Vallalar_Vaalvil_Unmigal

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This ebook can be download from www.vallalar.org

- 2 -

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,uhkyp';f mgak; Jiz

Kd;Diu

te;jdk;/ brd;w E}w;whz;oy; njhd;wpa mUshsh;fspy; kpft[k;

nghw;Wjw;Fhpath; rpjk;guk; ,uhkyp';fk; vd;w jpUtUl; gpufhr

ts;syhh; Mthh;/ 5?10?1823 md;W rpjk;guj;ij mLj;j kUJ}h;

vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; ,uhikah gps;is rpd;dk;ikahh; vd;fpw

jk;gjpfl;F Ie;jhk; FHe;ijahfg; gpwe;jth;/ ve;j Mrphpahplj;Jk;

fy;tp gapyhJ KG "hdpahf tps';fpath;/ rpwe;j mUshsuhf

tps';fpa ts;syhh; kdpjd; kdpjdhf thHt[k; mg;go thGk; kdpjd;

flt[shfnt khwt[k; gy mw;g[j nghjidfis epfH;j;jpdhh;/

jd; cliy kz;Qqf;nfh beUg;g[f;nfh ,iuahf;fhJ

Rj;jg; gpuzt "hdnjfkhf khw;wp 1874k; Mz;L $dthpj; jp';fs;

30k; ehs; eL ,utpy; gyuwpa tlY}iuaLj;j nkl;Lf;Fg;gk; vd;w

fpuhkj;jpy; jhd; j';fpapUe;j rpj;jp tshfk; vDk; rpwpa

FoirapDs; EiHe;J fjitj; jhspl;Lf; bfhz;lhh;/ gpd;dh;

mtiu ahUk; fz;lhhpy;iy/ mtuJ tuyhw;iw vGjg; g[Fe;njhh;

mth; xspa[lk;g[ bgw;whh; vd;Wk;??n$hjpahdhh; vd;Wk;??,iwtDld;

,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lhh; vd;Wk; ,d;Dk; vt;thbwy;yhk; vGj

Koa[nkh mt;thbwy;yhk; vGjp tpl;ldh;/ ,f;Tw;iw ek;ghj

ehj;jpfthjpfs; gpuhk;kzh;fs; mtiuf; fw;g{uk; nghl;L

vhpj;Jtpl;ldh; vd;Wk;. ,d;Dk; ntW ntW tpjkhf vGjt[k; ngrt[k;

Jzpe;J tpl;ldh;/ vy;yh cyf kf;fSf;Fk; mtuJ ngw;iw

mwptpf;fnt ,e;E}y; btsp tUfpd;wJ/ nkYk; mtuJ gpwg;g[

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gw;wpa[k;. Ie;J khjf; FHtpaha; eluhr jhprdk; fz;lJ gw;wpa[k;

mtuJ Kjw; ghly; vJthf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ gw;wpa[k;Tl Xh;

Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,itaidj;Jk; mtuJ thH;f;if

tuyhw;wpd; cz;ikia cs;sthW tU';fhy re;jjpapdh;f;F

czh;j;jnt MFk;/ ts;syhh; tuyhW vGJnthh; mth;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij khw;whJk; kiwf;fhJk; vGJthh;fshf/

ed;wp/ te;jdk;/

md;g[.

K/ghY

ts;ssyhh; thH;tpd; kWgFjp

,uhkyp';f mgak; Jiz

jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; gpwg;g[

mth; gpwg;g[ gw;wp ,Jtiu te;j fUj;J :

@,uhikah gps;isa[k; rpd;dk;ikahUk; jk; kf;fSld;

thH;th';F thH;e;J ,dpjhf ,y;ywk; elj;jp tUehspy; xU ehs;

cr;rpg;nghjpy; rptbgUkhnd khdplj; jpUf;nfhy';bfhz;L. rpt

ntlk; Kw;wg;g{z;l rptdoahuhf vGe;jUspg; grpahy; fisj;j

njhw;wj;Jld; ,uhikah gps;is tPl;ow;F te;J thapypy; epd;W

@mk;ikna moahh;f;F mKJ bra;tpf;f ntz;Lk;@ vd;whh;/ mr;rpt

bthyp nfl;l rpd;dk;ikahh; tpiue;J te;J moahhpd; mofspy;

Koa[w tz';fp cs;ns miHj;Jr; brd;W Kiwg;go mKJ

gilj;jhh;/ mKJz;l moath; mfkpf kfpH;e;jtuhfpr;

rpd;dk;ikahiu nehf;fp @mk;ikna ek; grp nghf;fpid ehdpyj;jpd;

grpia bay;yhk; nghf;fty;y xUtd; gpwg;ghd; / / / / mtd;

jpUtuit czh;j;jnt ahk; te;njhk;/ thH;f thH;f@ vd

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tyf;fubkLj;J thH;j;jp @fUePW fhQqk; jpUePW fhz; ,J/

,jid ePa[k; mzpjp epd; fztw;Fk; mspj;jp@ vdf; Twpj; jpUePW

mspj;J thapw;g[wk; nehf;fpdh;/ thapy;tiu cld; brd;W

rpd;dk;ikahh; tHpaDg;gpdhh;/ thapiyj; jhz;o bjUtpny

moitj;j rpj;jh; rpy mofns ele;jhh;/ mg;ghy; mth;fl;

g[ydhftpy;iy/ jpoObud kiwe;jUspdhh;/

mk;ikahh; mr;rKk; tpag;g[Kw;whh;/ fzth; te;jt[ld;

epfH;e;jijf; Twpdhh;/ mtnuh rptdoahh; te;jnghJ ahdpy;yhJ

nghndnd! rpj;jiuf; fhQqk;ngW bgw;wpnynd vd tUe;jpdhh;/

rpd;dhspy; rpd;dk;ikahh; fUt[w;whh;/

5?10?1823 RghE Mz;L g[ul;lhrpj; jp';fs; ,Ugj;njhuhk;

ehs; "hapw;Wf;fpHik khiy 5/30 kzpastpy; Ie;jhtJ kfdhf

mofs; gpwe;jUspdhh;fs;/

(@,uhkyp';f mofs; tuyhW ? Mrphpah; rd;khh;f;f njrpfd;

vd;Dk; Cud; mofs; ? Kjw; gjpg;g[ 9?2?1971 ? gf;fk; 6?7)

,e;j tuyhW gw;wpa Ma;t[

ts;syhh; njhd;wpaJ 1823k; Mz;lhFk;/ mth;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lnjh 1874k; Mz;lhFk;/ mjw;Fg; gpwF 22

Mz;Lfs; fHpe;j gpd;dh; 1896k; Mz;oy; gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp

Kjypahh; mth;fs; ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; rhpj;jpuf; Fwpg;g[ vGjpdhh;/

,Jnt Kjy; btsp te;j tuyhwhFk;/

ek; bja;tj; je;ijahhpd; jfg;gdhh; ,uhikah

gps;isapd; FLk;gk; kpf kpfr; rhjhuz FLk;gk;/ me;j tPl;ow;Fr;

rptdoahh; te;jhh; ? mKJ cz;lhh; ? jpUePW mspj;jhh;/ mjd;

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kfpikapdhy; ts;syhh; gpwe;jhh; vd;W vGJtjw;F ve;j MjhuKk;

fpilf;f tha;g;gpy;iy/

1867k; Mz;L Kjd; Kjyhf jpUtUl;gh ehd;F

jpUKiwfs; btspaplg;gl;lnghJ ts;syhhpd; Kjy; khztuhfpa

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahuth;fs; jpUtUl;gh tuyhW vd;w xU

E}y; bra;J mjida[k; Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfspd; gpd;

,izg;ghf mr;rpl;lhh;/ mjpy; ts;syhh; gpwe;j njjp. bgw;nwhh; bgah;

Kjypad Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mdhy; rptdoahh; te;jJk;. mKJ

cz;lJk;. jpUePW mspj;jJk; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy/ 1867k;

Mz;L bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;f;Fj; bjhpahj cz;ik 1896k;

Mz;L mJt[k; ts;syhh; njhd;wpa 73 Mz;Lfs; fHpj;J

kw;wth;fl;Fj; bjhpa tha;g;gpUe;jpUf;f KoahJ/

nkYk; jd; gpwtp vt;thW tha;j;jJ vd;gij rkur

Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rj;jpag; bgU tpz;zg;gj;jpy; jd; ifg;glnt

ts;syhh; vGjp ,Uf;fpwhh;/ mjpy; mth; Twpa[s;sJ ,Jjhd;/

@vy;yhk; ty;y ,aw;if cz;ikf; flt[ns! cgrhuj;jhw;

bgw;w je;ijbad;ghd; xUtdJ Rf;fpyj; Jspapd;fz; vd;idnahh;

gFjpg; nguQqt[Utpw; bgUfp btspg;gl apUj;jpa fhyj;jpYk;.

vdf;Fs; cs;bshspahfp apUe;J mg;gFjpg; nguQq cUitr;

rpUl;oj;jUspdPh;/ md;wpg; g[wj;jpy; ahtuhYk; rfpf;fg;glhj mjd;

mUtUg;iga[k;. mRj;jj;ija[k;. jP ehw;wj;ija[k; rfpj;J. mr;

Rf;fpyj; Jspapdplj;J Xh; Mtpa[UthfpapUe;J. mj;Jspapd;

fz;Qqs;s gy;tif tpnuhj jj;Jt';fshw; rpwpJe; jilglhky; vd;

cUita[k; fhj;jUspdPh;/ md;wp m';'dk; mUk;gpa Md;k rf;jpf;

fiyfs; btspg;gl tpsf;fp tsh;j;Jk; mUspdPh;/

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cgrhuj;jhw; bgw;w jhbad;ghs; xUj;jpapd; nrhzpjj;

jpuspy; vd; cUitr; nrh;f;Fk; tiuapy; mt;tg;nghJ vd; cUitr;

rpijg;gjw;F vjphpl;l JhpRfs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epf;fpuf";

bra;jUspdPh;/ ,';'dk; g[hpe;j njthPuJ jpUtUl; bgU';fUizj;

jpwj;ij v';'dkwpntd;/ vt;thW fUJntd;! vd;bdd;W

brhy;ntd;/

vy;yhk; cila ,aw;iff; flt[ns! jha; fUg;igapw;

nrhzpjj; jpuspw; nrh;j;J vd;id Xh; g{jg; nguQq cUtpw; bgUfp

btspg;gl ,Uj;jpa fhyj;jpYk; vdf;Fs; cs;bshspahfpapUe;J

mg;g{jg; nguQq cUitr; rpUl;oj; jUspdPh;/ md;wpg; g[wj;jpy;

vtuhYk; rfpf;fg;glhj mjd; mRj;jk;. mUtUg;g[. Jw;fe;jk;

Kjypatw;iwg; bghWj;J. mr;nrhzpjj; jpuspy; Xh; Mtp

cUthfpapUe;J mj;jpuspYs;s gy;tif tpnuhj jj;Jt';fshy;

rpwpJe; jilglhky; vd;DUitf; fhj;jUspdPh;/@

rptdoahh; tUifa[k; jpUePw;W kfpika[k; ek;bgUkhdhh;

jd; gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;ltpy;iy/ ,t;thW

vGjpdhy; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W fUjp vGjg;gl;l Mjhukpy;yhj

fw;gidna rptdoahhpd; tUifa[k; jpUePw;W kfpika[k; MFk;/

tuyhW vGjpath;fs; ,ij cz;ikr; rk;gtk;nghy vGjp

tUfpwhh;fs;/ ,uhkyp';f mofs; jpUtuyhw;wpy; rptbgUkhnd

rptdoahh; cUtpy; te;J rpd;dk;ikahh; ,l;l czit cz;L

bjUtpy; rpy mo J}uk; ele;J kiwe;J tpl;lhh; vd

vGjptpl;lhh;fs;/ rptbgUkhd; vd;w flt[s; cz;ikapny cz;lh ?

me;jr; rptbgUkhd; czt[ cz;ghuh ? rkaj; bja;t';fs;

midj;Jk; fw;gidna vd;w ts;syhh; fUj;Jf;F vd;d gjpy;>

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tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fl;Fg; gzpthd ntz;Lnfhs;/ ts;syhhpd;

cz;ikahd g[fnH mstpl;Lf; Tw Koahj mst[ cs;sJ/ mij

vGJ';fs;/ mtUf;F nkYk; g[fH; nrh;g;gjhf vz;zp c';fs;

fw;gidiag; bgha;ahd fw;gidia tuyhwhf;fp kf;fisf;

FHg;ghjPh;fs;/ ts;syhhpd; thH;ita[k; xU jj;Jtk; vd Mf;fp

tplhjPh;fs;/

1823k; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; khjk; 5k; ehs; "hapw;Wf;

fpHik khiy rhpahf 5?54f;F ,uhikah gps;is rpd;dk;ikahh;

vd;w jk;gjpfl;F Ie;jhtJ FHe;ijaha;g; gpwe;jhh; vd;W vGjpdhy;

nghJnk!

,iwtdhy; tUtpf;ft[w;nwd; vd;W ts;syhh; TwpaJ

cz;ikjhd;/ mjw;fhfr; rptdoahuhf te;J jpUePW

mspj;jhy;jhd; ,iwtdhy; tUtpf;ft[w;whh; vd;W MFkh vd;d>

,e;j Ma;t[ njitjhdh vdr; rpyh; tpdtyhk;/

ts;syhh; ek;ikg; nghyg; gpwf;ftpy;iy/ ,iwtdhy;

tUtpf;ft[w;w mUshsh;/ mjdhy;jhd; cah;e;j epiyia mtuhy;

mila Koe;jJ/ vt;tst[ gpuahir vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhYk; ek;khy;

mtuile;j epiyia mila KoahJ vd;W rpyh; thjpl;L

xt;bthUtUk; ,e;jg; bgUepiyia mila Koa[k; vdg; nghjpj;j

ts;syhh; nghf;ifna bgha;ahf;f Kidfpd;whh;fs;/ ts;syhuhy;

kl;Lk;jhd; mila Ko[a[k;/ ek;khy; Koant KoahJ vd;why;

rd;khh;f;fj;ij ehk; Vd; gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;>

c';fspy; xUtdhf vd;id vz;Qq';fs; vd;W Vd;

ts;syhh; Twpdhh;/ ek;kpy; xUth; ,e;j epiyia mila Koa[k;

vd;why; ehk; Vd; mila KoahJ vd;w cj;ntfj;ij ek;Ks;

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vGg;g[tjw;nf mt;thW Twpdhh;/ ek;Ks; xUth; mth; vdf;

Twpajpd; cz;ikf; fhuzk; ehKk; mth; nghy; Kaw;rp bra;J

flt[s; epiy mwpe;J mk; kakhFk; epiyiag; bgw ntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;fhfnt vd;W czh;nthk;/ Kaw;rp bra;nthk;/ mth; bgw;w

bgUepiyiag; bgWnthk;/

thH;f ts;syhh; fHy;fs;/

????

2/ ts;syhh; Ie;J khjf; FHe;ijaha; ,Ue;j nghnj eluhr

jhprdk; fz;L rphpj;jhh; :

ts;syhh; FHe;ijg; gUtj;nj rpjk;gu jhprdk; fz;lJ gw;wp ,Jtiu Twg;gl;Ls;s fUj;J/ @,uhikah gps;is kidtp kf;fSld; rpjk;gu

jhprdj;jpw;Fr; brd;whh;/ mg;nghJ mofl;F mfit Ie;J jp';fs;

vd;gh; r/K/ fe;jrhkpg; gps;is/ rpw;rigapy; eluhrg; bgUkhid

tHpgl;lgpd; rpjk;gu ufrpak; jhprdj;jpw;fhf midtUk; mjd;

Kd;dh; te;J epd;wdh;/ ghYz; FHtpahfpa gps;isg; bgUkhd;

jhapd; ifapypUe;jhh;/ jPl;rpjh; jpiu J}f;fr; rpjk;gu ufrpak;

jhprdkhapw;W/ midtUk; jhprpj;jdh;/ Ie;J jp';fl; iff;

FHe;ijahfpa mofl;Fr; rpjk;gu ufrpak; ufrpakhapUf;ftpy;iy/

btl;l btspahfg; g[yg;gl;lJ/ ,iwtd; ufrpaj;ij

btspg;gilahff; fhl;o mUspdhd; FHtpg; gUtj;nj ,iwtd;

,';'dk; mUs;bra;j epfH;r;rpia mofs; jkJ gpd;dhisag;

ghlbyhd;wpy; mHfhff; Fwpj;Js;shh;/

jha; KjnyhbuhL rpwpa gUtkjpy; jpy;iyj;

jyj;jpilna jpiu J}f;fj; jhprpj;jnghJ

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nta; tif nky; fhl;lhnj vd;wdf;nf vy;yhk;

btspahff; fhl;oa vd; bka;a[wthk; bghUns

fha; tif ,y;yhJsj;nj fdpe;j eW';fdpna

fdtpj;Jk; edtplj;Jk; vidg; gphpahf; fspg;ng

J}a; tifnahh; nghw;w kzpkd;wpy; elk; g[hpa[k;

nrhjp elj;junr vd; brhy;Yk; mzpe;jUns

(mUs; tpsf;fkhiy 44)

(Mjhuk;)

,uhkyp';f mofs; tuyhW ? Mrphpah; Cud; mofs;

(gf;fk; 10)

,e;jr; rk;gtk; Fwpj;j Ma;t[ :

jhd; jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wJ rpW gUtj;nj vdt[k; jha;

KjnyhbuhL brd;nwd; vdt[k; ,g;ghlypy; ek; bgUkhdhh;

bjhptpf;fpd;whh;/

Mz;. bgz; gUtk; gw;wp ts;syhh; TWtJ ,Jjhd; :

Mz; gps;sisg; gUtk; 5 bgz; gps;sisg; gUtk; 8

1/ ir rtk; 5 tiuapy; 1) ngij 7 tiuapy;

2/ thypgk; 15 tiuapy; 2) bgJk;ig 9 @

3/ bfskhuk; 30 @ 3) k';if 12 @

4/ bastdk; 40 @ 4) kle;ij 15 @

5/ thh;j;jpfk; 40f;F nky; 5) mhpit 25 @

6) bjhpit 30 @

7) nghpsk;bgz; 40 tiuapy;

8) tpUj;ij 40f;F nky;

Mjhuk; : gf;fk; 417. jpUmUl;gh ciueilg; gFjp th;j;jkhdd;

gjpg;gfk; ? Kjw; gjpg;g[ mf;nlhgh; 97/

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,jpy; @rpW gUtk;@ vd;W ts;syhh; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy/ mg;goahapd;

rpW gUtk; vd;gJ vJ> mf;fhyj;jpy; g[yth;fs; gUt';fis

tiuaiw bra;J @rpW njUUl;ly;@ @mk;khid@ nghd;w

gUt';fl;Fhpa ghly;fisr; bra;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ mth;fs;

fzf;fpl;lgo 5 taJ tiu@ ghy gUtk;@ 9taJ tiu @rpW

gUtk;@ MFk;/

vdnt ek; bgUkhdhh; jhd; jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wJ rpW

gUtj;nj vd;W mwptpj;jpUg;gjhy; 5 tajpw;F nky; 9 tajpw;Fs;

ek; Iah mth;fs;; jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJ

jpl;ltl;lkhfg; g[hpfpd;wJ/ 9 taJ tiu rpW gUtk; vd;why;

jpy;iyf;F ek; bgUkhd; brd;w rhpahd taJ vd;d> mtnu

bjhptpf;fpd;whh;/

ntz;lhUsnuh epd;dUis nknyhud;wpf; fPnHhUk;

<z;lhh;tjw;F ntz;oduhy; ,d;W g[jpnjh ahd; ntz;ly;

Jz;lh tpsf;nf jpUg;bghJtpy; n$hjp kzpna MbwhU K:d;

whz;lhtjpny Kd;bdd;id ahz;lha; fUiz mspj;jUns/

,e;jg; ghlypy; ,iwtd; jd;id Ml;bfhz;lJ jdJ

9k; tajpy;jhd; vd;W mwptpf;fpd;whh;/ vdnt rpW gUtj;nj vd;W

ghoaJ jdJ xd;gjhk; tajpny jpy;iyf;Fr; brd;wijna ek;

bgUkhdhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;/

xU ghlypy; ghy; kWj;J tpisahLk; rpW gUtj;jpilna

gfUk; cyfpr;ir xd;Wk; gjpahJ vd;Wk;.

mwptpyhr; rpwpa gUtj;jpw;whnd mUe;jypy; vdf;Fs

btWg;igg; gpwptpyhbjd;Dl; fye;j eP mwpjp vd;Wk;.

