 129 162

2009 105 70 89 185 142 105 111 70 81 88 146 88 152 135 119 131 98 133 164

Brunei Darussalam

(BRN) 1995 217 167 268 170 305 313 322 250 177 190 276 220 303 198 235 165 222 334 324

2000 194 153 248 160 290 274 282 213 168 158 279 157 282 207 187 191 184 305 294

2005 139 154 247 185 342 273 251 176 154 147 272 154 229 253 205 201 201 293 304

2008 135 140 221 184 372 231 192 164 139 135 258 139 208 222 203 176 173 272 290

2009 153 137 238 185 324 215 184 168 143 147 278 152 215 238 225 202 172 291 304

Cambodia (KHM) 1995 210 146 300 107 305 367 298 216 238 216 279 276 365 176 231 206 225 356 344

2000 215 163 277 169 290

135 273 172 202 212 296 264 370 161 181 193 204 328 331

2005 244 184 258 157 342

113 255 142 212 208 291 239 349 206 189 182 192 324 343

2008 242 194 280 138 372

117 215 144 219 202 282 263 341 223 217 234 176 314 336

2009 224 181 260 142 324 121 222 134 218 180 266 230 328 204 216 222 169 305 332

Viet Nam (VNM) 1995 166 154 165 180 313 367 247 169 169 131 222 188 197 169 172 180 179 294 258

2000 135 134 182 120 274 135 208 136 133 111 188 148 201 169 161 178 156 242 249

2005 150 119 137 109 273 113 160 105 117 110 182 144 199 176 153 173 144 216 227

2008 137 109 135 106 231 117 139 98 107 107 173 141 186 168 144 171 129 182 223

2009 141 114 130 105 215 121 140 98 110 100 168 154 183 160 142 173 124 177 226

India (IND) 1995 152 134 206 161 322 298 247 168 155 143 131 153 205 164 148 140 141 199 192

2000 132 125 196 149 282 273 208

140 150 127 144 156 192 142 133 128 131 188 152

2005 120 118 159 119 251 255 160

90 123 103 137 126 182 123 109 111 109 138 139

2008 106 105 153 109 192 215 139

83 113 96 132 115 153 118 100 113 96 135 129

2009 107 109 143 111 184 222 140 84 119 97 138 107 162 120 99 119 100 132 132

11


China (CHN) 1995 128 117 140 126 250 216 169 168 96 86 130 130 162 149 133 138 110 171 188

2000 111 97 120 101 213 172 136 140 77 69 119 107 145 114 103 115 92 151 154

2005 95 62 74 78 176 142 105 90 59 50 105 90 128 97 81 98 73 108 125

2008 93 62 70 73 164 144 98 83 57 47 95 88 122 93 77 97 67 99 114

2009 92 61 72 70 168 134 98 84 60 48 100 86 121 94 78 100 68 100 114

Japan (JPN) 1995 103 83 93 89 177 238 169 155 96 80 125 104 136 122 106 104 74 139 133

2000 93 75 83 85 168 202 133 150 77 70 124 103 138 115 102 104 71 134 119

2005 94 81 86 79 154 212 117 123 59 65 116 100 133 113 98 105 74 125 119

2008 89 81 89 78 139 219 107 113 57 66 105 93 129 109 94 104 72 120 113

2009 95 83 93 81 143 218 110 119 60 68 120 99 137 114 99 111 76 128 122

Korea (KOR) 1995 98 93 118 119 190 216 131 143 86 80

129 106 147 126 116 118 85 137 145

2000 93 82 84 98 158 212 111 127 69 70

115 91 129 111 99 98 75 133 122

2005 97 72 83 91 147 208 110 103 50 65

96 97 131 109 88 106 77 119 138

2008 93 74 81 89 135 202 107 96 47 66

89 96 133 110 94 113 77 117 129

2009 97 74 77 88 147 180 100 97 48 68 97 94 131 113 94 115 78 119 135

Russian Federation

(RUS) 1995 161 162 158 148 276 279 222 131 130 125 129 187 238 119 93 114 115 166 179

2000 173 149 173 157 279 296 188 144 119 124 115 163 239 109 88 112 110 143 163

2005 170 146 167 146 272 291 182 137 105 116 96 167 222 108 87 107 113 140 186

2008 162 140 169 144 258 282 173 132 95 105 89 148 214 106 82 110 108 133 179

2009 178 145 175 146 278 266 168 138 100 120 97 154 228 108 88 119 112 146 184

Australia (AUS) 1995 115 105 141 134 220 276 188 153 130 104 106 187 84 134 123 112 106 178 143

2000 98 99 132 118 157 264 148 156 107 103 91 163

84 137 124 111 103 176 124

2005 107 104 144 105 154 239 144 126 90 100 97 167

82 137 122 113 106 161 134

2008 104 107 140 90 139 263 141 115 88 93 96 148

79 144 125 109 107 165 154

2009 112 112 144 88 152 230 154 107 86 99 94 154 85 144 129 127 114 171 160

New Zealand (NZL) 1995 168 155 195 188 303 365 197 205 162 136 147 238 84 169 159 133 136 233 213

2000 167 148 184 165 282 370 201 192 145 138 129 239 84 166 148 140 133 218 207

2005 180 146 195 152 229 349 199 182 128 133 131 222 82 166 144 148 136 202 208

2008 152 131 189 141 208 341 186 153 122 129 133 214 79 159 143 165 136 215 212

2009 166 143 196 152 215 328 183 162 121 137 131 228 85 168 158 174 141 227 224

France (FRA) 1995 143 117 159 154 198 176 169 164 149 122 126 119 134 169 66 74 93 135 134

2000 139 102 123 134 207 161 169 142 114 115 111 109 137 166

60 70 88 125 125

2005 148 113 136 140 253 206 176 123 97 113 109 108 137 166

61 70 90 122 141

2008 149 117 148 136 222 223 168 118 93 109 110 106 144 159

59 80 88 124 147

2009 150 115 144 135 238 204 160 120 94 114 113 108 144 168 60 82 88 131 150

Germany (DEU) 1995 130 104 139 129 235 231 172 148 133 106 116 93 123 159 66 67 87 120 107

2000 123 98 116 123 187 181 161 133 103 102 99 88 124 148 60 66 82 112 104

2005 130 92 112 121 205 189 153 109 81 98 88 87 122 144 61 66 80 106 114

2008 131 97 129 123 203 217 144 100 77 94 94 82 125 143 59 68 78 106 112

2009 133 98 127 119 225 216 142 99 78 99 94 88 129 158 60 69 81 114 117

12


United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 132 96 127 126 165 206 180 140 138 104 118 114 112 133 74 67 82 137 100

2000 136 92 107 123 191 193 178 128 115 104 98 112 111 140 70 66

78 134 98

2005 144 105 126 130 201 182 173 111 98 105 106 107 113 148 70 66

82 129 125

2008 156 111 145 133 176 234 171 113 97 104 113 110 109 165 80 68

83 138 132

2009 160 115 153 131 202 222 173 119 100 111 115 119 127 174 82 69 86 140 137

United States (USA) 1995 117 80 104 102 222 225 179 141 110 74 85 115 106 136 93 87 82 111 115

2000 114 72 89 100 184 204 156 131 92 71 75 110 103 133 88 82 78 102 108

2005 114 71 91 100 201 192 144 109 73 74 77 113 106 136 90 80 82 96 131

2008 111 73 94 97 173 176 129 96 67 72 77 108 107 136 88 78 83 99 125

2009 115 75 96 98 172 169 124 100 68 76 78 112 114 141 88 81 86 107 133

Brazil (BRA) 1995 171 161 182 180 334 356 294 199 171 139 137 166 178 233 135 120 137 111 169

2000 168 149 186 170 305 328 242 188 151 134 133 143 176 218 125 112 134 102

164

2005 152 132 164 137 293 324 216 138 108 125 119 140 161 202 122 106 129 96

153

2008 146 139 159 129 272 314 182 135 99 120 117 133 165 215 124 106 138 99

183

2009 148 141 171 133 291 305 177 132 100 128 119 146 171 227 131 114 140 107 191

South Africa (ZAF) 1995 190 146 215 195 324 344 258 192 188 133 145 179 143 213 134 107 100 115 169

2000 167 140 198 165 294 331 249 152 154 119 122 163 124 207 125 104 98 108 164

2005 196 141 202 176 304 343 227 139 125 119 138 186 134 208 141 114 125 131 153

2008 190 140 198 162 290 336 223 129 114 113 129 179 154 212 147 112 132 125 183

2009 183 142 203 164 304 332 226 132 114 122 135 184 160 224 150 117 137 133 191

Table DA5: Bilateral Trade Costs in the manufacturing sector, value added data Value added:


Indonesia (IDN) 1995 109 149 138 247 233 176 150 130 101 99 162 115 168 142 132 133 120 169 192

2000

98 137 105 199 249 143 135 113 92 92 174 104 166 138 125 136 118 170 168

2005

97 138 101 138 267 144 122 94 92 95 169 110 177 147 131 143 119 156 196

2008

95 136 98 135 250 131 111 93 86 91 161 107 151 149 132 154 116 149 191

2009 98 133 102 152 219 136 111 91 93 95 180 116 164 149 134 158 119 152 181

Malaysia (MYS) 1995 109 104 92 166 171 162 136 122 81 94 160 105 156 114 102 93 79 162 152

