Validation of Commercially Available Infrared Thermometers for Measuring Skin Surface Temperature Associated with Deep and Surrounding Wound Infection Asfandyar Mufti, BMSc; Patricia Coutts, RN; and R. Gary Sibbald, BSc, MD, MEd, FRCPC(Med)(Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA, DSc(Hons) ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Increased local skin temperature is a classic sign of wound infection, repetitive trauma, and deep inflammation. Noncontact infrared thermometers can help to detect increases in skin surface temperatures; however, most scientifically tested devices are far too expensive for everyday wound care providers to use in routine clinical practice. This noninferiority study was conducted in an attempt to determine whether 4 less expensive, commercially available noncontact infrared thermometers have a similar level of accuracy as the scientifically accepted Exergen DermaTemp 1001 (Exergen Products, Watertown, Massachusetts). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using an observational study design, participants with open wounds were randomly selected from a chronic wound clinic (n = 108). Demographic data and wound location were documented for all participants. Skin temperatures were recorded using 5 noncontact infrared thermometers under consistent environmental conditions. The thermometer brands were as follows: Exergen DermaTemp, Mastercool MSC52224-A (Mastercool Inc, Randolph, New Jersey), ATD Tools 70001 Infrared Thermometer (ATD Tools Inc, Wentzville, Missouri), Mastercraft Digital Temperature Reader (Mastercraft Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), and Pro Point Infrared Thermometer (Princess Auto, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada). Data analysis was based on the skin surface temperature difference ($T in degrees Fahrenheit) between the wound site and an equivalent contralateral control site. OUTCOME MEASURES: One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean $T values for all the 5 thermometers, followed by post hoc analysis. Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Interrater reliability was assessed for consistency using the intraclass correlation coefficient. MAIN RESULTS: No statistical difference was reported between the $T values for the 5 different thermometers (F 4,514 = 0.339, P = .852). Post hoc analysis showed no significant difference when the thermometers were compared with the Exergen DermaTemp 1001, and Mastercool MSC52224-A (P = .987), ATD Tools 70001 Infrared Thermometer (P = .985), Mastercraft Digital Temperature Reader (P = .972), and Pro Point Infrared Thermometer (P = .774). The results for intraclass correlation demonstrated a high reliability and agreement between raters, as the intraclass correlation coefficient values for all thermometers were greater than 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that less expensive, industrial-grade noncontact infrared thermometers have reliable temperature readings to identify and quantify the temperature gradients that along with other signs may be associated with deep and surrounding wound infection or tissue injury due to repeated microtrauma. KEYWORDS: infrared thermometers, wound infection, measuring skin surface temperature ADV SKIN WOUND CARE 2015;28:11Y6 INTRODUCTION/LITERATURE REVIEW Temperature plays a pivotal role in the body and its outer skin covering to regulate metabolic and homeostatic processes. The skin is the largest body organ that also serves as a barrier against pathogens, contains nerve endings for sensation, acts as storage of lipids and water, controls evaporation, and is involved in ther- moregulation. The importance and relationship between body ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & JANUARY 2015 11 WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Asfandyar Mufti, BMSc, is a Medical Student, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Patricia Coutts, RN, is Wound Care/Clinical Trials Coordinator, Toronto Regional Wound Healing Clinic, Mississauga, Ontario. R. Gary Sibbald, BSc, MD, MEd, FRCPC (Med) (Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA, DSc (Hons), is Professor of Medicine and Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Director, International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Past President, World Union of Wound Healing Societies; Course Coordinator, International Interprofessional Wound Care Course at New York University Medical Center; Clinical Editor, Advances in Skin & Wound Care, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The authors have disclosed they have no financial relationships related to this article. Submitted August 27, 2014; accepted in revised form November 11, 2014. Editor’s note: For more information on how practitioners can incorporate infrared skin thermometry for everyday wound care practice and also explore the potential for home use by patients with neuropathy to self-detect damage, see the Clinical Management Extra.
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Validation of Commercially Available InfraredThermometers for Measuring Skin SurfaceTemperature Associated with Deep and
INTRODUCTION/LITERATURE REVIEWTemperature plays a pivotal role in the body and its outer skin
covering to regulate metabolic and homeostatic processes. The
skin is the largest body organ that also serves as a barrier against
pathogens, contains nerve endings for sensation, acts as storage of
lipids and water, controls evaporation, and is involved in ther-
moregulation. The importance and relationship between body
ADVANCES IN SKIN & WOUND CARE & JANUARY 201511WWW.WOUNDCAREJOURNAL.COM
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Asfandyar Mufti, BMSc, is a Medical Student, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Patricia Coutts, RN, is Wound Care/Clinical Trials Coordinator, Toronto
Regional Wound Healing Clinic, Mississauga, Ontario. R. Gary Sibbald, BSc, MD, MEd, FRCPC (Med) (Derm), MACP, FAAD, MAPWCA, DSc (Hons), is Professor of Medicine and Public
Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Director, International Interprofessional Wound Care Course & Masters of Science in Community Health (Prevention & Wound Care), Dalla
Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Past President, World Union of Wound Healing Societies; Course Coordinator, International Interprofessional Wound Care Course at
New York University Medical Center; Clinical Editor, Advances in Skin & Wound Care, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The authors have disclosed they have no financial relationships related to
this article. Submitted August 27, 2014; accepted in revised form November 11, 2014. Editor’s note: For more information on how practitioners can incorporate infrared skin thermometry
for everyday wound care practice and also explore the potential for home use by patients with neuropathy to self-detect damage, see the Clinical Management Extra.