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brwptjpy; kdj;njd; fhrpny Mir bra;jpnyd; ,e;j

ehsd;wp mwptjpy;yhj rpW gUtj;Jk; mLj;jth; bfhLj;j fhR

mth; nky; vwpe;jJk; nkl;oy; vwpe;jJk; vd;Wk; ghLfpd;whh;/ me;j

K:d;W ghly;fisa[k; ed;F rpe;jpf;f ntz;Lk;/

ghd; kWj;J tpisahLk; rpW gUtj;jpilna

gfUk; cyfpr;ir xd;Wk; gjpahbjd; csj;nj

khd; kWj;J tps';F jpU Ie;bjGj;nj gjpa

itj;j bgU thH;nt vd; thH;tpy; cWk; Rfnk

kPd; kWj;Jr; Rlh; kakha; tps';fpanjhh; tpz;nz

tpz; mde;jk; cs;sl';f tphpe;j bgU btspna

Cd; kWj;j bgUe;jtUf; bfhsp totk; bfhLj;nj

X';F elj;junr vd; ciua[k; mzpe;jUns

(4167)

mwptpyhr; rpwpa gUtj;jpw;whnd mUe;jypy; vdf;Fs btWg;igg;

gpwptpyh bjd;Dl; fye;j eP mwpjp ,d;W ehd; ngRtbjd;nd

brwptpyhf; filnad; vd;dpDk; monad; jpUtUsKjnk

tpiHe;njd;

vwptpyhr; Rit ntbwtw;wpDk; tpiHnthh; vl;LiznaDk;

,d;bwe;jha;

brwptjpy; kdj;njd; fhrpny Mir bra;jpnyd; ,e;j ehs; md;wp

mwptjpy;yhj rpW gUtj;Jk; mLj;jth; bfhLj;j fhR mth;nky;

vwptJk; nkl;oy; vwpe;jJk; vdf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w eP mwpe;jJnt

gpwptjpy;yh epd; mUl;bgUk; bghUisg; bgw;wdd; ngRtbjd;nd

(3395)

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ghd; kWj;J tpisahLk; rpW gUtk;. cyfpr;ir gjpaj;

bjhl';Fk; gUtk; epr;rakhf Ie;J khjf; FHe;ijg; gUtky;y/

mnjnghy Rit kpFe;j cztpny btWg;g[ ,Ue;jJ. mLj;jth;

bfhLj;j fhrpny btWg;gile;J mth; nknyna vwptJk; nkl;ony

vwptJk; Ie;J khjg; gUtky;y/ rpW gUtk; vd;w brhw;bwhliu

ek; bgUkhd; bjUtpny tpisahoj; jphpaf;Toa Ie;J Kjy;

xd;gJ taJ tiu cs;s gUtj;ijj;jhd; rpW gUtk;

vdg;ghoapUg;gij czu Ko[ak;/

,d;bdhU Kf;fpakhd bra;jpa[k; Muha ntz;oa[s;sJ/

1896k; Mz;L gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypauth;fs;. rkur ntj

rd;khh;f;f r';fj;jpy; xUtuha; ,Ue;jth;/ mth; btspapl;l MW

jpUKiwapy; vGjg;gl;Ls;s ek; bgUkhdhhpd; rhpj;jpur;

RUf;fj;jpYk; Ie;jhk; khjk; bra;j eluhr jhprdk;

Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy/

nkYk; jhiatplj; je;ij K:j;jth;/ ek; bgUkhdhh;

FLk;gj;jpy; mtuJ je;ij. jha;. jkf;ifkhh; ,Uth;. jikad;khh;

,Uth; Mf mtUld; nrh;j;J vGth; ,Ue;Js;sdh;/ vy;nyhUk;

brd;wpUe;jhy; K:j;jtuhfpa je;ijiaf; TwhJ jhiaf; Tw

khl;lhh;/ ek; bgUkhdhuJ xd;gjhk; tajpy; mtuJ je;ijahh;

,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;jhd; jha; KjnyhbuhL vd;W ghoapUf;fpwhh;/

vdnt ,jdhYk; Ie;J khjf; FHe;ijahapUe;jnghJ ek;

bgUkhdhh; jpy;iy bry;ytpy;iy khwhfj; jdJ xd;gjhk; tajpy;

jhd; brd;whh; vd;gJ cWjpg;gLfpd;wJ/

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ve;j Mrphpahplj;Jk; Xjhkny fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tps';fpa

ts;syhh; MLk; gUtkhfpa rpW gpuhaj;jpnyna ,iwtd; kPJ

ghkhiy bjhLj;jhh;/ gid XiyfspYk; (Vl;Lr;Rto) nehl;Lg;

g[j;jf';fspYk; ghf;fs; vGjpa[s;shh;fs;/ mtuJ mhpa ghly;fis

mr;rpl;Lg; g[j;jf totpy; btspg;gLj;j md;gh;fs; vLj;Jf; bfhz;l

Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; tPzhapd/

Kotpy; ,Wf;fk; ,uj;d Kjypahh; vd;gth; ghf;fs;

btspg;gl mDkjp fpl;Lk; tiu xU ntis ngh$dk;jhd; bfhs;tJ

vd;w epge;jid tpjpj;J ts;syhUf;F xU fojk; mDg;gpdhh;/ mf;

fojj;ijf; fz;l ts;syhh; gij gijj;J clnd mDkjp

mspj;jhh;/ ghf;fs; jghy; K:yKk; jkf;ifahh; trk;

bfhLj;jDg;gpa[k; brd;id te;jile;jd/

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ,Wf;fk; ,uj;jpd Kjypahh;

cl;gl md;gh;fs; gyh; xd;W To mg;ghf;fis MW jpUKiwfshf

tFj;jdh;/ g[j;jfj;jpd; Kfg;gpy; ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; vd;W nghl

mDkjp nfhhpdhh;fs;/

Rthkpfs; vd;W tH';Ftpg;gJ vd; rk;kjkd;W/ mJ

Muthuj;jpw;F mLj;j bgauhjypd; mt;thW tH';fhik ntz;Lk;

vd;W mDkjp kWj;J tpl;lhh;/ ntW tHpapd;wp mth;fns xd;W

Toj; jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W nghLtJ vd KobtLj;jdh;/

Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfs; kl;oy; jw;nghJ

btspaplg;glyhk; vd;w epiyapy; ts;syhh; Mizapl;l tz;zk;

Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfs; kl;Lk; xnu g[j;jfkhf 1867y;

btspahdJ/

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mg;g[j;jfj;jpy; @gurptk; rpd;kak; g{uzk;@ vdj;

bjhl';Fk; jpUtog; g[fH;r;rp Kjypy; itj;Jj; jpUKiw

tFf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/

gpU';fp khefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; mth;fs; 1896k;

Mz;L jhk; btspapl;l (MW jpUKiwfs;) rhpj;jpur; RUf;fj;jpy;

9tJ gf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ.

@xd;gjhk; Mz;oy; fe;jh; rc;&o cghrdh fhyj;jpy;

cgthrkpUe;J rhe;jpahjPj fyhDgtj;ij tpsf;Fk;

jpUj;jzpfhrygjp njhj;jpukhf/@

MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny. bja;tahid kfpH;

mUl;Fd;nw munr Kf;fl;

ngWKfg; bgU";Rlh;f;Fr; Rlnu brt;nts;

gpoj;jUSk; bgUe;jifna gpuk"hdk;

tPWKfg; bgU';Fzj;njhh; ,jaj;njh';Fk; tpsf;fnk

Mde;j bts;snk Kd;

njWKfg; bghpa mUl;FUtha; vd;idr; rpW fhiy

Ml;bfhz;l njt njnt / / / / / / /

vdj; jzpifg; gjpfnkhjpr; rpe;jid bra;jYk;

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mUs; bra;aj; jpUtUs; bgw;Wg; gpd;Dk; ghLthuha; / / / / /

1924k; Mz;L jpU/ S. Tlyp';fk;gps;is vd;gtuhy;

btspaplg;gl;l MW jpUKiwfs; g[j;jfj;jpy; ,uhkyp';fgps;isr;

rhpj;jpur; RUf;fk; vd;w gFjpapy; MwhtJ gf;fj;jpy;

gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; Kjy; ghly; gw;wp; vd;d

Twpa[s;shnuh mJ mg;gona btspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ/

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1942k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;l brd;id mUl;bgU";n$hjp

mr;rfj;jhhpd; rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f r';f btspaPL 5k;

jpUKiwapy; gf;fk; 15y; jug;gl;Ls;s bra;jp vd;dbtdpy;.

@ek; gps;isg; bgUkhd; xG';fhfg; ghlk; nfl;gJ

kpy;iy/ gog;gpy; fUj;ijr; brYj;JtJkpy;iy/ MapDk; mth;;

jk; fUj;ijf; fe;jg; bgUkhdhh; fHy;fspy; ghkhiyahfpa g{khiy

rhj;jpg; nghw;wpg; g[fH;jypnyna brYj;jpdhh;/ xt;bthU ehs;

khiyapYk; fe;jg; bgUkhdhh; Myaj;jpw;Fr; brd;W

<bad;W ehbdhUthplk; epd;W nfshj

,ay;g[ vd;dplk; xUth; <J

,Lbtd;wnghJ mth;f;F ,iy vd;W

brhy;yhky; ,Lfpd;w jpwKk; ,iwahk;

eP vd;Wk; vidtplh epiya[k; ehk; vd;Wk; cd;

epidtplhbewpa[k; mayhh; epjp xd;Wk; eathj

kdKk; bka;e; epiy vd;Wk; befpHhj jplKk;

cyfpy;/

rP bad;W ngbad;W ehbad;W gpwh; jk;ikj;

jP';F brhy;yhj bjspt[k; jpwbkhd;W

tha;ika[k; J}a;ika[k; je;J epd; jpUtof;F

Mshf;Ftha;/

jhbahd;W brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsh;

jynkh';F fe;jntns rz;Kfj; Ja;akzp

cz;Kfr; irtkzp jz;Kfj; bja;tkzpna

Kjyhd ghkhiyfisj; bjhLj;Jg;ghLthh;/

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1972y; rd;khh;f;f Muha;r;rp epiyak; jtj;jpU Cud;

mofshh;f;nf chpaJ/ ,Jtiu Ie;jhk; jpUKiwahf

itf;fg;gl;oUe;j ghf;fis Kjy; jpUKiw Mf;fpj;

jp;UKiwfspd; thpiria khw;wp mikj;J btsp;apl;l Ie;J

jpUKiw gf;fk; 78y; Twg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ/

ts;syhh; vij Kjypy; ghodhy; vd;d> vijg;gpd;dhy;

ghodhy; vd;d> vy;yhk; jpU mUl;ghjhnd vd;nghh; ,j;Jld; epd;W

vij ntz;LkhdhYk; Kjw;ghl;lhff; bfhs;syhk;/

jpU mUl;ghtpy; Kjw;ghly; vJbtd;W mwpe;J bfhs;s

mth cs;sth;fs; nkny bjhluyhk;/

Kjypy; te;j gjpg;g[fspy; *MWKfg; bgU';fUizf;

flny* vdj; bjhl';Fk; ghlny Kjw; ghly; vdf; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/

jtj;jpU Cud; mofs; jk;Kila g[j;jfj;jpy; jpU mUl;gh K:y

VLfisg; gw;wpa rpW Fwpg;g[ xd;iw gf;fk; 59 Kjy; 61 tiu

mspj;Js;shh;/ mjd;goj; jpUtUs; tpyhrg;gj;J vd;w jiyg;g[ila

gjpfj;jpy; *MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny* vd;w ghly; Kjy;

ghlyhf cs;sJ/ ,g;gjpf vz; 42 MFk;/ K:y VLfisg; gw;wpa

Fwpg;gpd;go jpUj;jzpifg; gjpf';fspy; KjyhtJ gpuhh;j;jid

khiy Kjy; 36tJ jhprid ntl;if <whf 36 gjpf';fSk; xU

Rtoapy; ntyha[jdhuhy; gjpf;fg;gl;l thpirapny vGjg;gl;Ls;sd/

,r;Rtoapd; Vl;blz;fs; 232?298/

Vida gjpf';fl;F K:yk; rpy rpwpa RtofSk; jdp VLfSkhk;/

jzpifg; gjpfj;jpd; Kjy; gjpfnk Vl;blz; 232y;

vGjg;gl;Ls;sbjd;why; Vl;blz; 1 Kjy; 231 tiu cs;s ghly;fs;

K:d;whk; jpUKiw ,uz;lhk; jpUKiwr; rptbgUkhd; gw;wpa

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ghly;fs; vd mwpag;gLfpwJ/ ,jdhy; ts;syhuhy; Kjypy; KUf

cghrid bra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gJk; bjspthfpwJ/ vdnt

MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny vd;w ghly; ts;syhuhy; ghlg;gl;l

Kjw;ghlyhfhJ/

mUl;bgU";n$hjp mr;rfj;jhhpd; rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f

r';fg; gjpg;gpy; Twg;gl;Ls;s <bad;W ehbdhUthplk; vdj;

bjhl';Fk; ghly; Kjw; ghly; vd;w bra;jp jtwhdnj/

mLj;Jj; jtj;jpU Cud; mofshhpd; Tw;Wg;go

jpUnth';;F vdj; bjhl';Fk; bja;t kzpkhiyg; ghly; jhd;

ts;syhuhy; Kjd; Kjy; ghlg;gl;ljh vd;w Ma;t[/

bja;tkzpkhiy Kjd; Kjypy; mr;rplg;gl;l fhiy

fhzg;gLk; Kfg;ngl;ilr; rw;W nknyGe;j thhpahfg; ghh;j;jhny

ghisak; Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; mth;fspd; ntz;Lnfhspd;go ts;syhuhy;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gJ vspjpy; g[ydhfpwJ/ ,ijr; rw;W Ma;t[

bra;nthk;/

1/ ghisak; Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; ts;syhiug; ghly;

ghoj; jUk;gof; nfl;ff;fhuzk; vd;d>

Vw;bfdnt ts;syhh; ghoa ghf;fisg; goj;J

,d;g[w;wpUe;jjhy;jhd; ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa[k; ghly;fis ts;syhhplk;

nfl;oUf;ff;TLk;/

2/ ntW ahUf;fhft[k; ts;syhh; ghoa[s;shuh

Mk; Xh; md;gUf;fhfj; JYf;fhdj;J ,nuQqif kPJk;.

bfhe;jK:h; rPdpthr tujhr;rhh;a Rthkpfs; nfl;Lf; bfhz;ljpd;nghpy;

,uhkehkg;gjpfKk;. ,d;DbkhUtUf;fhfj; jpUg;gs;spj;jhkk;

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jh';fYk;. jd; jikadhh; guRuhkg; gps;isf;fhfr; rp';fg[hpf; fe;jh;

gjpfKk; ghoa[s;shnu/

(Mjhuk; 5k; jpUKiw Cud; mofs; gjpg;g[ gf;fk; 76)

ts;syhh; FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; mjhtJ rpW gUtj;jpy;

ghoapUe;jhy; FHe;ij ,uhkyp';fk; ghoaJ vd;W ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/

mg;goapy;yhJ rpjk;guk; ,uhkyp';f gps;is vd;W $hjpg; bganuhL

rpW gUtj;Jf; FHtpia miHf;fkhl;lhh;fs;/ $hjpg; bgah; ek;

bgUkhdhh; bganuhL nrh;f;fg;gl;oUg;gjhYk; gunkJ tpid bra[k;

gandJ vd;gJ nghd;w ghly;fs; bja;tkzp khiyapy; ,lk;

bgw;wpUg;gjhYk; ,it ey;y thypgg; gUtj;jpy; mjhtJ Rkhh; 25

tajpw;F nky; ghlg;gl;oUf;f ntz;Lk; vd vspjpy; Cfpf;f

KofpwJ/

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhfr; brd;id fe;jnfhl;lj;jpd;kPJ

bja;tkzpkhiy. ruzg;gj;J. vd;w ,uz;L gjpf';fs; kl;Lnk

ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ek; bgUkhdhh; tHpgl;l jy';fshfpa jpU xw;wpa{h;.

jpUj;jzpif. rpjk;guk;. tlY}h; nghd;w jy';fs; kPJ gy;yhapuk;

ghly;fs; bra;jth; gpwUf;fhf vGjpf;bfhLj;j Rthkpfs; kPJ

kWgo ghltpy;iy vd;gij czh;nthkhf/ JYf;fhdj;J ,nuDif

kPJ g";ruj;dk; Xh; md;gUf;fhfg; ghoaJ/ ntW ghly; ,y;iy

,uhkehkg;gjpfKk; rp';fg[hpf;fe;jh; kPJk; ntW ghly;fs; ,y;iy/

mt;thnw fe;j nfhl;lj;jpd; kPJk; Kj;Jr; brl;oahUf;fhfg; ghof;

bfhLj;jJ nghfg; gpd; ghlnt ,y;iy/ fe;j nfhl;lk; ek;

bgUkhdhhpd; tHpgLjykha; ,Ue;jpUg;gpd; ntW gy ghf;fs;

te;jpUf;fntz;Lk;/ vdnt fe;j nfhl;lk; mth; tHpgl;l

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jyKky;y/ mtuhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ghlg;gl;lJky;y/ Kj;Jr;

brl;oahh; vd;gth; ntz;Lnfhspd;gog; ghlg;gl;lnj MFk;/

nfhapypy; Vw;gl;l gGJfisr; rhp bra;J

g[Jg;gpj;jjhft[k;. Fk;ghgpnc&fk; bra;a[k; nghJ ek; bgUkhdhiu

ghisak; Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; mDfpg; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpj; jUkhW

nfl;ljhft[k; mJtiu Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp nfhapy; vd;W

tH';fg;gl;lij khw;wpf; fe;j nfhl;lk; vdg; g[Jg;bgah; Nl;o

ts;syhh; ghof; bfhLj;jhh; vdf; Twg;gLfpd;wJ/

fe;jnfhl;lk;. brl;oahh;fs; guk;giuapdh;fshy; jhd;

eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ/ ghisak; Kj;Jr; brl;oahh; mth;fspd;

ntz;LnfhSf;fpz';fp vd;wJnk mJ ts;syhh; jhdhf

tHpgl;ljy;y vd;gJk;. mtuhy; Kjd;Kjyhfg; ghlg;gl;ljy;y

vd;gJk; bts;spil kiyahfg; g[yg;gLnk/ jpU X';F g[z;zpar;

branyh';fp md;gUs; jpwnyh';F bry;tnkh';f mwpnth';fp

epiwths ,d;gk; jpfH;;e;njh';f mUs; bfhLj;J vd;W me;j

md;giu thH;j;jpg;ghly; bjhl';Ftijf; fhzyhk;/

,itfs; vy;yhk; Kjw;ghly; my;y vdpy; vJjhd;