2000 98 69 72 156 191 130 127 100 74 82 148 99 149 99 97 89 70 148 142

2005 97 70 72 160 208 117 118 60 80 70 146 103 146 112 90 104 69 130 141

2008 95 75 70 143 198 111 108 60 79 72 141 104 129 115 96 110 71 141 139

2009 98 80 67 143 182 116 111 59 82 72 146 109 139 113 97 113 73 143 140

Philippines (PHL) 1995 149 104 137 288 361 152 203 145 92 117 155 139 196 157 138 126 103 195 212

2000 137 69 92 252 273 178 189 117 80 82 170 135 197 119 114 105 88 183 194

2005 138 70 94 249 298 128 158 71 85 80 165 143 198 134 110 124 91 168 199

2008 136 75 90 225 289 127 151 69 88 80 168 138 189 146 128 144 94 159 195

2009 133 80 86 244 255 123 141 70 92 76 174 142 195 142 126 152 95 170 201

13

Value added:


Thailand (THA) 1995 138 92 137 173 145 182 160 125 88 118 147 132 185 152 128 125 101 179 192

2000 105 72 92

159 176 111 147 100 84 97 155 118 163 132 121 121 100 172 162

2005 101 72 94

183 175 102 118 76 78 90 144 104 150 138 119 128 99 141 173

2008 98 70 90

182 172 102 110 71 76 87 142 88 139 135 122 131 96 138 158

2009 102 67 86 184 169 97 110 68 80 86 143 86 149 133 118 129 97 138 160

Brunei Darussalam

(BRN) 1995 247 166 288 173

348 320 250 176 188 289 227 291 194 233 163 230 332 323

2000 199 156 252 159

285 278 213 168 157 276 175 271 205 186 189 184 302 292

2005 138 160 249 183

275 249 176 154 146 271 168 222 254 204 200 201 290 301

2008 135 143 225 182 367 240 195 164 139 135 257 153 204 220 203 175 172 269 286

2009 152 143 244 184 301 252 185 168 142 147 277 166 210 242 224 201 173 289 300

Cambodia (KHM) 1995 233 171 361 145 401 276 249 265 242 334 407 178 239 233 257 428 417

2000 249 191 273 176

158 272 218 203 227 325 295 174 223 197 229 405 379

2005 267 208 298 175

142 267 170 217 221 313 280 373 206 217 202 204 368 372

2008 250 198 289 172 367

150 207 166 231 216 280 252 347 222 208 214 183 330 330

2009 219 182 255 169 301 154 215 162 227 183 271 213 321 220 203 230 197 327 340

Viet Nam (VNM) 1995 176 162 152 182 348

256 178 167 135 224 185 235 176 206 197 212 296 295

2000 143 130 178 111 285 158 211 144 126 108 194 148 228 177 179 183 178 246 252

2005 144 117 128 102 275 142 168 107 110 112 194 143 217 184 167 176 154 219 245

2008 131 111 127 102 240 150 147 101 101 110 185 134 199 177 160 177 133 189 238

2009 136 116 123 97 252 154 146 100 105 100 181 148 202 169 154 179 130 183 236

India (IND) 1995 150 136 203 160 320 401 256 164 151 139 129 147 198 160 144 138 138 195 186

2000 135 127 189 147 278 272 211

137 147 124 141 151 190 139 131 125 129 184 147

2005 122 118 158 118 249 267 168

88 120 100 137 122 184 121 108 109 107 135 135

2008 111 108 151 110 195 207 147

82 111 93 130 111 151 115 97 110 93 134 125

2009 111 111 141 110 185 215 146 82 117 95 137 102 164 117 97 116 98 131 129

China (CHN) 1995 130 122 145 125 250 276 178 164 94 85 128 129 163 150 132 138 110 170 185

2000 113 100 117 100 213 218 144 137 77 69 120 108 144 113 102 113 91 151 152

2005 94 60 71 76 176 170 107 88 59 48 106 89 128 95 80 97 72 108 123

2008 93 60 69 71 164 166 101 82 56 46 96 86 120 91 76 96 66 100 111

2009 91 59 70 68 168 162 100 82 59 48 101 85 120 92 77 99 67 101 111

Japan (JPN) 1995 101 81 92 88 176 249 167 151 94 80 124 101 131 121 106 103 74 137 132

2000 92 74 80 84 168 203 126 147 77 70 122 99 134 114 101 104 70 132 118

2005 92 80 85 78 154 217 110 120 59 65 115 97 129 112 98 105 74 123 117

2008 86 79 88 76 139 231 101 111 56 66 104 90 123 107 94 104 71 117 110

2009 93 82 92 80 142 227 105 117 59 67 119 97 132 113 99 111 75 124 120

Korea (KOR) 1995 99 94 117 118 188 265 135 139 85 80

128 103 150 124 116 117 84 135 143

2000 92 82 82 97 157 227 108 124 69 70

114 88 130 109 98 97 74 131 121

2005 95 70 80 90 146 221 112 100 48 65

94 94 135 108 87 105 76 117 135

2008 91 72 80 87 135 216 110 93 46 66

88 94 134 109 94 112 77 114 127

14

Value added:


2009 95 72 76 86 147 183 100 95 48 67 96 92 130 111 94 114 78 116 133

Russian Federation

(RUS) 1995 162 160 155 147 289 242 224 129 128 124 128 182 231 116 92 113 112 171 175

2000 174 148 170 155 276 325 194 141 120 122 114 156 231 107 87 110 108 143 160

2005 169 146 165 144 271 313 194 137 106 115 94 161 217 106 86 106 112 140 183

2008 161 141 168 142 257 280 185 130 96 104 88 145 210 104 81 110 106 135 176

2009 180 146 174 143 277 271 181 137 101 119 96 149 222 106 87 118 111 152 181

Australia (AUS) 1995 115 105 139 132 227 334 185 147 129 101 103 182 79 134 123 109 102 173 137

2000 104 99 135 118 175 295 148 151 108 99 88 156

78 134 121 107 99 170 119

2005 110 103 143 104 168 280 143 122 89 97 94 161

78 133 119 109 102 156 128

2008 107 104 138 88 153 252 134 111 86 90 94 145

76 140 123 106 104 161 149

2009 116 109 142 86 166 213 148 102 85 97 92 149 82 142 127 124 111 167 154

New Zealand (NZL) 1995 168 156 196 185 291 407 235 198 163 131 150 231 79 167 156 131 132 230 205

2000 166 149 197 163 271

228 190 144 134 130 231 78 161 143 134 128 219 201

2005 177 146 198 150 222 373 217 184 128 129 135 217 78 163 139 143 132 197 201

2008 151 129 189 139 204 347 199 151 120 123 134 210 76 153 137 160 133 213 204

2009 164 139 195 149 210 321 202 164 120 132 130 222 82 165 153 169 138 223 215

France (FRA) 1995 142 114 157 152 194 178 176 160 150 121 124 116 134 167 65 73 91 135 131

2000 138 99 119 132 205 174 177 139 113 114 109 107 134 161

60 70 87 125 123

2005 147 112 134 138 254 206 184 121 95 112 108 106 133 163

60 69 88 120 138

2008 149 115 146 135 220 222 177 115 91 107 109 104 140 153

59 79 86 122 142

2009 149 113 142 133 242 220 169 117 92 113 111 106 142 165 59 81 86 130 145

Germany (DEU) 1995 132 102 138 128 233 239 206 144 132 106 116 92 123 156 65 66 86 118 105

2000 125 97 114 121 186 223 179 131 102 101 98 87 121 143 60 66 82 112 102

2005 131 90 110 119 204 217 167 108 80 98 87 86 119 139 60 65 79 106 112

2008 132 96 128 122 203 208 160 97 76 94 94 81 123 137 59 68 77 105 110

2009 134 97 126 118 224 203 154 97 77 99 94 87 127 153 59 68 81 113 115

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 133 93 126 125 163 233 197 138 138 103 117 113 109 131 73 66 81 137 98

2000 136 89 105 121 189 197 183 125 113 104 97 110 107 134 70 66

77 134 96

2005 143 104 124 128 200 202 176 109 97 105 105 106 109 143 69 65

82 128 123

2008 154 110 144 131 175 214 177 110 96 104 112 110 106 160 79 68

82 137 130

2009 158 113 152 129 201 230 179 116 99 111 114 118 124 169 81 68 85 139 134

United States (USA) 1995 120 79 103 101 230 257 212 138 110 74 84 112 102 132 91 86 81 109 113

2000 118 70 88 100 184 229 178 129 91 70 74 108 99 128 87 82 77 100 106

2005 119 69 91 99 201 204 154 107 72 74 76 112 102 132 88 79 82 94 129

2008 116 71 94 96 172 183 133 93 66 71 77 106 104 133 86 77 82 96 122

2009 119 73 95 97 173 197 130 98 67 75 78 111 111 138 86 81 85 104 130

Brazil (BRA) 1995 169 162 195 179 332 428 296 195 170 137 135 171 173 230 135 118 137 109 165

2000 170 148 183 172 302 405 246 184 151 132 131 143 170 219 125 112 134 100

160

15

Value added:


2005 156 130 168 141 290 368 219 135 108 123 117 140 156 197 120 106 128 94

147

2008 149 141 159 138 269 330 189 134 100 117 114 135 161 213 122 105 137 96

176

2009 152 143 170 138 289 327 183 131 101 124 116 152 167 223 130 113 139 104 183

South Africa (ZAF) 1995 192 152 212 192 323 417 295 186 185 132 143 175 137 205 131 105 98 113 165

2000 168 142 194 162 292 379 252 147 152 118 121 160 119 201 123 102 96 106 160

2005 196 141 199 173 301 372 245 135 123 117 135 183 128 201 138 112 123 129 147

2008 191 139 195 158 286 330 238 125 111 110 127 176 149 204 142 110 130 122 176

2009 181 140 201 160 300 340 236 129 111 120 133 181 154 215 145 115 134 130 183

Table DA6: Bilateral Trade Costs in the agricultural sector, value added data

Value added:


Indonesia (IDN) 1995

131 170 164 185 231 166 156 124 113 92 161 114 166 167 141 148 108 183 190

2000

106 164 123 182 220 142 124 103 97 108 175 91 165 146 127 140 88 163 157

2005

115 181 127 141 241 166 113 104 113 125 184 105 182 170 140 158 90 139 209

2008

112 173 124 137 261 153 94 95 112 121 172 105 150 160 142 172 88 138 197

2009

115 169 123 159 244 157 95 96 119 126 163 112 168 168 151 188 99 137 193


126 119 166 169 156 137 111 107 112 188 108 157 153 136 130 100 179 126

2000 106

119 95 134 175 136 123 89 88 100 175 101 141 145 131 132 102 158 139

2005 115

106 94 126 191 117 121 79 95 107 160 110 144 138 125 124 105 145 167

2008 112

107 92 116 200 106 98 81 92 116 149 125 133 150 134 144 107 137 163

2009 115

106 92 112 197 113 106 81 97 111 156 131 150 160 124 153 112 134 185

Philippines (PHL) 1995 170 126

161 216 299 198 212 130 102 125 199 148 191 188 165 153 112 184 252

2000 164 119

170 240 310 207 224 138 123 122 226 127 163 181 160 155 93 209 242

2005 181 106

160 236 281 170 181 123 118 148 205 146 182 184 157 174 93 191 237

2008 173 107

150 197 311 160 163 113 113 139 190 170 179 183 167 189 96 172 239

2009 169 106

142 198 286 148 167 110 114 133 193 166 184 188 168 200 106 177 223

Thailand (THA) 1995 164 119 161

162 120 205 168 132 107 131 153 144 197 178 136 146 115 186 229

2000 123 95 170

171 188 145 161 114 96 115 183 121 169 163 143 150 100 165 194

2005 127 94 160

194 165 130 133 97 89 118 183 113 156 160 140 140 99 122 223

2008 124 92 150

192 147 119 119 91 86 118 174 110 143 151 135 160 98 111 215

2009 123 92 142

191 150 124 122 87 91 114 173 107 157 156 135 160 101 122 210

Brunei Darussalam

(BRN) 1995 185 166 216 162

259 307 314 246 194 220 262 222 352 279 266 231 212 350 343

2000 182 134 240 171

272 272 302 216 162 176 327 143 319 254 215 239 189 327 322

2005 141 126 236 194

336 268 255 172 149 167 302 136 253 262 231 248 208 304 367

2008 137 116 197 192

384 225 172 163 139 146 280 119 217 266 240 227 187 283 346

2009 159 112 198 191

352 161 182 163 142 167 287 135 228 239 239 246 176 294 356

Cambodia (KHM) 1995 231 169 299 120 259

346 308 220 251 207 329 283 374 157 246 207 231 380 336

2000 220 175 310 188 272

140 286 166 202 231 313 246 355 167 176 193 207 317 347

16

Value added:


2005 241 191 281 165 336

125 253 136 207 234 288 227 347 244 198 191 193 309 397

2008 261 200 311 147 384

115 218 139 212 235 290 290 346 209 247 302 171 301 413

2009 244 197 286 150 352

123 230 130 213 212 258 261 341 172 236 248 165 294 393

Viet Nam (VNM) 1995 166 156 198 205 307 346

247 167 167 128 261 198 200 201 169 186 164 311 268

2000 142 136 207 145 272 140

216 131 141 123 214 146 191 169 163 170 143 243 261

2005 166 117 170 130 268 125

152 104 125 123 190 143 189 179 154 174 132 215 256

2008 153 106 160 119 225 115

128 96 110 124 178 158 184 175 145 170 119 182 258

2009 157 113 148 124 161 123

129 98 115 119 173 162 180 164 151 194 117 175 257

India (IND) 1995 156 137 212 168 314 308 247

183 170 157 146 178 221 189 176 162 155 218 223

2000 124 123 224 161 302 286 216

150 154 141 152 168 194 164 150 155 146 201 180

2005 113 121 181 133 255 253 152

100 128 122 150 148 177 146 129 135 129 156 175

2008 94 98 163 119 172 218 128

91 123 117 147 141 157 144 127 146 120 143 159

2009 95 106 167 122 182 230 129

95 130 123 143 143 158 147 129 146 122 134 158

China (CHN) 1995 124 111 130 132 246 220 167 183

105 87 145 135 156 139 136 141 109 174 207

2000 103 89 138 114 216 166 131 150

85 84 116 108 142 132 111 142 99 153 176

2005 104 79 123 97 172 136 104 100

69 72 99 94 130 118 107 127 77 115 172

2008 95 81 113 91 163 139 96 91

66 76 91 102 127 121 108 130 72 101 158

2009 96 81 110 87 163 130 98 95

70 77 98 95 123 117 110 129 71 105 153

Japan (JPN) 1995 113 107 102 107 194 251 167 170 105

96 142 115 120 166 132 140 93 155 168

2000 97 88 123 96 162 202 141 154 85

81 138 117 116 139 121 130 87 148 145

2005 113 95 118 89 149 207 125 128 69

82 132 114 118 137 119 130 88 144 166

2008 112 92 113 86 139 212 110 123 66

84 129 117 127 138 123 136 84 142 165

2009 119 97 114 91 142 213 115 130 70

85 141 117 135 145 129 147 91 149 172

Korea (KOR) 1995 92 112 125 131 220 207 128 157 87 96

137 122 144 163 140 150 98 153 166

2000 108 100 122 115 176 231 123 141 84 81

136 111 136 150 125 131 94 156 162

2005 125 107 148 118 167 234 123 122 72 82

130 115 126 151 128 148 92 150 201

2008 121 116 139 118 146 235 124 117 76 84

141 124 140 161 136 157 99 141 212

2009 126 111 133 114 167 212 119 123 77 85

148 119 136 169 140 160 105 144 211

Russian Federation

(RUS) 1995 161 188 199 153 262 329 261 146 145 142 137

222 267 152 132 142 159 146 234

2000 175 175 226 183 327 313 214 152 116 138 136

211 261 146 112 147 141 171 222

2005 184 160 205 183 302 288 190 150 99 132 130

207 243 148 119 143 147 165 241

2008 172 149 190 174 280 290 178 147 91 129 141

195 228 142 115 151 146 156 249

2009 163 156 193 173 287 258 173 143 98 141 148

209 257 143 121 164 147 164 224

Australia (AUS) 1995 114 108 148 144 222 283 198 178 135 115 122 222

101 154 143 145 143 208 202

2000 91 101 127 121 143 246 146 168 108 117 111 211

97 160 148 143 133 202 165

2005 105 110 146 113 136 227 143 148 94 114 115 207

94 167 152 156 139 188 187

2008 105 125 170 110 119 290 158 141 102 117 124 195

93 189 167 170 152 194 226

2009 112 131 166 107 135 261 162 143 95 117 119 209

101 172 165 175 152 194 229

New Zealand (NZL) 1995 166 157 191 197 352 374 200 221 156 120 144 267 101

185 174 134 148 242 244

17

Value added:


2000 165 141 163 169 319 355 191 194 142 116 136 261 97

179 165 153 142 210 213

2005 182 144 182 156 253 347 189 177 130 118 126 243 94

182 170 159 145 223 248

2008 150 133 179 143 217 346 184 157 127 127 140 228 93

179 179 182 149 220 252

2009 168 150 184 157 228 341 180 158 123 135 136 257 101

176 186 176 151 236 265

France (FRA) 1995 167 153 188 178 279 157 201 189 139 166 163 152 154 185

88 89 142 142 168

2000 146 145 181 163 254 167 169 164 132 139 150 146 160 179

83 97 128 140 162

2005 170 138 184 160 262 244 179 146 118 137 151 148 167 182

87 99 132 149 211

2008 160 150 183 151 266 209 175 144 121 138 161 142 189 179

81 104 135 148 223

2009 168 160 188 156 239 172 164 147 117 145 169 143 172 176

84 105 138 152 232

Germany (DEU) 1995 141 136 165 136 266 246 169 176 136 132 140 132 143 174 88

92 117 142 153

2000 127 131 160 143 215 176 163 150 111 121 125 112 148 165 83

93 102 132 156

2005 140 125 157 140 231 198 154 129 107 119 128 119 152 170 87

94 105 130 170

2008 142 134 167 135 240 247 145 127 108 123 136 115 167 179 81

99 112 129 174

2009 151 124 168 135 239 236 151 129 110 129 140 121 165 186 84

102 120 136 167

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 148 130 153 146 231 207 186 162 141 140 150 142 145 134 89 92

118 147 147

2000 140 132 155 150 239 193 170 155 142 130 131 147 143 153 97 93

110 147 139

2005 158 124 174 140 248 191 174 135 127 130 148 143 156 159 99 94

119 159 192

2008 172 144 189 160 227 302 170 146 130 136 157 151 170 182 104 99

130 163 200

2009 188 153 200 160 246 248 194 146 129 147 160 164 175 176 105 102

134 167 208

United States (USA) 1995 108 100 112 115 212 231 164 155 109 93 98 159 143 148 142 117 118