Kjw;ghly;>

,Wf;fk; ,uj;d Kjypahhpd; cz;zhtpuj nehd;g[ ek;

bgUkhdhhpd; kdijf; fiuj;Jj; jpU mUl;gh mr;rpl

,irtspf;fr; bra;jJ/ cgafyhepjpg; bgUk;g[yth; bjhGt{h;

ntyha[j Kjypahh; mth;fSk; ,uj;d Kjypahh; nghd;nwhUk;

rpjwp;f;fple;j ghly;fisj; jpul;oj; jpUKiwahf tFf;fpd;wdh;/ ek;

bgUkhdpd; rk;kjkpy;yhky; mtw;iw MW jpUKiwfshf

tFj;jpUf;f KoahJ/

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ek; bgUkhdhhpd; fl;lisg;gona Kjy; ehd;F

jpUKiwfs; kl;oYk; 1867k; Mz;L btspaplg;gLfpd;wd. me;j

Kjy; btspaPl;ow;F ciHj;j bgUkf;fSf;F ts;syhh; ghoa

Kjw;ghly; vJbtd;W bjhpe;jpUf;f epahaKz;L/ mth;fs; Twpdhy;

ehk; xg;g[f; bfhs;sj;jhd; ntz;Lk;/

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gpd; ,izg;ghfj; bjhGt{h; ntyha[jdhh; jpUmUl;gh tuyhW vd;w

xU rpW E}iyj; jhk; ,aw;wp mjida[k; nrh;j;nj btspapLfpwhh;/

ek; bgUkhdhh; fz;Qqw;w g[j;jfk; mJ/ mijf; fz;Qqw;w ek;

bgUkhdhh; jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W ahh; nghlr; brhd;dJ

vd;W bjhGt{h; ntyha[jdhiu tpdtp ,Uf;fpwhh;/ ek; bgUkhdhh;

rk;kjkpd;wp mjpy; xd;Wk; nrh;j;jpUf;f KoahJ vd;gJ

g[ydhfpd;wJ/ tpz; gilj;j bghHpw;wpy;iyak;gyj;jhd; vdg; ghly;

thpiaj; jpUj;jpf; bfhs;SkhWk; jz;zPh; tpsf;bfhpj;j jd;iknghy;

vd;w ghly; ed;wha; ,Uf;fpwJ mija[k; nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;syhk;

vd;Wk; ek; bgUkhdhh; fojk; vGjpapUf;fpwhh;fs;/ me;j

jpUtUl;gh tuyhw;wpy; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; TWtJ

vd;dbtdpy; jpU"hd rk;ge;juhf te;j fhyj;Jj; njhLila

brtpad; vDk; bjhilahy; ehLila bghUshfpa rptid

tpsf;fpdPh;fs; ,d;W mUl;gpufhr ts;syhuha; te;J cyfbkyhk;

cjpf;fpd;w vDk; bjhilahy; ,iw cz;ikia tpsf;fpdPh;

vd;gjhk;/ mg;ghly; tUkhW/

ghly; vz; 26

njhLila brtpad; vDk; bjhilahd; Kd;dhs; vth;f;Fk;

ehLila bghUl;Rl;o ed;W tpsf;fpabjd;d

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tPLila cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vDk; bjhilahy;

gPLila bghUl;Rl;o ngbwkf;fpd;wPbjd;Wk;/

,J jtwha; ,Ug;gpd; ek; bgUkhdhh; Vd; ,g;go

vGjpdPh; vdf; nfl;oUg;gh;/ ek; bgUkhdhh; mwpahjJ xd;Wkpy;iy/

vdnt bjhGt{h; ntyha[jdhh; TwpaJnghy cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w

vDk; ghlny ts;syhh; ghoa Kjw;ghlyhFk;/ cyfbkyhk; vDk;

xU brhy;Yf;F ,Jtiu ahUk; fhzhj tpsf;f';fs; je;jth; mr;

brhy;iyf; bfhz;nl jhKk; ghoapUf;fntz;Lk;/ ek; bgUkhdhh;

njhd;Wk; Jizaha; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpnyna mg;g[j;jfk;

btspahdjhy; bjhGt{uhh; Twpaij kWg;gjw;F tha;g;ng ,y;iy/

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhf mUl;ghit kWj;j MWKf

ehtyh; cs;spl;nlhh; btspapl;l ,uhkyp';fh; ghly; Mghr jh;g;gzk;

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Kjypy; mUspaJ nghyg; gps;isa[k; cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vd;w

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tuyhw;wpy; 26tJ bra;a[spw; Twpdhh;/ gps;isapd; rhpj;jpur;

RUf;fj;jpy; MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny vd;gij Kjypy;

ghodhbudf; fhl;lg;gl;oUf;fpwJ/ ,tw;Ws; vJ cz;ik>@

,Jtiu ek;kth;fs; goj;Jf; nfl;ouhj nfs;tpia mUl;ghit

kWg;nghh; nfl;fpwhh;fs;/ MWKfg; bgU';fUizf; flny vd;w

ghliynah my;yJ cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vd;w ghliynah

Kjypy; itf;fhky; gurptk; rpd;kak; vdj; bjhl';Fk; ghly;

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Kjypy; itf;fg;gl;ljhy; jpUtUl;gh itg;g[ Kiwapy; tG vd;W

thjpl;ldh;/

ek;ikr; rhh;e;njhh; jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; Kjypy; ghoa

njhLila brtpad; vd;w ghliyj; njthuj;jpy; Kjypy; itahjJ

tG my;y vdpy; jpUtUl;ght[k; tGty;y vd kW bkhHp

g[fd;Ws;sdh;/

ts;syhnu fz;L kWf;fhjJk; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j

Kjypahh; mth;fs; TWtJk; Mfpa cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w vd;w

ghlny ts;syhuhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ghlg; bgw;w jpU mUl;gh thFk;/

me;j Kjw; ghly; ,Jjhd; :

cyfbkyhk; cjpf;fpd;w xspepiy bka;apd;gk;

cWfpd;w btsp epiy bad;Wga epiyahfp

,yfpa epd; nrtofs; tUe;jpapl ele;nj

,utpy; vspnad; ,Uf;Fkplk; njoaile;J

fyfkpyhj; bjUf;fjtk; fhg;gtpH;f;fg; g[hpe;J

fspj;bjid a';fiHj;J vdJ ifapbyhd;W

bfhLj;jha;

myfpy; mUl;flyhk; cd; bgUikia vd; vd;ngd;

Mde;j ty;yp kfpH; mUs; el ehafnd/

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ts;syhh; bgw;w kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[

Kd;g[ njhd;wpa mUshsh;fs; ,iwtdplk; kPz;Lk;

gpwthik ntz;Lk; vd;W ntz;odhh;fs;/ jhd; kl;Lkpd;wp

kdpjuha;j; njhd;wpa xt;bthUtUk; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;itg; bgw

ntz;Lk; vd;W ts;syhh; Twpdhh;fs;/ Kd;ida mUshsh;fs;

Twpajw;Fk; ts;syhh; Twpajw;Fk; khWghL cz;lh> ,y;iy

vd;gnj gjpy; vt;thbwdpy; ahuhapUe;jhYk; ,e;jj; njfj;jpypUe;J

$Ptd; gphpa[khdhy; bra;jtpidf; nfw;g me;j $PtdhdJ mLj;j

gpwtp vLj;nj jPUk;/ $Ptd; jdpj;J ,a';fhJ/ vdnt ,we;jhy;

gpwtp vlj;nj Mf ntz;Lk;/ gpwthik ntz;Lkhdhy; ,wthik

ntz;Lk;/ ,wthik bgw;nwhh; ahnuh mtnu kPz;Lk; gpwthh;/

Kd;ndhh; Twpa gpwthikf;F tHp ,wthikna/ ,ijj;jhd;

ts;syhh; kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[ vd;W vLj;Jf; fhl;odhh;/

,Jtiu njhd;wpa "hdpfs;. nahfpfs;. klhjpgjpfs;.

gf;jh;fs;. bfhil ts;sy;fs;. kd;dh;fs; kw;Wk; nguwpthsh;fs;

nghd;nwhUk; vd;whtJ xU ehs; khz;L nghtijf; fz;L tUk;

cyf kf;fs; kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;itna ek;g khl;lhh;fs; vd;gij

ts;syhUk; mwpthh;/ mjdhy;jhd; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;tpy;

thH;e;jplyhk; fz;oOh; vd;W Twpat[ld; g[ide;Jiunad; bgha;

g[fnyd; rj;jpak; brhy;fpd;nwd; vd;Wk; Twpdhh;/

njhd;wpaJ kiwa[k; ? gpwe;jJ ,wf;Fk; vd;W TWth;/

ts;syhh; xUth; kl;Lk; ,jid kWg;gJnghy; ek;ikg; ghh;j;J

@fpilj;j ,e;jj; njfj;ijna epj;jpa njfkhf;fpf; bfhz;L

vf;fhyj;Jk; vjdhYk; jilglhj xg;gw;w nghpd;gg; bgUthH;itg;

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bgw;W thH;jny Md;kyhgk;@ vd;W mwpt[Wj;jpdhh;/ vJt[k; ngRtJ

vspJ/ miltJ fodk;/ kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[ mila ntz;Lk;/

vd;W nghjpj;j ts;syhh; mile;jhuh>

Mk;/ jhd; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;itg; bgw;wijg; gyg;gyg;

ghf;fspny giw rhw;Wfpd;whh;/

MLfpd;w nrtof;nf Mshndd; khshj ahf;if bgw;nwd;

TLfpd;w rd;khh;f;f r';fj;nj eLtpUe;J Fyht[fpd;nwd;

ghLfpd;nwd; ve;ijgpuhd; gjg;g[fiHg; ghog; gho

ePLfpd;nwd; ,d;gf; Tj;jhLfpd;nwd; vz;zbkyhk; epuk;gpndnd

(5445)

nehthJ nehd;g[ vidg; nghy; nehw;wtUk; v";"hd;Wk;

rhth tuk; vidg;nghy; rhh;e;jtUk; njth epd;

nguUis vd;nghyg; bgw;wtUk; vt;t[yfpy;

ahUsh; eP rw;nw miw

(5624)

g";r g{j';fs; kl;Lkpd;wp. gpzpahny bfhiyf; fUtpahny

kl;Lkpd;wp vjdhYk; mHpahj njfk; bgw;nwd; vd;fpd;whh;/

fhw;whny g[tpahny ffdkjdhny fdyhny g[dyhny fjpuhjpahny

Tw;whny gpzpahny bfhiyf; fUtpahny nfhshny gpwtpaw;W';

bfhL";bray;fshny

ntw;whny v";"hd;Wk; mHpahnj tps';Fk; bka;aspf;f

ntz;Lbkd;nwd; tpiue;jspj;jhbddf;nf

Vw;whny ,Hpbtd ePh; epidahjPh; cyfPh; ve;ij

mUl;bgU";n$hjp ,iwtidr; rhh;tPnu/

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,j;Jld; epy;yhJ gpwtp vd;fpd;w rl;lj;ijna fpHpj;J

tpl;nld; Jf;fj;ijj; Jwe;njd; rhita[k; nehita[k; jtph;e;njd;

vdf;fpJ nghJk; vd;w kd epiwit btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;/

fl;lKk; fHd;nwd; ftiy tpl;blhHpe;njd;

fyf;fKk; jPh;e;jdd; gpwtpr;

rl;lKk; fpHpj;njd; J}f;fKk; Jwe;njd;

rhita[k; nehita[k; jtph;e;njd;

rpl;lKkile;njd; rpw;riga[ilahd; bry;t

bka;g;gps;is vd;bwhU ngh;g;

gl;lKe; jhpj;njd; vdf;fpJ nghJk;

gz;zpa jtk; gypj;jJnt/

(4736)

ts;syhh; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;t[ bgw;whh; vd;gjw;F ,e;j

xU ghl;nl nghJnk! v";"hd;Wk; rhth tuk; vidg; nghy; rhh;e;jth;

vt;t[yfpy; ahh; csh; rw;nw miw vd;W ,iwtdplnk nfl;fpd;w

cWjp mth; bgw;w bgUthH;itg; ngRfpd;wnj/

mth; ghf;fs; kl;Lk; nghJkh> ntW rhd;Wfs; VnjDk;

cz;lh vd;W rpyh; tpdtyhk;> ts;syhhpd; tuyhw;iw ed;F Ma;t[

bra;jhy; mwptJ vd;dbtdpy; Kd;djhfnt jhnd ed;F

jpl;lkpl;Lf; bfhz;L 1874k; Mz;L $dthpj; jp';fs; 30k; ehs;

bts;spf; fpHik eLeprp 12 kzp mstpy; jd; md;gh;fl;F ntz;oa

rkhjhdk; Twpagpd; gyh; Kd;dpiyapy; nkl;Lf;Fg;gk; fpuhkj;jpy;

rpj;jptshfk; vd;w Foypy; Xh; miwapDs; EiHe;J btspf;

fjitg; g{l;of; bfhs;Sk;go md;gh;fl;Ff; fl;lisapl;Lj; jd;

miwf; fjit cl;gf;fk; jhspl;Lf; bfhz;lhh;. vd;gJk; gpd;dh;;

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murh';f mjpfhhpfs; me;jf; fjitj; jpwe;J ghh;j;jnghJ mJ

btWk; miwahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJk; MFk;/ mth; miwapDs;ns

EiHa[Kd; Twpa thrf';fisa[k; md;gh;fs; Fwpj;J itj;Js;sdh;/

ts;syhuJ njfk; kw;iwah; clk;g[ nghy; kz;zpy; rkhjp

itf;fnth beUg;gpy; jfpf;fnth ahUf;Fk; fpl;lhJ Cdf;

fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whJ kiwe;J cs;sjhFk;/

1874 $dthp 30k; ehs; ts;syhh; nkl;Lf;Fg;gj;jpy;

gyuwpaj; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij midtUk; mwpth;/ Mdhy;

mjw;F Kd;ng 1870k; Mz;onyna gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky;

rpy khj';fs; kiwe;jpUe;jhh;/

8/6/1870 md;W bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; mth;fs;

tlY}h; jUkr; rhiyapypUe;j _ Mde;jehj rz;Kf ruzhya

RthkpfSf;F vGjpa fojk; ,J/

@ek; bgUkhd; ,g;nghJ vt;tplj;J

vGe;jUspapUf;fpd;wJ> rhiy vd;d !;jpjpapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ>

mt;tplj;jpa fhhpa';fis ahh; guhkhpf;fpd;whh;fs;> ,J tpgu';fis

clnd fl;lisapLk;gof; nfhUfpd;nwd;/ me;jg; gf;f';fspypUe;J

,';F tUgth;fs; jh';fs; j';fSf;Fj; njhd;wpagona rpy gy

brhy;Yk;nghJ kdk; Jof;fpd;wJ/ Mjyhy; cz;ik tpla';fis

t[zu mUs; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;/@

,f;fojj;ijf; Th;e;J nehf;fpdhy; ts;syhh;

,Uf;Fkplj;ij tprhhpf;Fk; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;

m';fpUe;J tUgth;fs; j';fl;Fj; njhd;wpagobay;yhk; rpy gy

brhy;Yk;nghJ kdk; Jog;gjhft[k; vGJfpwhh;/ cz;ikapy; ele;jJ

vd;d vd;Wk; nfl;fpd;whh;/

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,J bjhlh;ghf 28/10/1870 md;W ek; bgUkhdhhplkpUe;J

Xh; mwpf;if btspg;gl;lJ/ mjpYs;s thrfk; ,J/

@md;g[s;s ek;kth;fl;F md;g[ld; mwptpg;gJ/ xUtidg;

gw;wp mde;jk; ngh;fSf;F ed;ik cz;lhk; vd;gij cz;ikahf

ek;gpapU';fs;/ vd;dhy; c';fSf;F ed;ik fpilg;gJ rj;jpak;/ ehd;

,d;Dk; bfh";r jpdj;jpy; jpUtUs; ty;ygj;jhy; btspg;gLfpd;nwd;/

mJ ghpae;jk; bghWj;jpU';fs;/ ehd; kpft[k; rkPgj;jpy; jhnd

btspg;gLntd;/ m";r ntz;lhk;/ rhiyia yFthf elj;J';fs;/@

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; tlY}h; jUkr;

rhiyapypUe;j _ Mde;j ehj rz;Kf ruzhya Rthkpfl;F

vGjp[a fojj;jpw;Fhpa gjpy; nghy ek; bgUkhdhh; mwpf;if

mike;Js;sJ/ rkPgj;jpy; jhnd btspg;gLntd; vd;fpwhh;/ mth;

gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whJ kiwe;jpUf;fpd;whh; vd;gJ

g[ydhfpd;wJ/ ,t;thW xU Kiw my;y. gy Kiw kiwe;J

kiwe;J gpd;dh; btspg;gl;oUf;fpd;whh;. bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;

mth;fs; milahW gpUk;k "hd r';fj;jhh;f;F mspj;j

thf;FK:yj;jpy; Twpa[s;sjhtJ/

@v';fs; FUehjh; gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; mof;fo

kiwe;J tpLtJz;L/ me;j neu';fspy; mth; vd;d Mdhh; ?

v';F nghdhh; vd;gJ xUtUf;Fk; bjhpahJ/@

ts;syhh; jd; njfj;ijg; gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;w

bthl;lhky; kiwj;Jf; bfhs;st[k; gpd;dh; njhd;WkhWk; bra;af;Toa

Mw;wy; bgw;wtuhapUe;jhh;/ mt;thnw gyKiw kiwe;J gpd;dh;

btspg;gl;oUf;fpwhh;/

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ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;L gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj;

njhd;whJ kiwe;J tpl;l bra;jp Cbu';Fk; gutpaJ/ cz;ikia

mwpa[k; bghUl;Lj; bjd;dhh;f;fhL khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiytUk;.

khtl;l kUj;Jt mYtyUk;. khtl;lf; fhty;Jiwf;

fz;fhzpg;ghsUk;. jhrpy;jhUk; ts;syhh; kiwe;j miwiar;

nrhjidapl te;jdh;/ m';fpUe;j md;gh;fsplk; me;jf; fjitj;

jpwf;Fk;go Mizapl;ldh;/ nrhjpj;Jg; ghh;j;jjpy;

re;njfj;jpw;fplkhf VJk;; ,y;yhjjhy; mth;fs; ts;syhhpd;

Mw;wypy; jpUg;jpaile;J md;iwa md;djhdj;jpw;F U:/20

md;gspg;ghf mspj;J tpl;Lr; brd;wdh;/ gpd;dh; khtl;l murh';f

bf!l;oy; mwpf;if btspapl;ldh;/ mjd; thrfj;jpd; xU gFjp/

"Ramalinga Paradesi seems to have pursuaded his disciples that they

would rise again from the dead, and he consequently urged that burial was preferable

to cremation. Even Brahmins are said to have been buried in this belief, and people

who died in other villages were in several cases brought to Vadalur and inferred

there. In 1874 he locked himself in a room (still in existence) in Mettukuppam

(hamlet of Karunguli) which he used for Samadhi or mystic meditation, and

instructed his disciples not to open it for sometime. He has never been seen since,

and the room is still locked. It is held by those who still believe in him that he was

miraculously made one with his God and that in the fulness of time he will reappear

to the faithful. Whatever may be the thought of his claims to be a religious leader, it

is generally admitted by those who are judges of such matters that his poems, many

of which have been published, stand on a high plane, and his story is worth, noting

as an indication of the directions which religious favour may still take."