130 162

2000 88 102 93 100 189 207 143 146 99 87 94 141 133 142 128 102 110

126 149

2005 90 105 93 99 208 193 132 129 77 88 92 147 139 145 132 105 119

135 195

2008 88 107 96 98 187 171 119 120 72 84 99 146 152 149 135 112 130

123 193

2009 99 112 106 101 176 165 117 122 71 91 105 147 152 151 138 120 134

133 211

Brazil (BRA) 1995 183 179 184 186 350 380 311 218 174 155 153 146 208 242 142 142 147 130

204

2000 163 158 209 165 327 317 243 201 153 148 156 171 202 210 140 132 147 126

208

2005 139 145 191 122 304 309 215 156 115 144 150 165 188 223 149 130 159 135

229

2008 138 137 172 111 283 301 182 143 101 142 141 156 194 220 148 129 163 123

255

2009 137 134 177 122 294 294 175 134 105 149 144 164 194 236 152 136 167 133

254

South Africa (ZAF) 1995 190 126 252 229 343 336 268 223 207 168 166 234 202 244 168 153 147 162 204

2000 157 139 242 194 322 347 261 180 176 145 162 222 165 213 162 156 139 149 208

2005 209 167 237 223 367 397 256 175 172 166 201 241 187 248 211 170 192 195 229

2008 197 163 239 215 346 413 258 159 158 165 212 249 226 252 223 174 200 193 255

2009 193 185 223 210 356 393 257 158 153 172 211 224 229 265 232 167 208 211 254

Table DA7: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the goods sector, gross shipment data

Gross Shipment: Goods year ASEAN-4 East Asia-3 IND AUS-NZL EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 89 94 134 115 108 86

18

2000 80 89 137 110 112 80

2005 74 83 127 111 116 87

2008 84 87 121 110 124 93

2009 85 86 122 113 121 96

East Asia-3 1995 94 82 155 115 114 79

2000 89 75 151 110 106 76

2005 83 64 128 106 98 73

2008 87 64 117 105 98 73

2009 86 62 116 101 96 73

IND 1995 134 155

169 127 122

2000 137 151

165 127 119

2005 127 128

154 116 110

2008 121 117

146 109 99

2009 122 116

140 110 105

AUS-NZL 1995 115 115 169 58 128 111

2000 110 110 165 54 125 102

2005 111 106 154 55 120 103

2008 110 105 146 56 120 104

2009 113 101 140 54 117 105

EU-3 1995 108 114 127 128 53 84

2000 112 106 127 125 47 74

2005 116 98 116 120 45 74

2008 124 98 109 120 47 73

2009 121 96 110 117 45 75

USA 1995 86 79 122 111 84

2000 80 76 119 102 74

2005 87 73 110 103 74

2008 93 73 99 104 73

2009 96 73 105 105 75

Table DA8: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the manufacturing sector, gross shipment data

Gross Shipment:

Manufacturing year ASEAN-4 East Asia-3 IND AUS-NZL EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 76 87 121 106 100 81

2000 70 83 126 103 105 76

2005 66 77 118 105 110 83

2008 77 83 114 106 120 91

2009 77 81 114 107 115 93

19

East Asia-3 1995 87 78 145 113 110 78

2000 83 72 143 108 103 74

2005 77 62 122 105 95 72

2008 83 62 113 104 96 73

2009 81 60 111 100 94 73

IND 1995 121 145

161 119 116

2000 126 143

162 121 113

2005 118 122

150 111 105

2008 114 113

144 104 95

2009 114 111

136 105 101

AUS-NZL 1995 106 113 161 54 127 108

2000 103 108 162 49 122 98

2005 105 105 150 53 118 101

2008 106 104 144 53 117 101

2009 107 100 136 50 114 102

EU-3 1995 100 110 119 127 51 82

2000 105 103 121 122 46 72

2005 110 95 111 118 43 73

2008 120 96 104 117 45 72

2009 115 94 105 114 44 73

USA 1995 81 78 116 108 82

2000 76 74 113 98 72

2005 83 72 105 101 73

2008 91 73 95 101 72

2009 93 73 101 102 73

Table DA9: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the agricultural sector, gross shipment data

Gross Shipment:

Agriculture year ASEAN-4 East Asia-3 IND AUS-NZL EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 154 171 189 173 193 106

2000 181 179 228 174 212 123

2005 168 172 191 184 210 124

2008 175 169 175 177 210 121

2009 178 169 184 187 201 128

East Asia-3 1995 171 166 296 182 243 133

2000 179 150 269 176 236 138

2005 172 144 249 177 242 128

2008 169 150 224 180 236 117

2009 169 150 229 171 222 118

20

IND 1995 189 296

216 245 162

2000 228 269

191 233 154

2005 191 249

192 219 150

2008 175 224

179 203 143

2009 184 229

178 200 146

AUS-NZL 1995 173 182 216 103 193 144

2000 174 176 191 101 201 152

2005 184 177 192 97 200 153

2008 177 180 179 94 198 153

2009 187 171 178 91 176 147

EU-3 1995 193 243 245 193 101 145

2000 212 236 233 201 98 138

2005 210 242 219 200 95 138

2008 210 236 203 198 87 134

2009 201 222 200 176 75 128

USA 1995 106 133 162 144 145

2000 123 138 154 152 138

2005 124 128 150 153 138

2008 121 117 143 153 134

2009 128 118 146 147 128

Table DA10: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the goods sector, value added data

Value added: Goods year ASEAN-4 East Asia-3 IND AUS-NZL EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 125 109 163 150 130 101

2000 99 94 150 139 118 94

2005 98 83 129 142 125 94

2008 97 81 118 132 131 94

2009 97 82 117 139 132 96

East Asia-3 1995 109 87 156 131 124 90

2000 94 72 139 119 107 79

2005 83 58 105 113 99 75

2008 81 57 98 110 99 72

2009 82 59 100 111 102 74

IND 1995 163 156

179 151 141

2000 150 139

174 134 131

2005 129 105

154 115 109

2008 118 98

134 110 96

2009 117 100

135 113 100

AUS-NZL 1995 150 131 179 84 138 121

21

2000 139 119 174 84 138 118

2005 142 113 154 82 138 121

2008 132 110 134 79 141 122

2009 139 111 135 85 150 127

EU-3 1995 130 124 151 138 69 87

2000 118 107 134 138 66 83

2005 125 99 115 138 65 84

2008 131 99 110 141 69 83

2009 132 102 113 150 70 85

USA 1995 101 90 141 121 87

2000 94 79 131 118 83

2005 94 75 109 121 84

2008 94 72 96 122 83

2009 96 74 100 127 85

Table DA11: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the manufacturing sector, value added data

Value added:

Manufacturing year ASEAN-4 East Asia-3 IND AUS-NZL EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 122 109 162 149 128 101

2000 96 93 149 141 116 94

2005 95 81 129 141 123 94

2008 94 79 120 131 130 94

2009 94 80 118 138 130 96

East Asia-3 1995 109 87 151 130 123 89

2000 93 72 136 117 106 79

2005 81 57 103 112 98 74

2008 79 56 95 108 98 71

2009 80 58 98 109 101 74

IND 1995 162 151

172 148 138

2000 149 136

171 132 129

2005 129 103

153 113 107

2008 120 95

131 107 93

2009 118 98

133 110 98

AUS-NZL 1995 149 130 172 79 137 117

2000 141 117 171 78 133 114

2005 141 112 153 78 134 117

2008 131 108 131 76 137 118

2009 138 109 133 82 147 125

EU-3 1995 128 123 148 137 68 86

22

2000 116 106 132 133 65 82

2005 123 98 113 134 65 83

2008 130 98 107 137 68 82

2009 130 101 110 147 70 84

USA 1995 101 89 138 117 86

2000 94 79 129 114 82

2005 94 74 107 117 83

2008 94 71 93 118 82

2009 96 74 98 125 84

Table DA12: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the agricultural sector, value added data

Value added:

Agriculture year ASEAN-4 East Asia-3 IND AUS-NZL EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 145 116 168 153 153 109

2000 130 108 158 135 148 96

2005 131 110 137 142 151 97

2008 126 106 119 139 157 97

2009 124 107 123 147 163 105

East Asia-3 1995 116 96 170 132 145 100

2000 108 83 148 122 131 93

2005 110 74 117 116 129 86

2008 106 75 110 123 135 85

2009 107 77 116 121 139 89

IND 1995 168 170

199 176 155

2000 158 148

181 156 146

2005 137 117

163 137 129

2008 119 110

149 139 120

2009 123 116

151 141 122

AUS-NZL 1995 153 132 199 101 156 145

2000 135 122 181 97 158 138

2005 142 116 163 94 164 142

2008 139 123 149 93 178 151

2009 147 121 151 101 175 152

EU-3 1995 153 145 176 156 90 126

2000 148 131 156 158 91 113

2005 151 129 137 164 93 119

2008 157 135 139 178 94 126

2009 163 139 141 175 97 131

USA 1995 109 100 155 145 126

23

2000 96 93 146 138 113

2005 97 86 129 142 119

2008 97 85 120 151 126

2009 105 89 122 152 131

Table DA13: Bilateral Trade Costs in the services sector, value added data

Value added:

services year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF


113 149 128 228 237 163 153 123 101 93 149 122 174 135 130 133 121 173 190

2000

96 140 107 217 243 125 131 114 92 98 167 112 176 136 122 136 108 169 175

2005

97 141 89 162 235 117 105 104 97 106 139 122 186 143 126 148 117 159 201

2008

89 136 103 146 217 125 114 93 92 97 156 105 155 139 123 147 120 126 183

2009

95 141 109 165 231 130 121 94 98 100 174 111 167 143 126 157 124 133 187


116 80 166 177 149 143 112 87 96 116 108 146 107 104 104 92 158 154

2000 96

86 68 166 204 114 117 102 76 83 127 95 149 106 98 101 82 157 153

2005 97

86 63 173 200 105 107 73 80 77 116 90 145 107 95 109 84 132 150

2008 89

94 66 148 198 99 96 71 77 77 116 89 128 117 98 116 92 132 149

2009 95

99 71 163 192 102 98 71 83 79 121 93 144 118 101 118 91 135 148


104 254 272 148 192 148 102 108 123 148 177 123 126 129 106 172 204

2000 140 86

91 251 245 149 164 113 77 91 163 138 179 117 108 108 91 180 190

2005 141 86

97 263 262 113 139 78 78 91 173 140 184 123 107 125 98 167 202

2008 136 94

99 210 252 91 136 74 83 85 159 138 179 126 114 140 101 159 202

2009 141 99

99 231 239 100 138 81 89 86 152 151 186 132 118 154 107 170 207

Thailand (THA) 1995 128 80 104

163 154 155 148 119 95 97 111 125 170 117 109 118 100 170 170

2000 107 68 91

173 206 97 135 96 79 94 126 124 165 117 104 115 101 159 154

2005 89 63 97

199 193 85 118 78 74 91 117 116 158 115 102 121 105 118 174

2008 103 66 99

192 166 79 109 73 73 88 105 100 146 120 107 136 107 123 161

2009 109 71 99

196 172 88 112 75 78 93 114 101 158 126 110 140 108 125 161

Brunei Darussalam

(BRN) 1995 228 166 254 163

335 277 298 223 148 172 219 216 275 152 175 163 182 281 296

2000 217 166 251 173

334 260 264 204 153 155 250 184 284 154 150 177 152 287 287

2005 162 173 263 199

368 263 240 190 143 156 260 184 250 224 159 184 179 272 300

2008 146 148 210 192

357 228 207 173 133 137 253 166 215 186 164 147 159 262 283

2009 165 163 231 196

331 235 202 181 136 158 270 176 215 218 180 158 140 276 293

Cambodia (KHM) 1995 237 177 272 154 335

351 327 253 230 248 272 300 365 126 183 201 194 321 338

24

Value added:


2000 243 204 245 206 334

181 284 198 210 236 268 284 326 163 163 162 173 323 309

2005 235 200 262 193 368

164 232 165 169 210 282 272 321 160 138 180 187 303 309

2008 217 198 252 166 357

156 181 148 182 197 247 234 294 161 153 203 164 286 293

2009 231 192 239 172 331

160 179 160 183 195 254 226 297 159 152 218 179 290 296

Viet Nam (VNM) 1995 163 149 148 155 277 351

206 157 142 132 198 159 205 126 152 158 165 232 239

2000 125 114 149 97 260 181

180 113 104 117 176 115 184 124 128 136 135 202 208

2005 117 105 113 85 263 164

138 90 95 104 169 108 176 130 124 148 127 181 209

2008 125 99 91 79 228 156

122 81 87 88 159 101 172 128 122 155 114 156 203

2009 130 102 100 88 235 160

129 86 94 85 164 111 181 131 127 164 124 157 199

India (IND) 1995 153 143 192 148 298 327 206

150 143 139 139 150 198 151 130 140 121 198 191

2000 131 117 164 135 264 284 180

131 133 121 146 140 181 127 120 116 113 179 148

2005 105 107 139 118 240 232 138

88 120 102 139 120 158 113 99 100 100 136 140

2008 114 96 136 109 207 181 122

84 112 97 135 119 145 109 96 114 94 130 135

2009 121 98 138 112 202 179 129

86 121 99 143 117 147 112 97 119 99 133 134

China (CHN) 1995 123 112 148 119 223 253 157 150

96 87 123 133 159 139 127 131 102 162 171

2000 114 102 113 96 204 198 113 131

76 75 113 117 150 120 107 121 97 143 150

2005 104 73 78 78 190 165 90 88

62 54 98 98 131 93 84 104 81 109 126

2008 93 71 74 73 173 148 81 84

60 52 96 87 124 88 77 101 76 97 114

2009 94 71 81 75 181 160 86 86

63 52 104 87 125 88 77 103 77 100 114

Japan (JPN) 1995 101 87 102 95 148 230 142 143 96

76 117 106 133 118 106 106 81 134 128

2000 92 76 77 79 153 210 104 133 76

67 115 104 130 108 97 103 79 128 117

2005 97 80 78 74 143 169 95 120 62

68 117 100 123 108 95 105 82 126 125

2008 92 77 83 73 133 182 87 112 60

68 108 92 125 105 89 107 79 121 118

2009 98 83 89 78 136 183 94 121 63

71 123 99 135 112 96 117 85 130 128

Korea (KOR) 1995 93 96 108 97 172 248 132 139 87 76

107 113 144 119 112 120 91 136 135

2000 98 83 91 94 155 236 117 121 75 67

112 98 139 117 103 108 78 136 127

2005 106 77 91 91 156 210 104 102 54 68

101 101 141 107 88 109 79 120 139

2008 97 77 85 88 137 197 88 97 52 68

96 96 135 106 92 114 80 117 128

2009 100 79 86 93 158 195 85 99 52 71

104 96 135 107 92 116 80 122 137

Russian Federation

(RUS) 1995 149 116 123 111 219 272 198 139 123 117 107

148 213 106 88 112 104 152 161

2000 167 127 163 126 250 268 176 146 113 115 112

160 214 98 83 110 101 146 168

2005 139 116 173 117 260 282 169 139 98 117 101

158 203 99 82 106 112 148 167

2008 156 116 159 105 253 247 159 135 96 108 96

141 186 97 80 108 106 137 168

2009 174 121 152 114 270 254 164 143 104 123 104

151 193 103 88 123 115 156 168

Australia (AUS) 1995 122 108 148 125 216 300 159 150 133 106 113 148

96 134 121 117 109 168 151

2000 112 95 138 124 184 284 115 140 117 104 98 160

91 135 119 115 108 169 136

2005 122 90 140 116 184 272 108 120 98 100 101 158

93 131 120 115 115 145 147

2008 105 89 138 100 166 234 101 119 87 92 96 141

81 132 118 120 111 146 159

2009 111 93 151 101 176 226 111 117 87 99 96 151

87 137 121 130 116 146 165

25

Value added:


New Zealand (NZL) 1995 174 146 177 170 275 365 205 198 159 133 144 213 96

142 139 130 123 207 203

2000 176 149 179 165 284 326 184 181 150 130 139 214 91

150 136 136 119 208 198

2005 186 145 184 158 250 321 176 158 131 123 141 203 93

153 131 149 121 190 194

2008 155 128 179 146 215 294 172 145 124 125 135 186 81

143 131 140 128 182 193

2009 167 144 186 158 215 297 181 147 125 135 135 193 87

151 139 155 138 192 205

France (FRA) 1995 135 107 123 117 152 126 126 151 139 118 119 106 134 142

66 74 95 128 130

2000 136 106 117 117 154 163 124 127 120 108 117 98 135 150

62 71 86 126 125

2005 143 107 123 115 224 160 130 113 93 108 107 99 131 153

63 74 90 117 141

2008 139 117 126 120 186 161 128 109 88 105 106 97 132 143

61 84 90 122 145

2009 143 118 132 126 218 159 131 112 88 112 107 103 137 151

62 87 92 134 151

Germany (DEU) 1995 130 104 126 109 175 183 152 130 127 106 112 88 121 139 66

67 87 116 112

2000 122 98 108 104 150 163 128 120 107 97 103 83 119 136 62

67 80 113 107

2005 126 95 107 102 159 138 124 99 84 95 88 82 120 131 63

70 79 104 116

2008 123 98 114 107 164 153 122 96 77 89 92 80 118 131 61

71 77 105 115

2009 126 101 118 110 180 152 127 97 77 96 92 88 121 139 62

72 81 112 120

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 133 104 129 118 163 201 158 140 131 106 120 112 117 130 74 67

86 137 115

2000 136 101 108 115 177 162 136 116 121 103 108 110 115 136 71 67

81 135 114

2005 148 109 125 121 184 180 148 100 104 105 109 106 115 149 74 70

82 133 133

2008 147 116 140 136 147 203 155 114 101 107 114 108 120 140 84 71

84 139 135

2009 157 118 154 140 158 218 164 119 103 117 116 123 130 155 87 72

84 145 143


110 118

2000 108 82 91 101 152 173 135 113 97 79 78 101 108 119 86 80 81

101 112

2005 117 84 98 105 179 187 127 100 81 82 79 112 115 121 90 79 82

100 142

2008 120 92 101 107 159 164 114 94 76 79 80 106 111 128 90 77 84

103 135

2009 124 91 107 108 140 179 124 99 77 85 80 115 116 138 92 81 84

108 145

Brazil (BRA) 1995 173 158 172 170 281 321 232 198 162 134 136 152 168 207 128 116 137 110