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ts;syhh; nkl;Lf; Fg;gk; rpj;jp tshf miwf;Fs;

EiHe;J jhspl;Lf; bfhz;L gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whJ

kiwe;Jtpl;l bra;jpia ,e;j murh';f bf!l;od; mwpf;ifa[k;

epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

18/1/1896 md;W rd;khh;f;f r';fj;jhh; ou!;o kWg;g[ vd;w

Xh; mwpf;if btspapl;ldh;/ mjpy; mth;fs; TwpapUg;gjhtJ :

@ts;syhh;; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; rpy jpdj;jpw;F

Kd; rigia K:otpl;L rhtpiaf; bfhz;L te;J bfhLf;Fk;go

th';fpf; bfhz;L Mz;lth; tU';fhyj;jpy; rigahdJ jhnd

jpwe;J bfhs;Sk; mg;nghJ mJ mw;g[jkhd fl;llkhfj; njhd;Wk;////

ts;syhh; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; ,uz;L ,Uk;g[g; bgl;ofs;

,Ue;jd/ mjpy; xU bgl;of;Fj; jPghujid Kjypa cgrhu';fs;

bra;J bfhz;oUe;jhh;fs;/ ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk;

bfh";r jpdj;jpw;F Kd; jk;ikr; N:H;e;jpUe;jth;fis nehf;fp ,dp

,e;jg; bgl;oapdplj;jpy; ahUk; yl;rpak itahjPh;fs; ,jpy;

xd;Wkpy;iy vd;whh;fs;/ ,e;jg; bgl;ofs; ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf;

bfhz;l miwapy; 4 tUc&k; tiu ,Ue;jd / / /

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; 10 jpdj;jpw;F Kd;

$kPd;jhiu tutiHj;J Mz;lth; jd;idf; bfh";r jpdk; kiwj;J

itf;fg; nghfpwjha[k; mg;nghJ ,t;tplk; Mjutw;wpUf;Fk; rpy

ViHfisr; rpy ehs; iftplhky; ghJfhj;Jf; bfhz;L te;jhy;

Mz;lth; cdf;F xd;Wk; Fiwt[ itf;fkhl;lhh; vd;whh;fs;/

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lgpd; 15 ehs; tiuapy; ts;syhhpd;

cj;jutpd;gona rpy ViHfisf; fhg;ghw;wpf; bfhz;L te;jhh;/ / /

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,e;j thrf';fisr; rw;W MH;e;J nehf;Fnthk;/

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhs;Sk; njjp Kd;djhfnt mtuhy;

epr;rak; bra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ/ ntl;ltyk; $kPd;jhiuj; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf;

bfhs;Sk; Kd; tutiHj;Jr; rhiyapy; j';fpapUe;j Mjutw;w

ViHfis ,d;Dk; rpyfhyk; iftplhky; czt[k; cila[k;

mspj;Jg; ghJfhf;fr; brhy;yp ,Uf;fpd;whh;/ Mz;lth; bfh";r

jpdj;jpw;Fj; jd;id kiwj;J itf;fg; nghfpwjha[k; Kd;ng

TwpapUf;fpd;whh;/ ts;syhUld; ,Ue;j rd;khh;f;f r';fj;jhh;

btspapl;l ,e;j mwpf;if kw;wth;fspd; Kot[ nghd;wjy;y ts;syhh;

Kot[ vd;gJk; mtnu jpl;lkpl;L Mz;ltd; fl;lisg;go Xh;

miwf;Fs; EiHe;J fjitj; jhspl;Lf; bfhz;L gpwh;

fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whJ kiwe;jpUf;fpd;whh; vd;gJk;

cWjpahfpd;wJ/

6/6/1933 md;W jpU/ fpUc;&zrhkp gilahr;rp vd;gth;

tHf;fwp"h; jpU/ Kj;ijah brl;oahh; vd;gth; K:ykhf xU tHf;Fj;

bjhlh;e;jhh;/ mjhtJ jUkr; rhiy ,e;J mwepiyaj;Jiwf;F

cl;gl;ljy;y vd;gnj tHf;F/

,jid ed;F tprhhpj;J ,e;J mwepiyaj; Jiw

Mizah;fs; 12/2/1935 ehspl;l cj;jut[ vz; 387y; j';fs; jPh;g;ig

btspapl;Ls;shh;fs;/ me;j cj;jutpd; 10tJ ghuhtpy; Twpa[s;sjhtJ/

"We have already referred to the Pattamatral Razinamas of 1867 -

Exhibit III series. Though they are all executed in favour of Appaswami Chettiar

Vagairas referring to the Sanmarga Sangam, all of them designate the founder of the

person in whose name the patta might stand. The patta appears to have continued in

his name till 1880; when evidently lapse of seven years from his disappearance, a

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notification was issued in the District Gazette proposing transfer of registry in the

names of four persons (Sabapathi Gurukkal, being one of them) described as agents

of the Swamigal. This notification dated 11.10.1880 is exhibit XIII.

ts;syhh; kf;fspd; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whjthW jd;

njfj;ij kiwj;Jf; bfhz;ljhy; mth; fhzhkw; ngha; tpl;lhh;

vd;W fUjpa murh';fk; rl;lg;go VHhz;Lfs; fHpj;J ehy;tiu

Vb$z;l; vd;w mstpy; epakdk; bra;jJ. ts;syhh; kf;fspd;

fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whjthW jd; njfj;ij kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L

fhzhkw; ngha;tpl;lhh; vd;gnj cz;ikbad rl;lg;goa[k;

epU:gzkhfpd;wJ/

1874k; Mz;L $dthpj; jp';fs; 30k; ehs; bts;spf;fpHik

,ut[ 12 kzpastpy; nkl;Lf; Fg;gk; fpuhkj;jpy; rpj;jp tshfk;

vd;fpw Foypy; ts;syhh; Xh; miwf;Fs; EiHe;J fjitj;

jhspl;Lf; bfhz;lhh;/ btspf;; fjit md;gh;fs; g{l;odh;/ gpwF

miwiaj; jpwe;J ghh;j;j nghJ me;j miw btWk; miwahf

,Ue;jJ/ cs;ns EiHe;j ts;syhiuf; fhztpy;iy/ ,Jnt

ele;j cz;ik/

ts;syhhpd; tuyhw;iw vGjg; g[Fe;jth;fs; ele;jij

kl;Lk; vGjpapUf;f ntz;Lk;/ Mdhy; mtuth; kdjpy; njhd;wpa

thbwy;yhk; vGjpa[s;sdh;/

gpU';fpkhefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; mth;fs; 1896y; jhk;

btspapl;l (MWjpUKiwfs;); jpUtUl;gh g[j;jfj;jpy; ek;

bgUkhdhhpd; rhpj;jpur; RUf;fj;ij vGjpa[s;shh;/ mjpy;

Twpa[s;sjhtJ :-

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@Mee;jh jPj epiyapypUe;J rjhde;j rhjdKw;Wj;

jkjhg;j ez;gh;fisj; jpUtUs; nehf;fhy; nehf;fpf;

filf;fzpj;J@ md;gh;fhs; ahk; c';fisr; rpyfhyk; tpl;Lg;

gphpe;jpUf;f vz;z'; bfhz;Ls;nshk;/ rjhde;j rkhjp epl;il Tl

tpr;rpj;Js;nsk;/ vdJ rhPuk; rpwpJ fhyj;Js; c';fs; fz;fSf;Fj;

njhw;whJ kiwe;Jnghk;/ ,f; fhaj;ij c';fspy; ahuhYk;.

mf;fpdpapy; jfpf;fthtJ. kz;zpy; rkhjp itf;fthtJ fpl;lhJ/

,dp ehw;gj; jPuhapu tUl fhyk; rpj;juhakh;e;jpUe;J rfy

rpj;jpfSk; rpj;jpf;fg; bgw;W Mde;jj; jpUtpisahl;lah;e;jpUe;J

mjw;Fnky; gpuzt njfpahfp "hdrk;ge;j FUj;t epiyiag;

bgWnthk; vd;Dk; Fwpg;ig btspapl;Lr; Rl;lhky; Rl;of; fhl;og;

gpd;g[ rhf;fpu Kjypa Ie;jtj;ija['; fle;J epd;W jpUtUl; fpUgh

nehf;fj;jpw;Fj; jk;ik czthf;fp KGtJk; tpG';fg;gl;ltuha;

jj;Jt KGtJk; ,r;ir tHp gzp nfl;gg; gpuztnk jpUt[Uthfr;

rfrtUs; gpwf;f tlY}iu aLj;j nkl;Lf; Fg;gk; fpuhkj;jpy; rpj;jp

tshfj; jpUkhspiff;Fs; fypahg;jk; 4978y; epfGk; _ KftUlk;

ij khjk; 19k; ehs; Rf;fputhuk; g[dh;g{r el;rj;jpu';Toa g{h;t

uhj;jphpapy; braw;ifa[lypaw;ifa[lyhfj; jphpt[gLk; rpd;khj;jpu rf$

rkhjpapy; mirtw epd;W. jkjhj;khh;j;j rw;FUitr; rpe;jpj;J

jhkkh;e;jpUe;j mt;tiwia K:og; g{l;of; bfhs;sj; jkjd;gh;fl;Ff;

Fwpg;g[zh;j;jpg; g{l;lr; bra;J. jhKk; jkJ ,e;jphpaf; fjit K:o

kt[d epl;il To epj;jpahde;jKw;wdh;/@

nkw;fz;lthW gpU';fp; khefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh;

gjpg;gpy; TwpapUf;f 1924k; Mz;L btspaplg;gl;l r/K/ fe;jrhkpg;

gps;is gjpg;gpy; 63k; gf;fj;jpy; TwpapUg;gjhtJ/

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@_Kf tUc&j;jpy; khh;fHp khjk;; Kjy; ts;syhh; rpj;jp

tshfj; jpUtiwf;Fs; brd;W rpy ehs; fjit K:of;bfhz;L

,Ug;gJk; gpwF btsp te;J gpur';fk; bra;tJk;. kWgoa[k; rpy ehs;

jhspl;Lf; bfhz;L cs;ns ,Ug;gJk;. gpd;dh; btspte;J gpur';fk;

bra;tJkhfpa mUl;bgU bewpapy; jpfH;e;jdh;/

m';'dk; epfG ehl;fspy; xU ehs; md;gh;fis

nehf;fpf; @filia tphpj;njhk; ? bfhs;thhpy;iy fl;otpl;nlhk;/;

eP';fs;; mUs; miltjw;F ,e;jj; jPgj;jpidf; flt[bsdf;

bfhz;L $PtfhUz;a Kilauhfp rpe;jpj;Jf; bfhz;oU';fs;/ ,dp

,uz;liu foif neuk; c';fs; fz;Qqf;Fj; njhd;w khl;nlhk;/

,t;t[yfj;jpYk; kw;bw';Fk; ,Ug;nghk;/ gpd;dh; mUl;bgU";n$hjp

Mz;lth; tUthh;/ mg;nghJ ,t;t[Ut[ld; rpj;jpfs; gy

epfH;j;Jnthk;/ jpUtUl; br';nfhyhl;rp; bra;nthk;/

mftpdj;jhh;f;Fr; rhfh tuKk; Vidnahh;f;Fg; ghpghf epiyiaa[k;

mspg;nghk;/ ehk; jpUf;fjit K:oapUf;F';fhy; mjpfhhpfs;

jpwf;Fk;go Mf;"hgpf;fpy; Mz;lth; mUs; bra;thh;@ vd;W

fl;lisapl;Lr; rpj;j rhe;jk; cz;lhf;fp _Kf tUc&k; ij khjk;

g[dh;g{rj;jpy; bts;spf;fpHikad;W ,ut[ 12 kzpf;F

nkl;Lf;Fg;gj;jpy; rpj;jp tshfj;jpy; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;ldh;/@

jpU/ Cud; mofs; vGjp 1971k; Mz;L btspapl;l

,uhkyp';f mofs; tuyhw;wpy; 548?549k; gf;f';fspy;

TwpapUg;gjhtJ??

@mofs; jkJ jpUtiwf;Fs;nsapUe;J tpiutpy;

,iwtndhouz;lwf; fyg;gjw;fhd rhjidfspy; <Lgl;oUe;jhh;fs;/

fhh;j;jpif. khh;fHpj; jp';fs;fs; fHpe;jd/ ijj;jp';fs; te;jJ/

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ijj; jp';fspy; mofs; jpUtiwapdpd;Wk; btspna te;J

rpd;dhspUe;jhh;fs;/ rpw;rpy cgnjr';fisr; bra;jUspdhh;fs;/

@fil tphpj;njhk;? bfhs;thhpy;iy ? fl;o tpl;nlhk;/ ,g;nghJ

,e;j clk;gpypUf;fpd;nwhk;/ ,dp vy;yh clk;gpYk; g[Fe;J

bfhs;nthk;@ vd;W Twpj; jhk; clk;ig kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L

,iwtndhouz;lwf; fyf;f ,Ug;gijf; Fwpg;ghft[k;

btspg;gilahft[k; md;gh;fSf;F czh;j;jpdhh;fs;/ ijg;g{rk;

te;jJ/ _Kf Mz;L ijj; jp';fs; 19k; ehs; 30/1/1874

bts;spf;fpHik g{rj;jd;W Kd;dputpy; mofs; m';fpUe;j

md;gh;fisbay;yhk; miHj;Jj;jhKk; miwf;Fs;ns brd;W clk;ig

kiwj;Jf; bfhs;sg;nghtijf; TwpaUspdhh;fs;/ mg;nghJ

Twpajhf md;gh; xUth; Fwpj;J itj;Js;sJ gpd;tUkhW :-

_Kf tUc&k;; ij khjk; 19k; njjp

@ehd; cs;ns gj;Jg; gjpide;J jpdkpUf;fg; nghfpnwd;/

ghh;j;J mtek;gpf;ifailahjPh;fs;/ xUf;fhy; ghh;f;f neh;e;J

ghh;j;jhy; ahUf;Fk; njhd;whJ btW tPlhfj; jhdpUf;Fk;go

Mz;lth; bra;tpg;ghh;/ vd;idf; fhl;of; bfhlhh;/@

vd;idf; fhl;of; bfhlhh; vd;gjd; bghUs; vd;idf;

fhz ,ayhJ vd;gjhk; ?

md;W ,ut[ 15 ehHpif (12 kzp)f;F mofs; m';fpUe;j

midth;f;Fk; ,JfhWk; ehk; Twpte;jgo xGfp mUl;bgU";n$hjp

Mz;ltiu tHpgl;L ca;a[';fs; vd;W mwpt[iua[k; thH;j;Jk; Twpj;

jkJ jpUtiwf;Fs; EiHe;J fjitr; rhj;jpf; bfhz;L

,uz;liu ehHpifapy; ,iwtndhL ,uz;lwf; fye;jUspdhh;fs;/

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brd;id milahW jpahrhgpfy; brhi!l;oahUf;F

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; (ts;syhhpd; Kjy; khzhf;fh;) mspj;j

thf;FK:yj;jpd; xU gFjp ?

@1855k; Mz;oy; mth; (ts;syhh;) brd;idiatpl;Lr;

rpjk;guk; brd;whh;/ gpd; m';fpUe;J tlY}Uf;Fk; fU';FHpf;Fk;

brd;W m';nfna gy Mz;Lfs; j';fpdhh;/ mf;fhy';fspy;

gyKiw jk;ikr; N:H;e;jpUe;jth;fisg; gphpe;J gpwh; fz;fSf;Fg;

g[yg;glh tz;zk; kiwe;J nghthh;/ ePz;l fhyk; mt;thnw gpwh;

mwpah tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;/

1874 $dthp khjk; ,Wjp ehs;fspy; ngrj; bjhl';fpj;

jhk; TwptUk; jPh;f;f jhprd';fis kPz;Lk; Twpdhh;/ mk;khjk; 30k;

njjp eh';fs; nkl;Lf; Fg;gj;jpy; v';fs; FUitf; filrpahfg;

ghh;j;njhk;/ rPlh;fsplk; md;nghL tpilbgw;w gpd; Vw;ghL bra;jpUe;j

xU rpW fl;olj;jpd; jdp miw xd;wpy; EiHe;J tphpg;gpy;

radpj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;/ mtuJ fl;lisg;go miwf;fjt[

g{l;lg;gl;lJ/ ,Ue;j xnu JthuKk; Rth; itj;J milf;fg;gl;lJ/

Xuhz;ow;Fg; gpd; jpwe;J ghh;j;j nghJ miwapy;

xd;Wkpy;iy/ btw;wiwahfnt ,Ue;jJ/ gpd; xU rkak;

njhd;Wtjhf cWjpahff; TwpapUe;jhbudpDk; njhd;Wk; fhyk; ,lk;

N:H;epiyfisj; bjhptpf;ftpy;iy/ mg;goj; njhd;Wk; tiu

,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkpd;wp Inuhg;gh. mbkhpf;fh Kjypa kw;bwy;yhj;

njr';fspYk; jf;fth;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; mjpl;oj;J cyifj;

jpUj;Jk; gzpapy; ntiy bra;ag;nghtjhff; Twpdhh;/

gpU';fp; khefuk; ,uhkrhkp Kjypahh; ? r/K/ fe;jrhkpg;

gps;is ? bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ? jtj;jpU Cud; mofshh; ?

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kw;Wk; ahuhapUe;jhYk; rhp mth;fs; Twpa thh;j;ijfspy; rpy

khWghLfs; ,Ue;jhYk; vy;nyhUila thh;j;ijfspYk; ts;syhh;

nkl;Lf;Fg;gk; rpj;jp tshfj; jpUkhspifapy; 1874k; Mz;L $dthpj;

jp';fs; 30k; ehs; bts;spf;fpHik ,ut[ 12 kzp mstpy; Xh;

miwapy; cs;ns EiHe;J fjitr; rhj;jpf; bfhz;L jkJ

clk;igg; gpwh; fhzh tz;zk; kiwj;J tpl;lhh; vd;gjpy;

khw;wkpy;iy/

,e;jj; J}y njfkhdJ jhd; bra;fpd;w jtj;jpd;

gadhfr; rpy khw;w';fis milfpd;wJ/ Kjypy; Rj;j njfkhf

khwpg; gpd;dh; gpuzt njfkhfp Kothf "hd njfkhfpd;wJ/

mt;thW khw;wk; mila[';fhy; ,j;njfj;jpd; jd;ik vt;thW

tps';Fk; vd;gij ts;syhnu tiuaiw bra;fpd;whh;/ J}y

njfkhdJ Rj;j my;yJ Rth;z njfkhf khWk;nghJ mila[k;

khw;w';fs;/

Rj;j njfj;jpd; jd;ik Rj;j njfj;jpd; jd;ik Rj;j njfj;jpd; jd;ik Rj;j njfj;jpd; jd;ik :

fhhpa U:gk; ? gunjfk; ? gu czh;r;rp ? gu mwpt[ ?;

guj;tk; ? bghd; tz;zk; ? 16 Kjy; 12 taJ gUtk; ? eiu.

jpiu. gpzp. K:g;g[. kyk;. $yk;. tpah;it. Mfhuk;. epj;jpiu. jhfk;.

rhia Kjypad ,y;yhik ? cnuhk tsh;r;rp jhH;r;rp ,y;yhik ?

mgu";rp khw;W ? fh;k rpj;jp ? fy;gnjfp ? mgukhh;f;fp/

gpuzt njfj;jpd; jd;ik gpuzt njfj;jpd; jd;ik gpuzt njfj;jpd; jd;ik gpuzt njfj;jpd; jd;ik :

fhhpa fhuz U:gk; ? guk;gu njfk; ? guk;gu czh;r;rp ?

guk;gu mwpt[; ? guk;gu jj;Jtk; ? 16 Kjy; 108 tiu khw;W ? 8

taJ Kjy; 5 taJ gUtk; ? ciuglhjJ ? njfk; njhw;Wk;

gpoglhJ ? rh;t rj;jp ? gpuhz fy;g njfp ? gu mgu khh;f;fk;/

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"hdnjfj;jpd; jd;ik "hdnjfj;jpd; jd;ik "hdnjfj;jpd; jd;ik "hdnjfj;jpd; jd;ik :

fhuz U:gk; ? v';Fk; g{uz tpahgfk; ? guhgu mwpt[ ?

rg;jka jhprdk; ? rh;tkfh rf;jp ? rh;t Rje;juk; ? cUtk;

njhw;wpa[k; njhw;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk; ? fhyhjPjd;/

,e;j K:d;W njf';fspd; khw;w';fisj; jhd; bgw;wij

ts;syhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;/ ehnd jtk; g[hpe;njd; ek; bgUkhd;

ey;yUshy;

ehnd mUl;rpj;jp ehlile;njd; ? ehnd

mHpah totk;; mit K:d;Wk; bgw;nwd;

,Hpahky; MLfpd;nwd; ,';F/

Rj;j tot[[k; Rftothk; X';fhu

epj;j tot[k; epiwe;njh';F ? rpj;bjDnkhh;

"hd tot[k; ,';nf ehd; bgw;nwd; v';bf';Fk;

jhd tpisahl;oaw;wj;jhd;/

ts;syhh; Rj;j njfk; bgw;whh; vd;gjw;F Mjhuk; :

epHy; tpHhj njfnk Rj;j njfk; vd;fpd;whh;/

kapiyiar; rhh;e;j jpU jzpfhryk; vd;gth; xd;gJ Kiw

ts;syhiu epHw;glkhf (nghl;nlh) vLf;f Kad;Wk; ,ayhJ

nghapw;W/ ts;syhh; cUtk; epHw;glkhf tpHtpy;iy/ ,uhkfpUc;&z

gukcwk;!h;. Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;. ts;syhuJ jiy khzhf;fh;

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; nghd;nwhuJ epHw;glk; ,Ug;gjhy;

mth;fsJ cz;ikahd Kfr; rhay; xnu khjphp ekf;Ff;

fpl;oa[s;sJ/ Mdhy; ts;syhuJ Kfr; rhanyh glj;jpw;Fg; glk;

khW gl;oUf;fpwJ/ mtuJ cz;ikahd Kfr; rhay; epHw;glk;

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K:ykhf ekf;Ff; fpl;lhkw; nghdnj ts;syhh; Rj;j njfj;Jld;

tps';fpdhh; vd;gjw;Fg; nghJkhd MjhukhFk;/

ts;syhh; Rj;j njfk; kl;Lkpd;wpg; gpuzt njfk; "hd

njfk;. Mfpatw;iwa[k; bgw;Wf; bfhz;lij mth; ghl;od; K:yk;

fz;nlhk;/ "hd njfj;ijg; gw;wpf; TWk;nghJ njhd;wpa[k;

njhd;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;/ gyKiw ts;syhh; gy khj';fs;

kiwe;jpUe;J btspg;gl;oUg;gnj mtuJ njfk; njhd;whkYk;

njhd;wpa[k; ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf cs;sJ/

g[tpahnyh. g[dyhnyh. fdyhnyh. fhw;whnyh.

Mfhaj;jhnyh vjdhy; mHpe;jhYk; mJ kuznk/ clk;ig g";r

g{jj;jpy; fiuj;Jtpl;lhh; vd;whYk; me;j Kot[k; kuznk/

njfj;Jld; ,Ug;gnj kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[. njfk; ,y;yhkw;

nghapd; mjpypUe;j $Ptdhy; jdpj;J ,a';f Koahj fhuzj;jhy;

gpwtp vLj;nj jPUk;/ ts;syhh; kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[ bgw;wth; ?

mth; jdJ njfj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwhh;/ 1874f;F Kd; vt;thW

mof;fo gpwh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; jd; clk;ig kiwj;Jf;

bfhz;lhnuh mt;thnw 1874 $dthp 30k; ehsd;Wk; gpwh;

fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; kiwj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;/ Kd;bgy;yhk;

vt;thW kiwe;Jgpd;; kPz;Lk; njhd;wpdhnuh mt;thnw kPz;Lk;

njhd;Wthh;. mg;nghbjy;yhk; kiwe;j rpy khj';fspy; njhd;wpdhh;/

,g;nghJ rpy Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wd. ,Jnt cz;ik/

ts;syhh;; miwf;Fs; g[Fe;J kiwe;jij me;j

E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;J ts;syhiur; re;jpj;J mstshtp kfpH;e;j

tz;zr; rugk; jz;lghzp Rthkpfs; md;gh;fs; V';f ts;syhh;

miwf;Fs; EiHe;jijj; jhd; ghoa ghl;oy; epU:gpf;fpwhh;/

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bghw;iw xU tpy;yhfg; g[tpa{h;e;J g[u"; brw;nwhd;

gw;iw btd;nwhh; j';fisa[k; gijahky; ,fH;ntd;ghy;

mw;iwapw; rpw;rpynu';f miwa[l;nghk; tlY}uhd;

kw;iwah; fz; Tr tUthbdd;Wiuj;jhnd/

ek;g[ ktdpkpj;jbkhU ehhpaplk; J}jhndhd;

btk;g[ Jah;f;fhjhukh kpogl;L bkypntd;ghy;

mk;g[tp bay;yhkwpa miwa[l;nghk; tlY}uhd;

tk;g[iug;ghh; gyh; fhz tUthbdd;Wiuj;jhnd/

ts;syhh; miwf;Fl; brd;W fjitr; rhj;jpf;

bfhz;lnghJ rpyh; V';fpajhft[k; mth; miwf;Fs; EiHe;jij

mk;g[tp vy;yhKk; mwpa[k; vd;Wk; jhd; jpUk;gp tUtjhfr;

brhy;ypna ts;syhh; brd;wpUf;fpwhh; vd;Wk; jz;lghzp Rthkpfs;

Twpa[s;sJ ek; bgUkhdhh; mile;j kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;it

nkYk; epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

,Jtiu Twpte;jij xd;W jpul;of; fhz;nghk;/

1) ts;syhh; Rj;j njfk; bgw;W tpl;ljhy; mth; cUtk;

epHw;glkhf ekf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy/

2) "hd njfk; njhd;wpa[k; njhd;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk;/

1874 $dthp 30k; ehs; ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij

cyfnk mwpa[k;/ Mdhy; mjw;F Kd;ng ts;syhh; gy Kiw

md;gh; fz;fSf;Fj; njhd;whky; jd; clk;ig kiwj;Jf;

bfhz;Ls;shh;/ gpd;dh; njhd;wpa[s;shh;/ ts;syhhpd;; Kjy; khzth;

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; milahW gpUk;k "hd r';fj;jhh;f;F

mspj;Js;s thf;FK:yj;jpypUe;J ,e;j cz;ik btspahfpd;wJ/

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3) ts;syhUld; nehpy; gHfpa gpU';fp khefuk; ,uhkrhkp

Kjypahh;. fhuzg;gl;L r/K/ fe;jrhkpg; gps;is nghd;nwhh; vGjpa[s;s

,uhkyp';fhpd; rhpj;jpuf; Fwpg;g[fSk; ts;syhh; Xh; miwf;Fs;

EiHe;J fjitr; rhj;jpf; bfhz;lij epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

4) ts;syhh; 1874k; Mz;L Kjy; fhzhky; ngha;tpl;ljhy;

rl;lg;go md;iwa bts;is murh';fk; VHhz;Lfs; fHpe;j gpd;dh;

r';f md;gh;fs; ehy;tiu 1881k; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; Vb$z;Lfshf

epakpj;jJ/ me;jr; bray; ts;syhh; gpwh;nghy; khz;Lnghftpy;iy

vd;gija[k; kw;wth; fz;fSf;Ff; fhzhky; jd; clk;ig kiwj;Jf;

bfhz;lhh; vd;gija[k; epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

5) rd;khh;f;f r';fj;ij mg;nghJ rhh;e;jpUe;j md;gh;fs;

btspapl;l ou!;o kWg;g[ ts;syhh; Vw;fdnt ed;F jpl;lkpl;nl

gytpjkhd Kd; Vw;ghLfisr; bra;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;gija[k; ts;syhh;

jpUf; fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lija[k; epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

6) ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;l miwiar;

nrhjpj;j mg;nghija khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; ? khtl;lf; fhty;Jiwf;

fz;fhzpg;ghsh; ? khtl;l kUj;Jt mYtyh;. jhrpy;jhh;

Kjypnahuhy; gpd;dh; btspaplg;gl;l murh';f bf!l;Lk; ts;syhh;

jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

7) ts;syhhpd; rkfhyg; g[ytuhd tz;zr; rugk;

jz;lghzp Rthkpfs; md;gh;fs; V';f miwf;Fs; ts;syhh;

brd;wij epU:gpf;fpd;whh;/

8) 1935y; ,e;J mw epiyaj;jpd; Mizah;fs; Ie;J

Mz;Lfs; tprhuizf;Fg; gpd;dh; btspapl;l jkJ jPh;g;gpYk;

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lij epU:gpf;fpd;wdh;/

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9) vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhfj; jhd; bgw;w bgU

epiyahfpa kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it ts;syhnu jkJ jpUtUl;ghtpy;

mfr; rhd;whfg; gyg; ghf;fspy; bjspt[gLj;jpa[s;shh;/

Kot[

ts;syhh; kw;wth; nghy; khz;L nghdth; my;y/ gyuwpa

Xh; miwapDs; EiHe;J gpwh; fhzh tz;zk; jd; cliy

kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L jd;; njfj;Jld;; ,d;Wk; ,Ug;gtnu/

10) ts;syhhpd; moath; xUth; rpj;jp tshfj;jpy; jd;

cliy ts;syhh; kiwj;Jf; bfhz;lij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;/

mUSUf;bfhz;l xU tot[ rpt nahfp tothd

epd;dhpa Konky; m';nf tsh;e;j rpif

K:d;W gphpt[s;ns epd;dhpajha; rpd;dk;ikjhd;

mUs; rptdor; nrh;e;j gpd;dh; xU rpif bfhz;L

mhpa btz;Jfpy; nkw;bfhs; , mUl;ghjk;

Vw;Fk; ed;fpU ghjul;ir jid m';'dkfw;wpMSk;

,UsW rpj;jp tshf bkDk; Xhplj;Jf; fw;g{u jPgk;

Vw;wp Muhjpj;J Mde;j nkypl;L

,dpa Tj;jho epd;W

gUt[ly; kiwj;J btspahd munr tUf ? tUf

ey;yhpa rpj;jpaUs; tz;ikj; jpUtUl;

gpufhr ts;sny tUf ? vd; kzp tUfnt/

gU cly; kiwj;J btspahd munr vd;w thp ts;syhh;

bgw;w mHpahj njf rpj;jpia[ak; kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;ita[k;

cWjpg; gLj;Jfpd;wJ/

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Fwpg;g[ : ts;syhiug; gw;wp vGJfpd;wth;fs; ,dpahfpYk; j';fs;

kdk; nghdgoj; jhWkhwhf vGjhky; ts;syhh; thH;tpy;

ele;j rk;gt';fis cs;sthW vGJkhW

ntz;lg;gLfpwJ/ kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;tpy; c';fl;F

ek;gpf;if ,y;yhJ nghdhYk; mjw;fhf c';fs; kdf;

fUj;ij ts;syhh; kPJ jpzpf;fhky; ts;syhh; mUk;ghL

gl;L mile;j bgU epiyia cz;ikia cs;sthW

vGJ';fs;/

ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf;bfhz;L ,iwtDld;

,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lhh; vd;W gyh; ngrpa[k; vGjpa[k; tUfpd;wdh;/

,jw;F Kd; njhd;wpa Md;nwhh;fspy; gyh;

Kf;jpaile;Jtpl;ljhft[k;. Kf;jp vd;gJ J}yt[liy tpl;lhYk;

$PtdhdJ ,iwtDld; xd;Wgl;Lf; fye;J tpLtnj vd;Wk; Twp

te;Js;sdh;/ Md;kPfthjpfs; mj;jid ngUk; mijna ,d;Wk;

ek;g[fpd;whh;fs;/ cz;ik epiy vd;d> ,e;j caph; cliy tpl;Lg;

gphpe;j gpd;dh; Mz;ltDld; fyf;f Koa[kh> ,iwtd;

Mfhaj;jpny v';nf ,Uf;fpd;whd;> capuhdJ clk;gpDs;ns

,Ue;J bray;gl;oUf;Fk;nghJ ,iwtid mwpahky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ/

Mdhy; clk;ig tpl;L btspnawpat[ld; Mz;ltdpd; ,Ug;gplj;ij

mwpe;J m';nf brd;W capuhdJ ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf;

fye;JtpLfpd;wjhk;> capUf;F me;j mwpt[ vg;go tUk;>

$Ptd; jdpj;J ,a';fhJ vd;W ek; bgUkhdhh;

Twpa[s;sjhy; clk;ig tpl;Lg; gphpe;j capuhdJ tpidf;nfw;gg; gpwtp

vLf;Fnk jtpu ,iwtDld; fyj;jy; vd;gnj fpilahJ/ ,e;j

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cz;ikia czuhj gy Md;kPfg; bgU kf;fs; j';fs; capuhdJ

Mz;ltDld; fyg;gjw;Fj; j';fs; clk;ng jilahf cs;sJ vdf;

fUjpj; jd; rPlh;fisf; bfhz;L jd; jiy kPJ nj';fha;

cilf;fr; bra;Jk;. rkhjp xd;W jf;f ,lj;jpy; fl;lr; bra;J

capUld; mjpy; ,w';fpr; Rtiu milf;fr; bra;Jk; j';fisj;

jh';fns kha;j;Jf; bfhz;Ls;s tuyhWfs; epiwa cz;L/

,g;gog;gl;l bghpath;fs; ,iwtDld; fye;Jtpl;ljhff; Twpf;

bfhs;tJ rhpahdjy;y/

,';nf ts;syhhpd; thrfk; xd;wpid epidt[ Th;tJ

mtrpakhfpd;wJ/

@rka kj rd;khh;f;fpfspy; jha[khd RthkpfSk; ,d;Dk;

mndf bghpnahh;fSk; Rj;jg; gug;gpuk;kj;jpdplj;jpy; ,uz;lwf; fye;J

tpl;lljhf KiwapLtJ th!;jtkh vd;why; mth!;jtk;/ Rj;j

rd;khh;f;fk; xd;Wf;nf rhj;jpak; ifTLk;. vd;Wk; rhfhj

epiyiag; bgw;Wr; rh;t rpj;jp ty;ygKk; bgwf;TLk;/ kw;w rka

kj khh;f;f';fbsy;yhk; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;Fr; bry;yf; fPH;g;gofs;

Mjyhy; mtw;wpy; If;fpak; vd;gnj ,y;iy/ jha[khdth;

Kjyhdth;fs; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fpfs; my;yh;/ kj rd;khh;f;fpfs;

vd;W xUthW bfhs;syhk;/ ,jpy; epj;jpa njfk; fpilahJ/ ,J

rhjf khh;f;fnkad;wpr; rhj;jpaky;y/ ehis Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;

tH';Fk;nghJ ,th;fs; ahtUk; caph; bgw;W kPs tUthh;fs;

Kd;dpUe;j msitf; fhl;oYk; tpnrc& "hdj;njhL Rj;j

rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;Fhpath;fsha; tUthh;fs;/ rhj;jpauha;; ,uz;lwf;

fyg;ghh;fs;/

(ciueil gf;fk; 305)

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,wthik bgw;wth;fshy; kl;Lnk ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf;

fyf;f Koa[k;/ ,we;j gpwF cliytpl;Lg; gphpe;j capuhdJ

v';nfh ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtidf; fz;L mile;J mtDld;

fyg;gjy;y/ ,e;jj; njfj;jpnyna ,e;jg; gpwtpapnyna ,iwtid

mila ntz;Lk; vd;gnj ts;syhh; bfhs;if/ mth; ,e;j

cyfpw;F te;j nehf;fKk; mJnt/ Mjhuk;??

mfj;nj fWj;Jg; g[wj;J btSj;jpUe;j cyfuidtiua[k;

rfj;nj jpUj;jpr; rd;khh;f;fr; r';fj;J miltpj;jpl mtUk;

,fj;nj guj;ijg; bgw;W kfpH;e;jpLjw;bfd;nw vid ,e;j

a[fj;nj ,iwtd; tUtpf;ft[w;nwd; mUisg; bgw;nwnd

,e;jg; gpwtpapnyna ,iwtid mila ntz;Lk; vd;w

ts;syhh; mwptpg;ig ,fj;nj guj;ijg; bgw;W kfpH;e;jpLjw;bfd;nw

vd;w thp epU:gpf;fpd;wJ/

ts;syhh; jUk; flt[s; tpsf;fk;:

,Jtiu njhd;wpa rka';fs; kf;fSf;F

mwpKfg;gLj;jpa[s;s flt[s;fs; Vuhsk; Vuhsk;/ xt;bthU

rkaj;jtUk; j';fs; rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j flt[ns cz;ikahdth;

vd;Wk;. cs;sgona ,Ug;gth; vd;Wk;. mtnu Mw;wy;fs; midj;Jk;

bfhz;lth; vd;Wk; mUs; juf; Toath; mtnu vd;Wk; ek;g[fpd;wdh;

? tHpgLfpd;wdh;/

xd;nw Fyk; xUtnd njtd; vd;W vg;nghnjh

Twg;gl;oUe;jhYk; mj;jid flt[s;fl;Fk; Mya';fSk; g[uhz';fSk;

epiwa cs;sd/ nfhof; fzf;fhd gf;j nfhofs; mtuth;

rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j Mz;ltid KG ek;gpf;ifa[ld;

tHpgl;LtUtijf; fz;Tlhff; fz;L tUfpd;nwhk;/

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ahuhtJ ,j;jid flt[sh;fs; cz;ikapy; ,Uf;f

Koa[kh vd;W rpe;jpj;jduh vd;why; ,y;iy/ flt[spd; jd;ikia

tpthpf;fpd;w bghGJ m';fp';bfdhjgo v';Fk; g{uzkha;

epiwe;Js;sth; vd;W TWfpd;whh;fs;/ xnu xU flt[s; ,Ue;jhy;

mt;thW TWtJ bghUe;Jk;/ xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;L ,uz;lhtJ

flt[s; xUth; ,Ue;jhy; xUth; kl;Lk; vt;thW g{uzkhf v';Fk;

epiwe;jpUf;f Koa[k;> mnef flt[sh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ahuhYk;

g{uzkhf v';Fk; epiwe;jpUf;f Koahnj! ,ijbay;yhk; rpe;jpj;Jg;

ghh;f;f ntz;lhkh>

xt;bthU rkaj;jtUk; j';fSf;bfd;W Xh;; ,iwtid

Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhz;L tz';fp tUfpd;wdh;/ cjhuzkhfr;

irth;fSf;Fr; rptDk;. rhf;jh;fl;Fr; rf;jpa[k;. fhzhgj;ah;fl;Ff;

fzgjpa[k;. bfskhuh;fl;Ff; FkuntSk;. brsuh;fl;Fr; N:hpaDk;

kw;Wk; itzth;fl;F tpc;&Qqt[k; bja;tbkdf; bfhz;L rka';fs;

tps';Ffpd;wd/ nkYk; xt;bthU rkaj;jtUk; j';fs; bja;tk;

kl;Lnk cz;ikahdJ vd;W ek;gpa[k; ngrpa[k; tUfpd;wdh;/ ghku

kf;fs; kl;Lkh ,e;jj; bja;t';fis ek;gp tHpgLfpd;wdh;!

bghpath;fSk; tz';Ffpd;wduhk;/ ,J gw;wpa ts;syhh; fUj;J :

@,Jtiu bghpath;fs; vd;W bgahpl;Lf;

bfhz;oUe;jth;fSk; cz;ikawpahJ mg;gona ,Ug;gjhf ek;gp

Vkhe;J fz;iz K:of;bfhz;L cswpf; bfhl;oapUf;fpwhh;fs;/@

,j;jid bja;t';fSk; ,y;iy vd;why; bghpath;fs;

mtt;st[k; ,Ug;gjhf vz;zpa[k; tHpgl;Lk; te;Js;sdnu vd;W

tpdtyhk;/ ,jw;Fk; ts;syhh; xUtnu tpilaspf;fpd;whh;/

- 46 -

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,iwtDf;F mUl;bgU";n$hjp vd;W ts;syhh; bgah;

N:l;Lfpd;whh;/ me;j ,iwtdhfpa mUl;bgU";n$hjp

xt;bthUtUila cs;sj;jpYk; mDgtkhf btspg;gLkhk;/ mJt[k;

,e;jphpa';fSk; fuz';fSk; fle;J mwpaf;Toa mDgtnk

mUl;bgU";n$hjp vd;fpwhh;/

jE fuzhjpfs;jhk; fle;J mwpa[nkhh;

mDgtkhfpa mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

kdk; bray;gLfpd;wtiu mUl;bgU";n$hjp mDgtk;

fpl;lhjhk;/ Vbddpy; vg;nghJk; vijahtJ vz;zpf;bfhz;nl

,Uf;fpd;w kdk; rpe;jidaw;W kfhbksd epiy mila[';fhyj;nj

mUl;bgU";n$hjp tps';Fk; vd;fpd;whh;/

ciu kd'; fle;j xU bgU btspnky;

miuR bra;J X';Fk; mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

mUl;bgU";n$hjp mDgtk; vd;why; mij xU kdpjd;

jd; mfj;jpDs;nsjhd; fhz Koa[nk jtpug; g[wj;nj fhz

Kw;gl;lhy; njhd;whJ vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;/

bghJt[zh; t[zUk; nghjyhy; gphpj;nj

mJ vdpy; njhd;wh mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

mfj;jpny mUl;bgU";n$hjp jhprdk; vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;>

mJ Kr;Rluhf tps';Fkhk;/ ghliyf; ftdpa[';fs;:

<w;wwpnad; ,Ue;jpUe;jp'; fjprapg;gbjd;eP

vd;fpd;wha; ePjhd; vidtpl;nlFbjhWk; ehd;whd;

fhw;wwpahj; jPgk;nghy; ,Ue;jpLk; mj;jUzk;

fz;l ghpbrd; g[fy;ntd; mz;lgfpuz;lk;

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njhw;wwpahg; bgU";n$hjp kiy guehjj;nj njhd;wpa

jh';fjdLnt njhw;wpa bjhd;wJ jhd;

khw;wwpahg; bghd;bdhspnah mt;bthspf;Fs;shLk;

ts;syjUbshspnah <jjprapf;Fk; tifna/

,g;ghlypd; jpuz;l tpsf;fk; ,Jjhd;: V kdnk eP vid tpl;L

mfd;wt[ld; ehd; fhw;wpdhy; mirf;fg;glhj jPgk; nghy; mirahJ

epd;nwd;/ me;j epiyapy; guehjk; vd;w epiy cUthfp me;jg;

guehj epiyapy; bgU";n$hjp kiynghy; njhd;wpaJ/

mg;bgU";n$hjp eLnt bghd;bdhsp xd;W njhd;wpaJ/

mg;bghd;bdhspapd; eLnt njhd;wpa xspna ts;syhfpa ,iwtdhk;/

bgU";n$hjp ? xU n$hjp

bghd;bdhsp ? xU n$hjp

brt;bthsp ? xU n$hjp

n$hjpa[l; n$hjpa[l; n$hjpna ,iwtd;/

bgU";n$hjp Muk;gk; mjhtJ mo

bghd;bdhsp eL

brt;bthsp Ko

Mz;ltdpd; mo eL Koapd; tpsf;fKk; ,Jnt/

bgU";n$hjp rpw;rig/ mjd; eLnt njhd;wpa

bghd;bdhspna bghw;rig/ mg;bghw;rigahfpa bghd;bdhspapd;

cs;ns njhd;Wtnj eluhrh;??

,ijj;jhd; cs;bshspapd; mirnt eluhr eldk; vd;W

Twpa[s;shh;/ ngbuhspa[k; bghd;bdhspa[k; fhl;rpg; bghUns/ cs;bshsp

kl;Lnk ,e;j clk;gpy; fyg;gJ/ Mjhuk;

1) jpUf;ffjtk; jpwthnah jpiufbsy;yhk; jtph;j;nj

- 48 -

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jpUtUshk; bgU";n$hjpj; jpUt[Uf; fhl;lhnah/

2) kzpf; fjtk; jpwthnah kiwg;igbayhk;

jtph;j;nj khw;wwpahg; bghd;nd epd; totJ fhl;lhnah

3) ciu fle;j jpU mUl; ngbuhsp toitf; fye;nj

,iwtd; vd;gJ cs;ns fhQqfpd;w Kr;Rlhpy; K:d;whtJ

Rlh;/ mJ ,e;j clk;gpy; fyg;gijna ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf;

fyj;jy; vd;whh;/ ,jdhy;jhd; mUl;bgU";n$hjp mDgtk; vd;whh;/

,e;j xspiaf; fz;L fye;jijna vd; fz;zhy;

fz;L bfhz;nld; fdpe;J bfhz;nld; fye;J bfhz;nld; vd;W

ts;syhh; ghoa[s;shh;/

,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jhh; ts;syhh; vd;gJ

cz;ik/ Mdhy; vg;nghJ fye;jhh; ? vt;thW fye;jhh; vd;gjd;

cz;ik vd;d> ts;syhh; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;l gpd;dh;

,iwtDld; fyf;ftpy;iy/ mjw;F Kd;ng ,iwtDld;

,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lhh;/ Mjhuk;

X';fhu miz kPJ ehdpUe;j jUzk;

cte;bjdJ kzthsh; rpte;j totfd;nw

<';fhug; gdpf;F tobtLj;J vjpnu epd;whh;

,Ue;jUs;f vd vGe;njd; vGe;jpUg;gbjd; eP

M';fhuk; xHp vd;whh; xHpj;jpUe;njd; mg;nghJ

mth; ehndh ehd; mtnuh mwpe;jpyd; Kd; Fwpg;ig

C'fhu ,uz;LUt[k; xd;whnzhk; M';nf

ciwe;j mDgtk; njhHp epiwe;j bgUbtspna

(5440)

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,uz;LUt[k; xd;whndk; vd;w thpapy; ,iwtd; jd;Dld;

fye;jij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh; ts;syhh;/

mUl;bgU";n$hjp. ts;syhh; clk;gpy; fye;jjhy;

ts;syhnu mUl;bgU";n$hjpahdhh;/ rhd;W

mUl;n$hjp Mndd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

mUshl;rp bgw;nwd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

kUl;rhh;g[ jPh;e;njd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

kuzk; jtph;e;njd; vd;W miwag;gh KuR

,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fyg;gJ vd;gJ ,e;j clk;g[

,Uf;Fk;nghnj jtk; bra;J guehj epiy tiu brd;W

ngbuhspiaf; fz;L. gpd;dh; mjd; eLnt bghd;bdhspiaf; fz;L

Kothf mirfpd;w xspahfpa brt;bthspiaf; fz;L mr;

brt;bthsp ,e;j clk;gpny fyf;fg; bgWtJjhd; ,iwtDld;

fyf;fg; bgWjy; MFk;/ brt;bthspjhd; ek;Ks;ns fhzg;gLk;

,iwtd;/

,e;j cz;ikia czuhky; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf; bfhz;lgpd;

ts;syhh; ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpl;lhh; vd;W TWtJ

mwpahik/ ,iwtDld; ts;syhh; jhd; jpUf;fhg;gpl;Lf;

bfhs;tjw;F Kd;ng fye;J tpl;lhh;/

gpUk;kh tpc;&Qq Uj;ud; Mfpa Kk;K:h;j;jpfSk; V';fp

epw;f ehd; ,Ue;j Foirapy; ,iwtd; EiHe;jhd;/ vd; clk;gpy;

EiHe;jhd; vd; cs;sj;jpYk; EiHe;Jtpl;lhd; vd;W

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh; ts;syhh;/

thdpUf;Fk; gpukh;fSk; ehuzUk; gpwUk;

khjtk; gd;dhl; g[hpe;J kzp khl eLnt

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njdpUf;Fk; kyuiz nkw; gspf;fiwapD}nl

jpUto nrh;j;jUs;f vdr; brg;gp tUe;jpaplt[k;

ehdpUf;Fk; Foirapny type;J EiHe;bjdf;nf

ey;y jpUtUsKjk; ey;fpa jd;wpa[bkd;

CdpUf;Fk; FoirapYk; cte;J EiHe;bjspnad;

cs;sbkDk; rpW Foira[s;S EiHe;jidna/

,jdhy; jhd;; ,iwtid mUl;bgU";n$hjp vd;W Twpa

ts;syhh;; mij mDgtk; vd;Wk; Twpdhh;/

,e;j cz;ik kw;w bghpnahh;fl;Fj; bjhpahjh vd;w

tpdh vGfpd;wJ/ ts;syhh; ,jw;Fk; tpilaspf;fpd;whh;/

xt;bthU rkaj;jpYk; cUtfkhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s

xt;bthU bja;tKk; jpUr; rpw;wk;gyk; vd;Wk; rpw;rig vd;Wk;

Twg;gLfpd;w g[Ut kj;jpapy; fhQqk; cs; xspiaj; jhd; g[wj;nj

tz;zk; tot[ Kjypad bfhLj;J xU kDc;&aidg; nghy;

fw;gidahf mikj;Js;shh;fs;/ ,e;j cyfj;jpny cs;s mj;jid

rka';fSk; TWtJ ,e;j cz;ikiaj;jhd; vd;fpwhh;/

bfhoapilg; bgz; ngjha;; mk;gyj;nj eof;Fk;

Tj;jho vd;bwdJ bfhGeh; jk;ikf; Fwpj;jha;

goaplj;nj thdplj;nj ghjyj;nj mz;l

gfpuz;l nfhoapny gjp tpsf;fbkyhk;

mokyh; bfhz;L Iah; bra;a[k; jpUf; Tj;jpd;

tpsf;fkhFk; vd;W mUkiwahfk';fs;

bfoa[wnt giwaoj;Jj; jphpfpd;w mtw;iwf;

nfl;lwpe;J bfhs;tha; epd;thl;lbkyhk; jtph;j;nj/

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,e;j mz;l gfpuz;l nfhoapny ,Jtiu njhd;wpa

mUshsh;fs; Twpa[s;s epj;jpah;fs; vd;Wk; K:h;j;jpfs; vd;Wk;

njtbud;Wk; mtuth; juj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW gho itj;jpUf;fpd;w

mj;jida[k; g[Ut kj;jpahfpa rpw;rig tpsf;fnkahFk;/ mt;thnw

vd;Dila ghly;fs; midj;Jk; rpw;wk;gyg; ghl;nl

bghd;dk;gyg;ghl;nl vd;W TWfpd;whh;/

ehLfpd;w gy nfho mz;l gfpuz;l ehl;lhh;fs; ahtUk;

me; ehl;lhz;ik ntz;o

ePLfpd;w njtbud;Wk; K:h;j;jpfshbkd;Wk;

epj;jpah;fbsd;Wk; M';nf epiyj;jbtyhk; kd;wpy;

MLfpd;w nrtof;nf j';fs; j';fs; juj;Jf;

fhdtif brhd;khiy mzpe;jjhdyd;nwh

ghLfpd;w vd;Didla ghl;bly;yhk; bghd;dk;

gyg;ghl;nl rpw;wk;gyg; ghl;nl njhHp

,e;jr; rkaj; bja;t';fbsy;yhk; g[wj;nj fw;gidahf

cUthf;fg;gl;litna jtpu cz;ikapy; me;je;j tot';fspy;

,Ug;gitay;y/ mjdhy;jhd; rkaj; bja;t';fis tHpghL bra;tJ

mtrpaky;y vd;whh; ts;syhh;/

ehk; ,Jtiu vz;zpa[k; ghh;j;jpuhj Xh; cz;ikiaa[k;

btspapLfpd;whh;. mjhtJ Mjpapy; flt[is kiwj;jtd; Xh;

ty;ytd; vd;Dk; mtd; g{l;oa me;jg; g{l;il ,Jtiu xUtUk;

jpwe;j ghoy;iy vd;Wk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;/ mjhtJ ,iw

cz;ikia mwpe;jpUe;J';Tl cz;ikia btspg;gilahfg; ghku

kf;fSk; czUk;gof; Twhky; gy;ntW fw;gidfis cz;lhf;fpg;

gy cUt';fisg; gilj;J xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; btt;ntW bgahpl;L

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mt;thnw mj;jid bja;t';fSk; ,Ue;J mUs;ghypg;gjhfnt

Twptpl;lhh;fs;/; ntj';fSk; Mfk';fSk; Tl ,t;thW cz;ikia

btspg;gilahf ciuf;fhky; Njhfnt TWfpd;wd vd;fpwhh;

ts;syhh;/

ntjhfk';fbfsd;W tPz; thjkhLfpd;wPh;

ntjhfkj;jpd; tpistwpaPh; ? Njhfr;

brhd;dtyhy; cz;ikbtsp njhd;w ciuj;ypiy

vd;d gandh ,it/

bja;tj;jpd; cz;ikia kf;fSf;F tpsf;f te;jth;

ts;syhh;/ vdntjhd; mtuhy; kl;Lk; bja;tj;jpd; cz;ikiaj;

bjspthf ciuf;f Koe;jJ/

ts;syhh; mile;j ngWjhd; vd;d> mthpd; cz;ikahd

epiy ahJ>

"hdj;jpYk; xGf;fj;jpYk; rpwe;j ts;syhh; ,iwtidf;

fhQqk; Kaw;rpapy; <LgLfpd;whh;/ $PtfhUz;ank tothf tps';fpa

ts;syhh; jtj;ij nkw;bfhz;lhh;/ gpUk;kh. tpc&;Qq. Uj;ud;.

knfRud;. rjhrptd;. tpe;J Mfpa g{j epiyfs; fle;J ehjk;

gutpe;J guehjk; jpf;fpuhe;jk; mjpf;fpuhe;jk; Rj;j rptk; vd;w

Md;khDgt epiyfisa[k; fle;J mjPj epiyiaa[k; mile;jhh;/

mjd; tpisthf ,iwtdhff; fUjg;gLk; Kr;Rlh;fisa[k; cs;ns

fz;lhh;/ mKjKk; cz;lhh;/ ,wth epiybgw;whh;/ Kr;Rlh;fspy;

n$hjpa[l; n$hjpa[l; n$hjpahf tps';Fk; br";Rlnu ,iwtd;/

mt;bthsp ,tuJ clk;gpy; fye;jJ/ ,ijna ,iwtDld;

fyg;gJ vd;W tpsf;fpdhh;. mth; cly; epHy; tpHhj Rj;j njfkhf

khwpaJ ? gpd;dh; gpuzt njfkhf khwp Kothfj; njhd;wpa[k;

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njhd;whkYk; vd;Wk; mHpahJ tps';ff;Toa "hd njfkhf khwp

,d;Wk; mHpahJ ,Uf;fpd;wJ/ mth; njfk; fz;Qqf;Fj;

njhd;whky; kiwe;J ,Uf;ff; Toa jd;ik bgw;wij ed;F

tps';fpf; bfhs;nthkhf/

ts;syhiu ekf;Fj; Jizahf Mz;ltd; ,Uf;f

itj;Js;shd;/ Mjhuk;??

vy;yhh;f;Fk; filaha; ,Ue;nj Df;fUs;g[hpe;J

vy;yhh;f;Fk; Jizah apUf;f itj;jhbak;bgUkhd;

vy;yhh;f;Fk; bghJtpy; elkpLfpd;wha; ,t;tz;zk;

vy;yhh;f;Fk; bra;ahik ahJ Fwpj;jpir vdf;nf

(5409)

ekf;Fj; Jizahf ts;syhh; ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;gij ehk;

ed;F czu ntz;Lk;/

nkYk; ehk; cWjpahf mwpa ntz;oaJ xd;Wz;L/ mJ

ahbjdpy; mUl;bgU";n$hjp mftypy; moapw; Fwpj;Js;s ehd;F

thpfs; jhd;/

@cyfpdpy; caph;fSf;F cWk; ,ila{bwyhk;

tpyf eP mile;J tpyf;Ff kfpH;f

Rj;j rd;khh;f;f Rf epiy bgWf

cj;jkdhFf X';Ff vd;wid@

,e;j thpfis Cd;wpf; ftdpf;ft[k;/ @vd;wid@ vd;w

brhy; Mz;ltd; ts;syhhplk; cyfpdpny caph;fs; gLk;