165

2000 169 157 180 159 287 323 202 179 143 128 136 146 169 208 126 113 135 101

166

2005 159 132 167 118 272 303 181 136 109 126 120 148 145 190 117 104 133 100

151

2008 126 132 159 123 262 286 156 130 97 121 117 137 146 182 122 105 139 103

179

2009 133 135 170 125 276 290 157 133 100 130 122 156 146 192 134 112 145 108

184

South Africa (ZAF) 1995 190 154 204 170 296 338 239 191 171 128 135 161 151 203 130 112 115 118 165

2000 175 153 190 154 287 309 208 148 150 117 127 168 136 198 125 107 114 112 166

2005 201 150 202 174 300 309 209 140 126 125 139 167 147 194 141 116 133 142 151

2008 183 149 202 161 283 293 203 135 114 118 128 168 159 193 145 115 135 135 179

2009 187 148 207 161 293 296 199 134 114 128 137 168 165 205 151 120 143 145 184

Table DA14: Bilateral Trade Costs in the transport and telecoms sector, value added data

26

Transport and

Telecoms year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF


111 139 128 234 239 159 154 120 100 102 155 121 170 140 125 140 109 182 183

2000

98 139 108 224 236 116 138 111 91 95 170 108 173 133 121 139 108 174 167

2005

96 144 96 176 222 112 119 101 97 102 156 116 185 133 118 153 117 157 189

2008

90 138 101 162 205 118 114 91 94 92 149 98 153 145 129 156 118 147 174

2009

97 141 109 185 224 124 121 91 101 99 166 106 165 150 131 166 121 154 177


116 93 172 193 160 152 115 96 107 117 111 152 114 102 119 87 169 150

2000 98

101 83 174 226 120 125 107 85 89 111 96 153 109 99 114 87 171 148

2005 96

98 78 191 197 108 119 78 87 83 114 90 154 103 92 115 92 120 139

2008 90

104 74 144 189 100 100 73 82 79 113 87 130 115 99 120 101 111 141

2009 97

112 81 174 192 104 107 72 91 83 121 89 145 118 101 124 101 111 135


131 270 296 170 201 148 111 129 145 136 183 151 129 137 102 187 198

2000 139 101

107 261 282 156 175 120 88 100 174 142 191 134 119 114 99 188 188

2005 144 98

112 280 284 123 148 85 84 99 182 148 195 140 117 130 110 173 195

2008 138 104

112 235 268 109 145 81 90 91 175 142 183 142 121 148 108 161 195

2009 141 112

111 240 269 122 145 84 98 94 173 151 194 148 125 164 119 172 195

Singapore (SGP) 1995 93 53 96 74 146 194 114 132 99 86 99 110 110 142 112 101 110 80 147 136

2000 82 54 95 73 164 223 90 109 99 85 84 101 99 158 105 99 112 82 152 130

2005 81 68 93 76 184 205 88 87 75 79 77 109 88 139 96 87 99 90 127 109

2008 74 62 97 79 161 173 93 84 72 75 72 105 74 124 105 88 103 88 115 102

2009 78 63 94 87 170 161 104 88 71 83 75 107 79 126 109 89 107 90 117 95

Thailand (THA) 1995 128 93 131

185 168 187 157 126 97 117 122 133 176 140 117 129 106 184 165

2000 108 83 107

184 238 129 137 108 93 99 130 125 174 129 109 123 110 179 153

2005 96 78 112

216 223 114 122 86 86 91 121 116 166 123 103 125 115 123 172

2008 101 74 112

198 193 108 116 79 87 89 120 96 149 125 106 138 117 126 152

2009 109 81 111

214 206 112 121 79 95 95 130 100 162 134 109 144 118 128 150

Brunei Darussalam

(BRN) 1995 234 172 270 185

339 287 296 245 149 191 206 236 270 144 153 169 167 294 279

2000 224 174 261 184

343 265 259 190 153 140 227 203 286 138 138 183 153 289 280

2005 176 191 280 216

374 273 245 194 146 160 247 201 264 210 146 177 188 274 292

2008 162 144 235 198

356 234 212 168 136 140 246 181 223 188 149 153 160 251 274

2009 185 174 240 214

374 246 215 189 143 172 272 193 224 227 178 181 145 270 287

Cambodia (KHM) 1995 239 193 296 168 339

358 321 257 231 259 291 307 376 148 217 216 228 317 316

2000 236 226 282 238 343

177 307 211 245 266 305 312 323 203 192 193 230 376 312

2005 222 197 284 223 374

169 253 169 206 204 298 267 308 211 169 187 222 313 305

2008 205 189 268 193 356

156 197 152 207 189 268 226 278 192 173 214 187 289 279

2009 224 192 269 206 374

153 204 164 223 193 279 223 283 205 182 233 208 302 279

Viet Nam (VNM) 1995 159 160 170 187 287 358

204 151 139 155 216 156 210 158 174 161 180 245 221

2000 116 120 156 129 265 177

177 114 117 124 186 111 182 142 139 134 146 217 194

2005 112 108 123 114 273 169

138 91 106 103 180 103 179 146 135 155 135 184 196

2008 118 100 109 108 234 156

127 84 92 88 169 95 168 140 128 157 120 161 187

27

Transport and


2009 124 104 122 112 246 153

128 84 99 88 171 104 179 147 134 168 127 166 181

India (IND) 1995 154 152 201 157 296 321 204

151 136 135 143 157 203 163 141 146 117 201 190

2000 138 125 175 137 259 307 177

136 133 119 144 146 196 132 122 128 109 188 142

2005 119 119 148 122 245 253 138

90 120 100 142 122 170 116 101 107 105 140 133

2008 114 100 145 116 212 197 127

86 115 96 130 116 160 116 102 115 98 124 130

2009 121 107 145 121 215 204 128

88 124 100 144 113 162 119 103 121 106 126 126

China (CHN) 1995 120 115 148 126 245 257 151 151

97 88 119 132 166 149 127 144 105 166 156

2000 111 107 120 108 190 211 114 136

80 79 123 119 152 128 110 123 96 150 147

2005 101 78 85 86 194 169 91 90

65 54 105 98 136 97 85 110 84 110 122

2008 91 73 81 79 168 152 84 86

64 53 101 90 124 92 81 107 78 103 109

2009 91 72 84 79 189 164 84 88

67 54 110 89 125 93 81 110 78 105 108

Hong Kong, China

(HKG) 1995 122 91 97 94 191 234 130 138 79 91 99 119 132 147 124 112 124 95 162 154

2000 128 98 112 92 171 204 122 125 70 99 90 124 125 168 126 119 129 103 161 165

2005 162 110 102 90 179 147 123 113 51 97 90 141 114 166 121 107 132 107 162 172

2008 121 98 106 95 169 151 128 108 50 96 78 139 104 162 117 107 131 97 157 171

2009 122 96 106 96 174 159 126 109 50 99 83 136 104 161 120 109 135 102 145 165

Japan (JPN) 1995 100 96 111 97 149 231 139 136 97

72 116 107 131 119 105 109 79 131 116

2000 91 85 88 93 153 245 117 133 80

70 121 107 139 115 98 107 85 138 110

2005 97 87 84 86 146 206 106 120 65

71 123 103 129 113 96 106 87 129 120

2008 94 82 90 87 136 207 92 115 64

73 114 94 128 113 91 111 84 123 114

2009 101 91 98 95 143 223 99 124 67

77 130 101 139 121 100 119 91 133 124

Korea (KOR) 1995 102 107 129 117 191 259 155 135 88 72

119 116 156 128 111 129 91 142 125

2000 95 89 100 99 140 266 124 119 79 70

107 101 144 118 101 117 81 147 119

2005 102 83 99 91 160 204 103 100 54 71

104 102 141 105 87 115 79 122 129

2008 92 79 91 89 140 189 88 96 53 73

101 94 134 101 89 113 80 112 116

2009 99 83 94 95 172 193 88 100 54 77

109 95 140 110 94 122 83 123 128

Russian Federation

(RUS) 1995 155 117 145 122 206 291 216 143 119 116 119

148 225 112 88 115 105 142 151

2000 170 111 174 130 227 305 186 144 123 121 107

151 228 102 84 115 101 155 170

2005 156 114 182 121 247 298 180 142 105 123 104

151 219 100 82 108 113 154 153

2008 149 113 175 120 246 268 169 130 101 114 101

135 197 97 80 105 105 138 157

2009 166 121 173 130 272 279 171 144 110 130 109

142 210 106 89 120 115 157 155

Australia (AUS) 1995 121 111 136 133 236 307 156 157 132 107 116 148

100 138 121 124 104 174 146

2000 108 96 142 125 203 312 111 146 119 107 101 151

93 137 121 117 108 181 135

2005 116 90 148 116 201 267 103 122 98 103 102 151

92 130 118 122 119 155 144

2008 98 87 142 96 181 226 95 116 90 94 94 135

75 130 119 124 110 148 152

2009 106 89 151 100 193 223 104 113 89 101 95 142

81 134 121 133 116 153 155

New Zealand (NZL) 1995 170 152 183 176 270 376 210 203 166 131 156 225 100

168 137 136 107 212 190

2000 173 153 191 174 286 323 182 196 152 139 144 228 93

171 144 139 114 222 190

28

Transport and


2005 185 154 195 166 264 308 179 170 136 129 141 219 92

173 134 149 119 198 188

2008 153 130 183 149 223 278 168 160 124 128 134 197 75

158 137 149 129 183 180

2009 165 145 194 162 224 283 179 162 125 139 140 210 81

168 145 163 148 193 189

France (FRA) 1995 140 114 151 140 144 148 158 163 149 119 128 112 138 168

71 81 93 135 125

2000 133 109 134 129 138 203 142 132 128 115 118 102 137 171

64 73 90 137 119

2005 133 103 140 123 210 211 146 116 97 113 105 100 130 173

67 76 95 124 135

2008 145 115 142 125 188 192 140 116 92 113 101 97 130 158

64 85 97 124 139

2009 150 118 148 134 227 205 147 119 93 121 110 106 134 168

66 88 100 140 145

Germany (DEU) 1995 125 102 129 117 153 217 174 141 127 105 111 88 121 137 71

71 86 118 108

2000 121 99 119 109 138 192 139 122 110 98 101 84 121 144 64

68 80 121 103

2005 118 92 117 103 146 169 135 101 85 96 87 82 118 134 67

71 80 108 109

2008 129 99 121 106 149 173 128 102 81 91 89 80 119 137 64

71 80 108 112

2009 131 101 125 109 178 182 134 103 81 100 94 89 121 145 66

71 84 115 115

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 140 119 137 129 169 216 161 146 144 109 129 115 124 136 81 71