Jd;g';fis bay;yhk; eP mile;J tpyf;Ff kfpH;f vd;Wk; Rj;j

rd;khh;f;f Rf epiy bgWf cj;jkdhFf X';Ff vd;Wk;

Twpdhdhk;/ Mz;ltd; fl;lisg;go ekf;F tUfpd;w

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,ila{Wfis tpyf;f ntz;oa bghWg;g[ ts;syhUf;F Mz;ltdhy;

jug;gl;oUf;fpwJ/ vdnt ekJ Jd;g';fisa[k; ,ila{Wfisa[k;

tpyf;fpj; jUk;go ts;syhhplk; Kiwapl ntz;Lk; vd;gnj

Mz;ltd; cj;juthFk;/ ehk; Mz;ltd; cj;juit kPwhky; ekf;F

,ila{Wfs; njhd;Wk; nghJ mtw;iw ePf;FkhW ts;syhiu ntz;o

mt;tpila{Wfs; eP';fg; bgw;W thH;nthkhf/

ts;syhh; fhl;oa tHpts;syhh; fhl;oa tHpts;syhh; fhl;oa tHpts;syhh; fhl;oa tHp

vd;dpiy apJt[W epd;dpiy ,Jthk;

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,U epiyfSk; xU epiybad mwptha;

Kd;dpiy rpwpJwy; ,J kay; cwyhk;

Kd;dpiy gpd;dpiy KG epiy csthk;

,e;epiy mwpe;jtz; vGepiy fle;nj

,adpiy milf vd;wpak;gpa gunk

jd;dpiy ahfpa ed;dpiy aunr

jdp eluhr vd; rw;FUkzpna

(3694)

jdf;F Mz;ltd; mwptpj;jij ,e;jg; ghlypy; ek;

bgUkhdhh; mwptpf;fpd;whh;/ mjhtJ vd;Dila epiy ,Jjhd;

vd;W Kjypy; Mz;ltd; tpsf;fpdhd;/ ve;j epiy vd;Dilajhf

cs;snjh me;j epiyjhd; eP mila ntz;oa epiy[akhFk;/ ePa[k;

me;j epiyia mile;jhy; gpd;dh; eP ntW ehd; ntW my;y/

,Uth; epiya[k; xd;nw/ ,jpypUe;J ehk; czu ntz;oaJ

vd;dbtdpy; xt;bthU kdpjDk; flt[shf ntz;Lk;/ Koa[kh> ?

Koa[bkdpy; vt;thW> ,jw;Fj;jhd; ts;syhh; tHpfhl;Lfpd;whh;/

ekf;F tHp fhl;Ltjw;nf Mapuf; fzf;fhd ghf;fis

ts;syhh; ,aw;wp; mUspa[s;shh;/ mtuJ ghf;fs; MW jpUKiwfshf

tFf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk; ehk; ehd;F ghf';fshf mtw;iw czuyhk;/

1/ ek;Kila rpWikfis Mz;ltdplk; tpz;zg;gpg;gJ/

2/ Mz;ltDila bgUikfis mwpe;J nghw;WtJ/

3/ ts;syhhpd; mDgt';fis btspg;gLj;Jgit/

4/ ts;syhh; ekf;Fj; jUk; mwpt[iug; ghf;fs;/

ts;syhh; je;Js;s mwpt[iufisg; gpd;gw;wpdhy; mth;

mile;j mDgt';fis ehKk; mila Koa[k;/ cjhuzj;jpw;F

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ts;syhh; bgw;w mDgtj;ij tpsf;Fk; xU ghliy vLj;Jf;

bfhs;nthk;/

fhl;il bayh'; fle;J tpl;nld; ehl;ilaile;Jd; fo efh;g;

bghd; kjpw;fhl;rp fz; Fspuf; fz;nld;

nfhl;ilbayhk; bfho ehl;of; nfhykplg; ghh;j;njd; nfhapypd; nky;

thapypny Fiwfbsy;yhk; jtph;j;njd;

nrl;il aw;Wf; fUtpbayhk; vd; trk; epd;wplnt rpj;jpbayhk;

bgw;nwd; ehd; jpUr; rpw;wk;gy nky;

ghl;ilbayhk; ghLfpd;nwd; ,J jUzk; gjpna gye;jUbkd;

cse;jdpny fye;J epiwe;J mUns

,e;jg; ghlypy; ts;syhh; jUk; tpsf;fk;jhd; vd;d>

fhL vd;gJ kpUf';fs; thGk; ,lk;/ ehL vd;gJ

kdpjh;fs; thGk; ,lk;/ fhl;ilbayhk; fle;J tpl;nld; vd;W Twp

vij tpsf;Ffpd;whh;> ek; bgUkhdhh; jpUbthw;wpa{Uf;Fr; brd;W

bfhz;oUe;jhh;/ tHpapy; xU eph;thz re;epahrp mkh;e;J bfhz;L

mt; tHpahfr; bry;nthiug; ghh;j;J eha; nghfpwJ ? ehp nghfpwJ ?

rp';fk; nghfpd;wJ ? g[yp nghfpd;wJ vd;bwy;yhk; Twpf;

bfhz;oUe;jhh;/ J}uj;nj ts;syhh; tUtijg; ghh;j;j me;j

eph;thz re;epahrp Xh; cj;jk kdpjh; tUfpd;whnu vd;W

kfpH;e;jhuhk;/

ts;syhiuj; jtpu kw;w midtUk; kpUf';fshfnt

mjhtJ kdpj cUtpy; kpUf Fzj;Jld; thH;e;J te;Js;sdh;/

,f; fhyj;Jk; mnj epiyjhd; vd;W Twyhk;/

Vkhw;Wfpd;wth;fSk;. gHpth';Ffpd;wth;fSk; mLj;jth;; brhj;ij

mgfhpf;fpd;wth;fSk; ,Uf;fj;jhnd bra;fpd;wdh;/ Kjypy; xt;bthU

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kdpjDk; jd;dplKs;s kpUf Fzj;ij mwpe;J mij xHpj;J

kdpjdhf khw ntz;Lk;/ ,ijj;jhd; fhl;ilf; fle;J ehl;il

mile;J vd;whh;/ kdpjdhf khwpa gpd;dh; miljw;F mhpajhfpa

,iwtdpd; ,Ug;gplk; vdg;gLk; rpw;wk;gyj;ij mile;njd;/ mij

vdf;Fr; brhe;jkhf;fpf; bfhs;s Kide;njd;/ bfhoehl;Ljy;

vd;gJ brhe;jkhf;fpf; bfhs;Sjny/ me;j epiyapy; ve;jf;

Fiwa[k; kdjpy; ,y;yhky; epiwt[ Vw;gl ntz;Lk;/ mjhtJ

vjd; kPJk; Vf;fk; bfhs;shky; epuhira[ld; ,Ue;jhy; kdk;

Kjyhfpa fUtpfs; nrl;ilaw;W epw;Fk;/ rpj;jpbayhk; fpl;Lk;/

,e;jg; ghlypd; jpuz;l fUj;J vd;dbtdpy; Kjypy; xt;bthU

kdpjDk; jd;dplKs;s kpUf Fzj;ij mjhtJ jPa Fz';fis

xHpj;J kdpjdhf khwp jd;Ds;ns ,iwtd; tps';Fk;

jpUr;rpw;wk;gykhfpa nfhl;ilia mwpe;J kdjpny epuhiria

Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhz;L kdk; Kjyhfpa fuz';fisr; brayw;Wg;

nghFkhW jtk; bra;jhy; rpj;jpbayhk;; fpl;Lk; vd;gnjahFk;/

kfhnjt khiyapypUe;Jk; xU Kj;jhd ghlypd;

fUj;ij ,';nf czh;e;J bfhs;tJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;/ mst[

fle;j beL';fhyk; kdjhy; ,iwtid cah;e;jtdhf vz;zp

kjpg;g[j; jUtjhYk;. cs;sj;jpny cz;ikahf czuhJ

nkbyGe;jthhpahf thapdhny kl;Lk; ,iwtdJ ehkj;ij

cr;rhpg;gjhYk; mtiu mile;Jtpl KoahJ vd;W czh;e;Jbfhz;l

cz;ikahd mwpt[ilnahh; jdJ ge;jj;ij ePf;fp. kdk; Kjypa

fuz';fisa[k; ePf;fp. cyfhajg; gog;gwpita[k; ePf;fp. bka;. tha;.

fz;. K:f;F brtpahfpa ,e;jphpa';fisa[k; epf;fpufkhf;fp. Mir

vdg;gLk; khia jd;idj; jPz;lhjthW mfd;W. ve;jf;

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fhhpaj;ijr; bra;J Koj;jhYk; ehk; bra;J Koj;Jtpl;nlhk; vd;w

fh;tpjj;jpw;F ,l';bfhlhJ. Mztk; khia fd;kk; Mfpa

Kk;ky';fspy; VJk; jiybaLf;f bthl;lhJ mlf;fpj;. jtk;

bra;J. ey;y btg;gk; clypy; Vwt[k;. mJ Fiwt[glhj tifapy;

cyfpay; bjhlh;ig tpl;L. mfd;W epd;why; ? mg;go epw;nghiu

,iwtd; N:H;e;J fye;J epw;ghd; vd;gnj/

kl;lfd;w beL';fhyk; kdj;jhy; thf;fhy; kjpj;jpoDk; g[yk;gpoDk;

thuhbjd;nw

fl;lfd;w bka;awpnthh; fuzk; ePf;fpf; fiyafw;wpf; fUtpbayhk;

fHw;wp khia

tpl;lfd;W fUk ky nghjk; aht[k; tpLj;bjhHpj;J

rfrky tPf;fk; ePf;fpr;

Rl;lfd;W epw;f mth; jk;ik Kw;Wk; N:H;e;J

fye;jpLk; rptnk Jhpaj; njnt

,t;thW gy Mapuf; fzf;fhd ghf;fspy; ek;Kila

epiyikiaa[k; ehk; bra;a ntz;Ltd ahit vd;gija[k; tpsf;fp

ek; bgUkhdhh; ghoa[s;shh;/

,it nghjhbtd;W ciueilahft[k; jdJ

mwpt[iufis kpf vspa Kiwapy; mspj;Js;shh;/ ehk; mila

ntz;oa bgUk; g[Uc&hh;j;j';fs; ehd;F vd;ghh;/

1/ Vk rpj;jp

2/ rhfhf; fy;tp

3/ jj;Jt epf;fpufk; bra;jy;

4/ flt[s; epiyawpe;J mk;kakhjy;

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,e;j ehd;F bgUk; g[Uc&hh;j;j';fis miltjw;F ehk;

cz;ikahff; filg;gpof;f ntz;oa xGf;f';fSk; ehd;F MFk;/

mitahtd/

1/ ,e;jphpa xGf;fk;

2/ fuz xGf;fk;

3/ $Pt xGf;fk;

4/ Md;k xGf;fk;

bka;. tha;. fz;. K:f;F. brtp. Mfpa Ie;J bghwpfl;Fk;

xGf;fk; fw;gpg;gnj ,e;jphpa xGf;fkhFk;/

1/ bfhoa brhy; brtp g[fhJ ehj Kjypa

!;njhj;jpu';fis cw;Wf; nfl;ly;/

2/ mRj;j ghprkpy;yhJ jahtz;zkhfg; ghprpj;jy;

3/ FU:ukhfg; ghuhjpUj;jy;

4/ cUrp tpUk;ghjpUj;jy;

5/ Rfe;jk; tpUk;ghjpUj;jy;

6/ ,d; brhy;yhly;

7/ bgha; brhy;yhjpUj;jy;

8/ $Ptcwpk;i! nehpL';fhyj;jpy; vt;tpjj;

je;jpuj;jpdhyhtJ jil bra;jy;

9/ bghpnahh;fs; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; ,l';fSf;Fr; bry;Yjy;/

10/ $Pnthgfhu epkpj;jkha; rhJf;fs; thr!;jhd';fspYk;

ntW ,l';fspYk; r";rhpj;jy;

11/ ed; Kaw;rpapy; bfhLj;jy; vLj;jyhjp bra;jy;

12/ ky $y cghjpfis mf;fpuk mjpf;fpukkpd;wp fpukj;jpy;

epw;fr; bra;tpj;jy;/ vt;tpjbkdpy; kpj Mfhuj;jhYk;

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kpj nghfj;jhYk; bra;tpj;jy;/ fhyngjj;jhYk; cc;&s

Mghrj;jhYk; jil neh;e;jhy; Xc&jp tiffshYk;.

bgsjpf K:y';fshYk;. rungj m!;j !;ghpr

je;jpuj;jhYk; K:yh';fg; gpuztj; jpahd r';fw;gj;jhYk;

bra;tpj;jy;/

13/ Rf;fpyj;ij mf;fpuk mjpf;ukj;jpy; tplhJ epw;wy;

ke;jjuk;/

14/ vt;tifapYk; Rf;fpyk;; btspg;glhky; bra;tpj;jy;

(jPtpujuk;)

15/ ,iltplhJ nfhrj;ijf; ftrj;jhy; kiwj;jy;

16/ ,Jnghy; cr;rp. khh;g[ Kjypa m';f';fisa[k; kiwj;jy;

17/ r";rhpf;F';; fhyj;jpy; fhypw; ftrk; jhpj;jy;

18/ mGf;fhil cLj;jhjpUj;jy;

fuz xGf;fk;

1/ kdijr; rpw;rig vd;Wk; mwpthfpUjp Mf;fy;/ ,jd;

g{h;tj;jpy; g[Ut kj;jpapy; epw;fr; bra;jy;

2/ Jh; tpc&aj;ijg; gw;whjpUf;fr; bra;jy;

3/ rPtnjhc&k; tprhhpahjpUj;jy;

4/ jd;id kjpahjpUj;jy;

5/ braw;iff; Fz';fshy; cz;lhfpa bfLjpfis ePf;fp

,aw;ifahfpa rj;Jt kakhf epw;wy;

6/ gpwh; nky; nfhgpahjpUj;jy;

7/ jdJ rj;JUf;fshfpa jj;Jt';fisf; nfhgpj;jy;

8/ mf;fpuk mjpf;fpukg; g[zh;r;rp bra;ahjpUj;jy;

$Pt xGf;fk;

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Mz; kf;fs;. bgz; kf;fs; Kjypa ahth;fsplj;jpYk;

$hjp. rkak;. kjk;. Mrpukk;. N:j;jpuk;. nfhj;jpuk;. Fyk;. rh!;j;jpu

rk;ke;jk;. njr khh;f;fk;. cah;e;njhh;. jhH;e;njhh; vd;Dk; ngjk; eP';fp

vy;nyhiua[k; jk;kth;fsha;r; rkj;jpy; bfhs;StJ/

Md;k xGf;fk;

ahid Kjy; vWk;g[ <whfj; njhd;wpa vz;gj;J ehd;F

yl;rk; nahdp ngjKs;s $Pth;fsplj;jpYk; ,uf;fk; itj;J Md;khnt

rigahft[k; mjd; cs;bshspna gjpahft[k; fz;L g{uzkhf epw;wy;/

,tw;Ws; ,e;jphpa xGf;fk;. fuz xGf;fk; Mfpa Kjy;

,uz;L xGf;f';fSk; $Pt Kaw;rpahy; ifTLk;/ vdnt cz;ik

czh;nthL xt;bthUtUk; filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;/

$PtfhUz;aj;jhy; gpukd; Ma[Rk;.

ghr ituhf;aj;jhy; tpl;LQqtpDila Ma[Rk;

<Rugf;jpahy; Uj;jpud; Ma[Rk;

gpuk "hdj;jhy; vd;Wk; mHpahj Rth;z njfk;

Kjypaita[k; bgw;Wf; flt[s; kakhfyhk;/

,utpy; jPgkpy;yhj ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fg;glhJ/ Vbddpy;

mg;goapUe;jhy; mJ Ma[s; ec;&*lj;ij cz;L gz;Qqk;/

rpdk; vd;gJ cs;ntf;fhL. g[l epahak; nghy;. ,J

njfj;ijr; rPf;fpuk; ec;&lk; bra;a[k;/

btFsp vd;gJ kPir Joj;jy;. fz; rptj;jy;. iffhy;

clk;g[ Joj;jy; Kjyhfpatw;iw btspg;gilahff; fhl;Ljy;/

,Jt[k; Ma[is ec;&lk; bra;a[k;/

gR vd;gJ Ie;J kyKs;sJ

$Ptd; vd;gJ K:d;W g';F kyKs;sJ

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Md;kh vd;gJ xU g';F kyKs;sJ

rptk; vd;gJ Kw;Wk; kyk; eP';fpaJ/

Rj;j rd;khh;f;f yl;rpa mDgt tpUg;gk; cilath;fl;F

edtpYk; kz;zhir. fdtpYk; bgz;zhir. RGj;jpapYk;

bghd;dhir Kjypa K:d;Wk; Tlhthk;/ jd;;idf; fhl;lhJ xspf;f

ntz;Lk;/

J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jhy; Ma[R tpUj;jpahFk;/ xUtd; xU

ehisf;F ,uz;liu ehHpif J';fg; gHf;fk; bra;thdhdhy; Mapuk;

Mz;Lfs; $Ptpj;jpUg;ghd;/

,t;thWk; ,d;Dk; mndf mwpt[iufis ts;sw;

bgUkhdhh; ekf;F mspj;Js;shh;/

kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it jhd; bgw;wJld; kd epiwt[

milahky; kdpjuha;g; gpwe;j xt;bthUtUk; mila ntz;Lk; vd;W

Twpdhh;/

ve;bje;j tHpfspy; kuzk; te;J mila[nkh mj;jid

tHpfisa[k; jtph;j;J vd;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;wthW mjhtJ ,Uf;fpd;whuh

vd;why; Mk; vd;W brhy;YkhW Mz;ltd; mUspdhdhk;/

rhkhwidj;Jk; jtph;j;jp'; bfdf;nf

MkhwUspa mUl;bgU";n$hjp/ (mfty;)

ts;syhh; kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it vt;thW bgw;whh; vd;W

mwpe;J bfhz;lhy; ,Jtiu mtUf;Fg; gpd; Vd; ahUk; bgwtpy;iy

vd;gJk; ek;khy; bgwKoa[kh vd;gJk; g[hpa[k;/ ,Jtiu Twp te;j

xGf;f';fs; mj;jida[k; ek; bgUkhdhUf;F ,ay;ghfnt mike;J

tpl;ld vd;gij mtuJ tuyhW TWfpd;wJ/ vg;ghLgl;lhfpYk;

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ehKk; mt;bthGf;f';fisg; g{uzkhf Vw;Wf; filg; gpog;gjpy;

btw;wp fhQqnthkhf/

mLj;jJ ts;syhh; czt[ mUe;Jtjpy; vt;thW

tps';fpdhh; vd;gij ehk; ed;F Ma;t[ bra;J mwpa ntz;Lk;/

bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; mth;fs; ts;syhiug; gw;wp mspj;j

thf;FK:yj;jpd; xU gFjp/

@fLk; kuf;fwp cztpdh; ? ,uz;L K:d;W ehisf;F xU

Kiwna cz;ghh; ? mJt[k; rpy fts';fns/ bjhlh;e;J ,uz;L

K:d;W khj';fs; cz;zhjpUg;ghh;/ mf;fhy';fspy; rpwpJ rh;f;fiu

fye;j bte;ePiu kl;Lnk mUe;Jthh;/@

jpU mUl;ghit Cd;wpg; goj;jhy; ts;syhh; rpy fhyk;

,uz;L ntis kl;Lnk czt[; mUe;jpapUf;fpd;whh;/ gpd;dh; xU

ntis kl;Lnk cz;oUf;fpd;whh;/ gpd;dh; mJt[k; ,y;yhJ gy

khj';fs; tiu cznt mUe;jhky; fLk; epuhfhuj; jgrp nghy;

,Ue;jhh; vd;W mwpfpnwhk;/ ek;khy; xU ntisTl cz;zhjpUf;f

Koatpy;iy/ mth; vg;go khjf; fzf;fpy; cz;zhjpUe;jhh;/

tp";"hd hPjpahf mij Ma;t[ bra;nthk;/

xU kdpjDf;F xU ehisf;Fr; ruhrhp 2400 fnyhhp

btg;gk; njit vd;W tp";"hdpfs; fzf;fpl;L cs;sdh;/ ekf;Fj;

njitahd me;j btg;gk; ehk; cz;Qqk; cztpypUe;J

fpilf;fpd;wJ/ ehk; cz;Qqk; czit $Puzpg;gjw;Fk;. fHpt[g;

bghUs;fis btspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;. cztpypUe;J fpilj;j

rf;jpia btg;gj;ij cly; KGf;fg; gutr; bra;J ,He;j rf;jpia

kPz;Lk; bgwr; bra;tjw;Fk;. ekJ clk;gpy; cs;s cWg;g[f;fshfpa

,ae;jpu';fs; bray;gLfpd;wd/ ek; clypy; cs;s ,e;j ,ae;jpu';fs;

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FHe;ijaha;j; njhd;wpaJ Kjy; bray;gl;Lf; bfhz;nl tUtjhy;

fhyg; nghf;fpy; xt;bthd;wha;g; gGjilfpd;wJ/ rpWePufk; ,Ujak;

nghd;w Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[f;fs; gHjile;Jtpl;lhy; kuzk; clnd

rk;gtpf;fpd;wJ/ ehk; czt[ cz;Ljhd; thH ntz;Lk; vd;w epiy

cs;stiu ,e;j ,ae;jpu';fs; bray;gl;nljPUk;/ vd;whtJ xU

ehs; gGJgl;LtpLk;/ mg;nghJ kuzk; neUk;/ vdnt ,e;j

,ae;jpu';fs; gGJgl;lhYk; kuzk; neuhJ thH Koa[kh> czt[

cz;zhky; thH Koe;jhy; ,e;j ,ae;jpu';fs; njitg;glhJ/

cz;zhky; thH Koa[kh> Koa[k; vd;fpwJ Md;kPfk;/ Mjhuk;

ts;syhhpd; thH;t[/ mJ vg;gor; rhj;jpakhFk;>

ekf;Fj; njitahd btg;gj;ij czt[ jtpu ntW

Kiwapy; ek;khy; bgw Koe;jhy; ekf;F czt[ njitapy;iy/

btg;gk; ntW ve;j Kiwahy; fpl;Lk;/ xU kdpjd; rpdk;

bfhs;Sk;nghJ jPa cc;&zKk; jtk; bra;a[k; nghJ ey;y cc;&zKk;

kdpjdpd; clypy; cz;lhfpd;wJ/

xU rhjhuz kdpjd; 2400 fnyhhp btg;gk; fpilf;fj;

njitahd czitf; fl;lhak; cl;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

jpahdk; bra;a[k; xUtd; mjd; K:ykhf 1000 fnyhhp

btg;gk; cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;thd; vdpy; mtd; 1400 fnyhhp

btg;gk; juf; Toa mstpw;F czt[ bfhz;lhy;nghJk;/

mnj nghyj; jpahdj;jpd; K:yk; jpdrhp 2000 fnyhhp

btg;gk; xUtdhy; bgw Koa[khdhy; mtd; 400 fnyhhp btg;gk; juf;

Toa mst[s;s czit cz;lhy; nghJk;/

,t;thW jtk; (m) jpahdj;jpd; K:yk; ey;y btg;gj;ij

xUtd; cz;L gz;Qqthdhy; mtd; cz;Qqk; Mfhuj;jpd; mst[

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Fiwa[k;/ ,ij ts;syhh; @jpahd kakhdhy; bghrpg;g[ khWk;@ vd;W

mwptpf;fpd;whh;/

ts;syhh; Mfhuk; kpf kpff; Fiwthf cz;lJk;;

Mfhunk cz;zhky; thH;e;jJk; mth; bra;j jtj;jpd; tpisnt

MFk;/

ehKk; jpahdk; (m) jtk; bra;aj; bjhl';fpdhy; ehk;

cz;Qqk; Mfhuj;jpd; mst[k; epr;rak; Fiwaf; fhzyhk;/

ehk; jpahdk; (m) jtk; bra;jhy; ey;y cc;&zk;

cz;lhFk; vd;gjw;F vd;d Mjhuk;> 22/10/1873 _Kf Mz;L

Ig;grpj; jp';fs; 7k; ehs; g[jd; fpHik fhiy 8 kzpf;F nkl;Lf;

Fg;gk; rpj;jp tshfj; jpUkhspifapy; Kjd; Kjyhfr; rd;khh;f;ff;

bfho fl;o ts;syhh; bra;j ngUgnjrj;jpy; mth; Twpa[s;sjhtJ :

@ekJ Md;khitj; bjhpabthl;lhky; K:oapUf;fpd;w

gr;irj; jpiuahfpa ,uhfhjpfis tprhu mjp cc;&zj;jhyy;yhJ

kw;w cc;&z';fshy; ePf;f KoahJ/ me;j cc;&zk; nahfpapDila

mDgtj;jpy; bjhpa[k;/ mij kDc;&a juj;jpy; cz;L

gz;Qqtjw;Fj; bjhpahJ/ me;j tprhuj;ijtpl Mz;ltiu

!;njhj;jpuk; bra;fpd;wjpYk;. bja;tj;ij epidf;fpd;wjpYk; mjpf

cc;&zk; cz;lhFk;/ nahfpfs; tdk; kiy KiH Kjypatw;wpw;Fg;

ngha;. E}W. Mapuk; Kjypa tUc&fhyk; jt"; bra;J

,t;t[c;&zj;ij cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;Sfpd;whh;fs;/ ,g;goj; jtk;

bra;J cc;&zj;ij cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;Sfpwijg; ghh;f;fpYk;

bja;tj;ij !;njhj;jpuk; bra;fpd;wjpYk; epidf;fpd;wjpYk;

,ijtplf; nfhog; g';F ? gj;J nfhog; g';F mjpfkhf cc;&zk;

cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;syhk;/ vt;thbwdpy; xU $hk neuk; kdj;jpy;

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,f tprhukpd;wpg; gutprhhpg;g[ld; Md;k befpH;r;rpnahL bja;tj;ijr;

rpe;jpj;Jf; bfhz;lhtJ my;yJ !;njhj;jpuk; bra;J

bfhz;lhtjpUe;jhy; ehk; bgw ntz;oaijg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;/@

jpahdk; kakhfp Mfhuk; Fiwaf; Fiwa Ma[s; ePl;og;g[

Vw;gLk;/ Mfhunk njitapy;iy vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lhy; kuzKk;

,y;iy vd;w epiy Vw;gLk;/

Mfhuk; cs;stiu vt;thW kuzKk; cz;nlh mt;thnw

Jf;fk; cs;stiu kuzKk; cz;L/ kuzj;ij bty;y

ntz;Lkhdhy; J}f;fj;ija[k; bty;y ntz;Lk;/ ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;

J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jpUf;fpwhh;/ Mjhuk;

@J}f;fk; bjhiyj;jhd; vd;W CJ}J r';nf

Jd;gk; jtph;j;jhd; vd;W CJ}J r';nf@

vd;W ghLfpwhh;/ ,d;bdhU ghlypy;

@J}f;fk; bjhiye;jJ/ N:hpad; njhd;wpdd;

Vf;fk; jtph;e;njd; vd;W ce;jP gw@ vd;fpwhh;

gfypy; vf;fhuz';bfhz;Lk; cw';ff; TlhJ vd;fpd;whh;/

xUtd; xU ehisf;F xU kzp neuk; J}';fg; gHf;fk;

bra;thdhdhy; mtd; Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; $Ptpj;jpUg;ghd; vd;fpd;whh;/

,tw;iwbay;yhk; Ma;e;J ghh;j;jhy; J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jhy; Ma[R

tpUj;jpahFk; vd;gJ g[hpfpwJ/ J}f;fj;ij xHpf;f Koa[kh> Xh;;

,ut[ Vnjh xU fhuzj;jhy; J}';f Koatpy;iybadpy; kWehs;

KGtJk; if fhy;fs; typ Vw;gLfpwJ ? nrhh;t[k; mjpfkhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ/ kUj;Jth;fSk; jpdk; MW kzp neukhtJ

J}';f ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpt[iu TWfpd;wdh;/ kdpj epiyik

,t;thwpUf;fj; J}f;fj;ij xHpg;gJ vt;thW rhj;jpakhFk;> ehk;

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J}';Fk; rkaj;jpy;; ekJ K:isapypUe;J xspf; fjph;fs;

njhd;Wtjhft[k; me;j xspf; fjph;fns ek;Kila fisg;ig ePf;fpg;

g[j;Jzh;r;rpia mspg;gjhft[k; tp";"hdpfs; fz;Lgpoj;Js;sdh;/

vdntjhd; J}';FkhW mwpt[Wj;Jfpd;wdh;/ Md;kPfj; Jiwapy;

xUtd; xU kzp neuk; jpahdk; bra;jhy; me;j xU kzp neuj;jpy;

gj;J kzp neuk; J}';fpdhy; vt;tst[ xspf;fjph;fs; njhd;Wnkh

mt;tst[ njhd;Wfpd;wdthk;/ xUtd; xU kzp neuk; jpahdk;

bra;tJ gj;J kzp neuk; J}';fpajw;Fr; rkkhfpd;wJ/ vdnt xU

kzp neuk; rhpahd tifapy; jpahdk; bra;gtDf;Fj; J}f;fk; vd;w

xd;W jdpahfj; njitg;gLtjpy;iy/ jpahdnk J}f;fj;ij xHpf;Fk;

rhjdkhFk;/

MfhuKk; J}f;fKk; mwnt eP';Fkhdhy; kuzk; eP';Fk;

vd;gJ xUg[wkpUf;f me;j epiy mila[k; tiu MfhuKk;

J}f;fKk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ/ mJtiuapy; ehk; filg;gpof;f

ntz;oa epiy ahJ/ Mfhuk; miu vd;ghh; ek;bgUkhdhh;/

Mfhuj;jpy; fj;jphp. KU';if. mtiu nghd;w cc;&zkhd

gjhh;j;j';fisna nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fsph;r;rpahd

gjhh;j;j';fisj; js;s ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;/ g{kpf;foapy; tpisfpd;w

fpH';F tiffisg; g[rpf;f ntz;lhk; vd;W Twpath; fUizf;

fpH';F kl;Lk; bfhs;syhk; vd;W TWfpd;whh;/ cztpy; kpsfha;.

g[sp. cg;g[ Mfpait tPrk; g';Fjhd; nrh;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;/

fhprhiy xU g';F. J}Jis. KRKRf;if. rPufk;

Mfpait fhy; g';F vLj;J epHypy; cyh;j;jpr; N:uzkhf;fp xU

nrh; gRk; ghypy; xU nrh; ePh; tpl;L xU tuhfbdil N:uzk;

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nrh;j;J me;j ePh; KGtJk; Rz;lf; fha;r;rp ehl;Lr; rh;f;fiu

fye;J fhiy czthff; bfhs;syhk;/

,t;thW J}';fp vGtJ Kjy; ,ut[ gLf;fpd;wtiu ehk;

filg;gpof;f ntz;oa tpjp Kiwfis ek; bgUkhdhh; vGjp

itj;Js;shh;/ kfhd;fsplj;jpy; vt;tst[ fhyk; fhj;jpUe;jhYk;

fhprhiyapd; gaid. mUikia btspaplkhl;lhh;fs; vd;W TWk;

ts;syhh; jpnd jpnd gr;irahfthtJ myl;rpak; bra;ahky;

fhprhiyia cl;bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;whh;/

Fog;gJk; Fspg;gJk; bte;ePuhfnt ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;/

Fof;ff; Toa bte;ePUf;F ts;syhh; jUk; gf;Ftnk jdpahdJ/

mjhtJ Rf;ifr; Rz;zhk;g[ jltp beUg;gpy; Rl;L mjd; njhiyr;

rPtpg; gpd;dh; J}shf;fp mjpy; fhbril vLj;J 5 g';F ePhpy;

nghl;L ed;F bfhjpf;f itj;J K:d;W g';F ePh; Rz;l ,uz;L

g';F ePh; epw;ff; fha;r;rp me;j ePiuna gUf ntz;Lk;/

Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;ij miltjw;F K:d;W gofis

ts;syhh; tFf;fpd;whh;/ mitahtd

1/ rka rd;khh;f;fk;

2/ kj rd;khh;f;fk;

3/ Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;

rka rd;khh;f;fk; vd;W vijnah ehk; vz;zpf;

bfhz;oUf;fpd;nwhk;/ rka rd;khh;f;fj;jpd;; ,ay;g[fshf ts;syhh;

TWtJ Mnw MW rj;Jt Fz';fis kl;Lnk/ mit

,itjhd;/

1/ bfhy;yhik

2/ bghWik

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3/ rhe;jk;

4/ mlf;fk;

5/ ,e;jphpa epf;fpufk;

6/ Md;k ,aw;iff; Fzkhfpa $PtfhUz;ak;

,e;j MW Fz';fSk; thr;rpahDgtkhfpr;

brhU:ghDgtkhdhy; rka rd;khh;f;fk;/ mLj;jJ kj rd;khh;f;fk;:

kj rd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ eph;f;Fz yl;rpak; cilaJ

vd;fpd;whh;/ jha[khd Rthkpfs; epiy kj rd;khh;f;f epiybadpy;

,e; epiy vt;tst[ cah;t[ilaJ vd;gij ehk; vz;z ntz;Lk;/

K:d;whtJ gonah Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;/ ,e;jg; goia

rhjfh; vd;Wk; rhj;jpah; vd;Wk; ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fpd;whh;/ xU

ey;y Mrhhpaidf; bfhz;L bew;wpf; fz;izj; jpwf;fg; bgw;Wf;

bfhz;L rhjfk; gapy;nthh; rhjfh; vdg;gLth;/ ,th;fsJ mDgtk;

rka kj rd;khh;f;f mDgt';fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;/

rka kj rd;khhf;f mDgt';fs; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;F

mDgtnkay;yJ ntwpy;iy/

@rka kj mDgt';fs; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;F my;yhjdntad;wp

,y;yhjdty;y@ vd;w thf;fpaj;ij czh;e;jhy; kl;Lnk nghJnk/

Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rhj;jpah;fs; nfl;ly;. rpe;jpj;jy;. bjspjy;.

epc;&ilTly; Mfpa ehd;ifa[k; fle;J MU:luha; epw;gjhy;

mth;fl;Fr; rhjdk; xd;Wk; njitg;gLjypiy/ Rj;j

rd;khh;f;fj;jpdhy; tUk; gybdd;d>

bghj;jpa kyg; gpzpg;g[Gf;Fuk;igjhd;

rpj;jpay; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fr; nrh;g;gpdhy;

epj;jpakhfpna epfGk; vd;gJ rj;jpak;

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rj;jpak; rfj; JsPh;fns/

ts;syhuJ tHpapy; ele;jhy; Kk;ky';fshYk; nehapdhYk;

ghjpf;fg;gLk; ,e;j njfnk epj;jpa njfkhfp tps';Fk;/

$PtfhUz;ak; ,d;dbjd mwpe;J cz;ikahf mjidf;

iff; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ ,e;jphpa fuz xGf;f';fis

vg;ghLgl;lhfpDk; ehk; mila ntz;Lk;/ rka rd;khh;f;fr; rj;Jt

FzKk;. kj rd;khhf;f eph;f;FzKk; ehk; bgwy; ntz;Lk;/

ts;syhh; Twpa[s;s Mfhuf; fl;Lg;ghl;il kjpj;J mjd;go jhd;

czt[; mUe;j ntz;Lk;/ tpUg;ghy; VwhkYk; btWg;ghy;

FiwahkYk; mstwpe;J cz;z ntz;Lk;/ gH tiffspy; g';fsh

thiHg; gHk; my;yJ u!;jhsp jtpu ntW ve;jg; gHj;ija[k;

g[rpf;ff; TlhJ/

jtj;ij mHpf;Fk; rpdj;ij xHpf;f ntz;Lk;/

,tw;nwhLTof; fhiya[k;. khiya[k;. kj;jpahdj;Jk;. ,ut[k;.

ahkj;Jk;. tpoaw;fhiya[k; rhjdkhfpa jpahdj;jpy; mku ntz;Lk;/

,j; jt cc;&zj;jpdhy; clk;g[ ntjpf;fg;gl;Lr; Rj;j njfkhf

khWk;/

,e;j bewpapy; epw;F';fhy; thj gpj;j rpnyhj;Jk';fs;

msnthL epd;W neha; bra;ah/

gr;irj; jpiuahdJ mRj;j khahjpiu. Rj;j khah jpiu

vd ,UTwhf cs;sJ/ ,iwtd; tU';fhyj;jpy; Kaw;rp

bra;nthUf;F kl;Lk; nkw;Fwpj;j ,uz;ila[k; ePf;fp mUs; bra;thd;

vd;Wk; Kaw;rp ,y;yhjth;fl;F mRj;j khahjpiu xd;wpid

kl;Le;jhd; ePf;Fthh; vd;Wk; ts;syhh; Twpa[s;sij epidtpy;

MHkhfg; gjpa itj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;/ jd;kPJ Mizapl;L vy;yhk;

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bray;TLk; vd thf;FWjp mspj;jpUf;fpwhh;/ mth; brhw;go

ehkhtJ ele;J mtuJ kdij kfpH;tpg;nghk;/ ekf;Fj; Jizahf

epw;Fk; ts;syhh; vd;Wk; ek;ikf; iftplkhl;lhh;/ mth; bgw;w

ngw;iw ehKk; mila[k;gor; bra;tpg;ghh;/ thH;f ts;syhh;

jpUtofs;/

jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh;

jpt;a jpUtofns ruzk;