86 147 114

2000 139 114 114 123 183 193 134 128 123 107 117 115 117 139 73 68

82 140 112

2005 153 115 130 125 177 187 155 107 110 106 115 108 122 149 76 71

86 132 128

2008 156 120 148 138 153 214 157 115 107 111 113 105 124 149 85 71

88 140 130

2009 166 124 164 144 181 233 168 121 110 119 122 120 133 163 88 71

90 146 139


104 106

2000 108 87 99 110 153 230 146 109 96 85 81 101 108 114 90 80 82

112 100

2005 117 92 110 115 188 222 135 105 84 87 79 113 119 119 95 80 86

108 138

2008 118 101 108 117 160 187 120 98 78 84 80 105 110 129 97 80 88

103 130

2009 121 101 119 118 145 208 127 106 78 91 83 115 116 148 100 84 90

108 139

Brazil (BRA) 1995 182 169 187 184 294 317 245 201 166 131 142 142 174 212 135 118 147 104

163

2000 174 171 188 179 289 376 217 188 150 138 147 155 181 222 137 121 140 112

166

2005 157 120 173 123 274 313 184 140 110 129 122 154 155 198 124 108 132 108

146

2008 147 111 161 126 251 289 161 124 103 123 112 138 148 183 124 108 140 103

173

2009 154 111 172 128 270 302 166 126 105 133 123 157 153 193 140 115 146 108

176

South Africa (ZAF) 1995 183 150 198 165 279 316 221 190 156 116 125 151 146 190 125 108 114 106 163

2000 167 148 188 153 280 312 194 142 147 110 119 170 135 190 119 103 112 100 166

2005 189 139 195 172 292 305 196 133 122 120 129 153 144 188 135 109 128 138 146

2008 174 141 195 152 274 279 187 130 109 114 116 157 152 180 139 112 130 130 173

2009 177 135 195 150 287 279 181 126 108 124 128 155 155 189 145 115 139 139 176

Table DA15: Bilateral Trade Costs in the finance and insurance sector, value added data

Finance and

Insurance year IDN MYS PHL THA BRN KHM VNM IND CHN JPN KOR RUS AUS NZL FRA DEU GBR USA BRA ZAF


106 152 137 233 259 167 156 125 95 93 168 122 171 142 136 131 113 173 191

29

Finance and


2000

86 140 105 211

132 139 111 92 96 180 109 168 137 123 134 103 171 174

2005

84 142 91 154 235 125 114 99 96 101 150 114 175 146 128 145 115 153 197

2008

80 133 101 142 222 120 119 95 91 97 162 108 150 146 134 148 125 133 183

2009

85 141 104 157 264 129 123 95 96 98 179 113 161 149 139 163 126 139 186


121 83 160 191 153 131 110 82 89 138 100 138 121 110 109 89 155 150

2000 86

92 78 163 235 123 112 97 75 75 147 86 137 115 107 108 86 160 154

2005 84

89 71 163 212 100 110 71 75 74 139 82 131 117 104 110 85 138 155

2008 80

97 75 143 203 95 94 72 71 76 135 82 119 125 109 117 93 137 151

2009 85

105 77 154 205 97 101 71 77 77 140 86 136 125 112 120 92 142 152


124 264 309 190 209 144 100 119 147 163 192 147 143 150 126 184 215

2000 140 92

95 254 284 146 168 116 81 88 173 137 172 127 119 117 95 183 191

2005 142 89

101 259 267 112 145 83 82 92 178 142 178 134 116 133 102 167 201

2008 133 97

100 223 250 92 141 80 87 89 172 141 172 136 127 135 108 157 203

2009 141 105

99 246 261 110 145 84 94 92 167 154 188 144 135 156 106 173 214

Singapore (SGP) 1995 94 61 104 76 124 194 114 132 101 85 98 123 113 144 110 109 95 78 143 151

2000 90 60 88 78 138 232 106 115 94 87 95 128 107 138 108 105 104 78 145 151

2005 89 65 91 89 174 186 91 88 82 89 86 138 95 131 107 95 87 82 130 137

2008 92 69 93 93 153 173 90 86 86 89 91 134 99 127 118 104 94 80 139 139

2009 96 73 98 100 166 185 105 89 88 96 91 137 104 132 121 107 97 80 150 138

Thailand (THA) 1995 137 83 124

154 164 171 147 120 94 108 128 130 178 134 118 130 112 173 178

2000 105 78 95

172 251 116 141 96 83 98 142 122 162 127 119 127 109 165 162

2005 91 71 101

200 223 101 121 82 78 94 132 114 154 127 115 134 112 124 178

2008 101 75 100

192 192 95 112 77 76 95 118 102 141 128 121 140 113 127 163

2009 104 77 99

194 203 98 113 74 80 96 126 99 153 133 124 148 115 130 164

Brunei Darussalam

(BRN) 1995 233 160 264 154

267 298 224 144 170 246 210 277 157 191 178 193 271 315

2000 211 163 254 172

228 272 192 156 166 278 182 280 162 165 196 169 295 303

2005 154 163 259 200

240 255 191 146 158 274 181 246 233 175 177 192 278 305

2008 142 143 223 192

353 209 212 174 135 145 261 166 211 215 183 151 165 271 293

2009 157 154 246 194

345 225 202 180 138 158 280 174 211 232 203 196 141 287 304

Cambodia (KHM) 1995 259 191 309 164

274 207 254 312

128 200 221 227 283 343

2000

235 284 251

182

232 259 254 349

327 206 200 212 228

2005 235 212 267 223

165 266 188 203 220 313 289 318 194 162 201 211 315 335

2008 222 203 250 192 353

135 193 168 198 209 283 241 269 190 188 212 178 303 302

2009 264 205 261 203 345

194 221 186 227 214 323 257 291 208 207 252 220

380

Viet Nam (VNM) 1995 167 153 190 171 267

191 163 144 139 213 180 205 143 167 154 169 214 224

2000 132 123 146 116 228 182

167 118 115 112 190 134 186 127 136 136 142 198 197

2005 125 100 112 101 240 165

138 97 101 86 176 118 171 133 134 150 135 170 197

2008 120 95 92 95 209 135

123 83 90 80 165 114 161 134 131 151 124 153 197

2009 129 97 110 98 225 194

132 83 99 72 165 124 167 140 137 161 132 158 189

30

Finance and


India (IND) 1995 156 131 209 147 298

191

159 145 139 135 148 198 161 143 145 136 192 193

2000 139 112 168 141 272

167

133 141 127 150 144 183 137 131 130 114 183 151

2005 114 110 145 121 255 266 138

91 123 107 147 124 166 121 109 103 95 143 139

2008 119 94 141 112 212 193 123

85 115 104 141 123 154 118 100 111 87 139 134

2009 123 101 145 113 202 221 132

86 124 105 150 123 156 121 103 117 91 140 134

China (CHN) 1995 125 110 144 120 224 274 163 159

92 84 131 132 163 143 130 129 104 161 181

2000 111 97 116 96 192 232 118 133

74 71 118 113 144 117 103 113 90 143 145

2005 99 71 83 82 191 188 97 91

62 54 107 95 129 102 88 110 83 109 128

2008 95 72 80 77 174 168 83 85

59 55 101 87 123 95 87 108 78 101 116

2009 95 71 84 74 180 186 83 86

62 55 107 88 122 96 88 111 78 103 115

Hong Kong, China

(HKG) 1995 119 106 89 104 193 237 122 137 74 93 99 130 130 150 123 119 111 98 159 164

2000 137 108 105 102 165 219 125 129 73 103 105 141 135 150 129 122 121 103 163 178

2005 169 112 106 115 204 156 128 115 74 112 96 165 136 174 139 119 108 104 161 185

2008 142 122 115 119 211 163 135 115 79 115 106 164 138 176 136 125 114 98 175 188

2009 147 120 123 121 211 172 135 116 82 120 113 164 139 178 138 129 121 97 173 185

Japan (JPN) 1995 95 82 100 94 144 207 144 145 92

76 122 102 127 116 105 105 80 133 127

2000 92 75 81 83 156 259 115 141 74

69 124 103 130 114 103 108 83 130 125

2005 96 75 82 78 146 203 101 123 62

68 121 99 123 114 100 109 85 125 128

2008 91 71 87 76 135 198 90 115 59

71 110 89 122 111 97 114 82 119 121

2009 96 77 94 80 138 227 99 124 62

73 124 96 133 118 105 123 89 129 132

Korea (KOR) 1995 93 89 119 108 170 254 139 139 84 76

121 109 145 127 117 123 95 134 145

2000 96 75 88 98 166 254 112 127 71 69

117 94 129 119 108 110 79 131 133

2005 101 74 92 94 158 220 86 107 54 68

102 99 133 114 94 111 80 119 144

2008 97 76 89 95 145 209 80 104 55 71

97 96 134 116 102 118 81 120 137

2009 98 77 92 96 158 214 72 105 55 73

106 96 132 117 105 120 79 123 143

Russian Federation

(RUS) 1995 168 138 147 128 246 312 213 135 131 122 121

166 227 109 88 119 120 162 176

2000 180 147 173 142 278 349 190 150 118 124 117

168 224 102 88 119 115 150 177

2005 150 139 178 132 274 313 176 147 107 121 102

168 210 103 84 114 120 148 178

2008 162 135 172 118 261 283 165 141 101 110 97

151 191 99 86 110 116 143 175

2009 179 140 167 126 280 323 165 150 107 124 106

160 203 107 93 126 124 161 176

Australia (AUS) 1995 122 100 163 130 210

180 148 132 102 109 166

92 139 124 122 110 162 156

2000 109 86 137 122 182

134 144 113 103 94 168

90 141 128 120 104 171 141

2005 114 82 142 114 181 289 118 124 95 99 99 168

89 137 126 117 112 145 151

2008 108 82 141 102 166 241 114 123 87 89 96 151

82 137 129 124 115 145 162

2009 113 86 154 99 174 257 124 123 88 96 96 160

86 145 133 133 116 156 173

New Zealand (NZL) 1995 171 138 192 178 277

205 198 163 127 145 227 92

155 149 140 132 213 207

2000 168 137 172 162 280 327 186 183 144 130 129 224 90

160 143 147 126 211 200

2005 175 131 178 154 246 318 171 166 129 123 133 210 89

160 137 153 128 172 193

31

Finance and


2008 150 119 172 141 211 269 161 154 123 122 134 191 82

151 141 160 136 177 191

2009 161 136 188 153 211 291 167 156 122 133 132 203 86

160 153 175 146 192 208

France (FRA) 1995 142 121 147 134 157 128 143 161 143 116 127 109 139 155

66 78 100 133 136

2000 137 115 127 127 162 206 127 137 117 114 119 102 141 160

65 76 89 130 133

2005 146 117 134 127 233 194 133 121 102 114 114 103 137 160

67 77 93 124 146

2008 146 125 136 128 215 190 134 118 95 111 116 99 137 151

69 94 92 125 150

2009 149 125 144 133 232 208 140 121 96 118 117 107 145 160

71 99 93 138 156

Germany (DEU) 1995 136 110 143 118 191 200 167 143 130 105 117 88 124 149 66

68 90 116 115

2000 123 107 119 119 165 200 136 131 103 103 108 88 128 143 65

71 82 119 116

2005 128 104 116 115 175 162 134 109 88 100 94 84 126 137 67

72 78 108 119

2008 134 109 127 121 183 188 131 100 87 97 102 86 129 141 69

77 78 111 123

2009 139 112 135 124 203 207 137 103 88 105 105 93 133 153 71

79 82 121 128

United Kingdom

(GBR) 1995 131 109 150 130 178 221 154 145 129 105 123 119 122 140 78 68

89 140 117

2000 134 108 117 127 196 212 136 130 113 108 110 119 120 147 76 71

84 142 118

2005 145 110 133 134 177 201 150 103 110 109 111 114 117 153 77 72

79 135 138

2008 148 117 135 140 151 212 151 111 108 114 118 110 124 160 94 77

84 139 139

2009 163 120 156 148 196 252 161 117 111 123 120 126 133 175 99 79

85 148 147


117 126

2000 103 86 95 109 169 228 142 114 90 83 79 115 104 126 89 82 84

100 118

2005 115 85 102 112 192 211 135 95 83 85 80 120 112 128 93 78 79

95 147

2008 125 93 108 113 165 178 124 87 78 82 81 116 115 136 92 78 84

103 145

2009 126 92 106 115 141 220 132 91 78 89 79 124 116 146 93 82 85

108 153

Brazil (BRA) 1995 173 155 184 173 271 283 214 192 161 133 134 162 162 213 133 116 140 117

169

2000 171 160 183 165 295

198 183 143 130 131 150 171 211 130 119 142 100

170

2005 153 138 167 124 278 315 170 143 109 125 119 148 145 172 124 108 135 95

150

2008 133 137 157 127 271 303 153 139 101 119 120 143 145 177 125 111 139 103

177

2009 139 142 173 130 287

158 140 103 129 123 161 156 192 138 121 148 108

185

South Africa (ZAF) 1995 191 150 215 178 315 343 224 193 181 127 145 176 156 207 136 115 117 126 169

2000 174 154 191 162 303

197 151 145 125 133 177 141 200 133 116 118 118 170

2005 197 155 201 178 305 335 197 139 128 128 144 178 151 193 146 119 138 147 150

2008 183 151 203 163 293 302 197 134 116 121 137 175 162 191 150 123 139 145 177

2009 186 152 214 164 304 380 189 134 115 132 143 176 173 208 156 128 147 153 185

32

Table DA16: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the services sector, value added data

Value added: service

year ASEAN-4

East Asia-3

IND AUS-NZL

EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 115 107 159 146 119 105 2000 98 93 137 142 114 96 2005 95 85 117 143 118 101 2008 98 82 114 130 124 105 2009 102 86 117 139 128 108

East Asia-3 1995 107 86 144 131 120 92 2000 93 72 129 123 109 85 2005 85 61 103 116 99 80 2008 82 60 98 110 98 78 2009 86 62 102 113 101 80

IND 1995 159 144

174 140 121 2000 137 129

161 121 113

2005 117 103

139 104 100 2008 114 98

132 106 94

2009 117 102

132 109 99

AUS-NZL 1995 146 131 174 96 131 116 2000 142 123 161 91 132 113 2005 143 116 139 93 133 118 2008 130 110 132 81 131 119 2009 139 113 132 87 139 127

EU-3 1995 119 120 140 131 69 89 2000 114 109 121 132 67 82 2005 118 99 104 133 69 84 2008 124 98 106 131 72 84 2009 128 101 109 139 74 86

USA 1995 105 92 121 116 89

2000 96 85 113 113 82

2005 101 80 100 118 84

2008 105 78 94 119 84

2009 108 80 99 127 86

Table DA17: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the transport and telecoms sector, value added data

Transport and telecom

year ASEAN-4

East Asia-3

IND AUS-NZL

EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 120 114 166 148 128 101 2000 106 99 144 145 120 101 2005 104 90 127 146 121 108 2008 103 86 119 130 129 111 2009 108 90 124 139 135 115

East Asia-3 1995 114 86 141 135 125 92 2000 99 76 130 127 113 87 2005 90 63 103 118 101 83 2008 86 63 99 111 100 81 2009 90 66 104 115 106 84

IND 1995 166 141

180 150 117 2000 144 130

171 127 109

2005 127 103

146 108 105 2008 119 99

138 111 98

33

2009 124 104

138 114 106

AUS-NZL 1995 148 135 180 100 137 106

2000 145 127 171 93 138 111

2005 146 118 146 92 138 119

2008 130 111 138 75 136 120

2009 139 115 138 81 144 132

EU-3 1995 128 125 150 137 74 88

2000 120 113 127 138 68 84

2005 121 101 108 138 71 87

2008 129 100 111 136 73 88

2009 135 106 114 144 75 91

USA 1995 101 92 117 106 88

2000 101 87 109 111 84

2005 108 83 105 119 87

2008 111 81 98 120 88

2009 115 84 106 132 91

Table DA18: Intra-regional and inter-regional Trade Costs in the finance and insurance sector, value added data

Financial and insurance

year ASEAN-4

East Asia-3

IND AUS-NZL

EU-3 USA

ASEAN-4 1995 120 107 161 149 131 110

2000 99 92 140 137 122 98

2005 96 85 122 136 126 103

2008 98 84 117 127 130 110

2009 102 86 120 136 137 110

East Asia-3 1995 107 84 148 130 122 93

2000 92 71 134 119 111 84

2005 85 62 107 113 105 82

2008 84 62 101 109 105 80

2009 86 63 105 111 109 82

IND 1995 161 148

173 150 136

2000 140 134

163 133 114

2005 122 107

145 111 95

2008 117 101

138 109 87

2009 120 105

139 114 91

AUS-NZL 1995 149 130 173 92 138 121

2000 137 119 163 90 140 115

2005 136 113 145 89 138 120

2008 127 109 138 82 140 125

2009 136 111 139 86 150 131

EU-3 1995 131 122 150 138 70 93

2000 122 111 133 140 71 85

2005 126 105 111 138 72 84

2008 130 105 109 140 80 85

2009 137 109 114 150 83 87

USA 1995 110 93 136 121 93

2000 98 84 114 115 85

2005 103 82 95 120 84

2008 110 80 87 125 85

2009 110 82 91 131 87

Value Added Trade Costs In Goods and Services

Documents